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THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CANCER CONGRESS\
A
68 flags, signifying participants from as many countries, flew at the main entrance of the imposing Moscow State University during the Eighth International Cancer Congress held in Moscow during July 22-27, 1962. Estimates of the number of persons attending the six-day meeting varied from five to nine thousand. The international congresses sponsored by the International Union Against Cancer, are held every four years to give scientists from all countries an opportunity to discuss developments and exchange ideas on every aspect of the cancer problem. Nine hundred or more papers, as well as a number of scientific exhibits and films were presented at the 1962 meeting.
1. When and where was the 8th International Cancer Congress held? 2. How long did it last? 3. What was the number of countries participating and the number of people attending the meetings? 4. How many papers were presented?
В
The scientific sessions, some 78 in number, were held in six halls of the massive new buildings of Moscow State University on Lenin Hills. The opening and closing ceremonies, however, were held in the Palace of Congresses in the Kremlin.
For many delegates this was a first visit to Moscow and there was considerable curiosity about accommodations, facilities, surroundings, and attitudes to be encountered. But both the hospitality and organization were certainly praiseworthy. Transportation - an obvious problem because of language difficulties and the six-mile distance to the University from the hotels in which most visitors stayed - was remarkably easy; accommodations were good, and the two formal entertainments of the Congress were excellent. As a whole, the Congress proved to those who attended an enjoyable and stimulating experience. In affording this opportunity to exchange scientific ideas on a world-wide basis, the Eighth International Cancer Congress achieved its purpose.
5. How many scientific sessions were held? 6. Was this congress well organized? 7. What is the main purpose of such international gatherings? Was it achieved?
SPACE SCIENCE
A
The First International Space Science Symposium held during the second week of January, 1960 at Nice was attended by nearly 200 delegates from all over the world. In the foyer was arranged an exhibition of instruments for space research with a display of some experimental results.
The meeting at Nice was the first opportunity for a comprehensive presentation of the work being done in various parts of the world, and it provided time for the discussion. Much of the work had been carried out during the International Geophysical Year, but important results obtained since were also presented.
The hundred papers read at the conference were classified under seven headings.
In the opening session, on the Earth's atmosphere, Wexler discussed some of the doubts which have been current concerning the value of meteorological pictures made from satellites. A comprehensive paper by Poloskov presented the7 Russian results on the neutral gas and the ionization.
1. When and where was the 1st International Space Science Symposium held? 2. What 'л as the attendance?
3. How many papers were read at this symposium?
3. What was the opening session devoted to?
В
The great importance of the discovery of Van Alien belts of charged particles was reflected in the session on cosmic radiation and interplanetory gas. 18 papers were read with important contributions from Van Alien, Vernov, Dolginov, Kursanova and their collaborators. The Russian data agreed fairly well with Van Alien's.
The study of solar radiation is one of the most important branches of space science. The extensive and systematic work of the team at the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, was reported at the symposium. The session on the Moon and the planets contained a number of papers, reflecting the stimulation of interests in these fields by the rapid development of space technology. Of special note is the serious consideration now being given to space biology. The only results reported in this session concerned the well-known Lunik III photography of the reverse side of the Moon.
5. What was the session on cosmic radiation and interplanetory gas noteworthy for? 6. Was there an agreement between the data presented by the Russian and the American researchers? 7. What is one of the most important branches of space science? 8. What results were presented at the session on the Moon and the planets?
Ex. 38. Read the following texts and render them into English using words and expressions Studied in this section.
17-й МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ АСТРОНАВТИЧЕСКИП КОНГРЕСС
В 1964 году в Мадриде состоялся 17-й Международный астронавтический конгресс. Для участия в конгрессе в столицу Испании съехалось около тысячи делегатов почти из 40 стран мира. Только одна советская делегация насчитывала 35 специалистов. Ректор Ленинградского университета профессор К. Я. Кондратьев выступил на конгрессе с докладом "Метеорологические исследования на пилотируемых космических кораблях". Речь в нем шла о возможных средствах для осуществления широкой программы метеорологических исследований. На заседаниях других секций конгресса широко обсуждались инженерные и технические проблемы полетов во вселенной.
