Реферат: Joan Of Arc Essay Research Paper Events
Название: Joan Of Arc Essay Research Paper Events Раздел: Топики по английскому языку Тип: реферат |
Joan Of Arc Essay, Research Paper Events in the life of Joan of Arc (Jehanne Darc) Events in Jehanne’s life Parallel events of the Hundred Years War ————————————————————————– 1412 (?), Jan 6 – Born at Domremy to Jacques Darc and Isabelle Rom?e 1413 – Death of Henry IV, accession of Henry V; Armagnacs gain control of Paris 1415 ?? – Birth of her childhood friend, Hauviette 1415 – Henry V invades France 1415, Sept 23 – English forces capture Harfleur 1415, Oct 25 – The French army is crushed at the battle of Agin?ourt 1417 – Henry V begins the conquest of Normandy; Jean-sans-Peur de Burgundy sets up a rival French government at Troyes 1418 – Jean-sans-Peur gains control of Paris; the Dauphin Charles flees south of the Loire 1419 – Assassination of Jean-sans-Peur at Montereau during a meeting with the Armagnacs; his successor, Philippe-le-Bon, allies himself with the English 1420 – Treaty of Troyes, allowing Henry V to marry Catherine, daughter of King Charles VI, and become king of France upon the latter’s death 1422 – Death of Henry V and Charles VI, producing a disputed kingship between the infant Henry VI and the Dauphin Charles VII; John, Duke of Bedford, becomes Regent of France 1422-1429 – English make slow gains in Northern France 1424 (?), Midsummer – First hears her Voices 1428, May – Goes to Vaucouleurs 1428, July – Takes refuge at Neufch?teau; Domremy is raided Campaign against Vaucouleurs by Antoine and Jean du Vergny 1428, October 12 – The English begin the siege of Orleans 1429, Jan-Feb – Returns to Vaucouleurs 1429, February – Visit to Nancy, meets with Charles II de Lorraine 1429, Feb 12 – Battle of Rouvray (”Battle of the Herrings”) 1429, Feb 23 – Leaves for Chinon 1429, Feb 24 – At St. Urbain 1429, c. Feb 27 – At Auxerre 1429, c. March 1 – At Gien 1429, March 4-5 – At St. Catherine de Fierbois 1429, March 6 – Arrives at Chinon 1429, c. March 9 – Meets with Charles VII 1429, early-March – March 21 – Examined by the theologians at Poitiers 1429, March 22 – Dictates her first letter to the English 1429, late March-April – At Tours and Blois 1429, April 25 – Leaves for Orleans 1429, April 28 – Arrives outside of Orleans; her army returns to Blois to gather reinforcements. 1429, night of April 28-29 – Sleeps at Ch?chy 1429, April 29 – Slips into Orleans 1429, April 30 – Consultation with the captains at Orleans; skirmish led by La Hire against the English in Saint Pouair; attempts by Jehanne to negotiate with the English 1429, May 1 – Dunois and d’Aulon set out for Blois; more attempts by Jehanne to negotiate / trade insults with the English 1429, May 2 – Inspects the English positions, hears Vespers at Orleans’ cathedral 1429, May 3 – Arrival of the French garrisons from Gien, Montargis, Ch?teau Reynard and Ch?teaudun 1429, May 4 – Dunois returns to Orleans with a reinforced army and launches an assault on the English-held Bastille de Saint Loup; Jehanne shows up and evidently encourages the French to victory, capturing Saint Loup and opening the eastern road into Orleans 1429, May 5 – Since this was Ascension Day, Jehanne declares a truce in honor of the holy day; orders the prostitutes to be expelled from the army’s camp; agrees to the attack planned for the next day; writes another letter to the English 1429, May 6 – French troops cross a pontoon bridge in preparation for an attack upon the Bastille de St. Jean le Blanc; the English fall back to the Bastille des Augustins. Jehanne and La Hire join the French troops at this point and lead them against the English, capturing Les Augustins. Jehanne steps on a caltrop and is wounded in the foot; that night she predicts a more serious wound to be suffered on the next day. 1429, May 7 – The French assault the English-held Bastille des Tourelles from 7 in the morning until around 9 in the evening. Jehanne is wounded by an arrow between the shoulder and neck; eventually returns to the battle and encourages the troops to make a final assault in which Les Tourelles is finally taken. 