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;
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, , , , , .
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1
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, . , [15, p. 87; 20, p. 128; 23, p. 243; 43, p. 543-544; 56, p. 112]. , [62, p. 104]. [23, p. 243; 56, p. 112]. . , [45, p. 325], [20, p. 127]. , . , . . , " , , " [68, p. 148]. , : "". . . [50], . . [4], . . , , " , " [62, p. 87]. . , . -, (" , ?"). -, , (" ?"). , , [15, p. 87-88]. , . , . , , , . . . 80- . . , , , , . , , , , [68, p. 149-152]. . . , , , [62, p. 108]. " " , , . , , , .
, . : " , , " [56, p. 117]. , ? , ? , , ? , , . , , . . , . , , .
, (. 1).
. 1.
. , , . , , . , . . , , . , . : , . , , . . . . . , : [2, p. 4]. ; . (. 2).
. 2.
, , . , . . , . , , , [77]. [78, . 225], . , . , , , " ". ( ), . : " / / " 3 3.
"" 2001 . . (. 2), , . , " " , . : 30 ( ) 35 60 ( ). 42 : 25 17 . , 29%, . 45 (σ=16,48).
2
|
N |
, , ? (! , . .) |
16 |
, , , ? |
17 |
, , , . , , . |
20 |
, , , . , , . |
21 |
. , ? |
23 |
. ? |
25 |
. ? |
26 |
" ", ? |
44 |
. , , ? |
49 |
, . ( , , ) , . .. : " , , " [78, . 205]. ? ? ? , , , .
. " " ", , " " ", : , , ( 3). 80 , 23% . , : " . ", " ", " ". : 137 , 39% . , . :
: ?
: , , , , , , , . .
, " " :
: , ().
: - ? ?
: .
79 , 22% . , , , , - :
: . , - . . , , . . , , , ().
, :
: , . . , .
: ?
: .
: ?
: , .
58 , 16% . :
: , , , , , .
: , .
: - ?
: -, - .
: .
: -, , .
" " . , , . , . , . , , , . : 53% , 43% , . 24%, 19%, 14% (2=36,685 p<0,000). :
: ?
: . , . (). , . .
, , . - . , " " : -, 45% ( 27%); -, . : 45% , 41%, 42% (χ2=0,500; p<0,779).
3
- |
|
|
0 |
2 |
1% |
1% |
1 |
117 |
33% |
34% |
2 |
74 |
21% |
55% |
3 |
56 |
16% |
70% |
4 |
28 |
8% |
78% |
5 |
21 |
6% |
84% |
6 |
16 |
5% |
89% |
7 |
17 |
5% |
94% |
8 |
7 |
2% |
95% |
9 |
4 |
1% |
97% |
10 |
2 |
1% |
97% |
11 |
2 |
1% |
98% |
12 |
2 |
1% |
98% |
13 |
1 |
0% |
99% |
14 |
1 |
0% |
99% |
19 |
1 |
0% |
99% |
21 |
1 |
0% |
99% |
24 |
2 |
1% |
100% |
: |
354 |
100% |
( ) 12% 29% (χ2=5,390; p<0,020). . -, " " , " " . -, , . -, , , . , , 33% , 70% (. 3).
, : , , . , , . (F=85,994; p<0,000), , , (. 4). 12% , .
4
|
|
|
|
|
80 |
1,15 |
0,36 |
|
137 |
2,10 |
0,79 |
|
58 |
1,86 |
0,78 |
|
79 |
2,90 |
0,71 |
: |
354 |
2,03 |
0,91 |
, , , , 70% . , . , 35% , 44% , 20% 2% . , , , , - . , [56, 68].
. 4, 5, , , [76, . 27]. . , , , , , , [81, . 330]. , [51]. . : (1) , (2) , (2) , (4) (5) [65, p. 203]. , , . . , .
[32, p. 195]. , , . , . , . , , . 9% , , 17% (χ2=2,979; p<0,084); , , 31% 54% (χ2=8,08; p<0,004); 16% 32% (χ2=5,815; p<0,016). (. 5), , .
5
6
|
( " ") |
( " ") |
|
|
|
|
|
% |
|
% |
|
% |
|
% |
|
27 |
9% |
7 |
17% |
10 |
11% |
35 |
18% |
|
98 |
31% |
22 |
54% |
40 |
43% |
67 |
34% |
|
51 |
16% |
13 |
32% |
14 |
15% |
58 |
30% |
|
81 |
26% |
9 |
22% |
9 |
10% |
34 |
17% |
|
152 |
49% |
22 |
54% |
61 |
65% |
114 |
58% |
. , , ( ); , " " ( ); , , , ( ). , . . , . . [32, p. 102]:
, ?