Следующий конгресс решено было созвать в 1967 году в Белграде.
ВСЕСОЮЗНЫЙ БИОХИМИЧЕСКИЙ СЪЕЗД И ПРОБЛЕМЫ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ БИОЛОГИИ
Первый Всесоюзный биохимический съезд, проходивший в Ленинграде с 25 по 31 января 1964 года, явился значительным: событием в научной жизни нашей страны. На съезд из всех республик Советского Союза съехалось свыше 200 участников. Представленные на съезде доклады всесторонне отразили важнейшие направления и успехи отечественной биохимии, как в теоретической, так и в прикладных областях. Рефераты докладов съезда составили три тома. В соответствии с целями съезда была составлена программа работы и установлена тематика пятнадцати симпозиумов и секционных заседаний при них. Большая группа симпозиумов была посвящена важнейшим теоретическим вопросам современной биохимии. Не меньшее место заняли симпозиумы, посвященные проблемам прикладной биохимии. На целом ряде заседаний симпозиумов, и в особенности на секционных заседаниях, было уделено большое внимание методическим вопросам.
На первом пленарном заседании съезда главным ученым секретарем АН СССР академиком Н. М. Сисакяном была прочитана лекция, в которой докладчик осветил основные задачи, стоящие перед отечественной биохимией. В дальнейшем вся научная работа съезда развернулась на 142 симпозиальных и секционных заседаниях.
Обзор работы Первого Всесоюзного биохимического съезда позволяет сделать заключение, что съезд прошел успешно и оказал существенную помощь развитию советской биохимии. Во время работы съезда укрепились научные связи наших ученых с биохимиками социалистических стран, присутствовавшими в качестве гостей на съезде.
ШЕСТОЙ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ БИОХИМИЧЕСКИЙ КОНГРЕСС
В 1964 году в Нью-Йорке проходил VI Международный биохимический конгресс (МБК). 6000 ученых почти из всех стран мира, 2500 представленных работ, 400 зачитанных докладов, 10 симпозиумов - таковы цифровые характеристики VI МБК.
Честь прочитать первую пленарную лекцию была предоставлена члену-корреспонденту АН СССР С. Е. Северину. Тема его лекции, традиционная для русской биохимической школы, - биохимические особенности мышечной активности.
Большой интерес вызвал доклад молодого советского биохимика В. Скулачева. Одним из самых ярких докладов на конгрессе назвал президент конгресса Джон Эдсолл доклад молодых докторов наук биохимика Спирина и кристаллографа Киселева. Большой интерес и оживленные дискуссии вызвали и остальные доклады молодых советских ученых. Вообще, как отмечалось всеми, участие многих молодых ученых - характерная черта VI МБК.
Накануне закрытия конгресса состоялась пресс-конференция советской делегации. Члены делегации рассказали журналистам о своих работах и ответили на многочисленные вопросы.
Генеральная ассамблея Международного биохимического союза избрала в свой новый состав советских ученых А. Опарина и С. Мардашева.
======================== PART IV ========================
DISCUSSING CURRENT PROFESSIONAL LITERATURE
Text 1
MODERN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
By Robert Colborn, Chief Editor and the Editors of International Science and Technology, pp XIV+746. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princeton, N. Y.. Toronto, New York and London. 1965.
This book, written mainly for professional scientists and engineers but comprehensible to the interested layman, aims to acquaint them with the latest discoveries and the state of the art in fields of science and technology other than "their own. It consists of articles which originally appealed in the magazine "International Science and Technology". Although almost all the authors work in the United States, reference is made to workers in other countries.
The subject matter relates only to the understanding or controlling of the physical world and appears under six headings: space and astronomy; earth science and oceanography; mathematics and computers. Thus biology and medical or social sciences are excluded. Subjects have been chosen for the potential usefulness or development, rather than for the fact that they are well understood or widely used at present, and each article contains a summary and a section recommending further reading. In general, the style is refreshihgly different from that in learned Journals, yet it remains lucid. The book is profusely illustrated with diagrams, photographs and marginal sketches, as well as some colour plates.
