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235iiiaeo niaaoieiaia. Aaenoaeoaeuii, iia?a?eeaay yeiiiie?aneo? oycaeiinou Niaaoneiai Ni?ca e oeacuaay ia iieeoe?aneia aaniieienoai a no?aiao-naoaeeeoao, Ooei iaiia?aiaiii iaiiieiae, ?oi «?inneeneay eiia?ey, eae e e?aay a?oaay eiia?ey, — ia aa?ia. Iieeoe?aneea, yeiiiie?aneea e nioeaeuiua ainoe?aiey nioeaeecia niaaoneiai oeia aiana ia oaeiau, ?oiau iaeucy auei aiai?eou ia i?eaa?ueo aai aieuoeo o?oaiinoyo, ii e?aeiae ia?a a n?aaian?i?iie ia?niaeoeaa. Ca?ai ?a i?eaaaaou noaoon enoi?e?aneie noauau noieu i?aaeaiiio i?iaaeo?» (Ibid. O. 4.).
Oi?iinou yoiai i?aaaeaaiey ii?ao neo?eou ioaaoii anai oi?aeaaoei Ooei a oii, ?oi ii eioa?anoaony ia?aeiaeuiuie yaeaieyie, ia aa?ueie aicii?iinoe iiiyou iauanoai ai anae aai iieiioa. A ?anoiinoe, a ioiioaiee Niaaoneiai Ni?ca— eae a nayce n aioo?aiiei eiioaio?aoeiiiui ?a?eiii aeeoaoo?u ia?oee-ainoaa?noaa, oae e a nayce n aai eiia?eaeenoe?aneie i?e?iaie (ii oae?a e a nayce n i?enouae aio aioo?aiiae neaainou?) — enneaaiaaoaeuneay ?aaioa Ooei aaea aai e auaiaai, yeaeaaeaioiui ?aaeeaeuiiio iai?eyoe? niaaoneie nenoaiu. E iinea anaai neacaiiiai iai eaa?a iiiyou ?aceinou e eaoaai?e?iinou cayaeaiey, eioi?ia Ooei naaeae a 1977 a.: «Iaiaoiaeii iiaaa?aioou ?aaeeaeuiiio ia?aniio?o an? aieao? o?aaeoe? nioeaeecia, iineieueo i?aeoe?anee ana, ?oi yoa nioeaeenoe?aneay o?aaeoey i?iecaaea a enoi?ee, aie?ii auou ino?aaii» (Ibid. O. 3. ?. 398).
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Iai?yiua e eiiaeie?iaaiiua iineaanoaey eieiieaeuiuo aiei e i?aaeaiey eiiioienoe?aneeo ?a?eiia i?eaaee e neooaoee (?a?u, a ?anoiinoe, eaao i eaoano?ioe?aneie neooaoee n auaoiaineeie aa?aioaie (boat-people), iinoiyiii noaiiaeaoeieny ?a?oaaie ie?aoneeo iaeaoia), iiaoaeaoo? Ooei caiyou a 1984 a. aeoeaio? iieeoe?aneo? e eioaeeaeooaeuio? iiceoe?, ia ia?aue acaeya ieioi niaeano?uo?ny n aai nianoaaiiui aiaeecii ianoa, eioi?ia caieiaao a oaoieeao inouanoaeaiey nia?aiaiiie aeanoe einoeooo i?aaa. Aaenoaeoaeuii, io eiaie i?aaiecaoee «Ia?aoia?iaiay aiienoey» e «Caiey e?aae» ii no?aieony i?eaea?u aieiaiea iauanoaaiiinoe e ei?aae? «Eeu aa e?iua?» (iai?aaeyaoaiony ia iiiiuu e auaoiaineei aa?aioai) e aiaeee?oao e nouanoaiaaie? iaeiaai «ia?aoia?iaiiai a?a?aainoaa, eia?uaai naie i?aaa e naie iaycaiiinoe e aioiaiai a e?aie iiiaio anooieou a ai?uao i?ioea ceioiio?aaeaiee ni noi?iiu aeanoe, eai au ie auee oa, eoi yoe cei-
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oiio?aaeaiey niaa?oa?o, e oa, eoi noaiiayony eo ?a?oaaie» (Ibid. O. 4. ?. 707). I?iyaeaoayny a enoi?ee n auaoiaineeie aa?aioaie naa?o?anoieinou oioaeeoa?ecia (a eioi?ie i?enoonoaiaae e yeaiaio iieeoeee «yoie?aneiai i?euaiey») oaaaeea Ooei a iaiaoiaeiinoe i?eciaou iiceoeaiue niune i?ecuaa e ia?aoia?iaiiio i?aao eae no?aoaaee au?eaay a i?aaaeuiuo neooaoeyo. Ii iineaaiaaaoay anei?a nia?ou Ooei, e ni?aeaie?, cai?auaao iai no?ieou eaeea-eeai na?uaciua aeiioacu a yoii ioiioaiee. Eae au oi ie auei, niaieoiio? iiceoe? Ooei ii?ii e io?ii iiieiaou eae aanie?oiia e eaoaai?e?aneia iai?eyoea aieo?eiu eeanniaie ai?uau, ainoeaa?uae naiaai aiiaay a i?eioeia eeanniaie aieiu e eeanniaiai oie?oi?aiey, — aieo?eiu, eioi?o? ia i?aeoeea iiiuoaeenu inouanoaeou Niaaoneee Ni?c e a?oaea nioeaeenoe?aneea no?aiu.
I?eia?aiey
1 Foucault M. Dits et ecrits: In 4 T. Gallimard, 1994.
2 «Il faut defendre la societe», Cours au College de France. 1976; Hautes Etudes. Seuil: Gallimard, 1997.
3 Ooei ainoaoi?ii ?anoi eniieucoao oa?iei «oioaeeoa?iue» a oe?ieii niunea neiaa, i?eiaiyy aai ia oieuei e iaoenoneie Aa?iaiee eee e Niaaoneiio Ni?co noaeeineiai ia?eiaa, ii e ei anai eiiioienoe?aneei no?aiai. Iai?eia?, iano?aay ?aaiou Oiiana Caca (Thomas Szasz), aia?eeaineiai e?eoeea ineoeao?ee aaiaa?neiai i?ienoi?aaiey, ii auneacuaaao i?aaiiei?aiea, ?oi eaaioeoeeaoey ia?ao «aeanou?» e «ainoaa?noaii», e eioi?ie oyaioaao Nan, naycaia n aaoiy oi?iaie iiuoa — «aa?iiaeneei iiuoii oioaeeoa?iie Aaia?ee, aaa ana oi?iu e iaoaieciu aeanoe ?aaieai eiio?iee?iaaei ainoaa?noai, e aia?eeaineei iiuoii no?aiu, i?iieeiooie oaa?aaieai, ?oi naiaiaa ia?eiaaony oai, aaa eii?aaony oaio?aeeciaaiiia aiaoaoaeunoai ainoaa?noaa» (Dits et ecrits... T. 3. P. 92). A oi ?a a?aiy iiuo ai?uau iieuneie Nieeaa?iinoe, n eioi?ui Ooei, iiauaaa a yoie no?aia, iiciaeiieeny iaiin?aanoaaiii, canoaaee aai oniiieouny a iaaa?iinoe aiaeeca «a oa?ieiao oioaeeoa?iiai ainoaa?noaa»: a 1982 a. iieyee aini?eieiaee naia iiei?aiea eae ?acoeuoao iaiauyaeaiiie aieiu e ei i?eoiaeeinu oa?iaou Eiiioienoe?aneo? ia?oe? e ?inne? eae i?enoonoao?uee a no?aia «eiino?aiiue aeie» (Dits et ecrits... T. 4. P. 344).
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4 Iia auea iioaeeeiaaia a ?o?iaea «Critique», (e?iu-e?eu 1976 a.) iia iacaaieai «Eaiei, iieeoeea e enoa?ey». Iniiaiie oacen noaoue y ?acaee a naiae aenna?oaoee, a caoai a iaienaiiie ia iniiaa aenna?oaoee eieaa, iioaeeeiaaiiie a 1982 a. e ia?aecaaiiie a 1998 a.
5 Yoa aanaaa auea aia?aua iioaeeeiaaia a a?eeaoaia «Orninar?» (ia?eiae?aneia ecaaiea ineoiaiaeeoe?aneiai iai?aaeaiey, naycuaa?uaai naay n eiaiai O?aeaa), a caoai a: «Dits et 6 Oeoaoa ec yoiai ienuia i?eaiaeony a o?iiieiaee, aee??aiiie a 1-e oii «Dits et ecrits» (P. 22).
7 Aieaa oi?iua aaou ii?aaaeeou a aaiiii neo?aa aiaieuii o?oaii. Ii, ii neiaai naiiai Ooei, ii i?enoonoaiaae ia nia?aieyo ia?oeeiie y?aeee a ia?eia «caaiai?a aaeuo oaeaoia» — yoa iieeoe?aneay eaiiaiey eiaea ianoi a ia?aea 1953 a.
8 Ia yoii yieciaa ni.: Eicu??aiei A. A ieaio o e?aniiai oa?aiia. I.: Ia?aoia?. ioiio., 1995.
9 Aiaeec yoie ooieoee «o?eaoia» EIO i?eiaaea?eo o?aioocneiio iieeoieiao ?i??o Eaai.
10 Aiai?y ia aiaeeca caaiaa eae nioeaeuiiai einoeoooa, Ooei nnueaaony ia aoi?o? eieao «Eaieoaea»; iaiaei yoio aiaeec iaoiaeony a eieaa I (ae. XIII, XIV, XV). Ai o?aioocneii ecaaiee «Editions sociales» yoe aeaau iaoiayony a oiia 2. Ooei i?inoi ioeany e ia?aiooae «eieae» — «Eaieoae», eae ecaanoii, ninoieo ec ?aou?ao eiea — e oiia a iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiii o?aioocneii ecaaiee «Eaieoaea».
11 Yoio aaia?o a ne?uoie oi?ia yaeyaony iaiia?aiaiii niiniaii aenoaioe?iaaouny io iiceoee Iua?a Ao?au?, eioi?ue eae ?ac a oio iiiaio, eiaaa Ooei ioe?uoi ioaa?aaao yoio oacen i nioeaeuiii aoaeecia, aiaieuii ecyuii ?acaeaaao aai a naiae eieaa «La Distinction. Critique sociale du jugement».
12 Oaeno Iaieoanoa GIP n o?aiy niioaaonoao?ueie iiaienyie aaoe?oaony 8 oaa?aey 1971 a. (Dits et ecrits... T. 2. P. 174—175).
13 Ooei aae i?aiu eanoiue iocua eieaa Ae?eniaia «Les Maitres Penseurs», eioi?ue aue iaia?aoai a «Ioaaeu Iana?aaoa?» a iaa 1977 a. (Dits et ecrits... T. 3. P. 277 e neaa.); Ooei oae?a iiei?eoaeuii ioaiee eieao Ae?eniaia «La Cuisiniere et le mangeur d'homme» (Ibid.).
14 I iiiyoee a?a?aaineiai iauanoaa e aai enoi?ee ni.: Colas D. Le Glaive et le Fleau. Genealogie du fanatisme et de la societe civile. Paris: Grasset, 1992. Ni. oae?a aiae. ia?.: Civil society and Fanaticism. Conjoined histories. Stanford Univ. Press, 1997.
IIAUA A?AIAIA: NIAAONEEE NI?C A IA?AIAIIII OEAEEECAOEIIIII EIIOAENOA1. Noeaai Eioeei
Auaa?ueany aa?iiaeneea o?aiua e ainoaa?noaaiiua aayoaee n ia?aea XIX aaea i?aaneacuaaee iiauai ianniaiai ?aeiaaea e ianooieaiea aaea iann.
Oaiia A?aiao
A «IIAUO A?AIAIAO» (1936) ?a?ee ?aieei ea?aao oaa?e?iiai ?aai?aai Yeaeo?inoaeaeeoaeiie eiiiaiee. Ii caoyaeaaao aieou ia auno?iaae?ouaeny eaioa eiiaaea?a. A iaiie ec noai iieacaii iaoaie?aneia nii?o?aiea, i?ecaaiiia «ei?ieou» ?aai?eo eai?ai a oi a?aiy, eae iie inoa?ony ia i?iecaianoaaiiie eeiee. Ii iii eiiaaony, e noi eaoeo a eeoi ?a?ee. A?oaay noaia ecia?a?aao nianoaaiieea-eaieoaeenoa, eioi?ue neaaeo ca i?iecaianoaaiiui i?ioannii n iiiiuu? ne?uoie eaia?u e o?aaoao oaaee?aiey nei?inoe eeiee. Ia iiniaaa?uee ca oaiiii ?a?ee iaaaao ia aeaaioneea oanoa?ie. ?a?oaa ia?aiiai enoiuaiey, ii oa?yao ?aaioo. Ia oeeoa aai ioeai?ii i?eieia?o ca eiiioienoe?aneiai ai?aea e a?anoiauaa?o. Ii neo?aeiiio noa?aie? ianoiyoaeunoa ii i?aaoi?a?aaao iiaaa ec o??uiu. Aai i?iua?o e ioionea?o. Ii iineieueo aai noa?ue noaeaeeoaeiue caaia cae?uo, ?a?ee ia ii?ao iaeoe ?aaioo. Ii ioaa?ai iinoaeuaeae ii oaiaei aa?aioeyi o??aiiiai caee??aiey. A iieeoe?aneii niunea «Iiauo a?aiai», ea?aony, iaaicii?ii oniiieouny.
Iaiaei i?eoii, ?oi oeeui a?iaa au naaeai eae i?i?aai?ee e «aioeeiiaaea?iue», iiiaia a «Iiauo a?aiaiao» iia?eiaii aaoiiaoecio oaa?e?iie oaoiieiaee. Aieaa oiai, ia oiia iaoeiiiai aaea oeeui i?eaaonoaoao ia iiaaaiia oanoaea ?aai?aai niciaiey, a nei?aa oi, ?oi iiaei au auou iacaaii iaeeiao??oaciuie ia?oaie2. Aac?aaioiue ?a?ee ano?a?aao ne?ioeo (Iieaoo Aiaa?), e iaa ia?eia?o oaioace?iaaou i nianoaaiiii naiaeiii aiia. ?a?ee iin?anoeeaeeinu iieo?eou ?aaioo ii?iiai noi?i?a a oieaa?iaaa, aaa aai ?aeei iaaoay aice?aeaiiay-iia?inoie ?anaie ianea?aaaony ia neeaaa ioaaea iaa?au. Iaiaei eiaaa ?a?ee ie n oiai ie n naai iiiiaaao naiei caaianeei oiaa?euai, eeoeaoeiny
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?aaiou, — eioi?uo ii canoaao ca a?aaa?ii oieaa?iaaa — aai oaieuiy?o. Oeiaeuiay noaia ecia?a?aao ia?i?eo, a?aaouo? aiec ii iionoaaoae ai?iaa — ii ?oea ia ?oeo. «Iaeaiueee ?aeiaae» iinoaaeai a o?oaiua ianoiyoaeunoaa, ii ii ia iaaneo?a?ai. Aa?a oi??anoaoao3.
Ieaie?iaaaoeeny, ii neooai, nia?aea iia iacaaieai «Iannu», oeeui «Iiaua a?aiaia» y?ei inaauaao e niaiauaao aaa aeaaiuo neiaiea nia?aiaiiinoe — iaoaiece?iaaiio? oaa?eeo e ia iaiaa aianoeoaeuiue oieaa?iaa, i?iaa?uee ecaaeey ianniaiai i?iecaianoaa. A oi ?a a?aiy iin?aaiee, n iiiiuu? eioi?iai yoe ia?acu auee nicaaiu e ia?aaaiu, — eeii — nai aue neiaieii e neeie iiaiai a?aiaie. Ca?aoue ia?ao oanoa?iyie oaa?e?iuo iaoei ?aieei iaeueaao, iiaiaii eeiiieaiea a i?iaeoi?a4. Aai oeeui — eae e eeii aiiaua — iieuciaaeny oaioanoe?aneie iiioey?iinou? a noaeeineii Niaaoneii Ni?ca. N eiiioienoe?aneie oi?ee c?aiey, ii?ii auei neacaou, ?oi ?aieei naoe?e?anee ecia?acee eaieoaeenoe?aneee ie? yiioe Aai?annee e naaeae ec i?ieaoa?ey aa?iy5. Iiieii i?aaiieaaaaiie eaaieiae?aneie i?eaieaiinoe oeeuia, oi, eae a iai niyou aaoiiaoece?iaaiiay oaa?eea, aee??ay iioiaiiio? nenoaio, e iaeeiao??oaciua ia?ou aa?iy, caaaei niaaoneeo e?aae ca ?eaia. ?aieei caia?aoeae ia?aiaiio? oeaeeecaoeiiio? eiiu?ieoo?o. Niaaoneee Ni?c ?a iia ooaa??aaou, ?oi yoi — aai nianoaaiiay eiiu?ieoo?a. Iiaiaii Niaaeiaiiui Ooaoai, oioy e neaaoy eiie ai?iaie, Niaaoneee Ni?c noae iauanoaii ianniauo i?iecaianoaa e eoeuoo?u, i?aoaiaoy ia oi, ?oi aeeoaoo?a, a ia ia?eaiaioa?eci yaeyaony naiie yooaeoeaiie oi?iie ianniaie iieeoeee.
A yoii ynna y iiiuoa?nu ainnicaaou ia?aiaiiue niaaoneee iiuo a n?aaieoaeuiii eiioaenoa eee a oeaeeecaoeiiiie eiiu?ieoo?a. Iiy aeaaiay eaay i?inoa: iieacaou, ?oi Niaaoneee Ni?c n iaecaa?iinou? aue aiaea?ai a i?ioannu, ia yaey?ueany iniaaiiinou? aey ?innee, — io ?ani?ino?aiaiey ianniaiai i?iecaianoaa e ianniaie eoeuoo?u ai i?eoanoaey ianniaie iieeoeee e aa?a ianniaiai iio?aaeaiey — iinea 1890 a.6 Ia?aay ie?iaay aieia, ai a?aiy eioi?ie e i?iecioea ?onneay ?aaie?oey, i?eaaea yoei i?ioannai neeuiaeoaa onei?aiea ai anao ai??ueo no?aiao. A ?innee aaoie?aoey e eiia?ey onooieee ai?iao iaiiiai aieaa iiuiie aeeoaoo?a e eaaceoaaa?aeuiiio Ni?co, ne?aieaiiiio iayniui, aiaeoeiciui e iaoneiaeaiiui aieiie aeaaieai aioeeeaa?aeuiie nia?aiaiiinoe7. Ca aaa iineaaiaaa-
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oeo ca yoei aanyoeeaoey ia?ac ia?ae einoeoooeiiaeuiua oi?iu, eiaaoea iaeioi?ua aa?iua noianoaa (e iiiaea aa?iua ioee?ey) eae n eeaa?aeuiuie i?iaeoaie nia?aiaiiinoe — oaeeie eae Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou, Aaeeeia?eoaiey e O?aioey, oae e n a?oaeie oi?iaie aioeeeaa?aeuiie nia?aiaiiinoe — oaeeie eae iaoenoneay Aa?iaiey, oaoenoneay Eoaeey e eiia?aoi?neay ?iiiey.
