<< Пред. стр. 5 (из 5) След. >>
Список литературы по разделу
Iiei?aiea eciaieeinu a III aaea. Ia ooiaiiii iaaineeiia A?aaiaai Ainoiea iiyaeeanu iiaay ainoiayuay caacaa — Nanaieau. A 226 aiao A?aaoe? Nanaieaneee ?aca?iiee aienea iineaaiaai ia?oyineiai oa?y A?oaaaia V e oi??anoaaiii anooiee a Eoaneoii. E a yoio a?aiaoe?aneee iiiaio oa?e Oao?u, eciaiea naiae o?aaeoeiiiie iieeoeea, ia?aoee aa?oa ia noi?iio ?eieyi. A Oao?o aioee ?eineea eaaeiiu. A aeoaa o Oao?aci?a iiaiyaeaiiua ni?cieee iaaieiao ?acaeee a?aaieo e?aioaa, i?e?ai ia iiea aiy iiaea e ayay nanaieaneiai oa?y Oaao?a I. Ociaa i neo?eaoainy, Oaao? ?aoee iaeacaou iaiiei?iue ai?ia. Anei?a o ai?io Oao?u iiyaeeanu ia?iiiay ia?neaneay a?iey. I?aaaa, o aa ?eoaeae auea aua iaaa?aa ioneaaouny ca e?aieeie eaiaiiuie noaiaie. Ii yoa iaaa?aa ieacaeanu ouaoiie. Niaeanii eaaaiaa, ai?u oao?aineiai oa?y, i?eioanna Iaae?a (Ionae?a), auaaea iai?eyoae? ana nae?aou iai?iiu, e ia?nu noiaee n?aaieoaeuii auno?i caoaaoeou ai?ia. Aaeuiaeoea niauoey oi?ioi ecaanoiu. Iinea ooiaa nanaieaneeo iie?eu ?eciu oae e ia aa?ioeanu a yoe iiaeaiiua iaiai ?oeiu. A 363 aiao ?eineee enoi?ee Aiieai Ia?oaeeei, i?ioiay ieii Oao?u, ia oaeaae caanu ie?aai, e?iia eaiaiiuo iaeiieia e uaaiy. Aanuia iio?eoaeuia e enoi?ey i?eioannu-i?aaaoaeuieou.
A?aaneee enoi?ee aeu-Eacaeie, ?eaoee o?a iiiai aaeia nionoy iinea aeaaee Oao?u, i?eaiaeo iaceaaoaeuiue ?anneac n iienaieai yoeo a?aiaoe?aneeo niauoee: «Ai?u oa?y Aaecaia — Ionae?a iiaiyeanu ia e?uoo, oaeaaea Naii?a (Oaao?a. — A.A.) e ae?aeeanu a iaai. Iia iineaea e iaio aiioa n i?inuaie ociaou, ?oi iia iieo?eo, anee oea?ao oa??, eae acyou ai?ia. «Aicuio oaay aey naiiai naay e aicauoo iaa anaie ?aiueiaie», — ioaaoee Naii?. Oiaaa Ionae?a ioe?uea oaeio caeieaiaaiiuo noai Oao?u... Naii? naaeae oae, eae aai iao?eea Ionae?a. Noaia ?ooioea, e ii aioae a ai?ia, aaa oaee aanyou ouny? ?aeiaae, a oii ?enea e Aaecaia». Oeiae yoie enoi?ee aanuia e?anii?a?ea. Oaao? nua?ae n i?aaaoaeuieoae iuoio? naaauao. Ii iaoo?i iinea ia?aie ?a a?a?iie ii?e i?eeacae auaanoe noi?oao ia e?uoo naiiai aunieiai caaiey. «Ia iaauae ee y, ?oi aicauoo oaay iaa anaie ?aiueiaie? — ni?inee ii Ionae?a. — Eae aeaeou, y auiieiee naia iaauaiea». E, oeiiioa a eaaioe, ii aucaae no?a?o e iiaaeae eacieou Ionae?o.
A?OAIEIAE A OAO?A
Ii?aceoaeuii, ?oi eco?aiea Oao?u a?oaieiaaie ia?aeinu eeou a 1951 aiao, eiaaa Ae?aeoi?ao a?aaiinoae E?aea i?enooiee caanu e iiiaieaoiae i?ia?aiia ?aneiiie e ?anoaa?aoee. I?aaaa, iaeaioia
184
Ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu ia a?aaiai ai?iaeua ianeieuei ?ac iiauaaee iaiaoeea o?aiua ai aeaaa n Aaeuoa?ii Aia?a. Iie noioia?aoe?iaaee e iienaee aeaeiua iiaa?oiinoe ?oei e ninoaaeee iauee ieai iaiyoieea. Ni naiae noi?iiu e?aeneea niaoeaeenou a 1951—1955 aiaao iaia?o?eee e enneaaiaaee ieiei 12 iaaieuoeo o?aiia e nayoeeeu, niaa??aaoeo ia?iiiia eiee?anoai eaiaiiuo noaooe, eoeuoiauo i?aaiaoia e iaaienae. A Oao?a a iniiaiii eniieuciaaeanu a?aiaeneay ienuiaiiinou, ii anou iaaiene e ia eaouie. Iai?eia?, a o?aia 1 iaia noaooy auea iinayuaia aiao Nieioa iaeei Eaaioii Iao?iieai Eaeioeaiii — aiaiiui o?eaoiii ia?aiai ia?oyineiai eaaeiia. Yoio eaaeii aue nicaai eiia?aoi?ii Naioeieai Naaa?ii oieuei a 197 aiao i.y.
N?aae iaeaieaa cia?eoaeuiuo iaoiaie — neoeuioo?u ianoiuo e ?o?eo ai?anoa — Aooo?-Aaea, Aoa?'ao, Ia?aaea, Aeeao, Aiieeiia, Iinaeaiia, Y?ina e Aa?iana. Aooo?-Aae ecia?a?ai a aeaa ai?iaaoiai io??eiu a ?eineii aieineii eino?ia. A o?aia V auee iaia?o?aiu: ecaayiea ainiai ??aoa ii eiaie Aaaaa; ecaanoiyeiaue ?aeuao n oeao?aie o?ao ?aiuei, neayueo ia nieia euaa (iina?aaeia ecia?a?aia, aeaeii, a?aaneay aiaeiy Aeeao, eioi?ie i?eaai ?ya ?a?o a?a?aneie Aoeiu); noaooe Noiae — ai?a?e i?eioannu Aiooa?e — e naiie i?eioannu, eioi?ay auea ai?a?u? oao?aineiai oa?y Naiao?oea II; noaooy ??eou ii eiaie Ia?aoea e iiiaia a?oaia. Iaeaaiu oae?a oeao?iua a?iiciaua i?aaiaou, iai?eia? aieiaa ii?eeiai ?eieyieia, aieiaa a?a?aneiai aiaa aeia e aanaeuy Aeiiena a aaiea ec aeiia?aaiuo eenouaa.
I?ae?aniui i?eia?ii ia?oyineie eeanne?aneie neoeuioo?u 2 aaea i.y. ii?ao neo?eou aieiaa ianoiiai i?aaeoaey Naiao?oea II, naaeaiiay ec na?iaaoiai iinoeuneiai i?aii?a. Aeeo?aoii iiano?e?aiiay ai?iaa e caaeoua aieinu ia?aiey?o e?aneaia, n oiieeie ?a?oaie, eeoi oa?y.
«Aey noaooe, ecia?a?a?ueo oa?ae e ciaoiuo e?aae Oao?u, a ino?iaa?oeo oaieao, a ?anoeouo eaicieao, ioi?i?aiiuo iaoii, e a ieniaaa?ueo naiaiaiuie neeaaeaie oe?ieeo oa?iaa?ao, — ieoao I.A. Aa?aneiia, — oa?aeoa?ia iaia aaoaeu: i?aaay ?oea iiaiyoa e iea?o a ciae aeaaineiaaiey e ie?a, a eaaay — eeai ea?eo ia ?oeiyoea ia?a, eeai aa??eo ?ace — neiaie oa?neie aeanoe».
A naiii oaio?a ai?iaa iaoiaeony oaiaiin, aiaua?uee ana nayoeeeua aa?iaeoeo aiaia (Oaiaoa — aiaa Nieioa, Aeeao, Oaoe?i) e oa?neee aai?ao. A?oeoaeoo?a yoeo o?aiia aaiiino?e?oao iaeioi?ia caiaaiia aeeyiea, ii aey oao?aineeo a?oeoaeoi?ia oa?aeoa?ia iaiau?aeiay naiaiaa a ni?aoaiee aaei?aoeaiuo yeaiaioia
185
a?a?aneiai, ?eineiai e ia?oyineiai i?ienoi?aaiey n o?aaeoeyie ieaie?iaee e no?ieoaeunoaa, eaoueie io Anne?ee e Aaaeeiia, ?oi i?eaaei e nicaaie? iiaiai noeey — enee??eoaeuii oao?aineiai ii iaeeeo.
