Comparative Analysis of the Compound Words
aircraft
that is both a fighter and a bomber. Iterative or amredita compounds
repeat a single element, to express repetition or as an emphasis. Day
– by – day and go –go – go are examples of
this type of compound, which has more than one head.
Analyzability may be further limited by cranberry
morphemes and semantic changes. For instance, the word butterfly,
commonly thought top be a metathesis for flutter by, which the bugs
do, is actually based on an old bubbe – maise that butterflies
are petite witches that steal butter from window sills. Cranberry is
a part translation from Low German, which is why we cannot recognize
the element cran (from the Low German kraan or kroon, "crane").
The ladybird or ladybug was named after the Christian expression "our
Lady, the Virgin Mary".
In the case of verb + noun compounds, the noun may be
either the subject or the object of the verb. In playboy, for
example, the noun is the subject of the verb (the boy plays), whereas
it is the object in call girl (someone calls the girl).
A black board is any board that is black, and equal
prosodic stress can be found on both elements (or, according to
psycholinguist Steven Pinker, the second one is accented more
heavily.) A blackboard, compound, may have started out as any other
black board, but now is a thing that is constructed in a particular
way, of a particular material and serves a particular purpose; the
word is clearly accented on the first syllable.
Sound patterns, such as stresses placed on particular
syllables, may indicate whether the word group is a compound or
whether it is an adjective - + - noun phrase. A compound usually has
a falling intonation: "blackboard", the "White House",
as opposed to the phrases "black board". (Note that this
rule does not apply in all contexts. For example, the stress pattern
"white house" would be expected for the compound, which
happens to be a proper name, but it is also found in the emphatic
negation "No, not the black house; the white house!").
Uzbek compound nouns.
Uzbek compound nouns are formed in the following ways:
Noun and noun:
отқулоқ, қўларра
Adjective + noun:
кўксултон,
хомток
Noun + adjectivesective: гулбеор,
ошкўк
Number + noun: мингоёқ,
қирқоғайни,
учбурчак
Noun + verb ўринбосар,
бешиктерватар
Verb + verb искабтопар,
олиб сотар
Following compound
words are written without hyphen:
1) The nouns with one stress:
гулкўрпа,
ошқозон, ўқилон,
тутмайиз.
2) Nouns + aр
suffix: отбоқар,
изқувар
3) Geographical places:
Сирдарё, Оқтепа
German Compound nouns
are formed in these ways:
Noun + noun:
Infinitivform
Verb + noun:
Leitglied
Noun + adjective:
Kleinkind, Reinmetall, Hochstufe
Number + noun:
Erststellung, DrittdroЯe, Tausendfuss
Pronoun + noun:
Ichton, Erform, IchbewuЯtsein
Adverb + noun:
Spдtstellung
Prдposition
+ noun: Mitschьler, Zwischenglied, Abart.
German Noun +
verb nouns may express different
relationships:
Object of action: Kindererziehung,
Blaubersammlung
Subject of action: Mutterliebe
Material: Brotteig
Time: Sonntagsanzug
Place: Dorfteich, Waldrande
Purpose: Brotmesser, Roman Schreiber
2.3.2 Compound Adjectives
English compound adjectives are constructed in a very
similar way to the compound noun. Black board jungle, gunmetal sheen
and green monkey disease are only a few examples.
There are some similarities in
forming English and German compound nouns: The components of some
compound nouns may be joined with the help of linking consonant:
English compound nouns statesman, sportsman nouns
statesman, and sportsman are joined with
the consonant "s".
German compound nouns are joined:
with the help of linking element – "s"
or "es"
die Arbeit + s + der Plan = der Arbeitsplan
das Land + es + die Grenze = die Landesgrenze
with the help of " - in" or " - en".
der Student + en + die Versammlung = die
Studentenversammlung
with the help of linking element "e"
halt(en) + e + das Signal = das Haltesignal.
without a' linking element:
der Tausch + der Wert = der
Tauschwert.
But in Uzbek all compound nouns are joined together
without any linking element.
A compound adjective is a modifier of
a noun. It consists of two or more morphemes of which the left –
hand component limits or changes the modification of the right –
hand one, as in "the dark –
green dress": dark limits the
green that modifies dress.
Solid compound adjectives
There are some well –
established permanent compound adjectives that have become solid over
a longer period, especially in American usage: earsplitting, eye
catching. However, in British usage these, apart from downtown,
are more likely written with a hyphen: ear – splitting.
Other solid compound adjectives are for example:
Numbers that are spelled out and have the suffix –
fold added: "fifteen ‘fold", "six fold".
Points of the compass: "northwest",
northwesterly, "northwestwards", but not North –West
Frontier.
Hyphenated compound adjectives
A compound adjective is hyphenated if the hyphen helps
the reader differentiate a compound adjective from two adjacent
adjectives that each independently modifies the noun. Compare the
following examples:
"acetic acid solution": a bitter solution
producing vinegar or acetic acid (acetic + acid + solution)
"acetic - acid solution ": a solution of
acetic acid.