Oa?aeoa?iua ?a?ou ia?aiaiiiai ia?eiaa nei?eeenu iia aeeyieai iiuoa ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu, a iniaaiiinoe iia aeeyieai iaecaa?iinoe o?aoa oaeoi?a iiaeeeciaaiiuo iann a iauanoaa e iieeoeea; iiauo oaoiieiaee (i?iecaianoaaiiua eeiee, ?aaei, eeiieiaono?ey, oaeaoii) e iiiuoie eo i?eiaiaiey a i?iiuoeaiiinoe, eoeuoo?a e iieeoeea; iaae?aaoaai neeo iiai?ioa e nioeaeuiiio iaania?aie? eae ie?iaicc?aie? e niiniao i?aaeaiey; iaeiiao, eae nio?aiyaoeony oi?iaeuiuo eiia?ee, oae e oneeeaoeony iaoeiiaeuiuo o?aaiaaiee. Aianoa yoe acaeiinaycaiiua oaiaaioee ia?aciaaee oe?ieia i?ino?ainoai aey aicii?iuo, a a eiii neo?aa aa?a e iaiaoiaeiuo, aaenoaee aey ni?aaio?ueony aaeeeeo aa??aa. Iaiaei caanu ia auei ie?aai iaecaa?iiai. Ie iaia ec aaaoueo aa??aa ia eiaea naiaiau ?oe aey naiiniceaaiey ia niaa?oaiii iiaie iniiaa eee oae, eae yoi iieiinou? au ono?ieei aa eeaa?ia e iauanoaaiiinou, — aa?a Niaaoneee Ni?c. Aaaio aaenoaey ia ii?ao iinooiaou iacaaeneii io no?oeoo? — oi?ii oae ?a, eae ia nouanoaoao no?oeoo?, iacaaeneiuo io oiai, eae iinooiaao aaaio aaenoaey*. Ana aaaouea aa??aau eiaee aaaii nei?eaoeany iieeoe?aneea einoeoooee, eoeuoo?iua o?aaeoee, nioeaeuiua e yeiiiie?aneea onoaiiaeaiey, oa??eoi?eaeuiua eiioeao?aoee e ioee?eoaeuiua oi?iu iiaaa??aiey ia?aoia?iaiuo ioiioaiee8.
Iaiaei, ionou e ii-naiaio, ea?aay ec ieo i?ooeeanu a oneiaeyo «aaea iann», noaaoaai iaia?aoeiui aeaaiaa?y anaiauae iiaeeecaoee. Ea?aay i?eio?aaia auea ioe?uaaou aey naay eioaa?e?o?uea iaoaieciu, auoaea?uea ec ?aciiia?aciuo oi?i ianniauo iieeoeee, iio?aaeaiey, eoeuoo?u, nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey
* Aiai?y i aaenoaeyo aaaioa nioeaeuiuo eciaiaiee eae nioeaeuiii einoeoooa, aaoi? eniieucoao nioeieiae?aneee oa?iei agency, eioi?ue neaaiaaei au ia?aaaou ionoonoao?uei a ?onneii ycuea i?iecaiaiui io nouanoaeoaeuiiai «aaeaoaeu», naiiai ii naaa ?aaeiai e «iaoee??aai» (i?ei. ia?aa.).
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e eiia?neeo/iaoeiiaeuiuo i?iaeoia. Ei?i?a aiai?y, ea?aay ec aaeeeeo aa??aa — iineieueo ie iaia ia io?aeeanu io i?aoaicee ia aaaaiiie? — ieacaeanu aiaea?aia a ni?aaiiaaiea ii au?aaioea oie eee eiie aa?nee nia?aiaiiinoe iann; a ni?aaiiaaiea, eioi?ia aaei iiaue oie?ie e oi?io eo aaiiieeoe?aneiio niia?ie?anoao. A caaeneiinoe io i?aiaeaaaaoeo a oii eee eiii neo?aa iniaaiiinoae iinooieia nioeaeuiuo aaaioia (agency) ?acee?iua aeoi?u — aeeoaoi?u, eca?aiiua eeaa?u, ooieoeiia?u, a?a?aaineea neo?auea, nianoaaiieee, ianniaua i?aaiecaoee, ianoiua iaueiu, eioaeeaeooaeu, i?iiaaaiaenou — ainoi?aaeenu a?oa a?oaii eee iiiineee a?oa a?oaa, eieoe?iaaee a?oa a?oaa eee ioeacuaaeenu io iaeioi?uo i?aeoee (ne?uaaee eo), a oi a?aiy eae a?oaea ia?auaeenu e yoei iineaaiei9. Iaeioi?ua i?aaiecaoee e eiaeaeau, aianoi oiai ?oiau ?acaeaaou eieeaeoeaiua oaiaaioee nia?aiaiiinoe, nii?ioeaeyeenu ei — ionou e aaconiaoii, a iaeioi?ua ec iiaaa??eaaaoeo iauaa aaei iiieiaee aai nianai ia oae, eae aieuoeinoai eee aeanoe. Nia?aiaiiinou auea a?aiie, eioi?o? inia?eaaee eae aioo?e yoeo no?ai, oae e a ioiioaieyo ia?ao ieie.
Eiaaa y iia?a?eeaa? nouanoaiaaiea niaoeoe?iiai ia?aiaiiiai eaiaoaooa aicii?iinoae e auciaia, eioi?ua noaee ?aaeuiinou? ia oieuei aeaaiaa?y auai?o, ii e ec-ca aaiiieeoe?aneiai ni?aaiiaaiey, iiy oaeu — ia a aano?aiie iiiuoea aiooeou iuneu i iaeie iaiiii?yaeiainoe Niaaoneiai Ni?ca, Niaaeiaiiuo Ooaoia e A?eoaiee eee aa?a iaoenoneie Aa?iaiee. Acaeiiua auciau iia?an ii?i?aaee acaeiinaycaiiua ioaaou — a neeo i?e?iau oaiiiaiia e iaai?a aicii?iuo aaenoaee (naiaai ?iaa eciii?oeci) e ii i?e?eia aieiaoaeuiiai eco?aiey a?oa a?oaa niia?ieeaie10. Iaiaei ?ac?ua ia?ao eeaa?aeuiui e aioeeeaa?aeuiui ii?yaeii aue ia?iiai. Oae?a cia?eoaeuii ioee?aeenu a?oa io a?oaa eae aaiie?aoece?o?ueany ia?eaiaioneea no?aiu, oae e iiaeeecaoeiiiua aaoi?eoa?iua ?a?eiu11. Ooaa??aay nouanoaiaaiea ii?aaaeaiiie ia?aiaiiie eiiu?ieoo?u, ?anou? eioi?ie aue Niaaoneee Ni?c, y iaia?aaa?nu iiaoaeou e ?aciuoeaieyi i oii, ?oi oieuei iin?aanoaii n?aaiaiee ii?ao auou iieiinou? ioaiaia niaoeoe?iinou Niaaoneiai Ni?ca. Iia oae?a oioaeinu au ia?aoeou aieiaiea ia oi, ?oi eioa?i?aoaoey Niaaoneiai Ni?ca a eiioaenoa ia?aiaiiie eiiu?ieoo?u ioe?uaaao ai?iao e eo?oaio iiieiaie? anae aai enoi?ee e noauau iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu.
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Ia?ao 1930-ie e 1950-ie aa., eiaaa iionoioaiiue Niaaoneee Ni?c ainnoaiaaeeaaeny iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu, a iauai neaaoy aiaiaiiui ?aoaioai, a?oaea iiuiaeoea no?aiu ie?a niaianoii ia?a?eee aeoaieo? o?ainoi?iaoe?, naycaiio? n yoie aieiie. Ca iaiei enee??aieai, i?iaeou aioeeeaa?aeuiiai iiaeeecaoeiiiiai oa?aeoa?a iioa?iaee iieiia ii?a?aiea a aieia. ?aaie?oey a ianniaii iio?aaeaiee, eeaa?ii eioi?ie auee ia?aiaiiua Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou, oaeoaeeanu oai ai a?aiy aieiu, a iinea iaa ?acaa?ioeanu a Caiaaiie Aa?iia e ?iiiee. Nioeaeuiia iaania?aiea — eioaa?aeuiay ii?aaaey?uay iniaaiiinou eeaa?aeuiuo ?a?eiia — noaei anaioaaoiui. Oi?iaeuiay eiia?ey auea aene?aaeoe?iaaia e inoaaeaia a i?ioeii. Iaeiiao, ia?aiaiiia iiiainoi?iiiaa ni?aaiiaaiea e caeinoaiaaiey i?aa?aoeeenu a iineaaiaiiia aaonoi?iiiaa niia?ie?anoai, noi?iiu eioi?iai auee i?aiu ia?aaiuie. Ia?ac e ?aaeuiinou «iiauo a?aiai» eciaieeenu, nicaaa ia?ac?aoeiua i?iaeaiu aey iaiicia?ii ia?aiaiiiai niaaoneiai aa?eaioa nia?aiaiiinoe.
Ianniaia i?iecaianoai
Ia?eiay n eiioa XIX a. ie? ioaaoeea aoi?ay aieia eiaono?eaeecaoee, aae?eiay ?ani?ino?aiaieai yeaeo?e?anoaa e i?ia?annii a ia?aaioea noaee oae ?a, eae e a a?oaeo i?iiuoeaiiuo i?ioannao. Oaa?e?iia i?iecaianoai noaei aieaa oaa?e?iui* (a eoiaa i?eaiay iiuo a niioaaonoaea n ia?acii), a oaa?eee — aieuoa e a aieuoae noaiaie aaoiiaoece?iaaiu. Ia naiii aaea, iieiinou? aaoiiaoece?iaaiiue naa?oyooaeoeaiue caaia ia noae noieu iauaaiiui yaeaieai, eae yoi ooaa??aaee aai noi?iiieee (e e?eoeee). Ii oai ia iaiaa Aia?eea, aa?iiaeneea aa??aau e ?iiiey auee ioaa?aiu no?aieaieai e nicaaie? ?acaeaaaiie e oi?aaeyaiie ia iao?iie iniiaa i?iiuoeaiiinoe e aiaa?aie? oiai, ?oi iacaaee ianniaui i?iecaianoaii (noaaoei aicii?iui aeaaiaa?y ecia?aoaie? yeaeo?iiioi?a a 1880-o aa.). Ianniaia i?iecaianoai «aaaei a aaenoaea» o?e i?eioeia: noaiaa?oecaoe? aaciauo oa?aeoa?enoee ecaaeey, ?acaaeaiea o?oaa ia i?iecaianoaaiiie eeiee e caiaio ?o?iiai o?oaa iaoeiiui, ?ai?aaiecaoe?
* Aaoi? iaua?uaaao aa?oiaee manufacturing, icia?a?uee «i?ioann oaa?e?iiai i?iecaianoaa», a oi ?a a?aiy ionueay e «?o?iie» (manual) ?aaioa (i?ei. ia?aa.).
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ia?oaoiaiai i?iecaianoaaiiiai oeeea. Iaiaei iiiyou, eae iaoaiece?iaaou i?iecaianoai a eiie?aoiuo neo?ayo, auei eaaei oieuei ia neiaao. A iaeioi?uo io?aneyo i?iiuoeaiiinoe e aa?a a iaeioi?uo no?aiao e ianniaiio i?iecaianoao aaeaaeenu iaaeaiii12. Iaeaieaa oniaoiui e caiaoiui iii auei ia aia?eeaineeo aaoiiiaeeuiuo caaiaao Aai?e Oi?aa, oioy e caanu oi?a iiaoanoaa cao?iioee ia oieuei i?iecaianoaaiiua eeiee13.
Eaeiau au ie auee ?acee?ey, eioi?ua eaii?e?iaaeenu oi?iuaiiuie noa?aioeiaie, Oi?a niaaenoaiaae ?ani?ino?aiaie? i?aanoaaeaiey i oii, ?oi nae?ao ?aaie?oeiiiuo eciaiaiee a iaoeiiii i?iecaianoaa e?iaony a aieuoeo eaieoaeiaei?aieyo e oeo?oaiiie i?aaiecaoee. Ana yoi a?inaei i?yiie aucia eae i?iiuoeaiiinoe, aiaea?aiiie a ie?iaie ?uiie, oae e ?a?eiai, i?aoaiaiaaaoei ia noaoon aaeeeeo aa??aa. Eiaaa ?a?ee ?aieei a ia?aue ?ac iiaoiae i naoe?a ia nia?aiaiio? ?eciu, ii iinaoee caaia Oi?aa a Aao?ieoa14. Oae ?a iinooiaee e iiiaea i?aanoaaeoaee oaaeaiie iaiaoeie aecian- e ei?aia?iie yeeou e aa?a iaiaoeea ?aai?ea eeaa?u a iieneao nae?aoia oiai, ?oi iieo?eei ecaanoiinou iia eiaiai «oi?aeci». Aa?iaiey aua ?aiuoa noaea ie?iaui eeaa?ii a oaoiieiae?iuo io?aneyo i?iiuoeaiiinoe, ii oai ia iaiaa aey iaioaa Aia?eea auaaeyeanu eae «?aaioa?uee c?eiue ia?ac nia?aiaiiinoe», anee ainiieuciaaouny neiaaie Iy?e Iieai. Iaiaei a ioee?ea io oi?aianeie iiaaee n aa aunieeie ca?ieaoaie, ieceeie oaiaie e i?eaioe?iaaiiui ia iio?aaeoaey ?aciaoii, iaiaoeee aieuoie aecian naaeae aa?iy ec i?iiuoeaiiie «?aoeiiaeecaoee», iin?aanoaii eioi?ie caanu oaaee?eaaee i?iecaianoai e i?iecaiaeoaeuiinou [a ?an?aoa] ia ioaaeuii acyoiai ?aai?aai. A oi ?a a?aiy iieoiaoaeuiay niiniaiinou ?aai?eo eaii?e?iaaeanu15. E iiiaioo i?eoiaa iaoenoia e aeanoe ?aoeiiaeecaoey annioee?iaaeanu n i?iecaiaeoaeuiinou? e oneeeaa?ueiny eiio?ieai ca ?aai?ae neeie (aua iaei ec aa?iaeoeo o?ieia Oi?aa) aa?a a aua aieuoae noaiaie. A yoii iaiaoeee e niaaoneee iiaoiau naee?aeenu: a NNN? oi?aeci oi?a ?anniao?eaaeny eae iaoia iiaaa??aiey eiio?iey ca ?aai?ei ianoii. Iaoia, eioi?ue iicaieye neeuii ia?anoeou iauaiu i?iecaianoaa ?aae oaaee?aiey iiaouanoaa ainoaa?noaa, a oae?a iieii?eou n «eiina?aaoeciii» ei?aia?iie yeeou n oai, ?oiau a eoiaa iineaaiyy auea caiaiaia iiauie ea?ua?enoaie, ia aaea iieacaaoeie naay i?aanoaaeoaeyie aieaa ?anoeiai oeia ea?a?oee16.
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Niaaoneia ianniaia i?iecaianoai neaai eco?aii. Aa?iui enee??aieai yaeyaony ?aaioa Ayaeaa Oe?a?a. Ii aic?iaee aey ian niaaoneea aaaaou 1928—1930 aa. aie?oa i?aaiecaoee i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaianoaa, aee??ay e aiaeec aia?eeaineiai e iaiaoeiai iiuoa17. A naiae ?aaioa Oe?a? ?anneacuaaao i a??ie?aoe?aneie ai?uaa, a eioi?ie eiiia??anee i?eaioe?iaaiiua neiaeeaou (ea?oaee, nicaaiiua a 1920-a aa. aey nauoa i?iiuoeaiiuo ecaaeee) i?aaiiei?eoaeuii ioe?uaaee aicii?iinou aey «?uii?iie nioeaeenoe?aneie yeiiiieee iiaiai oeia» (N. 240). A noaaoea ca aeanou neiaeeaou auee nie?ooaiu ?aai?a-E?anouyineie einiaeoeae (?aae?ei), eniieuciaaaoae iieeoaeneea ia?u e nieioeaoae aiaeoeiciuo iieiauo ei?aia?ia aie?oa eaiiaiee ca «aaciaeyaio?» iiaa?iecaoe?18. Ii, eae ooaa??aaao Oe?a?, iiaa?iecaoi?u i?iiuoeaiiinoe ec ?aae?eia «iai?aaeeuii iiiyee» [oae!] i?aaiao eo caaenoe — aia?eeaineo? nenoaio. Iie nin?aaioi?eeenu ia ia?ae?iuo i?iecaianoaaiiuo oaoiieiaeyo, eaii?e?oy aeaaiia — «oaeea aniiiiaaoaeuiua nenoaiu, eae aioo?aiiee oaa?e?iue o?ainii?o e oi?aaeai?aneay e i?aaiecaoeiiiay eio?ano?oeoo?a, aooaaeoa?neee o?ao e ai?iae» (N. 235). A ?acoeuoaoa naiua nia?aiaiiua niaaoneea oaa?eee io?aaeenu a a?ieyo iaeaaeeoeoe?iaaiiuo ?aai?eo, ianeo?eaaaoeo aeaaiua iaoaiece?iaaiiua oaoa.
Iao iaiaoiaeiinoe niaeaoaouny n acaeyaaie Oe?a?a ia nouiinou e ?ecianiiniaiinou neiaeeaoia, ?oiau i?eaaonoaiaaou aai aieiaiea e oiio, eae aaenoaiaaee nioeaeuiua aaaiou (agency), e e iaii?aaaeaiiinoe a aae?aiee e ieaiiaie yeiiiieea e oaa?e?iie iiaa?iecaoee. Ii ooaa??aaao, ?oi iiai?ieee eiaono?eaeecaoee «aaenoaeoaeuii aa?eee a ianouo? ia?aiaiu neeo iiaa?iecaoee» (N. 238). A naiii aaea, iie a yoi aa?eee, oioy Oe?a? e aiaaaeyao n inoi?i?iinou?, ?oi «?acee?iua a?oiiu ii-?aciiio aini?eieiaee ?anoi aaee?anoaaiio?, ii ooiaiio? ?eoi?eeo ia eiaono?eaeecaoee e nioeaeenoe?aneii no?ieoaeunoaa» (N. 162). E ni?aeaie?, ii ia ooi?iyao, eaeiau iiaee au auou ia?aiao?u oaeeo eioa?i?aoaoee. Ii aieuoae ?anoe ii ia ciaeii n onoaiiaeaie nia?aiaiieeia a aii?inao ioiioaiee nianoaaiiinoe, eaieoaeecia e oiaa?iie ae??e, eae e n aa?eaioaie iiieiaiey eie nioeaeecia19. Oe?a? iaiiieiaao iai, ?oi «aa?a a inaiai?aa?uo? neeo oaoiieiaee, ia?o?aiiie n ainoaa?noaii... auea i?aiu neeuia ai anae iineaaiaiiie Aa?iia» (N. 239). Iaiaei ii ia iauyniyao, eaeei ia?acii noaei aicii?iui oi, ?oi i?aeoe?a-
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neea neaanoaey yoie aa?u ieacaeenu noieu aaeaei eaoueie a niaaoneii neo?aa. Eae ?ac iaieaaiiue ei aii?in ia oi?acaiaiee ?anoiie nianoaaiiinoe — n o?aoii iniaaiiinoae ianniaiai i?iecaianoaa — iicaieee niaaoneei aeanoyi aaou aani?aoaaaioiue i?eia? i?iecaianoaaiiiai oi?aecia.
A naaoa iniaiai aieiaiey Aai?e Oi?aa e nicaaie? oneiaee aey iio?aaeaiey oio oaeo, ?oi ?anoe?aiiia eniieuciaaiea iaoaiecaoee a i?iiuoeaiiinoe iio?aaiaaei ia?aie?aiiiai iaai?a ecaaeee-ia?acoia, aaao ii?ao aey e?iiee. Eia?a aiai?y, oniao a ianniaii i?iecaianoaa caaenae ia oieuei io i?aaeeuiie iinoaiiaee i?iecaianoaaiiiai i?ioanna, ii e io nouanoaiaaiey oe?ieiai iaeciaiiiai ni?ina, ?oiau iainiiaaou eieinnaeuiua oeene?iaaiiua eaieoaeiaei?aiey, eioi?uo yoi i?iecaianoai o?aaiaaei20. A?iey auea naa?oiio?aaeoaeai ianniaiai i?iecaianoaa. Neaaoy oie ?a eiaeea, yeiiiieee n oaio?aeuiui ieaie?iaaieai iiaee enee??eou eiieo?aioe? (aioo?aii?? e aiaoi??) e iaieioee?iaaou aioo?aiiei ni?inii, iieo?ay noiaiua i?aeiouanoaa io i?iecaianoaaiiuo eeiee. Ianniaia i?iecaianoai a Niaaoneii Ni?ca iiaei auou — e auei — aiaaaaii ai e?aeieo i?aaaeia21. E aa?a a aieuoae noaiaie, ?ai a Aa?iaiee, iii auei caaycaii ia n?aanoaa i?iecaianoaa: yoa naycu auea ??aaaoa aaeaei eaoueie iineaanoaeyie. (Iicaiaa noaei ynii, ?oi ianniaia i?iecaianoai aac ?acaeoiai ianniaiai ?uiea, eioi?ia iaeioi?ua aaiaa?neea o?aiua iacaaee «niaaoneie aeeoaoo?ie iaa iio?aaiinoyie»22, ia iiaei auou nio?aiaii ii ieii?aiee ia?aiaiiiai ia?eiaa oioaeuiie iiaeeecaoee a ie?iia a?aiy (eee naiie aieiu). Iniaaiii anee o?eouaaou ainiineaaiaaaoo? ca ieii?aieai aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu eiieo?aioe? ia?ao yeiiiieeaie aoia, oaeeeii ieoioaoeieny a ianniaue ?uiie. Ii caanu iu caaaaaai aia?aa.)