The editor is to be congratulated on producing this excellent collection of articles on such diverse subjects.
The book is stimulating to read, and deserves a place in any library used by those with an interest in science.
Exercises
Ex. 1. Read the following sentences aloud and translate them into Russian paying special attention to the parts in italics.
1. This book is written mainly for profession's scientist . 2. The book aims to acquaint the reader with the latest discoveries in fields of science and technology. 3. Ibis article originally appeared in the magazine "International Science and Technology". 4. Reference is made to workers in other countries. 5. The subject matter appears under six headings. 6. Subjects have been chosen for their potential usefulness or development. 7. In general the style is refreshingly different from that in learned journals. 8. The editor is to be congratulated on producing this excellent collection of articles on such diverse subjects. 9. The book deserves place in any library used by those with an interest in science.
Ex. 2. Discuss with your fellow-student the books you are reading. Work in pairs.
A
Find out who the book is written for. (Use the definite article with the noun denoting profession in the Singular and no article with that in the Plural).
Model:
1. The book I am reading is written for professional scientists.
2. Professional scientists in what field?
1. In the field of . . . (electronics, biology, etc ).
2. I see. So it is written for the . . . (engineer
in electronics, biologists, etc.).
1. Yes. For . . . (engineers in electronics, biologists etc.).
В
Find out \\hat countries the authors come from. (Use the definite article with the nouns denoting the names of the countries containing such words as republic, state, union, kingdom, etc E.g.: the USA, but America).
Model:
1. The book you have spoken about consists of articles. My question is: Who are the authors? I mean, what countries do they come from?
2. Most of the authors work in . . . (the Soviet Union), but reference is made to workers in other countries.
1. Such as?
2. Such as . . . (the GDR, the USA, Japan, Canada, the UK).
1. Could you name those working in . . . (Great Britain)?
2. Yes. Prof. . . . (H. Smith) works in (Great Britain).
С
Find out the паше of the journal in which the article is published. (Use the definite article with the nouns journal and magazine; e. g.: the journal "Physical Review", but "Physical Review").
Model:
1. I would like to know the following: In what journal did the article appear?
2. It was published in a . . . (monthly physical journal).
1. In . . . ("Physical Review")?
2. Yes, in the journal . . . ("Physical Review"). or: No, not in the journal . . ., in . . . .
D
Find out the structure and composition of the book. (Use the indefinite article with nouns in the Singular and no article with those in the Plural after the verbs consist of and contain).
Model:
1. The volume consists of several parts. Is that so?
2. Right. It contains . . . parts.
1. Does it contain . . .? (a summary, an in-introduction, a preface, references, a section 1 for further reading).
2. Yes, it does (or: No, it does not).
E
Find out if the subjects you take interest in are included) in the book. (Use the indefinite article with the noun in the Singular and no article with that in the Plural after such}.
Model:
1. I wonder if . . .( biogenetics, electronics, computerization,etc.) is/are included in the volume?
2. No, such a subject as . . . (or: such subjects as . . .) is/are not included. or: Yes, such subjects as . . . are included, such a subject as . . . is included.
Ex. 3. Listen to the text and answer the questions.
This book presents a collection of articles which originally appeared in "Scientific American" and "Physical Review". Almost all the authors of the articles work in the United States of America. They are experts in different fields of science and technology. The book is addressed both to professional scientists and interested laymen . The book consists of two parts devoted to semiconductors and electronics. Such subjects as biophysics and space medicine have been excluded.
Comprehensive check
1. To whom is the book addressed? 2. What country do the authors come from? 3. In what journals did the articles originally appear? 4. How many parts does the book contain? 5. What subjects were included and what subjects were excluded from the book?
Ex. 4. Speak about the book you are reading (or have recently read). Use the text of ex. 3 as a model.
Ex. 5. Discuss with your fellow-student the books (articles) you are reading (have read). Work in pairs.