?
?
19 ?
19 ?
19 ?
(. 6), , .
6
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
49 |
32 |
49 |
34 |
164 |
|
18 |
64 |
4 |
22 |
108 |
|
13 |
41 |
5 |
23 |
82 |
|
80 |
137 |
58 |
79 |
354 |
; ; . (3% ), , 34 (33%). , 62% ( ) (χ2=53,730; p<0,000). , , . [12]. , , , , . . , , , . , . , , [80, . 18]. , , , . . , [68, p. 11]. , , , . , 7. [1, 21, 22, 58], , . 8 . . 4 9.
. 4.
354 (177) - . 180 (51% ) . " " , : (. 7). : "" , "" , , "!!!" , , "" , . , , , , , , [13].
710
|
|
|
|
|
0,502 |
0,009 |
|
0,627 |
0,185 |
|
0,722 |
0,259 |
|
0,704 |
0,191 |
|
0,114 |
0,960 |
(. . 6), , , . : (χ2=1,436; p<0,488), (χ2=0,857; p<0,652), (χ2=0,264; p<0,876), (χ2=0,883; p<0,643) (χ2=0,817; p<0,665) . , , , . , ( 16, 17) (. 5).
( 20), ( 21)11. , , (. 8): 20- 34%, 38% , 21- 22% 24%, . , 53% 62% , . 16- 17- , , , : 5% 2%, 12% 6%, 5% 2%, 22% 24%. , 16- 17- 4% 30% , .
8
|
|
|
|
|
|
16 |
2 |
37 |
2 |
41 |
17 |
5 |
27 |
9 |
41 |
20 |
17 |
10 |
14 |
41 |
21 |
26 |
6 |
9 |
41 |
23 |
2 |
39 |
41 |
25 |
1 |
39 |
1 |
41 |
26 |
13 |
26 |
2 |
41 |
44 |
4 |
22 |
26 |
49 |
11 |
30 |
41 |
|
81 |
236 |
37 |
354 |
. . . , : " , " [17, p. 229]. , , . , (χ2=0,904; p<0,824). , (F=16,746; p<0,000): 37% , 19%. , . , . , (χ2=2,757; p<0,431). , , : 27% :
: - ?
: , .
: ? .
. , , : ", - ? ? , ... ...". , , [56, p. 113]. , , . (23-, 49-) 47 , 57% ; (25-, 26-, 44-) 71 66%; (16-, 17-, 20-, 21-) 80% (. 9). , .
9
N |
|
|
(1 ..) |
(2-3 ..) |
(4-7 ..) |
( 8 ..) |
16 |
18 |
16 |
7 |
41 |
17 |
5 |
24 |
11 |
1 |
41 |
20 |
18 |
12 |
9 |
2 |
41 |
21 |
26 |
12 |
2 |
1 |
41 |
23 |
6 |
10 |
18 |
7 |
41 |
25 |
6 |
17 |
15 |
3 |
41 |
26 |
17 |
15 |
5 |
4 |
41 |
44 |
4 |
12 |
8 |
2 |
26 |
49 |
19 |
12 |
7 |
3 |
41 |
: |
119 |
130 |
82 |
23 |
354 |
, , : , . , : , . . , . . , , , [32, p. 102]. (1) (2) 12 .
, , . [24, p. 74]. , , , . . : " , , , " [40, p. 443]. . . , , [69]. , , , [32, p. 104], . , , [41, p. 156].
, (20-, 21-) (25-, 26-) : , ; , , , , . (. . 9). , , . (. . 8). (4 41), , , , . , , . , , , : " , ?"; " , ?". . . , , ; , [68, p. 213], , .
49- (. . 8, 9). , , : " ", " ... ? . . ". . . .
* * *
. , .
, , .
.
, . , , .
, . .
. . , , , [30]. . , , 13. , , . , . ? ? , , ? , : , , .
. . , . , : , , ; (), : , .
77% 14. , 90% , 51% , 44% 13% 15. 43% , , 19% , 34% 4% . 104 119 , 87%, . , (. 10).