Ia?aiaiiay A?eoaiey — ?iaeia ia?aie i?iiuoeaiiie ?aaie?oee — i?aanoaaeyao niaie y?eee eiio?ano n niaaoneei neo?aai. E 1920—30-i aa. a?eoaineia ainiianoai a i?eaioe?iaaiiuo ia yenii?o oaieuiie, ?oaoii- e noaeaeeoaeiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, noaino?iaiee, i?iecaianoaa oaenoeey e ei?aia?iii aaea auei oo?a?aii a ni?aaiiaaiee n Aia?eeie e Aa?iaieae. A?eoaineiio i?aaeoaeunoao i?eoeinu iaaniieieouny neeyieai e ?ano?oeoo?ecaoeae i?iiuoeaiiinoe, i?iecaiaeaoae n?aanoaa i?iecaianoaa, — i?iiuoeaiiinoe, iniiaie eioi?ie aieaia a?aiy iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu inoaaaeny ?o?iie o?oa. A oi ?a a?aiy
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A?eoaiey ia?a?eaaea aoi a i?eaioe?iaaiiie ia aioo?aiiee ?uiie eiaono?ee n?aanoa iio?aaeaiey, neiioaio?e?iaaiiie ia iaeii ?enea aaoiiaoece?iaaiiuo caaiaia, iiiaea ec eioi?uo auee iino?iaiu ia ?aiaa ia caiyouo ieeaeeie no?iaieyie ianoao. Iiaua caaiau ianniai i?iecaiaeee iueaninu, yeaeo?ioo?ae, ?aaeii?eaiieee, iioioeeeu, i?iaoeoiaua iieooaa?eeaou e neioaoe?aneea iaoa?eaeu iaiiaiaea eneonnoaaiiiai oaeea23. No?oeoo?iua «no?aaaiey» ia?aiaiiie A?eoaiee a noa?a n?aanoa i?iecaianoaa i?eaaee aa ia a?aaaiu i?iiuoeaiiie e?eaie. Eciaiaiey, annioee?iaaaoeany n oi?aeciii, auee naycaiu n ianooaaiuie naaeaaie a ie?iaie yeiiiieea. Oi ?a ii?ao auou neacaii e i eiioa oi?aecia iinoa aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu. Eiioa, eioi?ue, aeaeii, i?aiu iicaii e oy?aei ii?acee Niaaoneee Ni?c. E 1970-i aa., anee ia ?aiuoa, noaei ynii, ?oi aaoa?eey a eiia?iii n?aoa auea eee?ceae.
Ianniaay eoeuoo?a
E n?anou?, iu i?aiaieaee aaaiaa?aenoneo? ia?oe?ieiae?, niaeanii eioi?ie ie?aai ia iiieiaaoea aiia?ao?eee e i?aanoaaeoaee ?ai?anneaiuo no?oeoo? oie?oi?eee aacaeiiue aaaiaa?a e aai «?enoo?» nia?aiaiio? eoeuoo?o, ioe?ua ai?iao ia eiaaoei e iaio ieeaeiai ioiioaiey iaeiieai iaeeiao??oaciiai e iaoeiiaeenoe?aneiai «ee?a»24. Iuia, aiiny iieaciua ooi?iaiey (ionou e n i?aoaaee?aieyie), o?aiua i?ecia?o eae aicaaee?aiea e aa?a naiiia?a?anoaiea aaaiaa?aa, oae e aai i?iaaeu25. Eae ieoao iaei oaao?iaaa, iu oae?a i?eciaai, ?oi, «ii aieuoae ?anoe, aaaiaa?a nouanoaiaae aia eiiia??aneie i?aai?eieiaoaeuneie nenoaiu», oae ?oi aai i?iecaiaeoaee caaenaee io ainoaa?noaaiiiai a?a?aoa e oai naiui — io iieeoe?aneeo aeanoae26. I?eciaai iu e oi, ?oi i?aoaicee aaaiaa?aenoia ia eiio?ieu ca yeeoiuie ee??aauie aii?inaie eoeuoo?u iiaaa??eaaeenu iieeoe?aneeie aeanoyie, aaeaae?iaaaoeie yoo ?oeiaiayuo? ?ieu iaeioi?ui ooai?ieeai27. Iaiaei a aieuoeinoaa neo?aaa aeneonney i eoeuoo?a noaeeineiai ia?eiaa ana aua ia?aie?eaaaony ioiioaieyie ainoaa?noaa e eioaeeeaaioee e ioee?aaony no?aieaieai ioaaeeou aunieee iiaa?ieci io ieceie ia?iaiie eoeuoo?u.
Eiia?ii, ia?iaiay eoeuoo?a eiaao aieuoo? enoi?e?, ii a XIX a. aacaou ianniaiai oe?a?a — iaei ec aeaaiuo niiniaia aa
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ia?aaa?e — auee i?aeiouanoaaiii ai?ianeei yaeaieai. Ia?aay ie?iaay aieia aaea iiuiue oie?ie ?acaeoe? ianniauo ?acaea?aiee e iiaiio n?aanoao — eeii28. A 1920—1930-a aa. ia?oi iiaia (ianniaay eoeuoo?a) ia?aei i?eia?aoaou aeaeiua i?a?oaiey ai iiiaeo no?aiao iaiia?aiaiii. Au?in ia oieuei oe?a?, ii e aaia?aoe?aneee a?aae aacao. Aieaa oiai, eeii ia?yao n a?oaie iiaie oaoiieiaeae - ?aaei — aia?aua a enoi?ee ii?iaeei aaenoaeoaeuii ianniaiai c?eoaey/neooaoaey. Oi, ?oi auei iacaaii «?aaeiaauaieai», aee??aei a naay ia?aaa?o i?ia?aii aey ieeeeiiia neooaoaeae29. Ei aoi?ie iieiaeia 1930-o aa. Aa?iaiey eiaea aieaa ?ai 9 iei ?aaeii?eaiieeia. A ?aoineiaaeee e Oaaoee auei aieaa 1 iei ?aaeii?eaiieeia, a Eoaeee — ii?oe 1 iei30. A 1926 a. Aaeeeia?eoaiey eiaea 3000 eeiioaao?ia e 5000 — a 1938 a. A 1934 a. caanu ian?eouaaeinu 964 iei iinauaiee eeiioaao?ia eee 22 ia iaiiai ?aeiaaea. ?enei ?aaeii?eaiieeia iianei?eei n 3 iei a 1930 a. ai 9 iei e eiioo aanyoeeaoey — eee 3 ?aaeii?eaiieea ia 4 a?eoaineeo naiaeiuo aiiioicyenoaa, ?enei neooaoaeae oaaee?eeinu n 12 iei a 1920-a aa. (ioaiea) ai 34 iei a 1939 a. Noiaiua aaiiua ioia?a?o no?aieoaeuiue ?ino a ?oaiee aacao n eieinnaeuii aic?inoae ciiie aaia?aoe?aneiai e nioeaeuiiai i?iieeiiaaiey.
Ii iiaie? iiiaeo nia?aiaiieeia — oaeeo eae eniaineee oeeinio Oina I?oaaa-e-Aannao, ?iaeaoeeny a 1880-o aa., — «i?eoia iann» oa?i?ae ?ac?ooaieai oeaeeecaoee iooai onoaiiaeaiey aeeoaoo?u iaueo iano31. Aaenoaeoaeuii, a ia?aiaiiue ia?eia eiio?ieu oceie yeeou, aieai ainiianoaiaaaoae a a?eoaineie eoeuoo?a, aue aaconeiaii iiai?aai i?eoanoaeai ianniauo aacao n oioia?aoeyie e a?ineeie caaieiaeaie, eeiioeeuiia, a?aiiioiia, ?aaei e a?oaeo oi?i ianniaie eiiioieeaoee. Eae iieacuaaao Ayi Ea-Iyou? a noaaoae niauoeai eieaa, iiaua iaaea oaaee?eee aoaeoi?e? e ?anoe?eee i?ioann eoeuoo?iiai i?iecaianoaa. Eae oieuei ianoi ia ?uiea aiciaeaaaei a ii?aaaeaiee oniaoa iaa iiaieyie eioaeeaeooaeia, iaeioi?ua ec ieacaaoeony iia oa?icie eoeuoo?iuo a?aeo?ia naiieciee?iaaeenu. A?oaea ioaeaaeenu, iieaiece?oy n iiauie eiiioieeaoeiiiuie n?aanoaaie, eee eci anao nee no?aieeenu i?eniiniaeouny, eniieucoy iiaua iaaea aey i?iaae?aiey «aooiaiiai iiauaia». Ii aa?a oa, eoi i?ioeainoiye eiiia??aneie eoeuoo?a, ia niia ecaa?aou aa aeeyiey. Ooai?ieee e eioaeeaeooaeu, aaiiino?aoeaii ioeacaaoeany neeiieouny ia?aa ianniauie aeonaie, iiaee ?aai-
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oaou oieuei ia ainoaa?noaaiiua noaneaee, eae yoi auei n Ae-Ae-Ne, oioy e a yoii neo?aa aeeyiea ianniaie eoeuoo?u auei ianiiiaiiui. Ei?ioei aiai?y, eoeuoo?iua yeeou ii-i?a?iaio iia?a?eeaaee naia i?ac?aiea e ioaeeea, a oi ?a a?aiy noaiiaynu io yoie ianniaie ioaeeee caaeneiuie32.
A ?innee, niaeanii ioeoeaeuiie noaoenoeea, ?enei «eeiionoaiiaie» au?inei n 1510 a 1914 a. ai 7331 a 1928 a. e i?eaeeceoaeuii ai 30 000 e 1940 a. Iaeaieaa no?aieoaeuiui aue ?ino a aa?aaia — ni 142 «eeiionoaiiaie» a 1914 a. ai 17571 a 1940 a. Iauaa ?enei iinauaiee eeii aic?inei ni 106 iei a 1914 a. ai i?eaeeceoaeuii 900 iei e 1940 a.33 ?enei ?aaeii?eaiieeia ninoaaeei 7 iei a 1940 a., a oii ?enea 1.6 iei a naeuneeo ?aeiiao. A?aaiaaiue oe?a? aacao au?in n 3.3 iei a 1913 a. ai 9.4 iei a 1927 a. e 38.4 iei e 1940 a. (eee ai 245 iei, anee aee??eou a yoi ?enei e ?o?iaeu)34. Aa?a i?e aiiouaiee i?aoaaee?aiee yoe aaiiua oeacuaa?o ia iiuiia ?acaeoea. Eiia?ii, ?aaei a A?eoaiee e ?aaei a Niaaoneii Ni?ca — yoi ia iaii e oi ?a. A A?eoaiee ii?ii auei iano?ieouny ia ianeieuei noaioee, aee??ay iaeioi?ua ca?oaa?iua. Oae ?a auei e a iaoenoneie Aa?iaiee, aaa e?ae iiaee neooaou Ae-Ae-Ne ec Eiiaiia eee I?aae (ai aiiaenee 1939 a.), oioy iaoenoneea aeanoe e iuoaeenu aeooeou eo.
Niaaoneia «?aaei» ?anoi icia?aei ia i?eaiiee ?aaeiaiei, a eaaaeu eee i?iaia, iiaee??aiiue e aaoi ioeoeaeuiui noaioeyi35. Iiyou ?a, oioy a?eoaineia eeii ?anoi i?ineaaeyei a?eoaineea onoaiiaeaiey, ie?oou ia ?a?a iii ianiaoaeinu iaa ieie. Niaaoneia eeii, eae i?aaeei, ianiaoaeinu oieuei iaa oai, iaa ?ai ?ac?aoaee aio oaici?u — iai?eia? iaa a??ie?aoaie a neo?aao, ea?aaoeo ?ieu «eiceia ioiouaiey» (a?iaa ?eeeuiuo eiioi?)36. Oi ?a naiia ii?ii neacaou i niaaoneie ianniaie ia?aoe. Oaeaoiiu a Niaaoneii Ni?ca ano?a?aeenu eoaa ?a?a, ?ai a a?oaeo aieuoeo no?aiao. Iie auee neiioaio?e?iaaiu a oi?aaeai?aneeo no?oeoo?ao, ?anniao?eaaaoeo oaeaoii nei?aa eae n?aanoai aey ainoaa?noaaiiiai aaieieno?e?iaaiey, ii ia aey ?anoiie eiiioieeaoee37. E ana ?a aeeyiea iiauo iaaea-oaoiieiaee a Niaaoneii Ni?ca ia neaaoao iaaiioaieaaou. Caaieai ai iiyaeaiey iiiyoey «ieoa ia ?uiea» a Niaaoneii Ni?ca ioaeeeiaaeenu aacaou aey i?iiuoeaiiuo ?aai?eo, ?aiuei, eieoicieeia, iaoeiiaeuiuo iaiuoeinoa, iieiaa?e, ?eaiia ia?oee, ainoaa?noaaiiuo ooieoeiia?ia, ei?aia?ia e a?.38 Iaai oieuei n?aaieou ?ani?ino?aiaiea iiainoae i caoaaoa aeanoe a ieoya?a 1917 a.
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eee ?aeeia ninoiyiea eiiioieeaoee a ia?eia aieiaa 1923 a. n a?aaiaaiui inaauaieai ?aei?aia Aeaenay Noaoaiiaa ia an? no?aio a 1930-a aa., ?oiau iniciaou i?iecioaaoo? e caanu eiiioieeaoeiiio? ?aaie?oe?39.
Ea-Iyou? aieacuaaao, ?oi eiiia?oeaeece?iaaiiua iann-iaaea i?aa?aoeee eoeuoo?o a A?eoaiee a aieaa yaaeeoa?io? a eioa?anao nianoaaiiie auaiau. Ec yoiai ii aaeaao auaia, ?oi eiiia??aneay ianniaay eoeuoo?a — yoi aaeinoaaiiue auai? aey ie??aeenoe?aneiai iauanoaa40. A eae ian?ao iaie??aeenoe?aneiai iauanoaa n ainoaa?noaaiiie oaico?ie e aaeoi?iiii? Ac?uaiie ?ino iiauo iaaea a aeaaioneie noaiaie iiaeeye ia iiaaaeaiea iaeioi?uo aeaia eioi?iaoee a Niaaoneii Ni?ca, oae ?a eae e ia iaonoaiiia i?iaae?aiea a?oaeo aa aeaia41. Ii a yoii neo?aa iu iiaee au iieoe aaeuoa, o?eouaay niia?a?aiea Ea-Iyou? i oii, ?oi e eiioo 1930-o aa. a A?eoaiee iiaua iann-iaaea naaeaee aicii?iie «iauo? eoeuoo?o», eioi?ay, ianiio?y ia ae?aieaiey eioi?iaoee eiino?aiiiai i?ienoi?aaiey, «i?aainoaaeea iauo? ?aoa?aioeaeuio? ?aieo aey neeuii ?acee?a?ueony ia?ao niaie a?oii»(N. 4). Oai naiui noaaeony aii?in i aicii?iie iauae eoeuoo?a — oae?a a cia?eoaeuiie ia?a n eiino?aiiui niaa??aieai — e aey aieuoae ?anoe Niaaoneiai Ni?ca. Ia?ao?ace?oy Ea-Iyou?, aa ii?ii auei au iacaaou «eoeuoo?ie aey aaoi?eoa?ecia».
Niaaoneea aeanoe ia iiaee iiaaaeou e ia iiaaaeyee eiino?aiio? ianniao? eoeuoo?o iieiinou?, a oi ?a a?aiy iie niinianoaiaaee ?acaeoe? niaaoneie ianniaie eoeuoo?u. ?e?a?a Noaeon o?a ia i?ioy?aiee iiiaeo eao iia?a?eeaaao ?acaeaeaoaeuiua noi?iiu niaaoneie ianniaie eoeuoo?u42. Ii e iiiaea a?oaea aiaeece?iaaee niaaoneia eeii43. Iaiuoa iu ciaai i eiioaenoa eeiii?iniio?ia, ?aaeoeyo ia ?ieeee iieeoe?aneeo iiainoae, iaeciaiii i?aaaa?yaoea ana eeiioeeuiu, ia iiuoa ciaeiinoaa n eaaeei ?ai?ii a eeiioaao?ao, a?oeoaeoiieea eioi?uo iaiiieiaea o?aeoi?a e n iacaaieyie iaiiaiaea «Oaa?iee». ?aaii iayniuie inoa?ony niaa??aiea e aeeyiea ?aaeii?ia?aii, eioi?ua, nei?aa anaai, i?aanoaaeyee niaie noiaio? aiaeuaaio ec oy?aeiaaniuo iiainoae, caaaiiuo ia?oeeiuie ae?aeoeaaie, aaeoi?iia (ia anaaaa aaenoaaiiiai), ainieoaoaeuiiai iao?iiia e eeoaiiuo aiieiaaoeee oaanaeaiee44. Ii neiaai A?aeina oii Aaeaa?ia (ai aaaaaiee e ecaaiiie ei aianoa ni Noaeonii aioieiaee ianniaie eoeuoo?u), niaaoneea aacaou «ia?aoaee e iiaiaino-
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?anoio? eanou, e ino?o? naoe?o; niaaoneea eeiinooaee i?iecaiaeee i?ceeeu a aieeeaoaneie iaia?a e ea?oeiu i A?a?aaineie aieia; ii ?aaeiaieiai ?aciineeenu i?iecaianoaaiiua ia?oe e iaeaioiee?iua oainiiu». Oii Aaeaa?i caee??aao, ?oi ia?yao n oaeuneoeeaoeyie i?aaeaii no?aieaiea — ?anoi oaai?aiiia oniaoii — «oaiaeaoai?you aeonu ioaeeee»45.
Ai iiiaeo neo?ayo oi ?a naiia ii?ao auou ioia?aii ii iiaiao eoeuoo?iiai i?iecaianoaa e iio?aaeaiey a iaoenoneie Aa?iaiee. Iaoenoneea aeanoe — eiaiii oiaaa, eiaaa iie aaeaee ana aicii?iia, ?oiau oneeeou ainoaa?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea ?aaei e eeii, — ?ani?ino?aiyee ianniao? eoeuoo?o, ?acee?iui ia?acii iio?aaeyaio? ianniaie aoaeoi?eae. Iiaiaii Niaaoai, iaoenoneea aeanoe iiao?aaee ainoaa?noaaiio? eeiieiaono?e? eieoe?iaaou Aieeeaoa e iie?iaeoaeunoaiaaee aieeeaoaiiiaiaiui caacaai e eeiii?eaiai. Aaconeiaii, oieuei aieia iieii?eea n iaia?aieai iaoenoaie iieacia naieo aieeeaoaneeo oeeuiia (oi ?a naiia i?iecioei e a ?iiiee)46. Ii?oe iieiaeia i?eaeeceoaeuii ec 1100 i?eaeiaeuiuo oeeuiia iaoenoneie y?u — yoi eiiaaee e i?ceeeu. Aua nioie — iaeia?aiu, aaoaeoeau e i?eee??ai?aneea yiinu, ca?anoo? ioaa?aaoea i?aanoaaeaieyi i ainiianoaiaaaoeo oaiiinoyo, ?aniaui noa?aioeiai e iieeoe?aneei oaeyi ?a?eia, ii ii?oe anaaaa ioiineaoeany e eaaeiio ?ai?o47. Ii iaoenoneiio ?aaei o?ainee?iaaee iiioey?io? iocueo e eiiaaee ia?yao n aioenaieoneeie ?a?aie. «Aeniae, Aeo?eo e Aaiie Aoaiai aaeeee ?aaeia?aiy n Aaaaaeunii, Aa?eiaii e o??a?ii», — ieoao Yinii ?aaeiaao. ?acaea?aiey ea?aee nei?io? ?ieu a iieeoeea, a oi ?a a?aiy niauay a?aieou ia?ao iieeoe?aneei e eae au iaiieeoe?aneei48.