A
Find out what field of science the book (article, journal) acquaints the reader with.
Model:
1. If I am not mistaken, the book acquaints the reader with the latest discoveries in the field of . . . (physiology).
2. Right.
1. What I would like to know is this: What areas of . . . (physiology) is the reader introduced to?
2. То . . . (electrophysiology, neurophysiology, etc.).
Use also: the latest developments in the field of . . .; the recent achievements in the field of . . .; the aims and achievements in . . .; exactly, precisely.
В
Find out what the structure of the book is.
Model:
1. The book consists of . . . (6) chapters (parts, sections), doesn't it?
2. Exactly. The subject matter of the book appears under . . . headings.
1. What are they?
2. (looking at the table of contents) They are . . .
С
Find out to whom reference is made.
Model:
1. As far, as I understand! reference is made to researchers working in many countries. Are (Japanese, British, American) workers also mentioned?
2. For all I know, they are.
1. And what about (Austrian) researchers?
2. As far as I know they contributed little to this field of knowledge, therefore no reference is made to them.
D
Find out in what country, in what field of knowledge, at what subject and at which educational establishment or research centre the author works.
Model:
1. You said that the author of the article works in . . . (Great Britain).
2. Yes (looking at the notes about the author's identity). He is a . . . (Ph. D., Doctor of . . ., at Cambridge University).
1. I wonder in what field of . . . (medicine, physics, chemistry) he is involved (engaged)?
2. In . . . (oncology, semiconductors).
1. And what is the subject of his research?
2. He works at . . . (breast cancer).
E
Find out он what subject and by whom the article (book, chapter, lecture, volume, collection of articles) is written.
Model:
1. The article is written by . . . (one, two, three) author(s). Right?
2. Right.
1. Who is (are) he (they)?
2. This is a review article written by . . ., . . . and . . . .
1. And what is its subject?
2. The article is on . . . (see its title).
Use also: contributors, experts, workers.
F
Find out what scientific interests of the author are.
Model:
1. As far as I understand the author is interested in a wide (narrow) field of . . .(physiology, physics, chemistry).
2. Right. And he takes particular (special) interest in . . . (the structure of . . .).
G
Find out whether or not the book is of value; where, when and by whom it was written, published, edited.
Model:
1. What is your opinion of the book? How / do you estimate its value?
2. I think this is an excellent book. The author(s) (editor(s), contributors) can be congratulated on producing it (on completing it). or: I don't think it is a good book. I can't say that the author is to be congratulated on producing it.
3. Which book are you two talking about? By whom is it written and published?
2. ". . ." by . . . (H. Smith). It was published by . . . (Academic Press) in . . . (London) in 19. . .
1. And (Pete) thinks that this is a . . . book. He says that the author can (can't) be congratulated on producing it.
H
Find out whether or not the book is illustrated, and how if it is.
Mоde1:
1. If I am not mistaken, the book acquaints the reader with the latest developments in the field of . . . (physiology).
2. Right.
1. I would like to know the following: Are there any illustrations?
2. Yes, the book is profusely illustrated with photos (colour plates, diagrams, tables, figures). or: No, there are no illustrations. It is very unfortunate because with illustrations the 'book would be much better.
Ex. 6. Put questions to the words in italics minding the place of the prepositions.
Model: The book consists of 10 chapters.
How many chapters does the book consist of?
1. The book acquaints us with the latest developments. 2. The volume consists of 8 essays. 3. Dr. Priestley is working at a new invention. 4. Reference is made to researchers in other countries. 5. Dr. Brown takes a great interest in chemistry. 6. Students are interested in results. 7. My friends congratulated me on obtaining these data. 8. The book is written by Dr. Smith. 9. The article is written by professional scientists. 10. The work is carried on by neurophysiologists. 11. The work is carried on with microelectrodes.
Ex. 7. Listen to the text and answer the questions.