Iaiaei iniiaiay ?anou ai?iaa auea cano?iaia ?eeuie aiiaie ec nu?oiaiai ee?ie?a. Aiia noiyee aaieu i?yiuo oeeo, ?anoiaeaoeony a aeaa ?aaeaeuiuo eo?ae io oaiaiina e ie?aeiai. Ii?oe ea?aue aii eiae nianoaaiiue eieiaao eee eneonnoaaiiue ?aca?aoa? aey nai?a aiau. E?iia ?eeuo e ?eooaeuii-aaieieno?aoeaiuo iino?iae, a?oaieiae iaia?o?eee a Oao?a eiiia?ii e aioeoaao?, a oae ?a iia?aaaeuiua aaoie — eaiaiiua iaacieae aey caoi?iiaiee i?aanoaaeoaeae ciaoiuo oaieeee ai?iaa. O ea?aie oaeie naiue eiaeanu naiy aaoiy. Ii?aceoaeuiay eieeaeoey aioe?iie neoeuioo?u ioe?ueanu aci?o a?oaieiaia i?e ?aneiieao yeeeienoe?aneiai o?aia aiaa Ia?aia — a?aaiaeoaai nayoeeeua ai?iaa. Yoi auee i?aeiouanoaaiii ?eineea eiiee II aaea, naaeaiiua n a?a?aneeo i?eaeiaeia, i?eiaaea?aaoeo ciaiaieoie oeiea Eeneiia, i?eaai?iiai neoeuioi?a Aeaenaia?a Iaeaaiineiai.
Iia i?eoiaeeinu ia iaei ?ac auaaou a Oao?a. Yoi auee e ei?ioeea, ia ?an-aaa, yeneo?nee i?iacaii, e ianoiyoaeuiua oi?aaiey ii ?oeiai, caieiaaoea aia?uo iie aiy. Ii iniaaiii aeoaiei canaei a iaiyoe ainiiieiaiea i iiai iineaaiai iinauaiee ?oei a?aaiaai ai?iaa a 1979 aiao. Noiye iae. Ie?o?a?uay Oao?o ?aaieia auea aua caeaiie. Eia-aaa n?aae ?aaeeo eonoeeia o?aau, eae iaiiuee, ai?aee aeua iaee, iyaei ?aeoaea no?aiea. ?a?iua oao?u aaaoeiia, caiao auia eino?ia, eae niaae e oaeano eiiuo iaa?ueo ioa? i?eaaaaee anae yoie ea?oeia ?oi-oi iacuaeaiia, aeaeaeneia, aaeiaia e iaii a?aiaiii i?ec?a?ii-ia?aaeuiia, i?aoiayuaa. Iuneaiii, aua ca ianeieuei eeeiiao?ia ai iiauacaa e ai?iao, ia?eiaaou aioiaeouny e ano?a?a n iei. E ana ?a ea?aue ?ac yoa ano?a?a i?ienoiaeo eae-oi iai?eaaiii e ai aiee i?iicaao na?aoa iaiau?iinou? e iiaeciie. Ai?i?ai, oae ea?aony ia oieuei iia iaiiio. «Canouaoea iaeiieea ?oeiu yoiai ai?iaa, — ieoao ecaanoiue aiaeeeneee a?oaieia Naoii Eeiea, — aicauoa?ony e naaiaiy n?aae aaee?aaiai iaeii?anoaa ionouie, yaeyynu iaiei ec iaiiiaeo nio?aieaoeony eaiaiiuo iaiyoieeia a E?aea...»
Aicii?ii, eiaiii yoei e iauyniyaony yooaeo iaiau?aeii neeuiiai aicaaenoaey Oao?u ia e?aiai c?eoaey. Aianoi iau?iuo aey a?aaiinoae Ianiiioaiee aaceeeeo oaeeae, yi, caiaaei e eo? anaaicii?iiai ioni?a caanu aa?oa i?aanoa?o ia oiia ii?oe aace?aiie ionouie no?ieiua eieiiiu aioe?iuo o?aiia, a?ee aai?oia, i?a?oaiey e?aiinoiuo noai e aaoai. Oaoa-Ii?aaia — ai?ia-
186
i?ec?ae, ai?ia-ia?oa, ai?ia-neacea. Eiaaa a?iaeou ii aai eaiaiiui eaae?eioai, anaaaa ieacuaaaouny ai aeanoe eaeiai-oi iaaa?aaiey. Ea?aony, ?oi ou aanie?oii iaei a caa?ioaiiii, ia?oaii ai?iaa, canioaoai eaoa?ae?aneei niii naiiaaoaou aaeia iacaa. Oae auei ni iiie e ia yoio ?ac. Aaeanay ciieiay auiea caoyioea ana iaai ai ai?eciioa. Nieioa eeiieeinu e caeaoo, ii ?a?a ia niaaaea. E oai ia iaiaa, eiaaa iaa iaoe yeniaaeoeiiiua iaoeiu auee i?eno?iaiu a naao aicea o?oiiai aiieea ianoiuo a?oaieiaia e ana iie oiaa?eue iioyioeenu a nianeoaeuio? oaiu, y ?aoee ioi?aaeouny ia yeneo?ne? ii Oao?a. Aaau iia iineaaiyy! Nei?i aa?a?, ii?eaa iia ??iui caacaiui iaaii, a caao?a — a ioou, aiiie, a Iineao!
Ai?ynu n onoaeinou? e ciiai, aoi?o iia ianneaiua naiau aai?oa. Oeoeia. Canouaoea a aaeiaii nia eaiaiiua ?oeiu ia?oaiai ai?iaa. Ana iianaaiaaiia, noaoiia en?acaao. Ou — iaaaeia n naiie enoi?eae. Ianooiaao iiiaio enoeiu: a aooa cao?eo oaeinoaaiiue cia aaeia, ou iuouaaou i?yio? i?e?anoiinou e aa?iinoe.
E aa?oa a naiue eoeuieiaoeiiiue iiiaio iiaai ?acaiai?a n a?aaiae Oao?ie y neuoo, eae ca oaeii, aoeaaeuii a aaoo oaaao io iaiy, aaa ainoi??aiiuo ?aineeo aieina iiaoi?y?o aac onoaee iaii e oi ?a: «I, ?a?ieia!»., «I, au?oeooe!» Iaaiaieuii auaeyauaa? ec naiaai aai?oiaiai «oe?uoey» e ae?o aaoo ii?eeuo, ii e?aieeo aiaeinaeniineeo aai. Iie ouaoaeuii i?e?anaiu, ia eeoao einiaoeea e ie eaiaeuee iioa. Ei, aeaeii, aa?a e?aeneay ?a?a ieii?ai. Aaiu aac onoaee uaeea?o caoai?aie ieieao??iuo oioiaiia?aoia e iaiaieaa?ony ainoi??aiiuie aineeeoaieyie. Aa, yoi e anou enoeiiua oo?enou! Caanu iao ie iniauo oaianoa, ie i?e?iaiuo e?anio, ie iau?iuo oo?enoneeo ?acaea?aiee. Ii, ianiio?y ia yoi, a E?ae aaoo oo?enou ni anao eiioia naaoa. A ieacaaoenu caanu, ia iiaoo ioeacaou naaa a oaiaieunoaee iiniio?aou ?oaaniue eaiaiiue ai?ia, aaeinoaaiiue iaiyoiee ianiiioaineie a?aaiinoe, eioi?ue nio?aiee ai iaoeo aiae ia oieuei naia eeoi, ii e naia oaeinoaaiiia i?a?iaaiea.
187
AIANOI IINEANEIAE?
AAAAAA: A IIENEAO AI?IAA OAEEOIA
Neieuei noai e?aiinoiuo oie?oi?ee
aac?aeinoiue ?ie,
Neieuei aieiia ii ia aanneaaio? aeaaeu
ia?ae!
Aaa no?ieoaee caieia, aaa aeoyce, aaa
iieeiaiaou?
Oeuaaynu, iie?ao ?a?aia
o iai?ei ai?ia.
Aao-aeu-Aoaoey, 748—825 aiau
Caeii?eou ?anneac ia E?aea — no?aia ia?auo oeaeeecaoee — e ia oiiiyioou i?e yoii i Aaaaaaa — niaa?oaiii iaaicii?ii. Ii n a?oaie noi?iiu, eieaa iinayuaia aeaaiui ia?acii a?aaiei iaiyoieeai Ia?ao?a?uy, a a e?aeneie noieeoa eo a?iaa au e iao (eee ii?oe iao). Ia oeoe?iaaou ?a ainoi??aiiua iocuau n?aaiaaaeiauo a?aaneeo enoi?eeia i iuoiinoe e e?anioa neaci?iiai ai?iaa oaeeoia, iiaoi?yy a aeaa ?ao?aia, ?oi a iaoe aie io yoiai aaeeeieaiey ie?aai ia nio?aieeinu?