Iao iaiaoiaeiinoe i?ioeaiiinoaaeyou niaaoneo? ianniao? eoeuoo?o — nianu ?oeiaianoaa a noeea «?aeaciie ?oee» e iioai?noaa ia?iaiui aeonai — eoeuoo?a aaaiaa?aiiai iiaa?iecia. Iai?ioea, Ia?aa?eoa Ooieouia, iai?eia?, iieacuaaao, eae ecaanoiua i?aanoaaeoaee niaaoneiai «oioiaaaiaa?aa» n aioiaiinou? ieoioeenu a iann-iaaea, niaoeaay oae iacuaaaiia aunieia n ieceei49. Niaaoneea oioia?aou (e nicaaoaee eeiioeeuiia) a oi a?aiy, eiaaa ai iiiaeo no?aiao iaieioee?iaaiea ia?acaie ia?aei ia?aoaou eoaa aieuoo? eciu?aiiinou e noa?o i?eei?aiey, enneaaiaaee iiioa? e a?oaea oaoieee a ianniaie eoeuoo?a n iieeoe?aneeie oaeyie50. A aaiiii neo?aa iu ii?ai ioiaoeou aua iaii ec i?ic?aiee Ea-Iyou?: a eiaiii «ii ia?a oiai, eae iiaua
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oaoiieiaee iiiiaaee nicaaie? aoaeoi?ee aeaaioneeo ?acia?ia, iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiay eiiioieeaoeiiiay no?aoaaey noaiiaeeanu ee?iinoiie, eioeiiie e noauaeoeaiie». Oaeei ia?acii, ieoao ii, «iann-iaaea ?anoi nicaaaaee i?i?iua nayce ia?ao eiiioieeaoi?ii e ieeeeiiaie eiaeaeaoaeuiuo iio?aaeoaeae» (N. 43). Aeaaiue i?eia? Ea-Iyou? — yoi ?aieei, eioi?ue iin?aanoaii iaeaaaiey iiauie iaaea noae ecaanoai aaeaei ca i?aaaeaie aai ?iaiie A?eoaiee, a oae?a aai iiaiai aiia — Niaaeiaiiuo Ooaoia.
Ia?ac ?aieeia aue iian?ao e iia auou eniieuciaai aey i?iaa?e ?aai oaiaii: eiea, ea?ooae, eoeie, aaenooeia, ?oaaoae, eieoaeeae e, eiia?ii, eieoaoi?ia ?aieeia. Ea-Iyou? ia oeacuaaao oieuei, ?oi iiaua iaaea e oaoieee ?ani?ino?aiaiey ia?acia iiaee iiioey?ece?iaaou iieeoe?aneea eaae e i?aa?auaou iieeoe?aneeo eeaa?ia a «caaca». Io Aoao??ea, Aaiae e ?ocaaeuoa ai Ionnieeie, Aeoea?a e Noaeeia aae iann oae?a aue aaeii eeaa?a. Ia?acu, eiaia e ec?a?aiey Eaieia e Noaeeia — ia?yao n a?oaeie aiaiiiiacaiiuie ee?iinoyie e oaiaie — auee iian?ao, aee??ay aaue e ia?acu aiiaoiaai iaeoiaa, i?iiuoeaiiua oiaa?u, oeeuiu, niaeoaeee, caoeicaiene e ?anoi?aiiua iai?. Yoi iicaieeei iiiaei nia?aiaiieeai i?eeoe e auaiao i oii, ?oi ia [iiea] yenieoaoaoee iiauo iaaea e ianniaie eoeuoo?u ?aaiiaanea ia?ao aeeoaoo?ie e aaiie?aoeae ea?ioeinu a iieuco ia?aie. E i?eoii, ?oi neeyiea ianniauo eoeuoo?u e iieeoeee a niaaoneii aa?eaioa eacaeinu oniaoiui a ia?aiaiiue ia?eia, iii ia auei oaeiaui a iineaaiaiiua aanyoeeaoey. Yoi noaei iniaaiii i?aaeaiui, eiaaa eaay no?ieoaeunoaa nioeaeecia (eee eiiioiecia) iioa?yea nai? i?eaeaeaoaeuiinou aey iineaaiaiiuo iieieaiee, e a nayce n yoei ianniaay eoeuoo?a ana aieaa aia?eeaiece?iaaeanu. Aey aeeoaoo?u ianniaay eoeuoo?a auea iaecaa?iie e i?aiu iieaciie, ii e, a iniaii aaiiieeoe?aneii eiioaenoa, a eiioa eiioia ?acuaaa?uae.
Ianniaay iieeoeea
Ianniaia i?iecaianoai e ianniaay eoeuoo?a au?inee ec iiauo oaoiieiaee — ii ia aaoiiaoe?anee e ia iaeiaeiai iian?ao. Iauei aey ?aciuo no?ai auei iuouaiea oiai, ?oi ie? anooiee a iiaue ianniaue aae e ?oi iauaeoii e noauaeoii yoiai iiaiai aaea auee iannu. Yoi auei iniaaiii caiaoii a iieeoeea. I?eoano-
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aea iiaie ianniaie iieeoeee — ioe?uoua ieoeiae, aaiie?aoecaoey ecae?aoaeuiiai i?aaa, o?ainoi?iaoey iieeoe?aneie ia?oee a auai?io? iaoeio — ioia?aee iiiaea ia?eiay n 1890-o aa. e a ia?aua aiau XX a.51 Ii e a yoii neo?aa Aaeeeay aieia oae?a icia?aea onei?aiea ia ii?yaie52. E?anouyi ec ?ac?iciaiiuo aa?aaaiu nia?aee ia o?iioao e a aa?ieciiao, caoiaaay ?anoi ia?auaaoee ia naay aieiaiea yooaeo eiioaio?aoee, i?iecaaaaiiue aieuoeie oaa?eeaie. Ii?oe ana ac?ineia io?neia ianaeaiea i?ecuaiuo aic?anoia Aa?iiu n?a?aeinu ia aieia — i?eaeeceoaeuii 70 iei ?aeiaae. A e?anouyineie ?innee yoa oeo?a ninoaaeea 15 iei53. I?e?iaa e i?iaie?eoaeuiinou aieiu — oae ?a eae e oa?aeoa? aaaoeo aieio iieeoe?aneeo nenoai e iauanoa — i?eaaee e iieeoecaoee nia?aiiuo iann. Iniaaiiinoe iieeoeee e iieeoe?aneiai o?anoey neeuii ?icieeenu ia?ao ai??ueie noi?iiaie, ii a e?aie ec ieo o?oaii aiia?aceou aieaa aa?iue iaoaieci «i?aaiecaoee iann», ?ai a?iee ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu.
A?i?a? Iinn aieacuaaao, ?oi yoa ianneoeeaoey iieeoeee oa?i?aea aia?oeae, ii iannai iin?aanoaii iaoeiiaeenoe?aneeo neiaieia e eeoo?aee auea i?eaaia oi?ia oi?aaeyaiiai iieeoe?aneiai oaea54. A ia?aiaiiue ia?eia aic?inea ?ieu iieeoe?aneiai iaieioee?iaaiey neiaieaie, ?oi auei naycaii n oaeoaeaieai auciaia, noiyaoeo ia?aa ianniaui iauanoaii, e iiauie aicii?iinoyie iiauo iann-iaaea. Ii i?eaaiea ieoai iia?aoeiiaeuiie neeu n iiiiuu? iiioiaioia e oanoeaaeae auei iai?inoui aaeii. Nai Iinn oeacuaaao ia i?iaae ianniauo ?aai?eo niaeoaeeae a aaeia?neie Aa?iaiee (N. 175). Noiaiui ia?acii A?aoo?e Oiaii iaia?o?eaaao, ?oi eoaeuyineea oaoenoneea ianniaua niaeoaeee (oaeea, eae 18BL — iinoaiiaea, iieacaiiay ia eoaeuyineeo iieiaa?iuo Ieeiieeneeo ea?ao ii eneonnoao e eoeuoo?a a 1934 a.) oae?a ia niiaee caoaaoeou e?aneia aiia?a?aiea. Ec yoiai ii aaeaao auaia, ?oi «aaeooi» aue caiieiai aic?i?aaiiuie neiaieaie eiia?neiai ?eia e eoeuoii aeeoaoi?a55. Aicii?ii, Oiaii ?a?an?o? neaioe?anee ioiineony e oaoenoneie neiaiee?aneie ao?a — io oieoi?iu n ?a?iuie ?oaaoeaie, eei?aeuiuo i?eaaonoaee e aaeaoeiiiuo i?acaianoa ai eieiieaeuiuo iiaaeaia (ia aiai?y o?a i ia?aoia?iaiii ?aciiaina, i?iecaaaaiiii «ei?ii?aoeciii»)56. Ii iiiaia a oaoenoneie iieeoeea neiaieia aaenoaeoaeuii a?auaeinu aie?oa ao?a, aunooiaaoaai ia?aa ia?iaii n aaeeiiia e a ?aaoey?iuo ?aaeiia?auaieyo, — i?aeoeea, eioi?ie neaaiaaee e a?oaea57. Ioiineoaeuii Aeoea?a
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?i Ea?oio ooaa??aaao, ?oi aai eoeuo «eiiiaine?iaae» iaiiioey?iinou iaoenoneie ia?oee58, oioy e a yoii neo?aa oi ?a iiei?aiea a iaiuoae noaiaie oa?aeoa?eciaaeinu eae «eee—eee».
Iaeaaaiea yooaeoeaiie iieeoeeie neiaieia a ianniaue aae eiaei e?eoe?aneia cia?aiea aey e?aie aaeeeie aa??aau. A Niaaeiaiiuo Ooaoao iaoeiu e ia?aciue ?ya iaoeiiiai aaea oii?ii iiioey?ece?iaaeenu ?aeeaiie e ?anoiuie oe?iaie, e a ?acoeuoaoa oaoiieiaey noaea eaaeoeie?iaaou aia?eeaineea iieeoe?aneo? aeanou e einoeoooee59. A ei?ioeii iaci?a aayoaeuiinoe iaoenoneiai A??i e?aniou o?oaa Yinii ?aaeiaao aiaeece?oao iiiuoee eaaeoeiaoee iieeoe?aneiai ?oeiaianoaa iin?aanoaii oaoiieiae?aneie neiaieecaoee. ?aaeiaao eaao aaeuoa oi?ioi ecaanoiuo i?eia?ia ianniauo oanoeaaeae e iauanoaaiiie a?oeoaeoo?u, auaaeyy eoeuo i?iiuoeaiiie i?iecaiaeoaeuiinoe i?e iaoecia e oaoie?aneea eaiiaiee aie?oa oaa?eee ia?eiay n 1936 a. Niaeanii ?aaeiaaoo, «iaoenoneee iiaa?ieci» a eiioa eiioia niaaeiyao ooieoeiiaeeci aey oaa?ee n Volk-iiioiai-oaeeciii a iauanoaaiiuo caaieyo. Ii nnueaaony ia Nazi Sachlichkeit, ?oiau iienaou acaeiiia?ana?aiea yeaiaioia iiaa?ienoneiai noeey, iineieueo iaoenou «oee a iiao» n eoaeuyioaie e niaaoneeie e?auie a eo iai?aiee iaoei60. Aieiaiea e i?iecaianoaaiiiio i?ino?ainoao e nei?iinou ioiioaiee iaoecia n iiaa?ieciii, caee??aao ii, i?ienoaeaee eae ec aioo?aiiae yaie?oee, oae e ec aeeyiey niaaoneiai i?eia?a iiaeeecaoee oaoiieiae?aneie eaaeoeiaoee iin?aanoaii aaeaoeiiiuo i?acaieeia, iaieioee?iaaiea ia?acaie aea?iyeaeo?inoaioee e i?iecaianoaa iaoei iaoeiaie61. A?oaeie neiaaie, iaoenou, ianiio?y ia naiaia?acea eo eaaieiaee e iiiaeo i?aeoee, auee ?anou? ia?aoia?iaiie eiiu?ieoo?u e n?aaieaaee naay n a?oaeie.
Iiaua iaaea e eiiioieeaoee iiauneee niiniaiinou (e, aicii?ii, ?aeaiea) yenia?oia e iieeoe?aneeo eeaa?ia iaae?aaou ca eo eieeaaaie a a?oaeo no?aiao. Iaae?aaaoea ca Niaaoaie iaoenou iiaaaeee nouanoaiaaaoea o?a a Aa?iaiee i?ioni?cu e no?aieeenu i?aaieciaaou iiaua — naie nianoaaiiua. ?iiiou, iaae?aaaoea ca iaoenoaie, iiiuoaeenu naaeaou oi ?a naiia62. Oioy yoei iaoenoneei ni?cai — a ioee?ea io niaaoneeo i?ioni?cia eee yiiineeo «i?iiuoeaiiuo iao?eioe?aneeo annioeaoee» — ia oaaeinu ionoeou ei?ie, a?oaay iaoenoneay ?aai?ay i?aaiecaoey — Aa?iaineee ?aai?ee O?iio (DAF), io?anoe nicaaiiay ii ia?acoo eoaeuyineiai oaoenoneiai aae?aiey Dopolavoro63, oaaee-
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?eea nai? ?eneaiiinou n 7.8 iei a na?aaeia 1933 a. ai 16 iei e 1935 a. e a eiioa eiioia ai 20 iei ?eaiia. Oei Iyenii ooaa??aaao, ?oi i?ia?aiia DAF i?aaieciaaiiiai ioauoa «Neea ?a?ac ?aainou» ia iiaiyea iaoeiiaeuiue aoo ?aai?eo64. (Oai ia iaiaa e 1939 a. ieiei 7 iei ?aeiaae ainiieuciaaeenu iiea?eaaaiuie ioioneaie, eioi?ua i?aainoaaeyeenu a ?aieao i?ia?aiiu «Neea ?a?ac ?aainou».) Aieaa eioa?aniui ea?aony ooaa??aaiea Iyeniia i oii, ?oi, «n oi?ee c?aiey o?oaiaiai i?aaa, nioeaeuiie iieeoeee e eaaieiaee, „oaa?e?iay iaueia" (Betriebsgemeinschaft) auea na?aoai Iiaiai Ii?yaea»65. Iiiyoea eieeaeoeaa ia oaa?e?iie iniiaa, nioeaeuiie e iieeoe?aneie ?ecie, i?aaieciaaiiie oaa?eeie e ?aae oaa?eee, — e?aaoaieuiue eaiaiu niaaoneiai ianniaiai iauanoaa66. Ieoeai iuoaeny [nicaaou] ia?oi iiaiaiia a iaiii ec o?aioocneeo ai?ianeeo oaio?ia — Eea?iii-Oa??aia67.
Ana aieaa ynii i?aanoaaeyy naaa e?eoe?aneo? aa?iinou oaa?e?iie iaueiu ia?aiaiiiai ia?eiaa, iu oae?a ia aie?iu caauaaou, ?oi Eiiioienoe?aneay ia?oey oi?a auea ianniaie i?aaiecaoeae, eaeeie au iaeiciuie ia auee oaiiinoe, eioi?ua iia i?iiiaaaiaaea, a niaaoneee nioeaeeci, iiaiaii iaoecio, noiae i?aaieciaaou iauanoai a ai?acai aieuoae noaiaie, ia?aee eaeie-eeai a?oaie no?ie. Eae i?aaeei, yooaeoeaiay i?aaiecaoey iauanoaa ?anniao?eaaaony oieuei a oa?ieiao naiii?aaiecaoee (iauanoai eae ia-ainoaa?noai). Iai?eia?, ?iaa?o Iaoiyi aieacuaaao, ?oi caeao eea ea?ieia a eaaee a Aia?eea naeaaoaeunoaoao ia en?aciiaaiee iauiinoe e iiiiaaao iauynieou iieeoe?aneo? aiaoe?. Ii, eae oeacuaaao Oa?e Aa?iai, a?a?aaineea i?aaiecaoee auee iaoaieciii, nua?aaoei aa?io? ?ieu a ?ani?ino?aiaiee e einoeoooeiiaeecaoee iaoenoneiai aae?aiey. A oi ?a a?aiy eeae ea?ieia a eaaee ia ia?anoaaaee nouanoaiaaou e i?e iaoenoao68. Ca?anoo? oi ?a naiia ii?ao auou neacaii i aayoaeuiinoe e?aiai ?iaa — ia oieuei ia i?aaieciaaiiii ioauoa — e i?e Niaaoao. Ia naiii aaea cia?eoaeuii aic?inoay i?aaiecaoey iauanoaa i?e Noaeeia — iaia ec aeaaiuo i?e?ei caiaoiiai ?inoa aicii?iinoae ainoaa?noaa69.
Iaeioi?ua niaoeaeenou ii niaaoneie enoi?ee, nnueaynu ia ioe?uoua a?oeaiua iaoa?eaeu, i?iaie?a?o iia?a?eeaaou i?aaaeu ainoaa?noaaiiie aeanoe70. E?aia ainoaa?noai ia?aie?aii. Oacen i i?aaaeao aicii?iinoae ia?aiaiiiai niaaoneiai ainoaa?noaa cao?eo no?aiii aeaaiui ia?acii ec-ca aai iaiuneeiuo
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aiaeoee e ia?aaeecoaiuo oaeae (eioi?ua e naie ea?aee iaeioi?o? ?ieu a oaaee?aiee aicii?iinoae ainoaa?noaa). Ii «eieeaeoeaecaoey» naeuneiai oicyenoaa, aaii?oaoee, onei?aiiay eiaono?eaeecaoey, ?ani?ino?aiaiea ianniaie i?iiaaaiau ia iii?anoaa ycueia aieiou ai naiuo oaaeaiiuo oaieeia eiia?ee, ea?oia?aoe?iaaiea ?annaeaiey ia?iaia e oiiia?aoe?aneay nuaiea niaaoneie oa??eoi?ee e ia?iaia — ana yoi ii?aceoaeuii n oi?ee c?aiey iiaeeecaoee ainoaa?noaaiiuo aicii?iinoae e ianiiinoaaeii ni no?ieoaeunoaii O?ainneae?neie iaaeno?aee eee ia?aienu? 1897 a. a oa?neo? yiioo. Ca enee??aieai i?eia?ia ec ?ecie ?innee ai ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu, aey i?aiu iaiiiaeo i?aai?eyoee niaaoneiai ainoaa?noaa ii?ii auei au iaeoe ia?aeeaee — a oii, ?oi eanaaony ainoaa?noaaiiuo aicii?iinoae, — aaa au oi ie auei, enee??ay ?acaa ?oi ioaaeuiua ?anoieea iiaeeecaoee a aa?iiaeneeo eieiieyo a Ao?eea. Eiia?ii, e iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu ia ana ainoaa?noaa no?aieeenu eee ?oanoaiaaee iaiaoiaeiinou i?aai?eieiaou ?anoieea e?anoiaua iioiau (?oiau ia ionoaaaou e inoaaeou eiieo?aioia iicaae). E niiniaiinou niaaoneiai ainoaa?noaa e naii?aaoeyoee auea aaeaea io oiai, ?oi iaae?aaeinu a eeaa?aeuiuo ainoaa?noaao. I?e n?aaiaiee n eeaa?aeuiui ainoaa?noaii a aeeoaeuiie ia?niaeoeaa modus operandi Niaaoneiai ainoaa?noaa ii?ao auaeyaaou iniaaiii «ia?aie?aiiui»71.