10
, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
78 |
78 |
78 |
78 |
1 |
15 |
104 |
114 |
8 |
112 |
7 |
116 |
2 |
14 |
39 |
37 |
16 |
39 |
14 |
16 |
37 |
3 |
94 |
4 |
90 |
88 |
6 |
2 |
92 |
4 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
: |
107 |
247 |
233 |
121 |
317 |
37 |
212 |
142 |
, : 81% , 61% (χ2=12,423; p<0,000). . , , , , . , : 58% , 65%. , . , , . , . (23%) (77%) , , , . , : 35% , 20%, 12%, (χ2=22,319; p<0,000). ( 36% 30%), 9% 11% (χ2=24,642; p<0,000). . , , , . . , . -, : 28% , 3%. -, , . , , " ". 11% , . (" , . "), , ("", " ", " ", " ()"). , 51 130 " " . , 39% (. 11).
11
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
79 |
1 |
80 |
|
40 |
96 |
1 |
137 |
|
6 |
1 |
51 |
58 |
|
5 |
32 |
25 |
17 |
79 |
|
130 |
130 |
77 |
17 |
354 |
, " ", 78% . , ( ), : ", , ... "; " "; " ... (). , .".
: .
: .
: .
:
: , , . , ...
: .
: ... .
. , 20- : ", , , , . . , , . . . ..." , , , . , . . , , . , 16.
, , , , . (. . 10). , . . . 20- :
: ...
: ...
: ...
: ...
: ...
: , ...
: " "17. . : " , , . , . ()"; : " , ". 23% , . , : 37% ; 16%, 25% (χ2=11,465; p<0,003). (χ2=5,512; df=8 p<0,702), (χ2=0,904; df=3 p<0,824). , , - . , , , . , , 18. . . , , 19, [7].
, 40% 32% (. 10). . 17 32 , , 11 , . , 25- :
: , (), . .
: .
: , .
: ? ?
: . . , , -, ... ...
: ? ?
: .
: , .
: , , . , , , , , ... . , .
: ", ". 21 25 ( 16- 17- ), . , : " 3,5 . " :
: ? , , 3,5 . .
: .
: . .
: .
: . . .
: .
: , , ... . . , ?
. , . , , 20. (. ) , , , . : 67% , 90%, 10% (. 12).
12
|
|
|
1 |
237 |
67% |
67% |
2 |
57 |
16% |
83% |
3 |
27 |
8% |
90% |
4 |
20 |
6% |
96% |
5 |
7 |
2% |
98% |
6 |
3 |
1% |
99% |
7 |
3 |
1% |
100% |
: |
354 |
100% |
kt:
,
:
Wt ,
St .
69% ( =0,31) . , 0,45 ( =0,24), 0,65 ( =0,32), 0,69 ( =0,31). (kt .=0,92; =0,19). , 85% , 21 (. 13).
13
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
119 |
119 |
|
85 |
44 |
1 |
130 |
|
28 |
33 |
21 |
82 |
|
5 |
7 |
11 |
23 |
: |
237 |
84 |
33 |
354 |
: , 0,6 ( =0,26). : 0,47 ( =0,26), 0,34 ( =0,2) (. 6). , . , , , , .
. 6.
, . , . , , , , . , , .
, , . . [74], . [73] : , , . - . . , . , , . : , , , . . , , . . , . -. , (χ2=135,598; p<0,000). , , , 22 (. 7).
, , . . . , . . . . , . 23. (F=5,089; p<0,002), , , , (. 14).
14
|
|
kt |
|
|
154 |
0,70 |
0,30 |
|
60 |
0,78 |
0,30 |
|
68 |
0,68 |
0,31 |
|
70 |
0,57 |
0,33 |
: |
352 |
0,69 |
0,31 |
, , (χ2=3,957; p<0,266)24. , , , , . , [17]. (. . 14). , [6, 33, 39, 66].
, (F=2,751; p<0,006). , 21- 49- , (. 15), , , . , .
15
|
|
, kt |
|
16 |
41 |
0,64 |
0,34 |
17 |
41 |
0,58 |
0,28 |
20 |
41 |
0,68 |
0,33 |
21 |
40 |
0,80 |
0,28 |
23 |
41 |
0,60 |
0,33 |
25 |
41 |
0,69 |
0,30 |
26 |
40 |
0,65 |
0,34 |
44 |
26 |
0,73 |
0,30 |
49 |
41 |
0,80 |
0,24 |
: |
352 |
0,69 |
0,31 |
, . , , . , , , , . . , , [24 p. 74]. , [15, 24, 62, 63], , . , . , , , . : " , " [56, p. 49]. , , , , .
* * *
.
, .
, , , , .
, , , .
.