Aii?in i nouanoaiaaiee ?aaeuiuo neaaia i?ioeiai a nia?aiaiiii Aaaaaaa ai neo ii? aucuaaao ai?y?ea nii?u e n?aae ?o?iaeenoia, e n?aae o?aiuo. Iaie aeayo eiioo?u eaaaiaa?iie noieeou oaeeoia ?oou ee ia a ea?aie oeeoa nia?aiaiiiai ai?iaa, a?oaea noieu ?a ?aoeoaeuii ioiaoa?o anyeo? iaoa?eaeuio? naycu iuiaoiaai Aaaaaaa n yiioie Oa?oia a?-?aoeaa. Eae ie no?aiii, aeaeii, i?aau ii-naiaio e oa e a?oaea. Iineooaai nia?aea aiaiau iioeienoia. «Ia aaaaaaneeo oeeoao, aiieioeaoenu a a?iico e eaiaiu, — ieoao ?o?iaeeno ?. Aeooia, — ?eaoo aa?ie ciaiaieouo a?aaneeo neacie. Caiieea no?oe Oiioaia Eoaoeiia iaiiieia?o ia enoi?ee Aee-Aaau e ni?iea ?acaieieeia. Ia aa?aao Oea?a, iia iiaoaeaie iaeui, ii?ii oaeaaou e?anaaeoo Oaoa?acaao e oa?y Oao?ey?a, nicaaiiuo oaeaioeeaui e?aeneei neoeuioi?ii. Aianoa ni noa?uie oaieeaie Aaaaaaa, aai ia?aoyie e aaca?aie yoe
188
noaiu iaiiieia?o i oii, ?oi au iiiaee a ai?ia «Ouny?e e iaiie ii?e»...»
Aio aoi?eo aia?eeaineee ?o?iaeeno Oeeuyi Yeeen: «Iaiaei e nae?an ii?ii iouneaou neaau oiai Aaaaaaa, eioi?ue aue eiaaa-oi aiaaoaeoei ai?iaii ie?a. A eaae?eioa oceeo oei?ae ii-i?a?iaio ao?eeo noa?ue aaca? — noe. A?ioi?ao oaieie aaca?a, aaa iaaieee auaeaa?o oci?u ia iaoaeea. Caanu i?iaaaony e eaaai, e e?anee aey aae, e oao?ai... Noe ia?a?ee iiaa?iecaoe? Aaaaaaa, eae ia?a?eea aa e oeiea Ionoaine?eey, iino?iaiiay aua a XIII aaea e oe?iei ecaanoiay ai a?aiaia i?aaeaiey oaeeoia aeianoee Aaaaneaia... Anou e a?oaea naeaaoaeunoaa oiai, ?oi yoi ana-oaee Aaaaaa, a ia, nea?ai, Ieeoiee».
Noieu ?a ?aoeoaeuiu a naieo auaiaao e noi?iiieee i?ioeaiiiei?iiai acaeyaa ia e?aeneo? noieeoo. E naiui ia?aui ieaeeenoii aue iao niioa?anoaaiiee -- ?onneee ioeoa?, iooaoanoaaiiee e aeieiiao A.E. ?e?eeia, iinaoeaoee E?ae a 1849 aiao. «Aaaaaa, — ieoao ii, — iaianai auniei? noaii?, eioi?ay n ainoi?iie noi?iiu any ia?ooeeanu ni a?aiaie iaaiaiaiey 1831 aiaa. Ie iaiie caia?aoaeuiie a no?ieoaeuiii ioiioaiee ia?aoe, ie iaiiai e?aneaiai ieia?aoa; ana iie iaaunieea, oy?aeua, aacaeoniie iino?ieee e iie?uou aanuia iaueiiaaiiuie ec?acoaie. Aaie ieioea, a?yciua... Aaca? noa?ue, oi?ioae iino?ieee, ana i?ioiau iia naiaaie; ii eaaee niaa?aiu aaaii e ia anai iueu e a?ycu; a aaeao eaeay-oi ia?oaaiiinou...»
Oaeei ia?acii, aa?a a na?aaeia XIX aaea i?eae??eaue aci? ?onneiai iooaoanoaaiieea ia niia ?acaeyaaou a eaae?eioao noa?iai Aaaaaaa ie iaiie a?oeoaeoo?iie ?ai?o?eiu, ie iaiie ainoieiie oiiieiaiey iino?ieee. ?oi ?a aiai?eou i nia?aiaiiii ai?iaa, ii eioi?iio i?ioaeny o?a eaoie iiaa?iecaoee e ?aeiino?oeoee?! Noieo ee oaeaeyouny a yoie nayce aiaieuii ianneienoe?aneei auneacuaaieyi iaeioi?uo ?o?iaeenoia, iinaoeaoeo e?aeneo? noieeoo a 70-o e 80-o aiaao, eiaaa oai ia?aeny no?ieoaeuiue aoi?
«A naaiaiyoiai Aaaaaaa, — ioia?aee a 1976 aiao E. Aaeaaiaia e I. Neaeeei, — iaei ?oi ooaeaei io a?aiaie Oa?oia a?-?aoeaa. Caoi e?aeneay noieeoa ii?a?aao ?aciaoii naiaai ?inoa e iaiiaeaiey. A yoii a?aaiai ai?iaa iaiaueiiaaiii aunie i?ioaio iiauo nii?o?aiee — ?eeuo aiiia, iinoia, ainoeieo, aaieieno?aoeaiuo caaiee. Iiiaea ec ieo auaeyayo aiaieuii i?eaeaeaoaeuii, ni?aoay nia?aiaiio? a?oeoaeoo?o e o?aaiaaiey eiioi?oa n iaoeiiaeuiuie iioeaaie a ioi?ieaiee. Ieiei o?ao ieeeeiiia e?aeoaa — ii?oe ?aoaa?ou ianaeaiey no?aiu — ?eaao a noieeoa. ?anoao Aaaaaa, oaniy ionoui?. A aai iaiy?uainy iaeeea iaoiayo io?a?a-
189
iea i?ienoiayuea a no?aia ia?aiaiu».
Oi?ii oae ?a n?eoaao e Aeaaeie? Ei?aaineee, iiauaaaoee a E?aea, a 1986 aiao, o?a a ?acaa? e?aii-e?aeneie aieiu. «Oaeeo Aao A?aoa? ae-Iaino?, — ieoao ii, — iniiaae Aaaaaa a 762 aiao. Noi ouny? ?aai?eo no?ieee ai?ia, iaiineee aai e?aiinoiie noaiie. Io oie aaeaeie yiioe iaiiiaia nio?aieeinu ai iaoeo aiae. Eiaaa 15 eao iacaa y aia?aua iiauaae a e?aeneie noieeoa, a iueuiii, oe?iei ?aneeioaoainy ai?iaa iaei ?oi iaiiieiaei i aueii aaee?ee ?aeeaeiciiai e iieeoe?aneiai oaio?a anaai ionoeuiaineiai ie?a».
Oae eoi ?a a eiioa eiioia i?aa — ianneienou eee iioeienou? E anou ee a nia?aiaiiii Aaaaaaa a?oeoaeoo?iua iaiyoieee, aaaeaaoii io?a?a?uea naio? aeanoyuo? no?aieoo n?aaiaaaeiaie yiioe a enoi?ee E?aea — yiioo i?aaeaiey oaeeoia aeianoee Aaaaneaia (8—13 aaea)?
Aie?ai ?anoii i?eciaouny, ?oi ia n?eoa? naay ie niaoeaeenoii ii A?aaneiio Ainoieo, ie ciaoieii n?aaiaaaeiaie ionoeuiaineie a?oeoaeoo?u. Aa e a?aiaie aey iiciaaaoaeuiuo yeneo?nee ii e?aeneie noieeoa o iaiy auei ia oae o? e iiiai: n?eoaiiua aie a ea?aue iao i?eaca a no?aio. E oai ia iaiaa ieii?aoaeuiiio iiaio i?aa?auaie? ec ianneienoa a iioeienoa iiiia iaei neo?ae.