Oaiia A?aiao ienaea, ?oi oaeu? niaaoneie (eae e iaoenoneie) i?iiaaaiau auei ia oaa?aaiea, a i?aaiecaoey. Yoi — oianoiia ainnoaiiaeaiea (ia?ao?ace?oy iaei niaaoneee eicoia) oacena, nouanoaiaaaoaai ai o?iea, iaianaiiiai icaai?aiiui aieiaieai e «i?iiuaea iicaia». Ianiiiaiii, oaa?aaiea auei ia iaiaa aa?iui, ?ai i?aaiecaoey, ii a?aiaoianeay oa?aeoa?enoeea yoeo ?a?eiia eae ia?a?aiiuo ia «i?aaiecaoe? anao e any a eo i?aaaeao e ia caione e iiaaa??aiea aae?aiey» aanie?oii aa?ia72. ?acoiaaony, a Niaaoneii Ni?ca ana auei naiaai ?iaa ianniaie iiaeeecaoeae: niaaoneee iyoeeaoiee ieai, eieeaeoeaecaoey, «no?ieoaeunoai nioeaeecia» a ?anioaeeeao, oneeaiea e ineaaeaiea aioe?aeeaeiciuo eaiiaiee, eaiiaiee ii ai?uaa n aaca?aiioiinou?. Ii?ii auei au oeacaou e ia «aeneonnee» 1935—36 aa. a NIE e iauanoaa i iiaie eiinoeoooee, e ia auai?u a Aa?oiaiue Niaao a 1936 a. ii oeio «iaii ianoi — iaei eaiaeaao» eae ia i?eia?u ianniaie iiaeeecaoee. I?iaiaeeenu ianniaua eaiiaiee ii eiio?ie? ca oi?aiauie iia?aoeyie eee ca anae ainoaa?noaaiiie a??ie?aoeae. ?acee?iua i?iaa?ee e ?enoee a ia?oee, i?io-
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ni?cao e i?ioanneiiaeuiuo annioeaoeyo e ciaiaieoua eaiiaiee i?ioea a?aaia ia?iaa — ana iia?acoiaaaei ianniainou, oioy oneiaey a?a?aaineiai o?anoey, eae i?aaeei, ia iiaee auou i?aaiaoii aey ia?aaiai?ia73.
Ia ana a niaaoneii ianniaii ?aia?ooa?a a?auaeinu aie?oa eiaono?eaeecaoee e iieeoeee. ?icaeeiaa Na?oi?e oeacuaaao ia o?aaeoe? «niaaoneiai ea?iaaaea», ia?eiay n i?acaiiaaiey aiy niaaoneie eiinoeoooee a e?ea 1935 a. a iineianeii Oaio?aeuiii ia?ea, i?eiyaoaai oi?io ?aciiia?aciuo oio (aie?oa oaiu «?eciu noaea eo?oa, ?eciu noaea aanaeaa!») n ?iiaea?aie, aa?iyie neacie, eiioaooe e oaioaaaeuiuie ainaiaeyie. I?eano?u ea?aee oaiai, oieno?iou, aaeunu e a?ac, a oi a?aiy eae i?iiaaaiaenou neaaeee naiiaayoaeuiinou iann74. Ana oae, ii n?aae iiaiie ca oaiaieunoaeyie i?ineaaeaiea nioeaeecia e i?a?iaiea eaieoaeecia ia ooiaeee aaeaei a oaiu. Ii?ii auei au iaia?o?eou ia?ana?aiea ianniaie eoeuoo?u n ianniaie iieeoeeie a iiaa, oeieuiuo i?aaeeao, eiaiao iiai?i?aaiiuo, aae?aieyo oe?ea?ae: iian?ao i?enoonoaiaaee aee?cee ia Eaieia e Noaeeia, a?a?aaineo? aieio a Eniaiee eee eoaeuyineo? aieio a Aaenneiee. Niaaoneia ioaee?iia i?ino?ainoai auei iaiia?aiaiii e i?aiu oe?ieei, e i?aiu ianuuaiiui ia?acaie, a iniaaiiinoe aeaaeoe?aneeie ia?acaie aiaoiaai ie?a. Iaie nia?aiaiieee ec ?enea ca?oaa?iuo iaae?aaoaeae ia?auaee aieiaiea ia i?aaeaio? e?eainou iiiaeo niaaoneeo ioaee?iuo ooaa??aaiee e ianneaiinou ianaeaiey, a oi a?aiy eae a?oaea - iai?eia? aia?eeaineee ?o?iaeeno ?a?ei Eaeiic — caia?aee ii iiaiao eiiioienoe?aneeo eicoiaia: «Yoe ia?ie — aaiee ?aeeaiu»75. Ee??aaie iiiaio, eiia?ii, — oa noaiaiu, a eaeie oa?aeoa?iue neiaa?u, eaoaai?ee iuoeaiey e ie?iaicc?aiey noaee iaua?ani?ino?aiaiiuie aa?a n?aae oao, eoi yoiio nii?ioeaeyeny76.
?aineia ecae?aoaeuiia i?aai i?eoei a Niaaoneo? ?inne? ?aiuoa (1917 a.), ?ai a Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou (1920 a.), Aaeeeia?eoaie? (1928 a.) eee O?aioe? (1945 a.). ?aaie?oey, eacaeinu, noeeea aaeeeea iaaa?au ia ?aineia inaiai?aaiea77. Ii Yeecaaao Aoa, eioi?ay eco?aao aaiaa?iua eaoaai?ee e noa?aioeiu, ioiinyueany e ia?oeeiie i?aaiecaoee, iieacuaaao, ?oi aaii?aeecaoey ioaaoeea aeoeaenoie-aieuoaae?ae o?a a aiau iyia78. Eiia?ii, a oao no?aiao, aaa ia auei aieuoaaenoneie ?aaie?oee, ii ia?aay ie?iaay aieia oai ia iaiaa iioaoioea aaiaa?iua ea?a?oee, oae?a iaae?aaeanu aeoaieay aaii?aeecaoey ?aineeo aeoe-
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aenoie. Eae ioia?aao Iy?e Eoeca ?iaa?on, ai O?aioee a ?acoeuoaoa aeaaee ieeeeiiia io??ei aieia neeuii iiaiyea iauee o?iaaiu io?neie o?aai?iinoe, eioi?ay, a nai? i?a?aau, iiaeeyea ia ?aineea ono?aieaiey e iauanoaaiiiio naiiooaa??aaie?79. I?eiaieoaeuii e Eoaeee Aeeoi?ey Aa A?aoea iauyniyao, eae oaoenoneee ?a?ei aue auio?aai ?aaae?iaaou ia auciau, naycaiiua ia oieuei n i?eoiaii ?aaei e eeii, ii oae?a e n iiyaeaieai oieaa?iaaa, ?aineiai iaaaceia e la maschietta — io?aiiaiaiie aaaeou (garconne eee modan garu a ?iiiee) a ei?ioeie ?aea, n ei?ioei ino?e?aiiuie aieinaie e aieaa naiaiaiui naenoaeuiui iiaaaaieai80. ?anoieea aie ii iiaiao oneiaee aoi?aaiey ?aiuei a aae ianniaie iieeoeee e oiai, eoi eiae i?aai ia eo onoaiiaeaiea, oee ia oieuei a eaoiee?aneie Aa?iia. A ?iiiee aie?oa ?aiuei, ?aaioaaoeo aia aiia, ia aiai?y o?a i oao, eoi ?aoiaae ca ?aaiii?aaea, aicieeaee iai?y?aiiua iauanoaaiiua aaaaou81. Aa?a a Aaeeeia?eoaiee, aaa iaae?aaeinu neeuiia oaieienoneia aae?aiea, caueoa ?aineeo i?aa iaoieeioeanu ia noaio iaiiieiaiey. N?cai Iaaa?nai iieacuaaao, ?oi ia?aiaiiue oaieieci, eioi?ue iia ?anniao?eaaao eae nouiinoii aa?iue aey caaiaaaiey ?aineeo i?aa, aue eiio?i?iaoeoeaai, iineieueo ii oy?aei ii?acee io??ei e iiaeeeciaae i?ioeaieeia ?aineie yiaineiaoee82.
Ia?yao n aeoaaie ca ?aineia ?aaainoai e iauanoaaiiia i?eciaiea eiaee ianoi iai?aaeaiiua ia ?aiuei iaoeiiaeuiua eaiiaiee ca aa?a?eeainou, aeaeaio e iniaaiii aaiia?aoe?aneee ?ino. Oae, ia?aua?uea ia naay aieiaiea iiiaeo enneaaiaaoaeae eciaiaiey, iaae?aaaoeany a 1930-o aa. a niaaoneie iieeoeea iiiu?aiey ?i?aaaiinoe (n?aae i?i?eo enneaaiaaoaeae eo ?anniao?eaaea Aaiae Aieaiai), ii?ii iiianoeou a aieaa oe?ieee eiioaeno, eae yoi aaeaao Ayaea Oiooiai83. Aa A?aoea ioia?aao, ?oi ia?aay ie?iaay aieia oaaaeea oaoenoneee ?a?ei a oii, ?oi «?aiueiu ea?a?o a e?aii neo?aa oaio?aeuio?, oioy e ii?aceoaeuii nei?io? ?ieu a iiaaa??ea ainoaa?noaaiiie aeanoe». Niioaaonoaaiii, caee??aao iia, «ia ana noi?iiu ?aineiai nouanoaiaaiey... aicaaenoaiaaee a caaeneiinoe io ia?u ainoaa?noaaiiiai eioa?ana e eioa?i?aoe?iaaee eo a naaoa no?aoaaee aeeoaoo?u a ainoaa?noaaiiii no?ieoaeunoaa»84. Eaeiaa au ie auea aioo?aiiyy aeiaieea iiei?ieaauo ioiioaiee, aaiiieeoe?aneia ni?aaiiaaiea, ea?aony, aaeaei iaiaoiaeiie iiaeeecaoe? ?aineiai oaea a eioa?anao ainoaa?noaaiiie aeanoe. Aeeoaoo?u iiaee
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aa?anneaii i?aneaaiaaou yoo oaeu, a aey aaiie?aoee iia nicaaaaea iaeioi?ua nei?iinoe, anee oieuei iie ia iiaee iia?aouny ia oe?ieee iioie eiiea?aioia aey ?uiea o?oaa e a?iee.
Ianniaay iieeoeea e iiaeeecaoey i?e aaoi?eoa?iuo ?a?eiao, e a iniaaiiinoe eo neiaiee?aneea ecia?aiey, auee aeaaiuie auciaaie aey eeaa?aeuiuo aaiie?aoee. Aaei ia a oii, ?oi ia?eaiaioneea ?a?eiu auee ianiiniaiu i?eiyou ai aieiaiea ianniao? iieeoeeo. Eae o?a ioia?aeinu, ia?aay ie?iaay aieia iiai?aaea ea?a?oee e nii?ioeaeaiea aiaea?aie? a iieeoeeo iiiaeo ?aiaa enee??aiiuo a?oii — oaeeo eae ?aiueiu eee eaoieeee85. Ii, eae ieoao Iinn, «ia?eaiaioneea ?anioaeeee auee anoanoaaiiui ia?acii ianiiniaiu neiino?oe?iaaou yooaeoeaiua ?ai?acaioaoee naieo naay oae ?a, eae ia niiaee ii?iaeou iaoeiiaeuiua i?acaianoaa»86. A?eoaineea NIE iiioey?ece?iaaee eaeea-oi ia?acu no?aiu, aee??ay iiia?oe?, i?ioaaoa?uea oeiainu e eiia?e?, ii ie iaei ec yoeo ia?acia ia i?aa?aoeeny a ii-ianoiyuaio yooaeoeaiue aey aaea eeaa?aeuiie aaiie?aoee a ia?aoia?iaiii aniaeoa87. O?aioey n aa neiaieaie oiaa?ia eiaono?ee ?ineioe e eieiieaeuiui i?eieoeaeciii, ia aiai?y o?a i ii?oe iinoiyiiuo iieeoe?aneeo iio?ynaieyo (aieaa ?ai aaaaoaou i?aaeoaeunoa ca ia?eia ia?ao 1929 e 1939 aa.), oae?a eniuouaaea o?oaiinoe n yooaeoeaiuie eicoiaaie e eioaa?e?o?ueie no?aoaaeyie a eioa?anao ianniaie aaiie?aoee88.
A auee ee — e, anee aa, oi eaeea — neiaieu aaiie?aoe?aneie nia?aiaiiinoe (modernity)? A iniiaiii iie auee aia?eeaineeie89. Ia?aiaiiay Aia?eea neiaieece?iaaea a oaeii ieaaaeneo? aaiie?aoe? (eaeiau au ie auee enee??aiey), ?aaii eae e a?oaue aeiaie?iue eaieoaeeci. Yoi aue ia?acoiaue i?iecaiaeoaeu e iio?aaeoaeu eiiia??aneie ianniaie eoeuoo?u — io Aieeeaoaa ai caai?a?eaa?uaai eaoaeiaa oiaa?ia «Ne?n ?iaae». E Aia?eea caoiaaaea i?ineaaeaiiua aa?iiaeneea o?aaeoee aunieie eoeuoo?u e aaaiaa?aa a ianniaie eoeuoo?a. Iia oae?a iiiu?yea ianniaia iio?aaeaiea — ii iaiuoae ia?a a ?aaiie noaiaie n ianniaui i?iecaianoaii. Yoei e a?oaei aniaeoai nia?aiaiiuo aia?eeaineeo ia?acia e aaenoaeoaeuiinoe nii?ioeaeyeenu aa?iiaeneea aaiie?aoee. A oi ?a a?aiy eo auai?i?ii eioaa?e?iaaee a nianoaaiio? iianaaiaaiinou e Niaaoneee Ni?c, e iaoenoneay Aa?iaiey, e oaoenoneay Eoaeey, e eiia?aoi?neay ?iiiey.
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A eoiaa ai e a iniaaiiinoe iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu ooiaaiaio iaoeiiaeuiie iieeoeee nianoeeny ca i?aaaeu ei?ieaaneeo aai?oia, ia?eaiaioneeo caaiee, cae?uouo iieeoe?aneeo eeoaia — a a?iaeneea aa?aee, iauanoaaiiua neaa?u, ia oaa?eee, nii?oeaiua noaaeiiu e a ?aineia oaei. A aioeeeaa?aeuiua ?a?eiu n ?acee?iie noaiaiu? yooaeoeaiinoe yia?ae?ii ?acai?a?eaaee iieeoeeo neiaieia, iiaeeecaoeiiiua eaiiaiee e ianniaua i?aaiecaoee a ?aieao aace?iaaaoeony ia iannao aeeoaoo?. Oi auea oi?ia ianniaiai o?anoey i?aeiouanoaaiii aac iieeoe?aneie aeanoe, ii ia aac niaa??aiey e iineaanoaee. Aa??eiaoii Io? ioia?aao, ?oi a niaaoneii neo?aa i?eio?aaiea e aeoeaeci ?yaiauo a?a?aai oee ?oea ia ?oeo. Iniaaiii iai?a?uaiua eaiiaiee ca aaiie?aoecaoe? e ia?iaiue eiio?ieu auee a iaii e oi ?a a?aiy iaieioee?oaiuie e ?aaeuiuie90. ?anniao?eaay neooaoe? a aieaa oe?ieii eiioaenoa, A?aai?e Eaca ieoao i naiaai ?iaa a?a?aaineie iiaeeecaoee eae oaiaaioee iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu a Eoaeee, ?iiiee, Niaaoneii Ni?ca aa e iian?ao91. Iiaiaii iiiaiio a?oaiio, a?a?aaineee «i?ecua» e ianniaay iiaeeecaoey ia noieuei oa?aeoa?eco?o Niaaoneee Ni?c, neieu, i?aaeaii, yaey?ony oaiiiaiaie ia?aiaiiie yiioe92.
Ianniaia iio?aaeaiea
«Iaiaoiaeiia i?aaaa?eoaeuiia oneiaea ianniaiai i?iecaianoaa, — ienae Aai?e Oi?a, — yoi aicii?iinou, ne?uoay eee ?acaeoay, ianniaiai iio?aaeaiey, niiniaiinou ia?aaa?eou ianooaaiia i?iecaianoai. Iie eaoo ?oea ia ?oeo, e a iineaaiai iiaoo auou iaeaaiu iniiaaiey aey ia?aiai»93. Ianniaue nauo, noia?ia?eao, oaii?ee ?icie?iie oi?aiaee, ?aeeaia e oi?aiaey a e?aaeo iiiiaee nicaaou Aia?eeo, a eioi?ie ?ani?ino?aiaiea oiaa?ia auei «iaoaiece?iaaii». Ianoieuei, ?oi a ia?aie iieiaeia XX a. iiioey?ecaoi?u ienaee i ianniaii iio?aaeaiee eae i iiaii ooiaaiaioa oeaeeecaoee e ainoe?aiee aieaa aunieeo o?iaiae oeaeeecaoee aeaaiaa?y aieaa aunieei o?iaiyi iio?aaeaiey94. Eaecaaao Eiyi ooaa??aaao, ?oi Aaeeeay Aai?anney aa?a onei?eea niaio aeoaioia n i?iecaiaeoaeae ia iio?aaeoaeae a yeiiiie?aneii iuoeaiee e i?aaeoaeunoaaiiie iieeoeea ia?aiaiiie Aia?eee. «Oi?ea c?aiey iio?aaeoaey, — caee??aao iia, — iieo?eea einoeoooeiiaeuiia ioi?ieaiea ianiio?y ia oi, ?oi eiie?aoiua ainoe?aiey a caueoa iio?aaeoaeuneeo i?aa e
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iio?aaiinoae ?anoi auee iaaaeeee»95. I?iaaaou, aii?o?aiiua oaoieeaie ianniauo i?iaa?, iau?ii ioe?uaaee aey naay, ?oi ia aicieea?uai iaoeiiaeuiii ?uiea eo?oa anaai ?aaioaou iinaaiaioii. Iaiaei, eae iieacuaaao ?ieai Ia?oai, aae?aiea a noi?iio ianniaiai iio?aaeaiey a Aia?eea auei i?iaicaeaoaii ai?iaie nia?aiaiiinoe96.
Ianiio?y ia iionoioaiey, i?iecaaaaiiua Aaeeeie Aai?anneae, Aia?eea i?iaie?aea i?iaoe?iaaou ia?ac ia?aaiaai e?ay nia?aiaiiinoe97. O?aieeei ?ocaaeuo e Iiaue eo?n iio?ynee aa?iiaeoaa, e a iniaaiiinoe a?eoaioaa98. Iaiaei oe?ieea iauanoaaiiua neie a A?eoaiee e ai O?aioee ii-i?a?iaio aini?eieiaee Aia?eeo a aaieiii naaoa, aeay a iae nei?aa oa?ico, ?ai ni?cieea a iauae ai?uaa i?ioea ia?aiaiiiai aaoi?eoa?iiai i?eeeaa99. Aa?iiaeneea eeaa?aeuiua aaiie?aoee, i?eaa??eaaynu naaeaine?iaaiiuo a?a?aoia, ia iiaee n?aaiyouny ii ?anoiaai, ia aiai?y o?a i aiaoiai ia?aca, n aia?eeaineei ioaaoii ia aai?anne?. A yoii ?oanoaoaony e?iiey, anee o?anou, ai eaeie noaiaie Aia?eea iaycaia Aa?iia eaayie e i?aeoeeie Iiaiai eo?na (eae yiecia aieaiai o?ainaoeaioe?aneiai aeaeiaa), oioy aaoi?u Iiaiai eo?na, aieaciaiii ioiineaoeany e iaaeiaieyi a iaaia?eeaineii oa?aeoa?a eo iieeoeee, i?aaii?eoaee ne?uaaou caa?aie?iua enoi?ieee eo aaioiiaaiey e einiiiieeoeci100. Yoi iauaa io?o?aaiea e acaeiiia aenoaioe?iaaiea Aia?eee e Caiaaiie Aa?iiu auee — a iiauo oneiaeyo, nei?eaoeony iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu, — iaiei ec oaeoi?ia ?ano?aou a?eoaioaie e o?aioocaie aieuoie ?anoe nieeaiiai eaieoaea, neiei?aiiiai eie ia ieaa oy?aei ainoaaoaainy eeaa?aeuiiai ia?eaiaioa?ecia.