1429, May 8 – The English offer battle; Jehanne refuses to attack out of regard for the Sabbath. The English fall back to Meung. 1429, May 10 – Travels from Orleans to Tours 1429, May 10-11 – At Tours to meet with Charles VII; meanwhile, an army under Dunois, Poton de Saintraille and the Mar?chal de Sainte-S?v?re launches an unsuccessful attack on the English fortress of Jargeau 1429, May 12-23 (?) – At Loches 1429, May 24 – June 6 (?) – At Selles-en-Berri 1429, June 6 – At Romorantin 1429, June 9-10 – At Orleans 1429, June 11-12 – Capture of Jargeau 1429, June 13-14 – Back at Orleans 1429, June 15 – At Meung-sur-Loire 1429, June 16-17 – Capture of Beaugency 1429, June 17 – Between Beaugency and Meung 1429, June 18 – Battle of Patay 1429, June 19-24 – At Orleans, Sully, St Benoit, and Ch?teauneuf 1429, June 24-27 – At Gien 1429, June 27-29 (?) – In camp 1429, June 30 – Travels to Reims 1429, July 1,2 or 3 – Near Auxerre 1429, July 4 – At St Florentin 1429, July 5 – At St Phal 1429, July 5-11 – Near Troyes 1429, July 5-12 (?) – Entry into Troyes 1429, July 13-14 – At Bussy-Lettr? 1429, July 14-15 – At Chalons-sur-Marne 1429, July 16 – At Sept-Saulx 1429, July 16-21 – At Reims for the coronation; Charles VII is crowned on July 17 1429, July 21 – At Cerbeuy 1429, July 22 – At Vailly 1429, July 23-38 – At Soissons 1429, July 29 – At Ch?teau-Thierry 1429, August 1 – At Montmirail-en-Brie 1429, August 2-5 – At Provins 1429, August 7 – At Coulommiers and Ch?teau-Thierry 1429, August 10 – At La Fert? Milon 1429, August 11 – At Cr?py-en-Valois 1429, August 12 – At Lagny-le-Sec 1429, August 13 – At Dammartin and Thieux 1429, August 14 – At Baron and Montepilloy 1429, August 14-15 – Battle of Montepilloy 1429, August 16-17 – At Cr?py-en-Valois 1429, August 18-23 – At Compi?gne 1429, August 26 – September 8 – At St. Denis and La Chapelle 1429, September 8 – Attack on Paris; Jehanne is wounded in the thigh while trying to locate a spot for her troops to cross Paris’ inner ditch. 1429, September 9 – At La Chapelle and St. Denis 1429, September 10 and 13 – At St. Denis 1429, September 14-21 – At Lagny, Provins, Bray, Sens, Courtenay, Ch?teaurenard, Montargis, Gien 1429, October – At Meung-sur-Y?vre and Bourges 1429, October and early November – At St. Pierre-le-Moutier 1429, November 9 – At Moulins 1429, November 24 – Attack on La Charit?-sur-Loire 1429, early December – At Meung-sur-Y?vre 1429, December 19 – At Orleans 1429, December 25 (?) – At Jargeau ? 1429, December 29 – Ennobled along with her family, given a coat of arms and surname “du Lys” 1430, March 3-28 – At Sully 1430, early April – At Lagny; battle of Lagny 1430, April 17-23 – At Melun 1430, late April – At Senlis, Compi?gne, Berenglise, Ste Marguerite, Soissons, Cr?py-en-Valois 1430, May 14-15 – At Compi?gne and Pont l’Ev?que 1430, May 18 (?) – At Soissons 1430, May 19(?) – 22 – At Cr?py-en-Valois 1430, May 23 – At Compi?gne; assault on Margny; Jehanne captured. 1430, May 23-25 – At Clairoix 1430, late May – July – Held prisoner at Beaulieu 1430, mid-July – mid-November – At Beaurevoir 1430, late November – At Arras, St Riquier, Drugy, and Le Crotoy 1430, December – At St Val?ry, Eu, Dieppe, and Rouen. 1430, December 25 (?) – Held in a tower at Rouen, where she would stay until May 30 1431, January 3 – Transferred to the custody of Bishop Cauchon 1431, January 9 – Beginning of the 1st trial (Trial of Condemnation) 1431, February 21 – First public session of the trial 1431, March 10-17 – Closed sessions of testimony 1431, March 27 – Libellus read 1431, April 18 – Admonished to recant 1431, May 19 – Reading of the University of Paris’ condemnation 1431, May 23 – Conclusion of the trial 1431, May 24 – Taken to a platform and threatened with execution; recants and is given the sentence of life in prison 1431, May 28 – Rejects her previous abjuration and accepts a death sentence. 1431, May 29 – The assessors vote to turn her over to secular justice 1431, May 30 – Execution. ———————— Related events after her death ———————— 1435, Sept 21 – Treaty of Arras between Charles VII and Philippe-le-Bon de Burgundy, effectively dooming the English cause 1436 – Paris surrenders to the French 1448 – Rouen taken by the French 1450 – English driven out of Normandy; the process of retrying Joan of Arc’s case begins under the direction of Guillaume Bouill? 