A 1985 aiao, o?a ii aica?auaiee iaoae yeniaaeoee a Aaaaaa, iu iiciaeiieeenu oai n i?aiu ieeuie e?auie, niioa?anoaaiieeaie, ?aaioieeaie iaoaai oi?ai?aanoaa. E aio eae-oi o ian n ieie caoae ?acaiai? i ainoii?eia?aoaeuiinoyo Aaaaaaa. Anoanoaaiii, n?aco ?a iaicia?eeenu e iaa iienaiiua auoa iiceoee ii iiaiao ianeaaey oaeeoia a nia?aiaiiie e?aeneie noieeoa. Oiaaa a ea?anoaa a?aeo?a a iauee nii? aiaoaeny iao aeaaiue ainoi?iue yenia?o — Ieaa Aieuoaeia. A?aiaie ai iouacaa aiiie o ian aua inoaaaeinu ainoaoi?ii, e ii i?aaei?ee a aee?aeoee auoiaiie aaiu i?iaanoe anao ?aea?ueo ii anai n?aaiaaaeiaui iaiyoieeai Aaaaaaa. I?aaei?aiea auei i?eiyoi n yiooceaciii. Oi?ai?aaneay noi?iia ioioii i?aainoaaeyea a ?anii?y?aiea aoaoueo yeneo?naioia iaiaoiaeiua n?aanoaa ia?aaae?aiey — aaa eiioi?oaaaeuiuo eeioceia, a iaoa — iaoe?iua iao?iua iiciaiey aieoi?a Aieuoaeiaa. Yoi ieie-iooaoanoaea, caiyaoaa a iauae nei?iinoe ?oou aieaa iieiaeiu aiy, ieacaeinu aey anao ian iiaeeiiui ioe?iaaieai. E anee ?aiuoa, neo?aeii ano?a?ay ia naiai iooe a aaaaaaneie nooieiea n?aaiaaaeiaua iino?ieee, y ooo ?a i ieo caauaae, oi oaia?u ana yoe y?eea ineieee aueuo yiio nei?eeenu aa?oa a iauo? no?ieio? ea?oeio. Iao, Aaaaaa «Ouny?e e iaiie ii?e» ia oia?, e oaie aeanoie?aeauo oaeeoia aua a?iayo ii aai oeeoai e ieiua-
190
ayi. Enoi?ey Aaaaaaa ia?ac?uaii naycaia n enoi?eae a?aaneiai caaiaaaiey Ianiiioaiee, n i?aa?auaieai aa a aa?io? ninoaaio? ?anou ionoeuiaineiai ie?a. Ii aua caaieai ai iiei?aiey E?aea a?aaaie, a I-i ouny?aeaoee ai i.y., a aai ??iua e ?ai-caiaaiua iaeanoe iinoiyiii i?iieeaee n ninaaiaai A?aaeeneiai iieoino?iaa aiaieuii cia?eoaeuiua a?oiiu a?aaneiai ianaeaiey. A 3—6 aaeao i.y. ia Ie?iai Aao?aoa iiyaeeinu aa?a iaaieuoia a?aaneia ainoaa?noai Eaoieaia. Iauay a?aaecaoey no?aiu iaecia?eii aic?inea iinea eneaineiai caaiaaaiey, eiaaa a Ianiiioaie? ia?anaeeeinu aieuoia ?enei a?aaia-ei?aaieeia. Ianooieea yiioa A?aaneiai oaeeoaoa, oaio? eioi?iai iaoiaeeny ia?aiia?aeuii a Aaianea. Iaiaei, a 750 aiao neooaoey iai?eaaiii eciaieeanu: ia niaio ne?eeneie aeianoee oaeeoia Iiaeyaia i?eoea aeianoey Aaaaneaia, aeaaiie iii?iie oa??eoi?eae eioi?uo noae E?ae. Ia?aeenu iienee ianoa aey no?ieoaeunoaa iiaie noieeou oaeeoaoa. E anei?a oaeia ianoi auei iaeaaii a ?aeiia N?aaiaai Oea?a, oai, aaa ii aee?a anaai iiaoiaeo e Aao?aoo.
A 762 aiao aoi?ie aaaaneaneee oaeeo — Aao A?aoa? ae-Iaino? iniiaae iiao? noieeoo oaeeoaoa, iacaaa aa Iaaeiao an-Naeyi, ?oi icia?aao ai?ia ie?a. Ii i?inoie e?a i?aaii?eoae iacuaaou ai?ia Aaaaaaii, ii aeecea?auae noa?eiiie aa?aaooea. I?ienoi?aaiea yoiai neiaa inoaaony ai neo ii? iayniui. Iaie o?aiua iieaaa?o, ?oi Aaaaaa icia?aao Aiaii aaiiue. Ii iiaie? a?oaeo, Aaaaaa neaaoao ia?aaiaeou eae Naa Aaaa, aaa Aaa — eiy nianoaaiiia. Eae au oi ie auei, a ia?iaa ni a?aiaiai i?e?eeinu e i?i?ii ooaa?aeeinu eiaiii aoi?ia eiy, nio?aiy?uaany ca e?aeneie noieeoae e ii nae aaiu.
Iaai neacaou, ?oi ianoi aey aicaaaaiey noieeou auei aua?aii ia ?aaeinou oaa?ii — a oaio?a ieiai?iaiaeoae iaeanoe e ia ia?ana?aiee aa?iaeoeo oi?aiauo iooae n?aaiaaaeiaie Aa?acee. Ai?i?ai, yoi oi?ioi iiieiae e nai ae-Iaino?. Ii neiaai a?aaneiai enoi?eea ao-Oaaa?e, oaeeo iainiiauaae naia ?aoaiea neaao?uei ia?acii: «Iii (yoi ianoi. — A.A.) i?ae?anii eae aiaiiue eaaa?u. E?iia oiai, caanu Oea?, eioi?ue nay?ao ian n aaeuieie no?aiaie aieiou ai Eeoay. Ii ainoaaeo iai ana, ?oi aa?o ii?y, a oae?a i?iaiaieunoaea ec Aao?a?uy, A?iaiee e ninaaieo ?aeiiia. Caoai caanu ?a e Aao?ao, eioi?ue i?eianao iai ana, ?oi iiaoo i?aaei?eou Ne?ey... e i?eeaaa?uea e iae caiee». Aieuoo? ?ieu Aaaaaaa a o?aiceoiie oi?aiaea no?ai Ainoiea iia?a?eeaae e ecaanoiue a?aaneee aaia?ao IX aaea Eai Oi?aaaaao a naiai o?aeoaoa «Eieaa iooae e ainoaa?noa»: «Eoiou n iiaa?a?uy caiaaiiai (N?aaecaiiiai. — A.A.) ii?y ioi?aaey?ony io onouy I?iioa ai Aioeioee. A oa-
191
?aiea o?ao aiae iie ainoeaa?o aa?aaia Aao?aoa e i?eauaa?o a Aaaaaa. Oai iie a?ocyony e ii Oea?o nionea?ony e Iaieea, a ioooaa a Iiai, ia Ciianeea ino?iaa, a Eiae? e Eeoae». Yoio ?a aaoi? niiauaao iai, ?oi «?onneea ec ieaiaie neaayi auaicyo iaoa aia?ia e ?a?ii-ao?uo eeneo ec naiuo ioaaeaiiuo e?aaa neaayineie caiee Eiiaaa neo?aaony, ?oi iie aacoo naie oiaa?u ec A?o?-a?aia (Eanieeneia ii?a. — A.A.) ?a?ac Eoeeu (Aieao. — A.A.) a Aaaaaa».
Iiaue ai?ia, caei?aiiue ia i?aaii aa?aao Oea?a, eiae oi?io i?aaeeuiiai e?oaa aeaiao?ii 2638 iao?ia. Nia?o?e aai caueuaee noaia ec nu?oiaiai ee?ie?a aunioie 18 iao?ia e aeoaieee ?ia. Ia oaaeaiee 30 iao?ia io ia?aie noaiu aicauoaeanu aoi?ay, iaiuoae aaee?eiu, ec oiai ?a iaoa?eaea, n ?aou?uiy ai?ioaie. A oaio?a noieeou, ia oe?ieie ieiuaae, noiyee aai?ao naiiai oaeeoa, aiia aai nuiiaae, aeaaiay ia?aou e caaiey aa?iaeoeo i?aaeoaeunoaaiiuo o??a?aaiee.
Ii neiaai i?aaeaoaa, i?eaee?aaoeany e ai?iao ea?aaaiu o?a ecaaee aeaaee caeaiue eoiie oaeeoneie ?aceaaioee, iiaieia?ueeny ia aunioo ieiei 43 iao?ia, e oeao?o-oe?aa? a aeaa anaaieea n eiiuai, eioi?ue anaaaa iiai?a?eaaeny, ii i?aaaie?, a oo noi?iio, ioeoaa no?aia oa?i?aei aoi??aiea iai?eyoaey. Io eae ooo ia aniiiieou iooeeineo? neaceo i cieioii iaoooea e oa?a Aiaiia! Ai aai?ao aaee Cieioua Ai?ioa — iiciei?aiiua ?aciua aaa?e, auaacaiiua ec ai?iaa Aaneoa. Aaaaaao i?eneaee a aa? naie ai?ioa e a?oaea ecaanoiua ai?iaa oaeeoaoa — Aaiane e Eooa. No?ieoaeunoai aeeeinu ?aou?a aiaa e iaioeinu ae-Iaino?o a aaayou ieeeeiiia aeia?ia (eee ieiei 39 oiii ?enoiai cieioa). Ii caoi iiaay noieeoa auno?i i?aa?aoeeanu a aiaaoue e e?aneaue ai?ia. Iaeaunoaai ?anoaaoa ainoea Aaaaaa a aiau i?aaeaiey oaeeoa Oa?oia a?-?aoeaa, aioea ae-Iaino?a e aeaaiiai aa?iy ciaiaieouo neacie «Ouny?a e iaia ii?u».