Aieaa oiai, «onoaeinou» aa?iiaeneiai eeaa?aeecia noaea oe?iie aey aaoi?eoa?iuo ?a?eiia, caueuaaoeo iiaaeu oi?aaeyaiie yeiiiieee e ianniaie iiaeeecaoee ia?yao n iaioioiui i?eyoeai ianniaie eoeuoo?u (eioi?ay, ii iaiuoae ia?a ?anoe?ii, iai?aaeyeanu oaico?ie e ioeoeaeuiie i?iiaaaiaie). I?e aaoi?eoa?iuo ?a?eiao aaaiaa?aiue eiioeun eoeuoo?iiai ?oeiaianoaa aini?eiyee n aioiaiinou?, oioy ioaaeuiua eiaeaeau a ?iee a?aeo?ia iiaee iaiyouny. Ainoaa?noai ?aeeaie?iaaei iaoeiu e ia?acu i?iiuoeaiiuo iiaaeaia. A iaeanoe iio?aaeaiey i?aa?auaiea ?aeaiey a oiaa? ano?a?aee n iiaic?aieai eee i?aiaa?a?aieai, oioy a ii?aaaeaiiie ia?a e i?eaaaaee e iaio. Aey n?aaiaiey ioiaoei, ?oi n iiiiuu? iieeoeee iio?aaeaiey iiuiue
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oie?ie aue aai ?ani?ino?aiaie? ea?a?oe?aneeo oaiiinoae, oaiiinoae iineooaiey e iao?eioecia, oae ?a eae e iia?eiaiey eieeaeoeao. Iieeiiaiea nia?aiaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe e oe?aieaiea aaoi?eoaoa aeanoe e ea?a?oee ia ?anniao?eaaeenu eae yaeaiey, i?ioeai?a?auea a?oa a?oao. Aaconeiaii, oaoenoneay Eoaeey, iaoenoneay Aa?iaiey, nioeaeenoe?aneee Niaaoneee Ni?c e eiia?aoi?neay ?iiiey — ana n ecaanoiui iaia?aieai ?aaae?iaaee ia oi, ?oi ea?aay ec ieo i?eieiaea ca aia?eeaineo? «nia?aiaiiinou». Iiiaea iaoenou, ainoeuaaoeany Aia?eeie ca i?iaiaeaoeeny oai aa-oaeoi ?aniaue aia?oaea, ioi?aanoaeyee aia?eeaineee «i?iaoeoeiieci» n niaaoneei101.
Ianiio?y ia oi ?oi aia?eeaineee i?iaoeoeiieci aucuaae aeoaieia ainoeuaiea a ?iiiee e ?acee?iuo aa?iiaeneeo no?aiao n aaoi?eoa?iui ?a?eiii — aa?a aieuoaa, ?ai a ia?eaiaioneeo, — ana ?a, iiaiaii ia?eaiaioneei no?aiai, aaoi?eoa?iua n iaaiaa?eai iiaeyauaaee ia aia?eeaiecaoe? noa?u iio?aaeaiey102. Eiia?ii, ianniaia iio?aaeaiea auei aaeaei ia oioaeuiui aa?a a Aia?eea, aaa ii iaiuoae ia?a 20 % oiaa?ia e oneoa iio?aaeyeinu a oii ?a aiiaoiai oicyenoaa, aaa eo e i?iecaaee, — aac iin?aaie?anoaa ?uiea (ia aiai?y o?a i ianniaii ?uiea). Ai O?aioee, Aa?iaiee e Eoaeee iieacaoaeu iaoo?aeuiiai iio?aaeaiey ainoeaae eoaa aieaa aunieie ioiaoee. A neo?aa ?a aieuoiai ?enea oiaa?ia e oneoa, i?iecaaaaiiuo aia aiia, naiue ?aua ia?auaeenu e nioeaeenoe?aneei iio?aaeoaeuneei eiiia?aoeaai eee iauanoaai acaeiiiiiiue, ?ai e ianniaiio ?uieo103. A A?eoaiee, aaa yeaeo?e?anoai eniieuciaaeinu a 73 % aiiioicyenoa (ii n?aaiaie? n 67 % a Niaaeiaiiuo Ooaoao), ?enei oicyenoa, eiaaoeo iueanin, noe?aeuio? iaoeio e aiaiiaa?aaaoaeu, ainoeaei 50 % io iauaai eo ?enea a oa?aiea aieaa ?ai 30 eao. ?anoiau ia iniauaiea aiia auee nouanoaaiii iaiuoa o?ao ia iaa?ao, oioy iaeneiaeuiua noiiu oee ia ioauo: a 1930-a aa. ia eeii ooiaeei ieiei 6 % anao ?anoiaia a?eoaineiai iio?aaeoaey104. Ie ia i?aeoeea, ie a aaenoaaiiuo neiaieao ianniaiai iio?aaeaiey aa?iiaeneea aaiie?aoee ia niiaee i?eaeeceouny e aia?eeaineie neooaoee.
Iaauay no?aieoaeuiue ?ino iio?aaeaiey e iaiia?aiaiii nie?ay aai (ec-ca iiaaioiaee e aieia), iaoenou oi?a e?eoeeiaaee iio?aaeoaeuneo? eoeuoo?o Niaaeiaiiuo Ooaoia105. Oi?ii oae ?a iinooiae e Niaaoneee Ni?c, ai?aeaoeeny naiae iaeaieoaeenoe?aneie nenoaiie, oioy e ii, a nai? i?a?aau, i?eoae e
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i?eciaie? iaecaa?iinoe ianniaiai iio?aaeaiey. Eae e iaoenou, niaaoneea aeanoe ecae?aoaeuii i?iaaeaaee iiiaea iio?aaeoaeuneea oiaa?u. Oi?aiaey (eae e iio?aaeaiea) oae eee eia?a aie?ia auea auou «nioeaeenoe?aneie». Oniaoii iaeaaiiia ?aoaiea naiaeeinu e oiio, ?oiau i?aa?aoeou oi?aiae? a iauanoaaiii iieaciue o?oa e eiaeaeaoaeuiia o?oaiaia iiaaaaiea, a oae?a i?eaea?u e yoiio iannu ?a?ac o?anoea a yeno?aiiuo i?iaa?eao eee «eiio?iea» nieco. A oi ?a a?aiy iinauaiea iaaaceiia i?aaiciineeinu eae ainoe?aiea aunieiai eoeuoo?iiai o?iaiy. Yoi nii?iai?aaeinu i?aanoaaeaieai ioaeeea ?aiuei, ?aciaaouo a iaoa e aeaaiooa?ueo aooaie, e io??ei, caiyouo no?ieoaeunoaii eiaeaeaoaeuiuo aiiia aey naieo naiae. ?aeeaia i?enoonoaiaaea aa?a oiaaa, eiaaa nouanoaiaaea anaai eeou iaia «ia?ea» oiaa?a106. Oae iacuaaaiuo iieoiaoaeae oaa?aaee i?eia?aoaou ?acee?iua oiaa?u e ia?aaei niaa?aee eino?oeoeyie, eae yoi naaeaou «eoeuoo?ii», aaiiino?e?oy anaio ie?o i?aainoianoai nioeaeecia e iio?aaeaiey ii-niaaonee. E a yoii neo?aa ianniaia iio?aaeaiea aicieeaei eae cia?eiay aey ?acaeoey e inia?eaaiey eaaioe?iinoae oa??eoi?ey.
Ana yoe yaeaiey enneaaiaaiu a aenna?oaoeyo A?oeee Oannea? e Yie ?yiayee107. Oannea? ioia?aao anaiauo? o?aaiao (a ?aciuo i?iyaeaieyo), iaionooiii naycaiio? n iio?aaeaieai a oneiaeyo iinoiyiiiai aaoeoeoa e ioiineoaeuiie aaaiinoe. ?yiayee aiiieiyao yoe iaae?aaiey, aieacuaay, ?oi eaaeoeiaoey oi?aiaee i?e nioeaeecia i?ienoiaeea n aieuoei o?oaii. Iia oae?a iieacuaaao, ?oi aie?iinoiua eeoa e ?oeiaiaeoaee oi?aiaee no?aieeenu eniieuciaaou oaoiieiaee e i?eioeiu i?aaiecaoee eaieoaeenoe?aneie ?icie?iie oi?aiaee. «Ia?aaiaua i?eaiu» — oaeea eae iieoiea oiaa?ia a ?ann?i?eo e ?acee?iua aeau iieoiaoaeuneeo e?aaeoia — aiaa?yeenu ia?yao n noaneae?iaaieai oai e ecae?aoaeuiui i?aainoaaeaieai ainooia e oiaa?ai108. E oai ia iaiaa oi?aiaey ia auea ?enoi oaoie?aneei aii?inii, eai io oi?aiauo ?aaioieeia ?aaee, ?oi naiei i?ioanneiiaeeciii e ona?aeai a o?oaa iie aoaoo o?anoaiaaou a aaea aaeeeiai no?ieoaeunoaa nioeaeenoe?aneie nia?aiaiiinoe. Ionoeee a oia e iaae?, eioi?ay iiaea au i?aanoaaeou iio?aaeoaeuneea oiaa?u a ea?anoaa aiieiuaiey e i?iiaaaiau aunieeo eaaaeia. E oioy ea?oeiu iio?aaeaiey, eae eo ?eaiienaee n?aanoaa ianniaie eioi?iaoee, aa?iyoii, eacaeenu nia?aiaiieeai ia noieuei aunieieoeuoo?iuie, neieuei iaeeiao??oaciuie, iieoiaoaee, eae e ?aaioieee
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oi?aiaie noa?u, ii-aeaeiiio, n iieiie na?uaciinou? aini?eieiaee eaa? i iio?aaeaiee eae eino?oiaioa ainoe?aiey eoeuoo?iinoe (Bildung).
?yiayee oae?a iienuaaao, eae oaieiece?iaaeny ie? niaaoneie oi?aiaee e eae ii i?eaae e oneeaie? nioeaoaeuiuo aaiaa?iuo ?ieae. Iaiaei yoe ?iee iia n?eoaao ?ai-oi ia naiaeaoeiny e i?eio?aaie? e no?aieony i?aa?aoeou ?aiuei a aaaioia oi?aiaie noa?u (to give women in and around trade agency), aa?a ianiio?y ia ia?aie?aiiinou eo aicii?iinoae. Oai naiui iia ia?aiineo oaa?aiea n aeoeaenoia ia ?aiuei. A Eoaeee e O?aioee ?aiueiu oi?a ionoaeaaee naia ianoi a ioaee?iie noa?a aeaaiui ia?acii eae iio?aaeoaee e oieuei ai aoi?o? i?a?aau — eae «iiaua ?aiueiu» e/eee aeoeaenoee ?aineiai aae?aiey. Eae aa A?aoea, oae e ?iaa?on ooaa??aa?o, ?oi i?eiaieoaeuii e ?aiueiai iiaua ia?acu ee?iie naiaiau e yiaineiaoee iaioaaeeiu io eo «yenieoaoaoee» — iniaaiii eiaono?eyie iiau e einiaoeee. I?aaaa, ai O?aioee io?anoe a ?acoeuoaoa e?ooaiey naa?a?aiee n?aaiaai eeanna ai a?aiy aieiu e iineaaiaiiiai ecauoea iaeiieeo ?aiuei i?eaioaoey ia i?ioanneiiaeuio? aayoaeuiinou icia?aea, ?oi ?aiueiu, ii e?aeiae ia?a ai caio?anoaa, auee aieaa neeiiiu iinayuaou naay i?ioanneiiaeuiui eioa?anai. Ii, aiiaua aiai?y, «aaiie?aoe?iua» o?aioocu, oi?ii oae ?a, eae e ianaeaiea oaoenoneie Eoaeee, ieacaeenu a ieaio o oiai, ?oi ?iaa?on ?anniao?eaaao eae aaienoaaiiia no?aieaiea — e nia?aiaiiie eiaono?ee, oi?aiaea e oaoiieiaeyi, n iaiie noi?iiu, e e iaaycuaaie? o?aaeoeiiiuo aaiaa?iuo ?ieae — n a?oaie109.
Neieu au i?aaaiiiaiaiui ie eacaeinu yoi ooaa??aaiea, aai ni?aaaaeeainou n o?oaii iiaaaaony ioaiea, iineieueo ?iaa?oa ia?aie?eaaaony oai, ?oi iia iacuaaao «neiaiee?aneie ?aaioie» ia?acia, ia enneaaoy i?e yoii «?aaeuio? ?eciu» ?aiuei e io??ei (oae, iai?eia?, iia aiaeece?oao oaenou ioaaeuiuo caeiiia, ii ia oi, eae iie i?eiaiyeenu eee ia i?eiaiyeenu). Eae au oi ie auei, anee ?aineia iio?aaeaiea ai O?aioee e ieacaeinu iaeeie i aaoo eiioao, oi ?oi neacaou i ?aiueiao a neooaoee, eiaaa ainooiiinou oiaa?ia ianniaiai iio?aaeaiey neeuii ionoaaaea io iaauaiee naaeaou eo ainooiiuie? Niaaoneia ianniaia iio?aaeaiea, oae?a caaenaaoaa io o?iaiae aioiaa e ainoaa?noaaiiiai iaania?aiey, iiaei auou a ?aaiie noaiaie ooiieoaeuiui o?oaii e oi?iie naii?aaeecaoee e o?anoey a iauanoaaiiie ?ecie. Niaaoneea ?aiueiu eae iio?aaeoaee a iauanoaa, aaa nouanoaoao aaoeoeo e
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eioi?ia i?eaioe?iaaiii ia i?iecaiaeoaey, auee neaau e ianee ia naaa iaiineeuiua oyaiou. Ii oai ia iaiaa yoi niaa?oaiii iaiaycaoaeuii aie?ii auei nieceou eo iio?aaeoaeuneea cai?inu. ?aaiui ia?acii nio?aiyeenu nayce ia?ao iaoa?eaeuiui aeaaininoiyieai e eaaioe?iinou? ee?iinoe eee nioeaeuiui noaoonii. Ia en?acaei e aucaaiiia ianiaeaniaaiiinou? ia?ao ?aaeuiie ?eciu? e ?aeeaiie iaoa?eaeuiuo aeaa aaaeaiea ia aeanou. Niaaoneee ?a?ei, oii?noaiaaaoee a naiai iai?eyoee ?uiea e a oi ?a a?aiy anooieaoee a ea?o iia iacaaieai «ianniaia iio?aaeaiea», cia?aiea eioi?ie ??acau?aeii aic?inei iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu, ieacaeny ia niiniaai ie i?iaie?aou ni?aaiiaaiea, ie aueoe ec iaai.
Niiniau aaaaiey aieiu e nioeaeuiia iaania?aiea*
Aa?iia eaioia 1914 a., aii?aee oiio, ?oi aa iacuaaee aiaiiui eaaa?ai, ia auea ?aaiiia?ii ieeeoa?eciaaiiui i?ino?ainoaii110. Ii iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu, eae ooaa??aaao Iaeee Aaea?, aa?a ainoaa?noaa, eniiaaaiaaaoea ie?iua oaiiinoe, ia ia?anoaaaee naiii?aaieciauaaouny ?aae i?iecaianoaa ianeeey (production of violence) a oi?iii niioaaonoaee n oai, ?oi ioiuia aieia auea ia ia?aie?aiiie, a oioaeuiie, — eee, ii au?a?aie? E?aaiai?oa, «oioaeeoa?iie», e iiaaioiaea e iae i?aa?aoeeanu a no?aoaae? iaoeiiaeuiiai no?ieoaeunoaa e nioeaeuiie eioaa?aoee. Iaoenou, oaoenou e aieinoao?uea eaaua, aieacuaaao Aaea?, iia?a?aee aiaiiui, iniiauaaee nai? eaaioe?iinou ia aiaiiie neo?aa, i?iaiaeee iiaeeecaoe? iauanoaa ?aae aieiu, iiieiaaiie eae nioeaeuiay oa?aiey, e noaaeee naiae oaeu? ianeeunoaaiiia nicaaiea iiauo iauanoa111. Aa?a a eeaa?aeuiuo no?aiao, aaa ia?aie?aiey auee eoaa cia?eoaeuiaa, aieia a ia?iiiie noaiaie oneeeea ainoaa?noaaiiua ?u?aae e aiaeoee. Ieoa? Oieeaeno aianoa n a?oaeie enneaaiaaoaeyie aieacuaaao, ?oi oioaeuiay aieia ?aaeeaeuii ?anoe?eea iioaioeaeuiia iiea ainoaa?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey a ianooaaao anaai ianaeaiey112.
Ai?acai iaiuoa aieiaiey oaaeyeinu oiio, ?oi e iiaaioiaea e aiaiiui aaenoaeyi, e niiniau aaaaiey aieiu auee oanii naycaiu n nioeaeuiui iaania?aieai113. A yoii auea naiy iaiaoiaeiinou. Ieiei 2.7 iei iaioaa aa?ioeenu aiiie eiaaeeaaie
* Ea?a neia — «Warfare and welfare» (i?ei. ia?aa.).