1450, March 4 & 5 – Preliminary witness depositions are taken, beginning with the testimony of Guillaume Manchon, one of the notaries at the original trial. 1452 – Joan of Arc’s retrial process continues under Cardinal d’Estouteville and Inquisitor Jean Br?hal 1452, May 2 & 3 – Five witnesses questioned. 1452, May 8 – More testimony, with depositions from seventeen witnesses 1453 – English driven out of Guyenne; most historians consider this to be the end of the “Hundred Years War” 1455, June 11 – Pope Calixtus III authorizes Jehanne’s mother, Isabelle, to open the suit 1455, November 7 – The opening session of the retrial (”Trial of Rehabilitation”), held at Notre Dame in Paris 1455, November through 1456, May – Witness testimony 1456, May 14 – The witness testimony is concluded 1456, May 30 – Hearings resumed 1456, June 2 – As no further evidence was submitted, the existing body of testimony was accepted into the record. 1456, June 5 – The counsel for the plaintiffs, Guillaume Pr?vosteau, submitted his documents to the tribunal 1456, June 10 – Final session during which all the various documents were collected. 1456, June 18 – The plaintiffs, in the form of Jehanne’s brother Jean Darc, the family’s lawyer, and the Promoter for the case, pay a visit to the commissioners, expressing the wish that the latter would speed up their final deliberations 1456, June 24 – Final call for any objections, with presentation of final evidence against Jehanne set for July 1 1456, July 1 – No one showed up. 1456, July 2 – The plaintiffs formally ask the judges to annul the original verdict and declare Jehanne innocent. 1456, July 7, beginning at the hour of 8 am – Public announcement of the judgement of the court, in which the original verdict is thrown out and Joan of Arc is declared innocent. ————– Related events in our own era ————– 1903, February – Formal proposal for canonisation 1904, January – Pope Pius X awards her the title of “Venerable” 1909, April 11 – Beatification 1920, May 16 – Canonised as a saint by Pope Benedict XV Bibliography Events in the life of Joan of Arc (Jehanne Darc) Events in Jehanne’s life Parallel events of the Hundred Years War ————————————————————————– 1412 (?), Jan 6 – Born at Domremy to Jacques Darc and Isabelle Rom?e 1413 – Death of Henry IV, accession of Henry V; Armagnacs gain control of Paris 1415 ?? – Birth of her childhood friend, Hauviette 1415 – Henry V invades France 1415, Sept 23 – English forces capture Harfleur 1415, Oct 25 – The French army is crushed at the battle of Agin?ourt 1417 – Henry V begins the conquest of Normandy; Jean-sans-Peur de Burgundy sets up a rival French government at Troyes 1418 – Jean-sans-Peur gains control of Paris; the Dauphin Charles flees south of the Loire 1419 – Assassination of Jean-sans-Peur at Montereau during a meeting with the Armagnacs; his successor, Philippe-le-Bon, allies himself with the English 1420 – Treaty of Troyes, allowing Henry V to marry Catherine, daughter of King Charles VI, and become king of France upon the latter’s death 1422 – Death of Henry V and Charles VI, producing a disputed kingship between the infant Henry VI and the Dauphin Charles VII; John, Duke of Bedford, becomes Regent of France 1422-1429 – English make slow gains in Northern France 1424 (?), Midsummer – First hears her Voices 1428, May – Goes to Vaucouleurs 1428, July – Takes refuge at Neufch?teau; Domremy is raided Campaign against Vaucouleurs by Antoine and Jean du Vergny 1428, October 12 – The English begin the siege of Orleans 1429, Jan-Feb – Returns to Vaucouleurs 1429, February – Visit to Nancy, meets with Charles II de Lorraine 1429, Feb 12 – Battle of Rouvray (”Battle of the Herrings”) 1429, Feb 23 – Leaves for Chinon 1429, Feb 24 – At St. Urbain 1429, c. Feb 27 – At Auxerre 1429, c. March 1 – At Gien 1429, March 4-5 – At St. Catherine de Fierbois 1429, March 6 – Arrives at Chinon 1429, c. March 9 – Meets with Charles VII 1429, early-March – March 21 – Examined by the theologians at Poitiers 1429, March 22 – Dictates her first letter to the English 1429, late March-April – At Tours and Blois 1429, April 25 – Leaves for Orleans 1429, April 28 – Arrives outside of Orleans; her army returns to Blois to gather reinforcements. 