Eunoeaua i?eaai?iua eaoiienou n oiiaieai iienuaaee aeane, ?ineiou e aiaaonoai aaaaaaneiai oaeeoa. Iie iian?eoaee, ?oi a aai aai?oa eiaeinu 22 ouny?e eia?ia e 38 ouny? caiaaanae. Iniaia aia?aoeaiea i?iecaiaee ia ainoae oaeeoa Cae Aa?aaa, a eioi?ii iin?aae e?oaeiai aannaeia n aiaie noiyei aeeiaeiiia aa?aai, naaeaiiia ec cieioa e na?aa?a. A aai aaoayo e eenouyo auee ni?yoaiu iaoaie?aneea ioeou, niiniaiua aeaaiaa?y niaoeaeuiiio ono?ienoao ia oieuei aaeaaouny, ii e iaou.
«I ?ineioe, a eioi?ie ?eee Aaaaneau, — ioia?a?o ?inneeneea ainoieiaaau I. Eiaooiiae? e N. Oia?ao, — aiai?eo, iai?eia?, oi, ?oi Coaaeaa (?aia Oa?oia a?-?aoeaa. — A.A.) ia?aay aaaea a iiao iioaiea oooaeu, ?anoeouo a?aaioaiiuie eaiiyie. Eo-
192
oaiuy i?e iae iiaaaaeenu oieuei ia cieiouo e na?aa?yiuo ae?aao. Naaauaa oaeeoa ae-Iaioia (nuia Oa?oia a?-?aoeaa. — A.A.) inoaaaeanu iacaauaaaiui niauoeai a iaiyoe iiiaeo iieieaiee. Ia iiaia?a?iuo, neaaaoeo ia cieioii eia?a, oe?aoaiiii ?ai?oaii e naioe?aie, auee aunuiaiu n iiaiina ouny?e ia?iiiuo ?ai?o?ei. N?aae naiiaiuo ainoae ?aca?anuaaeenu oa?eee ec ioneona, a ea?aii ec eioi?uo auea caeaoaia caienea n iaeiaiiaaieai iiaa?ea: ?aaa, caiaeuiiai iaaaea eee ?aai-eeai iiaiaiiai».
Iaai neacaou, ?oi Oa?oi a?-?aoea, ecia?a?aiiue a neaceao «Ouny?e e iaiie ii?e» eae ioa?ue, aia?ue e uaa?ue i?aaeoaeu, ioi?au ia caneo?ee naiae neaau. A aaenoaeoaeuiinoe yoi aue ?anoieee e aa?ieiiiue ainoi?iue aaniio, eioi?ue ii iaeaeoaio iiaic?aie? aac eieaaaiee ioaaaae iia oiii? iaea?a e?aiai ec naieo iiaaaiiuo, a oii ?enea e naiuo aunieeo aaeuii?. Ainoaoi?ii iaiiiieou i eacie aece?y Ao?aia, aa?ii neo?eaoaai oaeeoo 17 eao, aa e oiio ?a auaoaai aai i?yiui ?ianoaaiieeii: ia ai?a?e aece?y aue ?aiao nui Oa?oia a?-?aoeaa — ae-Iaioi.
A aiau i?aaeaiey ae-Iaioia (ii oia? a 833 aiao), anaia?ii iie?iaeoaeunoaiaaaoaai ?acaeoe? iaoee e eneonnoaa, a noieeoa oaeeoaoa niae?a?ony e?oiiaeoea o?aiua, iiyou, a?a?e, iocueaiou e iaaou ionoeuiaineiai ie?a. «?a?ac o?e ?aoaa?oe aaea iinea iniiaaiey Aaaaaaa, — ioia?a?o I. Eiaooiiae? e N. Oia?ao, — ?eoa?uee ii-a?aanee ie? iaeaaae iniiaiuie oeeinioneeie ?aaioaie A?enoioaey..., aieuoeinoaii iaaeoeineeo ?aaio Aaeaia, a oae?a o?oaaie o?aiuo Ia?nee e Eiaee. Ca ei?ioeee n?ie ia?iau no?ai oaeeoaoa onaieee ciaiey, iaeiieaiiua a?aeaie a oa?aiea iiiaeo aaeia, e iaiaaoeee eo, au?aaioaa nai? aiaaoaeoo? eoeuoo?o, ?ieu eioi?ie a iiaaioiaea e nic?aaaiee aa?iiaeneiai Aic?i?aaiey o?oaii ia?aioaieou. Iiiaea o?aeoaou a?aaiaa?a?aneeo o?aiuo e iuneeoaeae aioee ai ian oieuei a eo a?aaneeo ia?aaiaao...»
A VIII—IX aaeao, eiaaa Aa?iia i?aauaaea aua a iieo aa?aa?neii e a?aiioiii ninoiyiee, a Aaaaaaa ioe?ueenu o?a ia?aua ianoiyuea aioaee, auei iaea?aii oe?ieia i?iecaianoai aoiaae aey eiea e ioe?uo (i?e ae-Iaioia) Aaeo ae-Oeeia — Aii Ioa?inoe — naiaia?aciay aeaaaiey n?aaiaaaeiaiai Ainoiea.
Iinea nia?oe ae-Iaioia ia?ao aai i?aaiieeaie ia?aeenu aaneiia?iua ?acai?u. Niaiyaoea a?oa a?oaa ia o?iia oaeeou ?anoi noaiiaeeenu ?a?oaaie aai?oiauo eio?ea, iiaeaaee io yaa eee eei?aea. Caio?aiiue iaiineeuiuie iaeiaaie e iiai?aie, ia?ia ia ?ac a?aeny ca i?o?ea, iiaieiaynu i?ioea i?iecaiea aa?oiaiuo aeanoae. Oneeeaaeenu e naia?aoenoneea iano?iaiey. O?a e eiioo X
193
noieaoey io aeaaioneiai ainoaa?noaa Aaaaneaia ioaaeeeenu Aaeiao, Ia?ieei, Ae?e?, Ooien e E?ai. A 1055 aiao Aaaaaa caoaaoeee e ?ac?ooeee oo?ee-naeua?oee. Nionoy aaa noieaoey, a 1258 aiao, iie?eua oaoa?i-iiiaieia ai aeaaa n oaiii Ooeaao iiaaa?aee noieeoo oaeeoaoa no?aoiiio iionoioaie?: ana, ?oi iiaei ai?aou, auei ni??aii, a ?aea Oea? ia iiiaea eeeiiao?u noaea aaeie io ?oeiienae ec ?aca?aaeaiiuo aeaeeioae. Ii i?eeaco Ooeaao aue eaciai e iineaaiee aaaaneaneee oaeeo — ae-Ionoanei. A eiioa XIV aaea ai?ia caoaaoee e a i?a?aaiie ?ac n?iaiye n caieae ?anoieee Oaia?eai, a aiineaanoaee, a XV—XVI aaeao, Aaaaaa noae iauaeoii aan?eneaiiuo iaiaaaiee ni noi?iiu iaae?a?ueo neeo oo?ie-iniaiia e ninaaiae ia?neaneie aa??aau.
Ai?ia oaeeoa ae-Iaino?a iaoiaeeny, ii naaaaieyi eaoiienoaa, ia caiaaiii aa?aao Oea?a. Ia ainoi?iii ?a aa?aao ianeieuei iicaiaa aiciee iiiaie?aiue oi?aiai-?aianeaiiue ?aeii — ?onoaoa. Iaiaei a?aiy, ia?eiae?aneea ?aceeau Oea?a e iionoioeoaeuiua aoi??aiey ?o?acaiiuo caaiaaaoaeae i?eaaee e oiio, ?oi ia?aiia?aeuiue Aaaaaa — Iaaeiao an-Naeyi — iuia iieiinou? en?ac n eeoa caiee. E iu aa?a ia ciaai oi?ii, aaa i?ioiaeee aai a?aieou. Ii caoi ia ainoi?iii aa?aao Oea?a, a noa?ii ?aeiia ?onoaoa, ooaeaei iaiaei a?oeoaeoo?iuo iaiyoieeia, ioiinyueony e aieaa iicaiaio ia?eiao yiioe Aaaaneaia — e XI—XIII aaeai.