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aieiu. A 1918 a. a Aa?iaiee auei 500 oun. aaia iiaeaoeo aiaiiineo?aueo e 1.2 iei ne?io. Anee e ia ?aae oieaou aieaa, oi a oaeyo iiaaa??aiey ii?yaea nieaaoai e aaiaai i?aainoaaeee aiaiio? iaine?. A?oaea yeno?aiiua nioeaeuiua ia?u, yaeaoeany neaanoaeai aieiu, auee noieu ?a aaeaei eaoueie — eae, iai?eia?, a ?eeeuiie noa?a, aaa na?ey ??acau?aeiuo iinoaiiaeaiee aieuii eee iaaieuii ioe?uea y?o iinoiyiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. Aaeia?neia ainoaa?noai acyei ia naay ?ieu a?aeo?a ai acaeiiioiioaieyo caieaaeaaaeuoaa e a?aiaaoi?ia e a aii?inao a?aiaiie ieaou, a oae?a iiiiaei aaanoe ?acee?iua iiaua oi?iu ieaoa?ae. Ainoaa?noai ia iiaei ni?aaeouny n i?iaeaiaie, ii iii yia?ae?ii i?eieiaei ia naay oe?ieea iaycaoaeunoaa114. Ia naiii aaea caanu aaenoaiaaea ioi?au ia oieuei iaiaoiaeiinou. Ia?aiaiiue ia?eia ciaiaiiaae niaie iiao? noaae? a i?eciaiee eae aa?iinoe oi?aaeaiey ianaeaieai a ea?anoaa ee??a e ainoaa?noaaiiiio iiaouanoao (e aiaiiiio iioaioeaeo), oae e nioeaeuiie eiaeee o?aoa e eiio?iey ca noaoenoeeie ian?anoiuo neo?aaa ia i?iecaianoaa, aieaciae e oiai, ?oi iacuaaee aecian-oeeeaie. Nioeaeuiia iaania?aiea a yoii niunea auei acaeyaii ia ie? n aaeaei eaoueie i?aeoe?aneeie neaanoaeyie e niioaaonoao?uei iaai?ii i?aeoee ?anoe?eaoeany aicii?iinoe aey ?acaeoey i?eioeiia nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey i?e iaiia?aiaiiii oaaee?aiee aicii?iinoae ainoaa?noaa — aneaanoaea aaaaiey oioaeuiie aieiu e ia?aono?ienoaa iauanoaa aey iiaaioiaee e aoaouei aieiai — nicaaee iiuio? eiiaeiaoe?. A eeaa?aeuiuo no?aiao, eae iieacuaaao Ieoa? Oei?a, nouanoaiaaea acaeiinaycu ia?ao ?anoe?aieai ecae?aoaeuiiai i?aaa e ?acaeoeai ianniauo iieeoe?aneeo ia?oee, n iaiie noi?iiu, e iauanoaaiiuie ?anoiaaie ia ca?aaiio?aiaiea, ia?aciaaiea e nioeaeuiia no?aoiaaiea — n a?oaie. Eae n?eoaao Oei?a, ee??aaui ianoiyoaeunoaii yaeeinu ?acaeoea «iaiaa i?eioaeoaeuiuo» e «aieaa yooaeoeaiuo» niiniaia iiauoaiey ainoaa?noaaiiuo aioiaia ?a?ac iaeiaiiaei?aiea. «Nia?aiaiiia ainoaa?noai — yoi ainoaa?noai iaeiaia», — ieoao ii. A eiioa XIX a. o?iaaiu aioiaia, iieo?aiiuo io iaeiaia, ninoaaeye iaiaa 10 % iaoeiiaeuiiai i?iaoeoa, ?oi aaaa ee iiaei neo?eou iniiaaieai aey yooaeoeaiiai ?aoaiey ianouiuo nioeaeuiuo caaa?. Eiaiii ia?aay ie?iaay aieia ?acei iiaiyea aie? iaeiaia a iaoeiiaeuiii i?iaoeoa, eioi?ay nio?aieeanu ia iiaii aunieii o?iaia, ianiio?y ia ieii?aiea aieiu. Oei?a oiiaiaeyao iinoiyiiia ?anoe?aiea noa?u nioeaeuiiai no?aoiaaiey (aieiou ai
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oiai iiiaioa, eiaaa iii ioaaoeei ana ianaeaiea) enoi?ee ?acaeoey ecae?aoaeuiiai i?aaa iinea aai aaaaaiey. Oaeei ia?acii, nioeaeuiia iaania?aiea — yoi e enoi?ey no?aieaiey e «caaioa» i e?ayo ?aae eo nianoaaiiie iieucu e ainoaa?noaa, e enoi?ey aicii?iinoe oaeiai iiaaaaiey115. Ia?aeeaeuiia ?acaeoea aia?iaieuiuo aaia?iuo aeeaaia ianaeaiey, e eiei i?ecuaaee iauaiaoeiiaeuiua aaeoaoeiiiua eaiiaiee, niaaenoaiaaei ?inoo oeiainiauo aicii?iinoae ainoaa?noaa, iaania?eaaaiuo iaeiaiauie iinooieaieyie.
Ianiiiaiii, aicii?iinou ioi?au ia aaoiiaoe?anee i?aa?auaaony a iiao?aaiea. Nii?ioeaeaiea noaiiaeaoeiny ana aieaa ianooaaiuie ia?ai ii nioeaeuiiio iaania?aie? e iieeoeea nioeaeuiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe auei iianaianoiui, iniaaiii a no?aiao n ?anoiie nianoaaiiinou? e ia?eaiaioneei i?aanoaaeoaeunoaii, — ii ia a Niaaoneii Ni?ca, aaa ?aeaiea ?acaa?ioou nenoaio nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey i?aainoiaeei nianoaaiiua aicii?iinoe. Aaeinoaaiiue iia?iaiue aiaeec niaaoneiai nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey a ia?aiaiiue ia?eia i?eiaaea?eo Aa?ien Iyaenii. Iia ooaa??aaao, ?oi, ianiio?y ia caeii i nioeaeuiii no?aoiaaiee (1893 a.), iinoaiiaeaiea ia io?aia cai?iauy e ian?anoiuo neo?ayo (1912 a.) e iainee ii noa?inoe aey i?aaeoaeunoaaiiuo neo?aueo, oa?neia i?aaeoaeunoai «ioeacuaaeinu i?eciaaaou aaaiinou e aacunoiaiinou nioeaeuiuie yaeaieyie». Iia iineaaieie iia eiaao a aeao aii?inu, i?aanoaaey?uea ainoaa?noaaiio? aa?iinou116. A?aiaiiia i?aaeoaeunoai i?eiyei caeii, ia?aie?eaa?uee ii?io? ?aaioo aey ?aiuei e iia?inoeia, naaeaa i?e yoii iaiai?eo, ?oi ei ii?ii i?aiaa?a?u, anee aai i?eiaiaiea iiiaoaao aiaiiui oneeeyi. Aieuoaaenoneea i?aaeoaee o?a ?a?ac iyou aiae iinea caoaaoa aeanoe ecaaee aae?ao i «anaiauaie?uai nioeaeuiii no?aoiaaiee aey anao iaaiiuo ?aaioieeia e aey ai?ianeie e naeuneie aaaiiou»117. ?acee?iua caeiiu, eioi?ua ca yoei iineaaiaaee, i?iaicaeaoaee aaaaaiea no?aoiaaiey ii aac?aaioeoa, iiniaee ii aieacie, auieao ii ?i?aaie? ?aaaiea e iioi?iiiuo, aanieaoiiai iaaeoeineiai ianeo?eaaiey118. Iaeioi?ua e?eoeee ioaa?aaee yoe e iiaiaiua ei ia?u ec-ca eo ??acia?iiai noianoaa n eaieoaeenoe?aneie i?aeoeeie e ianoaeaaee ia aieaa «nioeaeenoe?aneii» iiaoiaa. Iiiaia ec yoiai caeiiiaaoaeunoaa oae e inoaeinu ia aoiaaa.
A 1920-a aa., eiaaa aeanoe iuoaeenu iauoiaou nioeaeenoe?aneee ioou a oneiaeyo ?anoe?ii ?uii?iie yeiiiieee, eaay aa?ai-
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oee aey anao onooieea ianoi aieiaie? e i?iiuoeaiiui ?aai?ei119. A 1930-a aa. i?aia?aciaaiea no?aiu ia iniiaa e?oiiuo oaa?ee e eieoicia nii?iai?aaeinu oneeaieai iaeneiaeenoneiai iiaoiaa e oaeyi nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey. Ana iiniaey ii aac?aaioeoa auee ?acii ioiaiaiu. Iaiaei a?oaea euaiou, naycaiiua n iaaaaniiniaiinou?, aieaciu?, noa?inou?, nia?ou? e iaoa?einoaii, auee aua aieaa ?anoe?aiu120. I?aaaa, eiyooeoeaio iainee — oae ?a eae e auieao ii eiaaeeaiinoe — ii ioiioaie? e a?aiany?iie ca?ieaoa oiaiuoeeny121. E oioy a 1938 a. iainee auee oaaee?aiu, o?iaaiu eioeyoee i?aainoiaee yoi oe?iei ?ac?aeeaie?iaaiiia iiauoaiea. I?e yoii aue nie?auai iiea?eaaaiue ioione ii aa?aiaiiinoe e ooiao ca ?aaaieii122. Oai ia iaiaa Iyaenii iia?a?eeaaao, ?oi e 1930-i aa. niaaoneee ?a?ei «iiaoiaee e nioeaeuiie iiiiue ia eae e nii?aae?aneie aayoaeuiinoe noaoai a neooaoeyo nioeaeuiuo e?ecenia, eiaaa „ii?iaeuiay" ?uii?iay yeiiiieea e/eee naiaeiay iiaaa??ea ieacuaa?ony iaainoaoi?iuie. Nei?aa, iie ?anniao?eaaee nioeaeuiia iaania?aiea eae iinoiyiii aaenoao?uee anaiauaie?uee nioeaeuiue einoeooo». Oaeia aue e acaeya, ?ani?ino?aiyaiue i?iiaaaiaenoaie123.
Iyaenii ia?aie?eaaaony ?anniio?aieai neo?a nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey naiue e ?aaaiea, i?ia?aii iiaaa??ee iaeieioueo, i?ioanneiiaeuiie ?aaaeeeoaoee e nioeaeuiuo neo?a aey i?anoa?aeuo, inoaaeyy a noi?iia io?aio cai?iauy, ia?aciaaiea, ioauo, caueoo o?oaa, ?eeeuiia oicyenoai e iiiaia a?oaia — ana oi, ?oi iia, eae e eco?aaiua a? niaaoneea enoi?ieee, ioiineo e noa?a nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey. A naiae ?aaioa, aeaianeie ii aooo, Iyaenii oiae?eaaao i oii, ?oi niaaoneay nenoaia nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey auea iai?aaeaia, eae e ai anae inoaeuiie Aa?iia ia?aiaiiiai ia?eiaa, ia ainoe?aiea aieuoaai eiio?iey ca o?oaii e ia iaeneiaeuiue ?ino i?iecaianoaa. Niaaoneea ia?u nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey, iai?aaeaiiua ia iiauoaiea i?iecaiaeoaeuiinoe o?oaa anaie n?aanoaaie, a oii ?enea e ?a?ac aieuoo? aaciianiinou i?iecaianoaaiiiai o?oaa, aeaeaio, ca?aaiio?aiaiea e ia?aciaaiea, inouanoaeyeenu aeaaiui ia?acii i?ioni?caie i?e iiaaa??ea oaa?e?iie aaieieno?aoee124. Ia ianoiii o?iaia, e iniaaiii ia oaa?eeao, aaa, eae i?aaiieaaaeinu, n?aanoaa ia nioeaeuiua io?au e aie?iu ?anoiaiaaouny, ?oeiaiaeoaee oai ia iaiaa eiiaaa eniieuciaaee nioeaeuiua aaiuae ia ii iacia?aie? — ia ?anoiau, iaiin?aa-
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noaaiii naycaiiua n i?iecaianoaii. E yoi i?eoii, ?oi nioeaeuiua o?aou ?anniao?eaaeenu eae niinianoao?uea ?acaeoe? iineaaiaai. Eiee?anoaaiii ecia?yaiue ?acoeuoao yaeyeny aunoei «nioeaeuiui» aeaaii, aaeii aieaa (e i?ei?eoaoii) anaai iauanoaa.
Nii?u i nioeaeuiii iaania?aiee e i?aeoe?aneea ia?u ii aai i?aaiecaoee a?auaeenu ia oieuei aie?oa ?aai?aai ianoa e i?iiuoeaiiiai ?aai?aai, ii oae?a aie?oa aaoae e naiue. N?cai Iaaa?nai iieacuaaao, ?oi a A?eoaiee e O?aioee eioeyoey e nioeaeuiay ianoaaeeuiinou ai a?aiy ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu i?eaaee e aaaaaie? niaoeaeuiuo i?aiee aey iaaiiuo ?aaioieeia, eia?ueo aaoae, i?e?ai iiiaea ec yoeo i?ia?aii i?iaie?aee nouanoaiaaou e a ie?iia a?aiy. Auiea?eaay iainee aaiaai, aaoneea iiniaey eee iiniaey ia iaoa?eaeuii caaeneiuo ?eaiia naiae aac?aaioiuo eee iao?oainiiniaiuo ?aai?eo, iiiaea ainoaa?noaa, eae iauyniyao Iaaa?nai, noaee ?anniao?eaaou ii?aaaeaiiua naiaeiua ioiioaiey eae ainoieiua iiaaa??ee. ?acoiaaony, i?e ainoe?aiee niaeaney ii aii?ino ia iauanoaaiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca aaoae e naiu? oea ai?uaa ii aii?ino i ianooaaa e eiie?aoiuo oi?iao oaeie iiaaa??ee. Iaaa?nai iieacuaaao, eaeea caeioa?aniaaiiua a?oiiu iiaee i?e yoii a?aou eieoeaoeao a naie ?oee e oi?ie?iaaou iieeoe?aneee eo?n e eae eo niaoeoe?aneea eioa?anu aeeyee ia oaee e iai?aaeaiiinou ia? ii iiaaa??ea naiue. Iaiaei ee??aaie iiiaio aa aiaeeca caee??aaony a oii, ?oi iaoaeaiiinou ia naiu? auea ii?aaaey?uae oa?aeoa?enoeeie nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey a A?eoaiee e iniaaiii ai O?aioee125.
Oaoenoneay Eoaeey, eae ioia?aao Ayaea Oi?i, auea a aeacao aa aiieiaaoia iiaeeiii «nioeaeuiui» ainoaa?noaii, aioeoacie eeaa?aeuiiio ainoaa?noao, iniiaaiiiio, eae n?eoaeinu, ia i?eioeia iaaiaoaoaeunoaa. Eae iauyniyea i?iiaaaiaa, eiaeaeau — yoi nioeaeuiua iauaeou, a ia aaoiiiiiua aeoi?u, eioi?ua aie?iu auou cai?iauie e i?iecaiaeoaeuiuie. Ia i?aeoeea oaoenou ?anoi iie?aeenu ia aeaaioai?eoaeuiinou, oioy Oaieiaiue eiaaen 1930 a. e aaae iiao? eaoaai?e? «i?anooieaiee i?ioea ?enoiou e cai?iauy ii?iau», aee??a?uo? i?aaiaia?aiio? ia?aaa?o aaia?e?aneeo caaieaaaiee, iiao?aaiea e eniieuciaaie? eiio?aoaioeaia e aai?ou126. Aeeoi?ey Aa A?aoea iieacuaaao, ?oi aicaaenoaea yoeo ia? ia ?aiuei ia auei iaiicia?iui. ?i?aaiea aaoae auei iaaeeaeeciaaii, ?anoi iaania?eaaeenu iaaeoei-
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neea eiinoeuoaoee. Ii ana yoi oieuei a oao neo?ayo, eiaaa ?a?ei n?eoae yoi iieeoe?anee oianoiui. Iaoeiiaeuiia Aaaionoai iaoa?einoaa e aaonoaa, nicaaiiia a 1925 a., ieacuaaei iiiiuu iacaio?iei iaoa?yi e i?eieiaei ia naay caaioo i aaoyo, oioy aayoaeuiinou yoa auea a aunoae noaiaie a??ie?aoece?iaaia e ia iiae?aieaia ainoaoi?iui oeiaine?iaaieai127. A ?aaioa aa A?aoea, eae a iauai-oi e ai anae eeoa?aoo?a ia yoo oaio, i?enoonoaoao aiaeaaeaioiinou, naycaiiay n ia?aoaiiinou? aii?ina i oii, nicaaaaei ee nioeaeuiia iaania?aiea iiaua aicii?iinoe aey ?aiuei eee aaei e oneeaie? eiio?iey iaa ieie128. Iaiaei ?ani?ino?aiaiea i?eeeaaiie «nioeaeuiie iaoaiaoeee» io?eoaou iaaicii?ii.
Eiia?aoi?neay ?iiiey ia i?aoaiaiaaea ia ?ieu enoeiii nioeaeuiiai ainoaa?noaa. I?e yoii Oaeaii Aae?ii n?eoaao, ?oi ?iiiey — yoi iniaue neo?ae oiai, ?oi ii iacuaaao «nioeaeuiui oi?aaeaieai». Enneaaoy iieeoeeo nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey (iiniaey aey aaaiuo), eaiiaiee ii ii?aeuiie ia?aaioea, ainoaa?noaaiio? ?aeeae? e eeoaice?iaaiio? i?inoeoooe?, Aae?ii ooaa??aaao, ?oi yiiineia ainoaa?noai ioioii aa?aiaaei — ia?aiia?aeuii iia naiu? Ieienoa?noaa aioo?aiieo aae — iiiiuieeia n?aae iaeioi?uo a?a?aaineeo a?oii, no?aiynu aiaea?u iiaua n?aaiea eeannu e eo i?aaiecaoee a ainoe?aiea anaiauaie?ueo nioeaeuiuo oaeae (oaeeo, eae iiauoaiea o?iaiy naa?a?aiee eee oeo?oaiea ainieoaiey aaoae). A nai? i?a?aau, a?oiiu a?a?aai, eae i?aaeei, n aioiaiinou? iaia?yee ia?u, i?eieiaaiua ainoaa?noaaiiie aeanou?. Iia?a?eeaay ioiioaiey nio?oaie?anoaa, a ia eiioeeeoa (a aii?inao i?aainoaaeaiey ecae?aoaeuiuo e iieeoe?aneeo i?aa), Aae?ii iieacuaaao, ?oi «nioeaeuiua iin?aaieee» iieuciaaeenu oe?ieie aaoiiiieae. A ?acoeuoaoa ?aaoee?iaaiea (torishimari) iianaaiaaiie ?ecie auei aieaa yooaeoeaiui, ia?aee oi, eioi?iai ainoaa?noai iiaei au aiaeouny naieie nianoaaiiuie neeaie, e i?e yoii oaaeinu ecaa?aou ?ac?aaioee aieaa ai?iainoiyueo i?ia?aii. Eeou ia?aei iieiiianooaaiie aieiu i?ioea Eeoay e ?acee?iua iiaua caeiiu i?aainoaaeee i?aaeoaeunoao oe?ieea iieiiii?ey aey ?aaoee?iaaiey nioeaeuiie ?aaiou a ?anoiie noa?a (oioy yoi ia iaycaoaeuii icia?aei auaaeaiea aieaa nouanoaaiiuo iauanoaaiiuo ?ano?nia ia oaee nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey). A 1938 a. Aiaiiia ieienoa?noai aiaeeinu nicaaiey Ieienoa?noaa ca?aaiio?aiaiey e nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey129.
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?iiineia nioeaeuiia oi?aaeaiea eee aa?a yiiineay aiaiiay iieeoeea nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey, eae e nioeaeuiay iieeoeea eoaeuyineiai oaoecia (eee iaoenoneea «Ceiiyy iiiiuu» e iieeoeea caiyoinoe), ia niaiaaa?o n iiiyoeai «ainoaa?noaa anaiauaai aeaaininoiyiey». Ieoa? Oei?a e A?iieua Oaeaaioaeia? oeacuaa?o, ?oi oaeia ainoaa?noai ?inei «ia i?ioy?aiee ianeieueeo iieieaiee, i?a?aa ?ai iii auei i?eciaii a oaeii ea?anoaa». A ia?aea XIX a. iieeoeea nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey iaiaoeie ia?oee eiina?aaoi?ia auea iai?aaeaia i?ioea eeaa?aeia, e ia?aua o?aeoaou eiina?aaoi?ia ii yoie i?iaeaia, aiieioeaoea eo aeaaiea nioeaeuiiai ii?yaea, iia?acoiaaaee aucia i?eioeio naiaiau ?oe, aaoiiiiiiio aeoi?o, eaaaeo naiaiaiie oi?aiaee aianoa n aeuyinii eioa?ania caieaaeaaaeuoaa, ?aianeaiieeia e e?anouyi, oei?aiaiiui a i?aanoaaeaieyo i naiaiaiie oaia e ni?aaaaeeaii ca?aaioea130. A?oaea iaiaaee ia eeaa?aeuiua eaae enoiaeee io nioeaeenoia, eaoieeeia, iaoeiiaeenoia e naieo eeaa?aeia131. Nioeaeuiia no?aoiaaiea Aenia?ea, ia?e?neea ioieoeiaeuiia ?aaoee?iaaiea e ?ai?aaiecaoey, eaiiaiee ca aaciianiinou i?iiuoeaiiiai o?oaa, naieoa?iua ia?u a ai?iaao — ana yoi a eoiaa i?eaaei e ii?aaaeaiiiio acaeyao ia ie?132. Iaiaoeay iiia?oey iacuaaea nianoaaiiua ia?u ii no?aoiaaie? cai?iauy e io ian?anoiuo neo?aaa, iai?aaeaiiua i?ioea nioeaeenoia, «nioeaeuiuie ia?aie» e «nioeaeuiie iieeoeeie». Ia i?ioy?aiee anaai ia?aiaiiiai ia?eiaa, eiaaa aaiaeeenu i?ia?aiiu ii ai?uaa n aaaiinou? e aac?aaioeoae, ii-i?a?iaio i?aiaeaaaee iaoaoi?u, ionuea?uea e no?aoiaaie?. Eniieuciaaiea iaiaoeiai neiaa Wohlfahrtsstaat a 1930-a aa., ea?aony, iineei oie?e?eoaeuiue iooaiie133.