1429, night of April 28-29 – Sleeps at Ch?chy 1429, April 29 – Slips into Orleans 1429, April 30 – Consultation with the captains at Orleans; skirmish led by La Hire against the English in Saint Pouair; attempts by Jehanne to negotiate with the English 1429, May 1 – Dunois and d’Aulon set out for Blois; more attempts by Jehanne to negotiate / trade insults with the English 1429, May 2 – Inspects the English positions, hears Vespers at Orleans’ cathedral 1429, May 3 – Arrival of the French garrisons from Gien, Montargis, Ch?teau Reynard and Ch?teaudun 1429, May 4 – Dunois returns to Orleans with a reinforced army and launches an assault on the English-held Bastille de Saint Loup; Jehanne shows up and evidently encourages the French to victory, capturing Saint Loup and opening the eastern road into Orleans 1429, May 5 – Since this was Ascension Day, Jehanne declares a truce in honor of the holy day; orders the prostitutes to be expelled from the army’s camp; agrees to the attack planned for the next day; writes another letter to the English 1429, May 6 – French troops cross a pontoon bridge in preparation for an attack upon the Bastille de St. Jean le Blanc; the English fall back to the Bastille des Augustins. Jehanne and La Hire join the French troops at this point and lead them against the English, capturing Les Augustins. Jehanne steps on a caltrop and is wounded in the foot; that night she predicts a more serious wound to be suffered on the next day. 1429, May 7 – The French assault the English-held Bastille des Tourelles from 7 in the morning until around 9 in the evening. Jehanne is wounded by an arrow between the shoulder and neck; eventually returns to the battle and encourages the troops to make a final assault in which Les Tourelles is finally taken. 1429, May 8 – The English offer battle; Jehanne refuses to attack out of regard for the Sabbath. The English fall back to Meung. 1429, May 10 – Travels from Orleans to Tours 1429, May 10-11 – At Tours to meet with Charles VII; meanwhile, an army under Dunois, Poton de Saintraille and the Mar?chal de Sainte-S?v?re launches an unsuccessful attack on the English fortress of Jargeau 1429, May 12-23 (?) – At Loches 1429, May 24 – June 6 (?) – At Selles-en-Berri 1429, June 6 – At Romorantin 1429, June 9-10 – At Orleans 1429, June 11-12 – Capture of Jargeau 1429, June 13-14 – Back at Orleans 1429, June 15 – At Meung-sur-Loire 1429, June 16-17 – Capture of Beaugency 1429, June 17 – Between Beaugency and Meung 1429, June 18 – Battle of Patay 1429, June 19-24 – At Orleans, Sully, St Benoit, and Ch?teauneuf 1429, June 24-27 – At Gien 1429, June 27-29 (?) – In camp 1429, June 30 – Travels to Reims 1429, July 1,2 or 3 – Near Auxerre 1429, July 4 – At St Florentin 1429, July 5 – At St Phal 1429, July 5-11 – Near Troyes 1429, July 5-12 (?) – Entry into Troyes 1429, July 13-14 – At Bussy-Lettr? 1429, July 14-15 – At Chalons-sur-Marne 1429, July 16 – At Sept-Saulx 1429, July 16-21 – At Reims for the coronation; Charles VII is crowned on July 17 1429, July 21 – At Cerbeuy 1429, July 22 – At Vailly 1429, July 23-38 – At Soissons 1429, July 29 – At Ch?teau-Thierry 1429, August 1 – At Montmirail-en-Brie 1429, August 2-5 – At Provins 1429, August 7 – At Coulommiers and Ch?teau-Thierry 1429, August 10 – At La Fert? Milon 1429, August 11 – At Cr?py-en-Valois 1429, August 12 – At Lagny-le-Sec 1429, August 13 – At Dammartin and Thieux 1429, August 14 – At Baron and Montepilloy 1429, August 14-15 – Battle of Montepilloy 1429, August 16-17 – At Cr?py-en-Valois 1429, August 18-23 – At Compi?gne 1429, August 26 – September 8 – At St. Denis and La Chapelle 1429, September 8 – Attack on Paris; Jehanne is wounded in the thigh while trying to locate a spot for her troops to cross Paris’ inner ditch. 1429, September 9 – At La Chapelle and St. Denis 1429, September 10 and 13 – At St. Denis 1429, September 14-21 – At Lagny, Provins, Bray, Sens, Courtenay, Ch?teaurenard, Montargis, Gien 1429, October – At Meung-sur-Y?vre and Bourges 1429, October and early November – At St. Pierre-le-Moutier 1429, November 9 – At Moulins 1429, November 24 – Attack on La Charit?