Naiui ?aiiei ec nio?aieaoeony nii?o?aiee yoiai ?iaa ii i?aao n?eoa?ony e?aiinoiua ai?ioa Aaa-ae-Aanoaie, iino?iaiiua oaeeoii ae-Ionoa?oeaii a 1119 aiao. Ai?ioa iaoiayony a ainoi?iie ?anoe ai?iaa, ca ?aeiiii Oaeo-Iia?. Eiaaa-oi iie auee aa?iie ?anou? iiuiuo iai?iieoaeuiuo oe?aieaiee, a ianoiyuaa a?aiy iieiinou? en?acioaoeo. Ai iaoeo aiae ooaeae eeou ianneaiue iino, nei?aiiue ec iai??aiiiai ee?ie?a. «Yoio iino, — oeacuaa?o I. Eiaooiiae? e N. Oia?ao, — oae io e?aiinoiie aaoie ?a?ac oe?ieee ?ia e caeai?eaaeny nio?aieaoaeny ai iaoaai a?aiaie e?oaeie aaoiae ia a?oaii aa?aao ?aa. A yoo aaoi?-ai?ioa iia einui oaeii aaea oe?ieay, iinoaiaiii iiaieiaaoayny i?eia?ii ia o?e iao?a... ai?iaa, auei?aiiay ieineei ?aou?aooaieuiui ee?ie?ii... Ii iaaei noi?iiai aoiaa a aaoi? — noeeeciaaiiua ?aeuaoiua ecia?a?aiey euaia. Noaiu aunooia?uae iieoe?oaii aaoie eia?o aaa eeiee oceeo aieieo. Iia e?iieie aaoie auaony aycu a?aaneie, ieioi nio?aieaoaeny iaaiene... I?aaaeuiay i?inoioa e eaeiie?iinou oi?i, no?iainou eiino?oeoeaiiai ?aoaiey, ii?oe iieiia ionoonoaea i?iaiaioeee i?eaa?o yoiio iaiyoieeo n?aaiaaaeiaie a?aaneie a?oeoaeoo?u no?iaue e no?iaee aea».
194
A naaa?i-ainoi?iie ?anoe Aaaaaaa, aiaieuii aaeaei io oaio?a ai?iaa, iaoiaeony ia?aou Aao Oaieoa (ae-Aacaiey). Naia ia?aou — iiiaie?aoii ia?ano?aeaaaoayny e aioaaoay ai ian a aiaieuii iicaiae oi?ia — eioa?ana ia i?aanoaaeyao. Ii a iae ?aniiei?aia a?iaieoa eiaia Aao Oaieoa — nia?aiaiieea ae-Iaino?a e aeoeaiiai o?anoieea ia?aiia?aeuiiai no?ieoaeunoaa Aaaaaaa.
Nio?aieeanu a Aaaaaaa e iiaeea nia?aiaiieea oaeeoa Oa?oia a?-?aoeaa — oaeoa Ia?ooa ae-Ea?oe. A?iaieoa oaeoa iaoiaeony ia noa?eiiii eeaaaeua, ?aniiei?aiiii ia caiaaiii aa?aao Oea?a, aioo?e ia?aoe, aicaaaaiiie a 1215 aiao, ii n oao ii? iiiai ?ac iaiyaoae naie iaeee. Nae?an iu aeaei iaeacenoia, i?ecaienoia nii?o?aiea n aaoiy eoiieaie — aieuoei e iaeui. Ii iuouaiea oiai, ?oi noieou ia?aa i?aoii nia?aiaiieea ciaiaieoiai oaeeoa ec «Ouny?e e iaiie ii?e», e iauaa i?a?iaaiea ie?o?a?uaai iaeca?a (eaiaiiua oaiiua iaaa?iaey aan?eneaiiuo iiaee n aycu? a?aaneeo iaaienae, caeaiu iaeui e iiiaioaaoua iaeieeeiauo iaeeoiaie ia?aoe) i?iecaiayo neeuiia aia?aoeaiea.
A oaio?a ai?iaa, ia ainoi?iii aa?aao Oea?a, ia oiia iaeiau?aceoaeuiuo nia?aiaiiuo caaiee ?acei auaaeyaony iaoe?iue ainaiaeu oae iacuaaaiiai Aaaaneaneiai aai?oa, iino?iaiiiai a ia?aea XIII aaea. Ai?i?ai, aai?oii yoi caaiea ii?ii iacaaou eeou oneiaii, iineieueo oi?iia aai iacia?aiea iaecaanoii. Anou aa?a iiaiea, ?oi caanu iaoiaeeinu eaeia-oi n?aaiaaaeiaia o?aaiia caaaaaiea. Ai anyeii neo?aa aai?ao nio?aiee ana ?a?ou, oeie?iua aey iicaiaaaaaaeaaeie a?oeoaeoo?u. «Ana iiiauaiey... — ieooo I. Eiaooiiae? e N. Oia?ao, — auoiayo a aieuoie i?yiioaieuiue aioo?aiiee aai?... Oaio?aeuiue e aieiaie oanaau... ?eaiyony ia aaa yoa?a. Ie?iee ninoaaey?o aaea?ae, ia noieau eioi?uo iie?aaony aiaoiyy noaia aoi?iai yoa?a n ?acei auaaey?ueieny ia aa oiia aeoaieeie ieoaie, ia?aciaaiiuie no?aeu?aouie a?eaie. Iin?aae ainoi?iiai oanaaa ?aniiei?ai aieuoie aeaai... A?ee ie?iaai yoa?a ia?aiey?o aoiau ai aioo?aiiea iiiauaiey... Ea?aay a?ea ioi?ieaia auei?aiiie ec ee?ie?a i?yiioaieuiie ?aiie. O?aoaieuieee, ia?aciaaiiua no?aeu?aoie a?eie e i?yiioaieuiie ?aiie, caiieiaiu ?aciui i?iaiaioii a aeaa oanoeoaieuieeia eee o?aoaieuieeia. I?iaiaio auiieiai ec naaoei-ei?e?iaaie aeeiu e iaiiieiaao oaaoii e oiieinou? eniieiaiey ?acuao ii aa?aao».
A naiie nooieiea nia?aiaiiiai aaaaaaneiai aaca?a iaoiaeony aua iaei a?oeoaeoo?iue oaaaa? yiioe Aaaaneaia — oeiea (iaa?ana) ae-Ionoaine?ey, iino?iaiiay a ia?aie iieiaeia XIII aaea o?eaoaou oanoui oaeeoii — ae-Ionoaine?ii. Yoio i?aaeoaeu,
195
anaia?ii iie?iaeoaeunoaiaaaoee ?acaeoe? iaoee e eneonnoaa a no?aia, ii naeaaoaeunoao nia?aiaiieeia, ia ii?aeae aey no?ieoaeunoaa oeieu ia?iiiie ii oai a?aiaiai noiiu — 700 ouny? cieiouo aeia?ia. A?aaneea enneaaiaaoaee iaoeo aiae n iieiui i?aaii ?anniao?eaa?o ae-Ionoaine?e? eae ia?aue a ie?a oieaa?neoao, oae eae oai e?iia ?acee?iuo iai?aaeaiee eneaia eco?aee e naaoneea aenoeieeiu — oeeieiae?, oeeinioe?, a?aiiaoeeo, a?eoiaoeeo, aeaaa?o, iaoaieeo e iaaeoeio. Eiee?anoai o?aieeia oeieu a ia?eia aa ?anoaaoa aioiaeei ai 150 ?aeiaae. A a o?aieeeuao aa aeaeeioaee ian?eouaaeinu nauoa ainuie ouny? ?oeiieniuo eiea. Aa?a iiiaieu, caoaaoeaoea e ?aca?aaeaoea Aaaaaa a 1258 aiao, iiuaaeee yoi ciaiaieoia o?aaiia caaaaaiea. Oiaaie ae-Ionoaine?ee ia?aeny n ?aca?iia aa Oaia?eaiii a eiioa XIV aaea e anei?a caaa?oeeny iieiui aa cae?uoeai e ?ac?ooaieai.
Oi, ?oi iu aeaei nae?an ia iueuiii aa?aao Oea?a, — ?acoeuoao ianeieueeo ?anoaa?aoee. Ia?aay ec ieo auea i?iecaaaaia i?e iniaineii noeoaia Aaaaeu-Aceca a 1825 aiao. Iaiaei ieii?aoaeuii i?eaaee caaiea oeieu a ii?yaie eeou a 1962 aiao, e 1200-eaoiaio ?aeea? ni aiy iniiaaiey Aaaaaaa.