The article I am going to speak about originally appeared in the "Proceedings of Leningrad University" in 1981. It has been written by a leading authority in my field of science, Prof. N. Ivanov. The article consists of 4 sections. The purpose of the article is to acquaint the reader with the work carried on and the data obtained in one of the physical laboratories of the University. Reference is made to workers both at home and abroad. As the article is on the subject I am greatly interested in I read it with pleasure. I think it will be extremely interesting to my colleagues who take interest in experiments of this kind. It is profusely illustrated with diagrams and colour plates. The author is to be congratulated on producing this excellent piece of work.
Comprehensive check
1. Where and when was the article published? , 2. By whom was it written? 3. What does it acquaint the reader with? 4. To whom is reference made? 5. With what is the article illustrated?
Ex. 8. Speak about an article or any other publication. Use the text above (ex. 7) as a model.
Ex. 9. Answer the following questions using the prompts given in brackets.
Model: What does the book begin with? (a short introductory chapter}. It begins with a short introductory chapter.
1. What does your article begin with? (an introductory part; a few general remarks; a short introduction). 2. What is each subsection preceded by? (a brief theoretical introduction; some introductory notes; an introductory discussion}. 3. What does the book introduce us to? (the work done in . . .; the new data in the field of . . .; the up-to-date techniques in . . .). 4. What does the book acquaint us with? (recent discoveries in . . .; applications of new methods; experimental technique; the work done in the field of . . .).
Ex. 10. Ask your fellow-student the following questions. Get him to give you detailed answers. Work in pairs.
1. Is there an introductory part in your thesis (article, the book you are reading)? 2.What subjects are dealt with in the introduction of your thesis (article, book, the book we are speaking about)? 3. What problems does the book acquaint us with? 4. When and how were you first introduced to this subject?
Ex. 11. Translate into English.
- Вы знакомы с этой статьей?
- Да. Я прочитал ее вчера.
- Интересная статья?
- Очень.
- Меня тоже интересует эта проблема. Надо прочитать эту статью.
- Прочитайте. В вводной части автор знакомит читателя с историей вопроса, а в последующих разделах мы знакомимся с методом исследования, полученными данными и выводами автора.
Ex. 12. Discuss the book your fellow-student is reading. Use last and latest. Work in pairs.
Model:
1. What are the final pages of the book devoted to?
2. The last pages present references (or: the table of contents; the list of contributors;
conclusions; summary).
1. I wonder if the recent achievements in your field of knowledge, I mean in the field of . . ., are also taken into account?
2. By all means. The latest achievements are also taken into account (or: I am afraid not. The latest achievements are not taken into account).
1. As far as I understand, the author provides the reader with the up-to-date information on the problem of . . . . Is that so?
2. Yes. The author provides the reader with the latest information on . . . (or: Unfortunately, the latest information on . . . is not given).
1. And what about the final section (part, chapter)? What problems are dealt with there?
2. The last section (part, chapter) is devoted to . . . .
Ex..13. Use the word-combination given below in sentences of your own.
Model: Have you read the last article by Academician Keldysh?
Have you read the latest article by your professor?
1. The latest book, the last book. 2. The latest journal, the last journal. 3. The latest publication, the last publication, 4. The latest edition, the ^ last edition. 5. The latest issue of the newspaper, the last issue of the newspaper.
Ex. 14. Insert the right word: last or latest.
1. My aim is to acquaint the reader with the . . . discoveries in our field of research. 2. The . . . chapter of my thesis is devoted to the experimental technique. 3. The introductory discussion is concerned with the . . . types of polymer forming reactions. 4. The summary is given at the . . . two pages. 5. The second chapter deals with the . . . models of the apparatus. 6. This is the . . . model received by our laboratory.
Eх. 15. Translate into English.
1. - О чем идет речь в последней статье, которую вы прочитали?
- О последних достижениях в моей области исследования.
2. - Чему посвящен последний номер журнала этого года? "'
- Новейшим работам ученых в нашей области.
3. - Вы читали последнюю статью доктора Н. в последнем номере журнала? - Да. - Чему она посвящена? - Самым последним методам исследования.
4. - О чем последние страницы работы?
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