() , . , . , . , , : " ", " " " "; " , ", ", ", ", "; " , ", ", , ", " , , "; ", , , ". , , , , : (1) Na=Nc, (2) Na>Nc ,(3) Na<Nc , Na , Nc . , : (1) N=Ne (2) N.>Ne, Ne 25, .
. , , (. 16).
16
Na=Nc |
Na>Nc |
Na<Nc |
N=Ne |
|
|
|
N.>Ne |
|
|
. (. 17). , , ( ) .
17
|
, "/"26 |
, "/", |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
73 |
21% |
73 |
32% |
34 |
18% |
|
45 |
13% |
45 |
20% |
45 |
24% |
|
47 |
13% |
47 |
21% |
47 |
25% |
|
189 |
53% |
61 |
27% |
61 |
33% |
: |
354 |
100% |
226 |
100% |
187 |
100% |
, . ( ). : (1) , (2) . . , ( , ) , . " " ( ), . , . , . , " " " " " ", . , : "", ", ", " " " ". , , , . , , , , " "27. . , , . . , [45, p. 322]. .
, . . , [2, p. 1]. . , : " , " [14, p. 1]. , . , . , " , " " ". " " .
, . . . , , [63, p. 90]. , , , , . , " , , , , " " ". 28, 29. . , , . . : . 30, , ( ) ( ), . , " " , [48]. : (1) ; (2) , , ; (3) .
, . , , , , . , . , , . , . , , , , , , . . .
, . : . , . , . , " " ", " " , " " , ". , . " " , " " . , , , 31. . . , , , , " , " " , , " " , , ". , "" " " . , , 32: 47% , 21% ; (χ2=58,434; p<0,000).
, , . : , . , "/" ( ) " , ". , , , 33. : " " ", " ", " ( ", "); " " ", , "; "" " , , " . . , . , , . , , , . . : " , , , [80, . 186]. , .
. , , . . 10% 18% . , , , . 30 47 (χ2=113,328; df=3 p<0,000) 25 47 (χ2=84,003; df=3 p<0,000) . , , , , 34: 91% (χ2=38,958; p<0,000). . . , [45, p. 328], : (F=122,619; p<0,000) (. 18).
18
|
|
|
|
|
73 |
1,05 |
,23 |
|
45 |
1,11 |
,38 |
|
47 |
2,17 |
,94 |
|
61 |
3,36 |
1,14 |
: |
226 |
1,92 |
1,23 |
: (1) , (2) , (3) . . , . . , - [11, p. 12]. , .
. . . , . . , [5, p. 218-219]. , , . . , [69]. , . , [5, p. 218, 230]. , : , . , . , , .
* * *
: " , " [80, . 187]. , .
, . , .
. , : () , () .
. , .
.
. " ", : (1) , (2) , (3) .
, . . . , , .
, . . , .
. , . , . : , , .
, . , . , , . , , . , . . . . . .
.
. , . .
, . , . , , . , , , , , , . . . . , . , , . , .
, , . , , .
( ) . , , : () , () , () . , , . , , , .
1 . [19, p. 128] . [56, p. 115].
2 , , [64, p. 80].
3 . , . , : (1) , (2) , (3) , (4) [35, p. 136]. , : " / / / / " 5 .
4 , [71, p. 5].
5 .. : "... , , ". " : , , , " [78, . 33].
6 ; " " : ", , , " ", , , ". , .
7 . . -, , , , . -, , , , . , [56, p. 114]. .
8 , . - , , . , , . . [32, p. 196]. . , .
9 " " , : " ", " ", " " "".
10 . 55%.
11 21- , 63% , 32% ; 20- 41% 21%, .
12 , [37, 68].
13 , . , .
14 . (, , ), , .
15 , , . , " " " " , .
16 , . , : " , , , . [68, p. 152].
17 , ( ) [29]. , : (1) , (2) (, , ) [28, 67]. , , , [9, p. 315].
18 , , , , , [55, p. 103].
19 , 20- .
20 . . , , . , , . [79, . 82].
21 22% 34% . ( ) . , , 21% , 4%, 2%.
22 , .
23 , , . , [3]. . , . -, , , . -, , , . . -, [42, p. 6]. , . -.
24 , , , . . : , . 23% , 54%. .
25 , .
26 " ".
27 . . , . . , [38].
28 . : " . . " [47, p. 249-250].
29 , , . , : " ?".
30 . , . , [2, p. 24]. [48], , , .
31 . , , , [80, . 44].
32 . , " , - " ", , ", ", " " , , ".
33 3- 354 , , "/". " " , , .
34 " ", : 1 , 2 . , .
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