Aoia a ae-Ionoaine?e? iaoiaeony ia oceie e oaniie oei?ea ae-Oa?aa? — ninoaaiie ?anoe noea — e i?aanoaaeyao niaie aeoaieo? ieoo ia aeooii ee?ie?iii oanaaa. Ieoa oe?aoaia oiieei ?aciui i?iaiaioii, e oci?iie a?aaneie iaaienu?) iia eioi?ie aaaa aeaiu iaaieuoea ai?ioa. Naii caaiea oeieu i?ae?anii iienaii I.A. Aa?aneiiaui: «Aioo?e, ca aunieie ia?aaie, iaoiaeony iaaieuoie aai?ee n aannaeiii. Ia ea?aie noi?iia i?yiioaieuiiai caaiey ano?iaia aunieay no?aeu?aoay ieoa (aeaai) n ?ineioiui noaeaeoeoiaui naiaii e oanaaii a oi?ia eiiaiie a oaio?a a?ee, oe?aoaiiie aaiiao?e?aneei i?iaiaioii. Yoio a?oeoaeoo?iue oei ?aou?aoaeaaiiie ia?aoe, eeanne?aneei ia?acoii eioi?iai n?eoaaony oeiea ae-Ionoaine?ey, nei?eeny ia iniiaa o?aaeoee e?aii-nanaieaneiai cia?anoaa. Ii iaa noi?iiu io ea?aiai aeaaia ia o?iaia ia?aiai e aoi?iai yoa?ae ?aniiei?aiu eaeue nooaaioia. Ia aa?oiai yoa?a iie auoiayo a ei?eai?, i?ioyioaoeeny aie?oa anaai caaiey, a aieco — i?yii ai aai?ee eee a oceea i?ioiau n aunieeie no?aeu?aouie iioieeaie... Ana i?iaiaiou auiieiaiu ia aeaaano?iaie oooeaoo?ea e i?iecaiayo aia?aoeaiea caiuneiaaoiai oci?a».
Ii?ii aiaaaeou, ?oi ?aiaa iina?aaeia aioo?aiiaai aai?a oeieu iaoiaeeny oiioai, aiaa a eioi?ue iiaaaaeanu ec Oea?a n iiiiuu? ia?iiiiai aiaiiiauaiiiai eieana, a ia aiaoiai oanaaa caaiey, iaa aoiaii, auee onoaiiaeaiu ?anu, naaeaiiua aaaaaa-
196
neei ianoa?ii Hyp aa-Aeiii. E oioy aaeaei ia ana ?anoe ae-Ionoaine?ee iieiinou? nio?aieeenu ai iaoeo aiae, iia e iiiuia eiaao ieiei noa eiiiao e caeia ?aciie aaee?eiu. A oaeii a?oeoaeoo?a e ioi?ieaiea oeieu ii?aceoaeuii aeecee ?aniiei?aiiiio iaiiaaeaeo Aaaaneaneiio aai?oo.
E XIII aaeo ioiineony e a?iaieoa Coio??oa Oaooi — ?aiu oaeeoa ai-Iane?a. A?iaieoa ?aniiei?aia ia caiaaiii aa?aao Oea?a, ia noa?eiiii eeaaaeua, aaeece iieioia ?aeaciie ai?iae Aa?eei — Aaaaaa — Aan?a. Naiia ii?aceoaeuiia, ?oi ia?iaiay iieaa ai neo ii? iacuaaao yoio iaacieae a?iaieoae ainii?e Coaaeau, oi anou ?aiu Oa?oia a? ?aoeaa, oia?oae ca ?aou?a noieaoey ai Coio??oa Oaooi. «N?aae iii?anoaa ne?iiiuo, iioi?eo a?oa ia a?oaa eae eaiey aiau ee?ie?iuo iiaee iaacieae Coio??oa Oaooi auaaeyaony naieie ?acia?aie e oi?iie. Ii i?aanoaaeyao niaie ainuiea?aiiia caaiea ec iai??aiiiai ee?ie?a, ?an?eaiaiiia ia aaa y?ona. Ie?iee oe?aoai iaaeoaieeie ieoaie. Ianoa?a-eaiaiueee, eniieucoy ee?ie?e ?aciuo ?acia?ia e iiiauay eo iia ?aciuie oaeaie, oe?aneee noaiu iaacieay; iniaaiii a aa?oiai y?ona, eneoniui aaiiao?e?aneei i?iaiaioii. Oeao?iay eeaaea yoeo noai ni?aoaaony ai iiiaeo ianoao n eaiiuie oe?aoaieyie ec oa??aeiou. Iaa yoei caaieai aicauoaaony aunieee i?iaieaiaaoue eoiie, iaiiieia?uee ii naiae oi?ia a?icau nio. Ea?aay oaeay nioa eiaao a aa?oiae ?anoe ioaa?noea, ?a?ac eioi?ia aioo?u a?iaieou i?iieeaao naao, inaaua?uee... i?aii?iia iaaa?iaea».
Yoeie neiaaie, acyouie ec eieae I. Eiaooiiae?a e N. Oia?ao, iia e oioaeinu au caeii?eou iienaiea a?oeoaeoo?iuo iaiyoieeia aaaaneaneiai a?aiaie, ooaeaaoeo a Aaaaaaa ai iaoeo aiae.
Iaiaei iie ?anneac i iooaoanoaee a aaeaeia i?ioeia e?aeneie noieeou aoaao iaiieiui, anee ia oiiiyioou i ciaiaieoie Cieioie ia?aoe ae-Eaceiaei, ?aniiei?aiiie a naaa?i-caiaaiii i?eai?iaa Aaaaaaa. Iia ie?o?aia ni anao noi?ii eaae?eioii ieioii cano?iaiiuo oceeo e a?yciuo oeeo, aaca?iuo ?yaia e iueuiuo ieiuaaae. E ia yoii oiueii e na?ii oiia ia?aou aaenoaeoaeuii ea?aony eaeei-oi oaioanoe?aneei, iacaiiui aeaaieai, neaci?iui ?aeneei aai?oii. Aa caaiea oaai?aii aaoiy aeecei ?aniiei?aiiuie oy?aeuie cieiouie eoiieaie, a ii e?ayi ia?aoe acauia?ony aaunu oiieea no?ieiua neeoyou ?aou?ao ieia?aoia ni naa?ea?ueie ia nieioa cieiouie aaoaieaie. Noaiu auei?aiu aieoauie ec?acoaie, niia?ie?a?ueie ii aeoaeia e?anie n neiei ??iui iaaii. Ia?aou ae-Eaceiaei — iaei ec iaeaieaa ii?eoaaiuo ?aeeaeiciuo iaiyoieeia ionoeuiai-oeeoia. Caanu iia?aaaiu aaa ao-
197
oiaiuo ai?ay oeeoia — eiai Iona e aai aioe, eiai Eacei ae-A?aaaa. Ia?aou iaa yoeie nayuaiiuie a?iaieoaie auea aicaaaaia eeou a XVI aaea e n oao ii? iiiaie?aoii ia?ano?aeaaeanu, iiea ia i?eiyea ianoiyuee aea. Iniaaiii aieuoea eciaiaiey auee i?iecaaaaiu a 1813 aiao, eiaaa iicieioeee iaa eoiiea e ?anou ieia?aoia, a iioieie a?iaieou iie?uee cieioii, yiaeu?, oaaoiui noaeeii e eoni?eaie ca?eae; aa?aayiiua aaa?e caiaieee na?aa?yiuie. A 1906 aiao iaa iiaeeaie eiaiia aue aicaaeaioo ianneaiue na?aa?yiue na?eioaa. I?ieoe aioo?u e iiniio?aou ia ana yoi aaeeeieaiea ia ionoeuiaieio i?aeoe?anee iaaicii?ii. Iiyoiio iu aiaieunoaiaaeenu eeou aiaoiei iniio?ii caaiey ia?aoe, iaieay aa e?oaii.
Aaniie 1985 aiaa a noieeoa E?aea ?anoi aooaaaee neeuiua aao?u e ian?aiua ao?e. A oaeea aie, a?iay ii oeeoai ai?iaa, ieooaiiui iaeaeaie neaiyuae ?aeoie iuee, ii?ii eaaei i?aanoaaeou naaa e iauee iaeee Aaaaaaa yiioe oaeeoia, e iaeaieaa aaee?anoaaiiua ec aai a?oeoaeoo?iuo nii?o?aiee — aai?ou, ia?aoe, aaie, aaca?u, oeieu e iinou. Ii eiaaa aaoa? aiacaiii noeoaao, a aicaoo aiiau noaiiaeony i?ic?a?ai e naa?, ie?a?e i?ioeiai auno?i en?aca?o, e ia?aa aaie aianoi i?ec?aeia Aee-Aaau e Neiaaaaa-ii?aoiaa aicieeaao iaii?aia nia?aiaiiiai ai?iaa-aeaaioa, oe?iei ?aneeioaoaainy ii iaiei aa?aaai iieiiaiaiiai Oea?a.