-sur-Loire 1429, early December – At Meung-sur-Y?vre 1429, December 19 – At Orleans 1429, December 25 (?) – At Jargeau ? 1429, December 29 – Ennobled along with her family, given a coat of arms and surname “du Lys” 1430, March 3-28 – At Sully 1430, early April – At Lagny; battle of Lagny 1430, April 17-23 – At Melun 1430, late April – At Senlis, Compi?gne, Berenglise, Ste Marguerite, Soissons, Cr?py-en-Valois 1430, May 14-15 – At Compi?gne and Pont l’Ev?que 1430, May 18 (?) – At Soissons 1430, May 19(?) – 22 – At Cr?py-en-Valois 1430, May 23 – At Compi?gne; assault on Margny; Jehanne captured. 1430, May 23-25 – At Clairoix 1430, late May – July – Held prisoner at Beaulieu 1430, mid-July – mid-November – At Beaurevoir 1430, late November – At Arras, St Riquier, Drugy, and Le Crotoy 1430, December – At St Val?ry, Eu, Dieppe, and Rouen. 1430, December 25 (?) – Held in a tower at Rouen, where she would stay until May 30 1431, January 3 – Transferred to the custody of Bishop Cauchon 1431, January 9 – Beginning of the 1st trial (Trial of Condemnation) 1431, February 21 – First public session of the trial 1431, March 10-17 – Closed sessions of testimony 1431, March 27 – Libellus read 1431, April 18 – Admonished to recant 1431, May 19 – Reading of the University of Paris’ condemnation 1431, May 23 – Conclusion of the trial 1431, May 24 – Taken to a platform and threatened with execution; recants and is given the sentence of life in prison 1431, May 28 – Rejects her previous abjuration and accepts a death sentence. 1431, May 29 – The assessors vote to turn her over to secular justice 1431, May 30 – Execution. ———————— Related events after her death ———————— 1435, Sept 21 – Treaty of Arras between Charles VII and Philippe-le-Bon de Burgundy, effectively dooming the English cause 1436 – Paris surrenders to the French 1448 – Rouen taken by the French 1450 – English driven out of Normandy; the process of retrying Joan of Arc’s case begins under the direction of Guillaume Bouill? 1450, March 4 & 5 – Preliminary witness depositions are taken, beginning with the testimony of Guillaume Manchon, one of the notaries at the original trial. 1452 – Joan of Arc’s retrial process continues under Cardinal d’Estouteville and Inquisitor Jean Br?hal 1452, May 2 & 3 – Five witnesses questioned. 1452, May 8 – More testimony, with depositions from seventeen witnesses 1453 – English driven out of Guyenne; most historians consider this to be the end of the “Hundred Years War” 1455, June 11 – Pope Calixtus III authorizes Jehanne’s mother, Isabelle, to open the suit 1455, November 7 – The opening session of the retrial (”Trial of Rehabilitation”), held at Notre Dame in Paris 1455, November through 1456, May – Witness testimony 1456, May 14 – The witness testimony is concluded 1456, May 30 – Hearings resumed 1456, June 2 – As no further evidence was submitted, the existing body of testimony was accepted into the record. 1456, June 5 – The counsel for the plaintiffs, Guillaume Pr?vosteau, submitted his documents to the tribunal 1456, June 10 – Final session during which all the various documents were collected. 1456, June 18 – The plaintiffs, in the form of Jehanne’s brother Jean Darc, the family’s lawyer, and the Promoter for the case, pay a visit to the commissioners, expressing the wish that the latter would speed up their final deliberations 1456, June 24 – Final call for any objections, with presentation of final evidence against Jehanne set for July 1 1456, July 1 – No one showed up. 1456, July 2 – The plaintiffs formally ask the judges to annul the original verdict and declare Jehanne innocent. 1456, July 7, beginning at the hour of 8 am – Public announcement of the judgement of the court, in which the original verdict is thrown out and Joan of Arc is declared innocent. ————– Related events in our own era ————– 1903, February – Formal proposal for canonisation 1904, January – Pope Pius X awards her the title of “Venerable” 1909, April 11 – Beatification 1920, May 16 – Canonised as a saint by Pope Benedict XV |