The hyphen is unneeded when capitalization or
italicization making grouping clear:
"Old English scholar ": an old person who is
English and a scholar, or and old scholar who studies English
"Old English scholar": is scholar of Old
English
"De facto proceedings" not (de –
facto)
If, however, there is no risk of ambiguities, it may be
written without a hyphen: "Sunday morning walk". Hyphenated
compound adjectives may have been formed originally by an adjective
preceding noun:
"Round table" – "round –
table discussion"
"Blue sky" – "blue sky law"
"Red light" – "red light district"
"Four wheels" – "four wheel drive"
(the singular, not the plural is used).
Others may have originated with a verb preceding and
adjective or adv: "feel good" – "feel –
good factor", "by now, pay later" – "by –
now pay – later purchase".
Yet others are created with an original verb preceding a
preposition:
"Stick on" - "stick – on label"
"Walk on" - "walk – on part"
"Stand by" - "stand – by fare"
"Roll on; roll off" - "roll – on
roll – off ferry".
The following compound adjectives are always hyphenated
when they are not written as one word:
An adjective preceding a noun to which –d or –ed
has been added as a past – participle construction,
used before a noun:
"loud – mouthed hooligan"
"middle – aged lady"
"rose - tinted glasses "
A noun, adjective, or adv preceding a present
participle:
"an awe – inspiring personality"
"a long – lasting affair"
"a far –reaching decision"
Numbers spelled out or as numerals:
"seven-year itch"
"five-sided polygon"
"20th-century poem"
"30-pice band"
"tenth-story window"
A numeric with the affix –fold has a hyphen
(15-fold), but when spelled out takes a solid construction (fifteen
fold).
Numbers, spelled out or numeric, with added –odd:
sixteen –odd, 70-odd.
Compound adjectives with high- or low-: "high-level
discussion", "low-price markup".
Colors in compounds:
"a dark-blue sweater"
"a reddish-orange dress".
Fractions as modifiers are hyphenated: "five-eight
inches", but if numerator or denominators are
already hyphenated, the fraction itself does not take a hyphen: "a
thirty-three thousandth part".
Fraction used as nouns have no hyphens: "I ate
only one third of pie".
Comparatives and superlatives in compound adjectives
also take hyphens:
"the highest-placed competitor"
"A shorter-term loan".
However, a construction with most is not
hyphenated:
"The most respected member".
Compounds including two geographical modifiers:
"Afro-Cuban"
"African-American" (sometimes)
"Anglo-Asian"
But not
"Central American".
The following compound adjectives are not normally
hyphenated:
Where there is no risk of ambiguity:
"a Sunday morning walk"
Left-hand components of a compound adjective that end
in –ly that modify right-hand components that are past
participles (ending in –ed):
"a hotly disputed subject"
"a greatly improved scheme"
"a distantly related celebrity"
Compound adjectives that include comparatives and
superlatives with more, most, less or least:
"a more recent development"
"the most respected member"
"a less opportune moment"
"the least expected event"
Ordinarily hyphenated compounds with intensive adv in
front of adjectives:
"very much admired>
"Really well accepted proposal".
English compound adjectives are formed:
Adjective + noun: blackboard
Adjective + adjective: blue-green, dark-red,
light-green.
Adjective + verb: highlight
Adjective + preposition: forthwith.
In Uzbek compound adjectives are formed in the following
way:
Noun + noun – these adjectives
are written separately: ҳаво
ранг, кул ранг
Adjective + noun – these
adjectives are written as one word: қимматбаҳо
Noun or adverb a verb with the
suffix "ap": тезоқар,
эрксевар,
меҳнатсевар
But these adjectives are hyphenated
when we translate it into English: меҳнатсевар
- hard-working, эрксевар
- peace – loving and etc.
4. Noun + "apo" word:
халқаро
as in English international.
There are a group of words which form
compound adjectives, such as: аралаш,
йўқ, кўл, олий,
оч, тўқ, тўла,
чала: қумаралаш
лой, тенги йўқ
қиз, кўп тармоқли
соҳа, олий
маълумотли,
оч қизил, қорни
тўқ, тўқ қизил.
In English we can also find the
signal words which form compound adjectives; but they are hyphenated:
light, dark, long, middle, high: e.g. light – green, dark-blue,
middle-aged, long-legged, and high-qualified.
German compound adjectives are formed like English
compound adjectives.
Adjective + adjective +
Adjektive = shwarzweissrot.
Deutsch + usbekisch = deutsch - usbekisch
Hell + grьn =
hell – grьn. As in English light – green
Adjektive + Adverb = bekannt + in
der Welt = Wellbekannt
машхур
+ дунёда
= дунёга
машхур
hart + wie Stahl = Stahlhart
қаттиқ
+ пўлатдай
This kind of adjectives always
express comparison rot + wie ziegel = ziegelrot - красный
как кирпич
blau + wie himmel = himmelblau -
синий как
небо
But in English “as … as” is used to
show comparison: as blue as the sky
2.3.3 Compound Verbs
In Uzbek compound verbs are formed by joining two words:
Verb + noun – verb word: дам
олмоқ (to
rest), ҳимоя
қилмоқ(to
defend), пайдо
бўлмоқ(to
appear).