Aaaaaa naa?eaao iaiyie iiauo ?ineioiuo ainoeieo, oaoaiaaaeuiuo ?anoi?aiia e ?eeuo aiiia. Aaeeeieaiiua aaoiai?iae, ynoaeaau, ooiiaee e ?ac aycee iiiynaee aanu ai?ia. Iino?iai iiaue, oeuo?ania?aiaiiue ay?iii?o. Aicaaaaiu iiiai?eneaiiua i?aaeoaeunoaaiiua caaiey, aaiee, o??a?aaiey. Aianoi i?a?ieo oanoe o?a aaaiaaoaou iinoia niaaeiy?o oaia?u ?a?iua aa?aaa. Ii neaau i?ioeiai aua oi?ioi aeaiu caanu aoeaaeuii ia ea?aii oaao. Iaeeoi ?eaay naycu a?aiaie i?aainoaaiiinou iieieaiee. Oae auei ?aiuoa, oae aoaao e ai?aau. Aa?iue ai?ia anaie naieie iiiuneaie ono?aieai oaia?u a aoaouaa. Ii eiaaa aeoaieie ii?u? aanioo ia oeeoao iaie oiia?ae e ?aeeai e Aaaaaa canuiaao, ooiieaiiue caaioaie i?ioaaoaai aiy, ii aeaeo ?oaaniua niu i aeanoyueo oaeeoao e ioa?uo aece?yo, oiiiuo e?anaaeoao e i?iiu?eeauo eoioao, o?aa?uo aieiao e ioaa?iuo iooaoanoaaiieeao, ainiaouo a aannia?oiuo neaceao «Ouny?e e iaiie ii?e».
Eee?no?aoee
A?oaieiae?aneay ea?oa Ianiiioaiee
Oicyenoaaiiue «oiein» n i?yiioaieuiuie iiiauaieyie-i?eno?ieeaie. Oaeaoneay eoeuoo?a. 5 oun. ai i.y. ??ui-oaia 2
A?oiia ?inneeneeo e e?aeneeo a?oaieiaia a Iei?oaa. Neaaa iai?aai: ?nei (einiaeoi? E?aeneiai ae?aeoi?aoa a?aaiinoae), Oacei (ae?aeoi? a?oaieiae?aneiai iocay a a. Iinoe), I.I.Aaaa?, ?.I.Ioi?aaa, A.A.Eoca, I.A.Aieuoaeia, A.A.Aaoeeia e E.A. Ia?eiaiia
Aaoi? eieae - A.E.Aoeyaa a ??ui-oaia
Ieoa (Iona Oia?iae? ?ienia) — oioa? yeniaaeoee
Oeao?iue ?anieniie oeaeii n ecia?a?aieai aiaeie ieiai?iaey. 5 oun. ai i.y.
A?eaaae? e?aeneeo ?aai?eo Oaeao A?anei n iaeaaiiie ei «aaeeeie aiaeiae» (oeao?iui oeaeiiii). ??ui-oaia 2
Noa?ee acea a oeie?iie iaa?aa (neaaa)
A?aaaeu Neia?a?. ?oeiu e?oaeie aaoie ?eineie e?aiinoe
Iei?oa. Aoia ai aai?ao Aooo?aaiaiaea II, io?aiyaiue noaooyie «e?ueaouo aaieaa». VIII a. ai i.y.
Iei?oa. ?anou eaiaiiie iaeeoiaee noai aai?oa n ecia?a?aieai i?ioannee aiaia. VIII a. ai i.y.
Ieiaaey. Aaoiy ai?ianeeo ai?io (aea iinea nia?aiaiiie ?aeiino?oeoee). VII a. ai i.y.
A?ea aoiaa oa?neiai aai?oa a Oao?a. I a. ai i.y. - III a. ai i.y.
Oao?a. Aea ia aeaaio? ieiuaau e yeeeienoe?aneee o?ai ?ieoa?a
Oao?a. Oeao?a yeeeienoe?aneiai ai?anoaa ia noaiao eaiaiiie iino?ieee
Iaia ec nia?aiaiiuo ia?aoae oaio?a Aaaaaaa
NIAA??AIEA
Aaaaaiea. Ai?iae no?ainoaee, eee oa?ienoay o?iia a?oaieiaa.................................5
?anou I. ?inneeneea a?oaieiae a E?aea
Aeaaa 1 Oae ia?eiaeanu yeniaaeoey.................................................................14
Aeaaa 2 A?oaieiae ca ?aaioie........................................................................38
Aeaaa 3 ??ui-oaia: iienee e ioe?uoey.............................................................59
Aeaaa 4 O enoieia oeaeeecaoee......................................................................79
?anou II Ii ai?iaai a?aaiae Ianiiioaiee
Aeaaa 5 Yeieiaey ia?auo oeaeeecaoee..........................................................104
Aeaaa 6 O? - iioa?yiiue ai?ia Ooia?a.........................................................119
Aeaaa 7 Aaaeeii - ai?ioa aiaia....................................................................138
Aeaaa 8 "Anne?eeneee o?aoaieuiee": Aooo?, Iei?oa, Ieiaaey...........................161
Aeaaa 9 Oao?a - noeien ionouie...................................................................179
Aianoi iineaneiaey. Aaaaaa: a iieneao ai?iaa oaeeoia......................................187
Nienie eee?no?aoee..................................................................................198
Summary...................................................................................................199
SUMMARY
This book is dedicated to the remote past of Iraq - ancient Mesopotamia, where, according to the modem historians, was a cradle of human culture and civilization.
From the years of 1969 to the 1980, at the North-West of this arabic country, in the Sinjar Valley, the Russian archaeologycal expedition of the Institute of Archaeology (Russian Academy of Sciences) carried out the intensive explorations of some early sites VIII - IV th millenium B.C. Exactly these nameless early agriculturists and cattle-breeders, called by archaeologists with conditional names - hassunians, halafians and ubeidians (through the names of the first excavated sites of these cultures - Hassuna, Halaf, Ubeid) have laid the heavy stones to the foundation of the Sumerian civilization - the first one of our planet.
The first part of the book contains an information about the works of Russian archaeologists in the Sinjar Valley - at Yarim-tepe (with sites of Hassunian and Halafian periods), Tell-Sotto (pre-Hassunian time, VII - VI mill. B.C.), and Tell-Magzalia (VIII - VII mill. B.C.)
The author shows not only some professional aspects of archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia, but speaks also about the peculiarities of local life, tells of meetings with some colleagues from other expeditions - english, german, japan, iraquian; a special story is about the frantic nature of Mesopotamia.
The second part is dedicated to the first-hand account after the visits of some world-known ancient sites and monuments in Iraq: Ur, Babylon, Nimrud, Nineveh and Hatra.
The final chapter is a tale of the relics of medieval Baghdad inside of a modem city. The book is written in a vivid and popular manner and will be interesting for the most wide audience.
CONTENTS
Introduction. The roads of wanderings..................................................5
Part I. The Russian archaeologists in Iraq
Chapter 1. So expeditions begin.........................................................14
Chapter 2. Archaeologists in work......................................................38
Chapter 3. Yarim-tepe: search and discoveries........................................59
Chapter 4. On the threshold of a civilization..........................................79
Part I. Along the cities of Ancient Mesopotamia
Chapter 5 Ecology of first civilizations..................................................104
Chapter 6. Ur - the lost city of Sumer...................................................119
Chapter 7. Babylon -"gate of the gods"................................................138
Chapter 8. The Assirian triangle: Assur, Nimrud, Nineveh..........................161
Chapter 9. Hatra -the sphynx of a desert...............................................179
Conclusion. Baghdad: in the searching of a mediaeval city..........................187
Illustrations..................................................................................198
Summary.....................................................................................199
Contents.......................................................................................200
Aaea?ee Eaaiiae? AOE?AA A no?aia ia?auo oeaeeecaoee
Ooai?iee: A.E. Iao?iaiei
Oaoie?aneee ?aaaeoi? E.A. ?eaoeuneay
Eiiiu?oa?iay aa?noea A. A. Aa?aneei, A.A. Aa?aneeia
Oi?iao 60x90 1/16. Aa?ieoo?a Oaein. Ia?. e 13,0. Oe?a? 500 yecaiiey?ia
Neaie?iaaiea e oi?iaoe?iaaiea: ?iei Neaaa (aeaeeioaea Fort/Da) slavaaa@lenta.ru || yanko_slava@yahoo.com || http://yanko.lib.ru || Icq# 75088656 || Aeaeeioaea: http://yanko.lib.ru/gum.html ||
Au?a?a? nai? ene?aii?? aeaaiaa?iinou Iaeneio Iioeiao ca aanei?unoii i?aainoaaeaiiia ianoi ia naiai na?aa?a aey ioneaie?iaaiiuo iiie eiea a oa?aiea iiiaeo eao.
update 05.12.03
<< Пред. стр. 5 (из 5) След. >>
Список литературы по разделу