Some of them are synonyms to simple verbs:
ёрдам
бермоқ, =
ёрдамлашмоқ,
- to help – to give a hand
Verb + verb = сотиб
олмоқ,
чиқариб олмоқ,
ютиб олмоқ.
Some verbs such as ўқиб
чиқди, кўриб
бўлди,
бошлаб юборди
are not compound verbs in speech. They have no a
new lexical meaning.
Verbs which are considered compound
, may not be a compound verb in English and
German:
муҳокама
қилмоқ
– to discuss (simple verb)
ғолиб бўлмоқ
– to win
In German the main word of compound
verb is the second word, but modifying one
will be:
Noun:
teilnehmen - қатнашмоқ
rad fahren - велосипедда
учмоқ
Adjective:
fertigmachen-tayorlamoq, oxiragacha bajarmoq.
festhalten - ushlamoq.
leichtfallen - oson bo`lmoq
Verb: kennenlernen - знакомитъся.
2.3.4>
According to the type of correlation all productive
types of compound words may be>
1. Adjectival-nominal compounds
comprise four subgroups of compound adjectives-three of them are
proper and one derivational, they are built after the following
formulas and patterns:
a, b) the n+a formula, e. g. snow-white,
colour-blind, journey-tired correlative; with word-groups of the
A + as+N,. A +prp+N type, e. g. white as snow,
blind to colours, tired of journey. The structure is
polysemantic;
c) the s+ved formula, e g. fear-stained, duty-bound,
wind-driven correlated with word-groups of the type Ved
with/by+N, e. g. stained with tears, bound by duty,
etc. The distributional formula is monosemantic and is based on
the instrumental relations between the components;
d) num+n formula, e. g. (a) two-day
(beard), (a) seven-year (plan), (a) forty-hour (week)
correlative with Num + N type of phrases, e. g. two days, seven
years, etc. Adjectives of this subgroup are used only
attributively;
e) the (a+n) + -ed pattern of derivational
compounds, e. g. long-legged, low-ceilinged. This structure
includes two more variants; the first member of the first component
may be a numeral stem or a noun-stem (num+n) +-ed, (n+n)
+-ed, e. g. one-sided, three-cornered, doll-faced,
bell-shaped. Compounds of this subgroup are correlative with
phrases of the type—with (having) + A+N, with (having) +
Num+N, with (having)+N+N (or N+of+N), e. g. with (or having)
a low ceiling, with (or having) one side, with (or
having) three corners, with (or having) a doll face forwith (or having) the face of a doll, with (or having)
the shape of a bell.
The system of productive types of compound adjectives
may be presented as follows (table 2).
2. Verbal-nominal compounds belong to compound
nouns. They may all be described through one general distributional
structure n+nv, i. e. a combination
of a simple noun-stem with a deverbal noun-stem. This formula
includes four patterns differing in the character of the deverbal
noun-stern. They are all based on verbal-nominal word-groups, built
after the formula V+N or V+prp+N:
a) [n+v+-er)] pattern, e. g. bottle-opener,
stage-manager, baby-sitter, peace-fighter, is monosemantic and
is based on agcntive relations that can be interpreted as 'one who
does smth';
b) [n+ (v+-ing)] pattern, e. g,
rocket-flying, stage-managing, is monosemantic and may be
interpreted as 'the act of doing smth';
c) [n+
(v+tion/-ment)]
pattern, e. g.
price-reduction,
office-management,
is monosemantic and may be interpreted as 'the act of doing smth';
d) compound nouns with the structure
n+(v+ conversion), i, e. a combination of –
a simple noun-stem
with a deverbal noun-stem resulting from conversion, e. g. wage-art,
dog-bite, chimney-sweep. The pattern is monosemantic.
3. V e r b a l v e r b compounds
are a11 derivational compound nouns built after one formal n
[(v+adv)+conversion]
and correlative with phrases of the V+Adv type, a. g. a
break-down from
(to) break down, a
hold-up from (to):
hold up, a lay-out
from (to) lay out.
The pattern is
polysemantic and is
circumscribed by the manifold semantic relations typical of
conversion pairs.1
4. Nominal compounds
are all nouns built after the most polysemantic distributional
formula (n+n); both stems are in most cases simple, e.
g. pencil-case,
windmill, horse-race.
Compounds of this>
Table 3
shows the system of
productive types of compound nouns of these three structural>
2.3.5 Distributional formulas of
Subordinative Compounds
The internal structure of subordinative compounds is
marked by a specific pattern of order and arrangement in which the
stems follow one another. The order in which the stems are placed
within a compound is rigidly fixed in Modern English as the
structural centre of the word is always its second component. Stems
of almost every part of speech are found