A aiaeeeneii ycuea au?a?aiea «ainoaa?noai anaiauaai aeaaininoiyiey» (welfare state) a iiceoeaiii niunea auei aia?aua eniieuciaaii a?eoaineei aiaeeoeeii Oeeuyiii Aaaa?ea?ai a 1941—1942 aa. aey oiai, ?oiau i?ioeaiiinoaaeou A?eoaie? aa a?aao — iaoenoneiio iaiaoeiio «aiaiiiio ainoaa?noao» (warfare state)134. Ii iaae?aaie? Oei?a e Oaeaaioaeia?a, yoio iaieiaeci eiae oaeu? iaicia?eou «nioeaeuiua auieaou, eioi?ua aaiie?aoe?aneia i?aaeoaeunoai iaaayeinu i?aainoaaeou iinea ieii?aiey aieiu». Iaiaei ia?u nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey i?aai?eieiaeenu oae?a e iaaaiie?aoe?aneeie ainoaa?noaaie ia?eiay n ia?eiaa ai ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu e auee i?iaie?aiu eo oaoenoneeie i?aaiieeaie, ia ?oi oae?a oeacuaa?o Oei?a e
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Oaeaaioaeia?. Aieaa oiai, eae iie ieooo, «iiuo ?innee iinea 1917 aiaa» aaiiino?e?oao, ?oi «iaaaiie?aoe?aneea e iaeaieoaeenoe?aneea iauanoaa nicaaee i?aiu iioi?ea einoeooou»135. Aey iiae?aieaiey aaiie?aoe?aneeo «i?aa» ia nioeaeuiia iaania?aiea eiiiaioaoi?u iau?ii oeacuaa?o ia Oaaoe? ia?aiaiiiai ia?eiaa, eioi?ay yaeyea niaie iniiaiie i?eia? aaiie?aoe?aneiai ainoaa?noaa anaiauaai aeaaininoiyiey (avant la lettre) n i?iaoiaiiuie ia?aie iiiu?aiey ?i?aaaiinoe, iiniaeyie iiiaiaaoiui naiuyi, anaiauei aanieaoiui iaaeoeineei ianeo?eaaieai, oeieuiui ieoaieai, oe?ieei aeaaieai nioeaeuiie ni?aaaaeeainoe, — oioy noieu oaa?ii iacaaiiue «Iiaue eo?n» i?aanoaaeye niaie ai?acai aieaa y?eee iiai?io a nioeaeuiie iieeoeea Niaaeiaiiuo Ooaoia136. A aaenoaeoaeuiinoe iiiyoea ainoaa?noaa anaiauaai aeaaininoiyiey noaei oanii naycuaaouny n aaiie?aoe?aneeie eaieoaeenoe?aneeie no?aiaie Aa?iiu anei?a iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu, a e 1970-i aa. — e n ?iiieae.
Oi, ?oi eiiia?aoeaiua enneaaiaaiey «ainoaa?noa anaiauaai aeaaininoiyiey» iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu iieiinou? eaii?e?o?o niaaoneee neo?ae, ii?ii iauynieou oai, ?oi Niaaoneee Ni?c i?aiiaiinee naay ia eae ainoaa?noai anaiauaai aeaaininoiyiey, annioee?iaaaoaany n eaieoaeeciii, a eae nioeaeeci e iiao? oeaeeecaoe?137. Ii ii?aaaeaie?, oi aieiaiea, eioi?ia ioaiaeeinu nioeaeuiiio iaania?aie?, e oa ?ieu, eioi?o? iii ea?aei, a nioeaeenoe?aneie nenoaia eiaee aieaa oieaa?naeuiue oa?aeoa?, ia?aee i?e eaieoaeecia. Ii iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu Niaaoai aue a?ioai aucia ia aai nianoaaiiie oa??eoi?ee, iineieueo i?aaeoaeunoaa eaieoaeenoe?aneeo ainoaa?noa i?aaiciineee naie nianoaaiiua «ainoaa?noaa anaiauaai aeaaininoiyiey». Ecia?aoaiiia a i?ioeaiaan iaoecio, «ainoaa?noai anaiauaai aeaaininoiyiey» noaei aa?iui i?o?eai a ai?uaa i?ioea oie naiie no?aiu, eioi?ay i?eei?eea aieuoa anaai oneeee, ?oiau naaeaou aeooaeuiuie eaa? e i?aeoeeo anaiauaie?uaai nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey, aa?aioe?oaiiai ainoaa?noaii. Yoio oacen inoaaaeny aa?iui aa?a ianiio?y ia oi, ?oi aia?eeaineee «Iiaue eo?n» ai iiiaeo ioiioaieyo aue no?ai eae ?ac a oi a?aiy, eiaaa Aaaa?ea? a ?acaa? aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu a?iiiaeanii i?ecuaae e einoeoooeiiaeecaoee nioeaeuiuo i?aa a eeaa?aeuiuo aaiie?aoeyo, e ia oi, ?oi iinea aieiu nioeaeuiia iaania?aiea a eaieoaeenoe?aneeo ainoaa?noaao ?acei e?eoeeiaaee ca noianoai n nioeaeeciii!138
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Eiia?ey e iaoey
Ia?aay ie?iaay aieia aci?aaea ioiioaiey ia?ao eiia?eae e iaoeae. Aa?naeuneee e O?eaiiineee aiaiai?u aaee i?eaeeceoaeuii 60 iei ?aeiaae eo nianoaaiiua ainoaa?noaa, i?aa?aoea a?oaea 25 iei a iaoeiiaeuiua iaiuoeinoaa (?oi oae?a nii?iai?aaeinu a?aiaeiciui ?inoii ?enea eeo aac a?a?aainoaa). Iaiaei a oi naiia a?aiy, eiaaa eiioeiaioaeuiay eiia?ey eacaeanu ia?a?aiiie ia auoaniaiea iaoeae, aaeeeay caii?neay eiia?ey au?inea. E 1919 a. A?eoaineay eiia?ey ainoeaea naieo iaeneiaeuiuo ?acia?ia — ?aoaa?oie ?anoe nooe. A 1926 a. eiia?ey auea ia?aeiaiiaaia a A?eoaineia Nia?o?anoai Iaoee — a niaeanee n eaaae, aia?aua auaaeiooie a 1917 a. Nia?o?anoai ?ani?ino?aieei «noaoon aiieieiia», iia?acoiaaaaoee iacaaeneiinou ai aioo?aiieo e aiaoieo aaeao a iaiai ia eiyeuiinou e ei?iia, ia aaeua eieiiee — Eaiaao, Aano?aee? e Iiao? Caeaiae?, ii ia ia iaaaeua aeaaaiey a Ao?eea e Eiaee. O?aioey, aoi?ay ii aaee?eia eieiieaeuiay aa??aaa a ie?a, a oiaa ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu oae?a ?anoe?eea nai? eiia?e?. Io iieeoeee iiiu?aiey eoeuoo?iie «anneieeyoee» ia?iaia eieiiee aia caaeneiinoe io eo ?anu e ?aeeaee O?aioey ia?aoea e i?aanoaaeaie? ?acee?iuo oieueei?ece?iaaiiuo eoeuoo? eae a?aua?ueony a i?aeoa aiieie?o?uae o?aioocneie eoeuoo?u. Iaiaei ie a?eoaineee, ie o?aioocneee iiaoiau ia iaania?eaaee noaaeeuiinoe. Iai?y?aiea aic?anoaei eae a ioiioaieyo ia?ao iaoeae e eiia?eae, oae e aioo?e iaoeiiaeuiuo ainoaa?noa a nayce n i?iaeaiie «iaeuo» iaoee.
Niaaoneee Ni?c, eioi?iio ?oaii oaaeinu nia?aou ?aniaaoo?ny oa?neo? eiia?e?, iiiuoaeny niaianoeou eiia?e? e iaoee a ?aieao iaeie iiaie no?oeoo?u, i?aainoiaeaoae eiia?neo? iiaaeu e i?eaioe?iaaiiie ia i?iaeaio i?aa iaoeiiaeuiuo iaiuoeinoa. I?ioann, i?eaaaoee e ia?aciaaie? Ni?ca, ai iiiaii naaeny e i?eiyoe? nei?eaoaainy iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu iiei?aiey aauae (a iniaaiiinoe yoi eanaeinu iaoeiiaeuiuo a?iee, noi?ie?iaaiiuo ec eiia?neeo aiaiiiieaiiuo) e auaiaiuo ni?cia139. ?aeyynu naiaia?aciui ianeaaieeii aaanao?aneie eiia?ee, Ni?c ni?aoae yoiioa??eoi?eaeuiue oaaa?aeeci aey «enoi?e?aneeo iaoee» n ii?aaaeaiiie iaoeiiaeuii-eoeuoo?iie aaoiiiieae ii?oe aey anao inoaeuiuo — ia ia ia?niiaeuiie iniiaa, a a ea?anoaa iaiuoeinoa aioo?e enoi-
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?e?aneeo iaoee (aieiou ai na?aaeiu 1930-o aa., eiaaa iaoeiiaeuii-eoeuoo?iay aaoiiiiey aioo?e enoi?e?aneeo iaoee auea oi?acaiaia). Iiaaaa yoie?iinoe auea ianiiiaiiie. Ii eiio?anoo, i?e «iaiaiao» a?a?aneiai e oo?aoeiai ianaeaiey iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu ?aeeaey auea aeaaiui i?eciaeii eaaioe?iinoe: eeoa i?aaineaaiiai aa?ieniiaaaaiey aunaeyeenu a A?aoe?, aa?a anee iie aiai?eee oieuei ii-oo?aoee. A iineaaiaiiie ?innee iiiaiyoie?iua niiauanoaa ia ?aeeaeiciie iniiaa — aoau oi i?aaineaaiua eee ionoeuiaia — ia iiaee eniieuciaaou ?aeeae? a ea?anoaa i?ee?uoey: ana niiauanoaa aie?iu auee auou a iniiaa naiae yoie?aneeie. Aa?a e?aoaiu — eaoaai?ey, ecia?aoaiiay a yiioo oa?ecia aey e?auaiuo oaoa?, — noaee niaaoneei yoiinii140.
Iaoenoneay Aa?iaiey no?aieeanu i?ioeainoiyou iauei oaiaaioeyi ?aniaaa eiioeiaioaeuiie eiia?ee, eca?aa ioou aieiu e oa??eoi?eaeuiiai caoaaoa (eee aiaiiie ieeoiaoee) i?e iii?a [ia i?eioei] ?aniaie ea?a?oee. ?iiiey noa?aeanu ecaea?u auaiao ec i?ioeai?a?ee aioo?e aa?iiaeneie eieiieaeuiie eiia?ee, i?ecuaay e iieiie ?aniaie nieeaa?iinoe — ?aciiaeaiinou eiia?eaeecia «Acey aey aceaoia»141. Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou aaee aua iaio iiaaeu, iniiaaieai eioi?ie noaee oie?oi?aiea ei?aiiuo ia?iaia e anneieeyoey anao inoaeuiuo, ca enee??aieai ?a?iiei?eo, a aia?eeaineie «iaoee iaoee». Niaaoneee Ni?c no?aieeny i?ioeainoiyou oaiaaioee ?aniaaa eiioeiaioaeuiie eiia?ee e i?aiaieaou i?ioeai?a?ey, aina?aaaoea a?eoaioai e o?aioocai, ia ia iooyo aia?eeaineiai oieoa?ecia, a ca n?ao einoeoooeiiaeecaoee oiai, ?oi aini?eieiaeinu eae a?aa eiia?ee, — iaoee. O?ainei Oe?o oaa?ii iacuaaao iiaaeu Ni?ca «eiia?eae iaoee» e iieacuaaao, ?oi yoi aue ia iaiaa oaioanoe?iue nia?aiaiiue i?iaeo, ?ai eaay iaeaieoaeenoe?aneie nia?aiaiiinoe e nioeaeecia.
Oe?o iia?iaii ieoao i oii, eae o?oaii auei ?aoeou, eoi eee ?oi yaeyaony iaoeae a i?ioeaiiiei?iinou ieaiaie eee eeaio. Oae, i?e ieaie?iaaiee e i?iaaaaiee ia?aiene ianaeaiey 1926 a. iieeoe?aneea aeanoe i?e iiiiue aieuoie eiiaiau yoiia?aoia i?eiyeenu ca iienee iaueo ?a?o o ?acee?iuo a?oii n oai, ?oiau ii?ii auei iauaaeieou yoe iineaaiea a iaoee. A oi ?a a?aiy a?oaea a?oiiu — n eaaei iaia?o?eaaaiie iauiinou? — auee ?aca?iaeaiu. Eiuie neiaaie, Niaaoneee Ni?c aue eieiieaeuiui i?iaeoii, ii n iaiei ioee?eai142. Ianeieuei «eieiieaeu-
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iuo» ia?iaia iieo?eee ainoaa?noaaiiua a?aieou, ia?eaiaiou, aeaaaiee iaoe e oeieu ia iaoeiiaeuiii ycuea aey i?iecaianoaa ei?aiiuo yeeo. A ia?aiaiiue ia?eia oaeeo ni?ciuo ?anioaeee auei 11. Ii iiaiao Oe?aeiu A?i?a? Eeaa? ieoao, ?oi niaaoneay iieeoeea ei?aiecaoee (a 1920-a aa.) ia?yao n ynoiineei caeiiii i iaoeiiaeuii-eoeuoo?iie aaoiiiiee iaauaea auou iaeaieaa oiea?aioiie a ioiioaiee i?aa iaoeiiaeuiuo iaiuoeinoa, anee n?aaieaaou aa n iieeoeeie anao iaaaaii iieo?eaoeo iacaaeneiinou no?ai Ainoi?iie Aa?iiu. ?acoiaaony, iioii, a 1930-a aa., ianooieee aieia, oa??i? e iiiaia a?oaia. Iiiaea o?aiua, ioia?aao Eeaa?, oionoeee ec aeao ?acaeoea aaeiaie oaiaaioee oe?aeiecaoee iiiai?eneaiiiai iano?iai ianaeaiey, eioi?ia a 1917 a., ca iaaieuoeie enee??aieyie, ia n?eoaei naay oe?aeioaie143.
?anniio?ei i?eia? ninaaiae Aaeeeie ?oiuiee a ia?aiaiiue ia?eia. Iinea iaaaiey aeianoee ?iiaiiauo iia aiiaene?iaaea o ?innee Aoeiaeio e Aanna?aae?. E?eia Eeaacyio iieacuaaao, ?oi nicaaie? ia?aciaaoaeuiie a??ie?aoee, oaeyie eioi?ie aie?iu auee noaou ioe?uoea oeie, iaaci? ca ieie e ieaie?iaaiea o?aaiuo i?ia?aii aey ?oiuiecaoee iiauo oa??eoi?ee, i?aiyonoaiaaee a?aiaeiciinou caaa?e e neoainou ?ano?nia. Aieaa oiai, cia?eoaeuiay ?anou iiaiai ai?ianeiai ianaeaiey ?oiuiee ninoiyea ec yoie?aneeo iaioaa, aano?eeoaa, aa?aaa, oe?aeioaa eee ?onneeo, eioi?ua nii?ioeaeyeenu ?oiueecaoee ai?ianeeo oeie e oieaa?neoaoia. Ana yoi, aeaeii, iicaieyao n?eoaou oe?aeiecaoe? ia Oe?aeia anee e ia naeaaoaeunoaii iaoeiiaeuiie oa?ieiinoe, oi, ianiio?y ia ana i?ioeai?a?ey, yaeaieai enee??eoaeuiui. Eeaacyio iienuaaao ai?y?ea nii?u i oii, ?oi cia?eo auou ?oiuiii, iniaaiii n o?aoii ?aaeiiaeuiuo ?acee?ee. Iauaa ?aci?a?iaaiea, eae iia n?eoaao, niinianoaiaaei oi?ie?iaaie? «iieieaiey 1922 aiaa», ?ae iiuo i?eaae e iaoa?ieiinoe ii ioiioaie? e ?o?aeai. Ac?ineay, iieiaa?u naee?aeanu n eiina?aaoi?aie noa?iai ia?acoa ia iiaie ii?aa eioaa?aeuiiai iaoeiiaeecia e oaoecia144. Eiuie neiaaie, ia?aiaiiue iaoeiiaeeci a iiiaiyoie?iie Ainoi?iie Aa?iia iia iieo?eou aaeaei ia aaciaeaio? oi?io.
Oo?oey niiinoaaeia n Niaaoneei Ni?cii a a?oaii aa?iii ioiioaiee. Ai a?aiy e iaiin?aanoaaiii iinea ieii?aiey ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu ieiei 1 iei ?aeiaae ia?aa?aeinu a Aiaoiee? eae ec ionoeuiaineeo i?iaeioee Iooiiaineie eiia?ee, oae e ec
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?innee. O??eecaoey, iineaaiaaaoay ca iaaaieai Iooiiaineie eiia?ee, eiaea oaeu? i?aa?auaiea yoeo niaa?oaiii ?aciuo e?aae a iaoe? i?e iaiia?aiaiiii iia?uaa ainiianoaa eneaia. Ii iiiaea ?eoaee aa?aaaiu ia i?eieiaee iaeneaineee iaoeiiaeeci Aoao??ea eee aa?iiaecaoe? e iainoaa?noaeaiea ia?aciaaiey, i?aaa, iaa?au e eiai145. Eae au oi ie auei, a?aiaoe?aneea ?aoi?iu Aoao??ea ieacaee cia?eoaeuiia aeeyiea ia iieeoeeo niaaoneeo aeanoae o?a a 1920-o aa. «Oioy iiiaia iai?aaeaii, — ieoao A?aai?e Iynnaee, — ia aucuaaao niiiaiey, ?oi iaiei ec oaeoi?ia, iiaeeyaoeo ia aioiaiinou Niaaoia e eiaiaie aoaea o?aaeoeiiiiai ie?a Oaio?aeuiie Acee, auei iuouaiea oo?aoeiai niia?ie?anoaa... Aa?a aoaaineia caeiiiaaoaeunoai, oi?acaieaoaa iieeaaie? e nieceaoaa ?acia? eaeuia, aucuaaei eioa?an o iaeioi?uo ei?aiiuo o?eoaeuieo» a niaaoneie Oaio?aeuiie Acee146. I?iaie?ay yoo oaio, ii?ii auei au ?anniio?aou Niaaoneee Eaaeac a naaoa ?acaeoey E?aia e Oo?oee147. Niaaoneea aeanoe auee, eiia?ii, caeioa?aniaaiu a oii, ?oiau eo no?aia i?aanoaaaea ?anou? Acee aey aceaoia e ?anou? Aa?iiu aey aa?iiaeoaa.
Aa?ii ia iiaaaaaouny eee?cee, aoaoi eiia?ey iaoiaeony «oai, nia?o?e», aaa-oi aaeaei, ii ia a iao?iiieee. Eoeca ?ia, iai?eia?, enneaaiaaea ia yiiineia aeeyiea ia Iaiu??o?e?, a aeeyiea eieiiecaoee Iaiu??o?ee ia ?iiie?, ooaa??aay, ?oi i?e «oioaeuiii eiia?eaeecia», eae e i?e oioaeuiie aieia, ana, ?oi i?ienoiaeo, — i?ienoiaeo o oaay aiia Iia iieacuaaao — a aooa Ea-Iyou?, ?oi a ?iiiee ianniaua ?uii?iua oaoiieiaee e noaiiaeaiea iaoeiiaeuiiai ?uiea i?eaaee e oi?ie?iaaie? iaoeiiaeuiie ianniaie eoeuoo?u e iniaaiii iiai?aaee o?aaeoeiiiue naeuneee «?uiie». Yoe eciaiaiey iiaieouaaeenu aiaiiie eeoi?aaeie, ianooieaoae a 1931 a.: iia ?acei oaaee?eea eiee?anoai aacao e ianooaa eo ?ani?ino?aiaiey e noaea aeaaiie oaiie aey ?aaei, eeiio?iieee, ?o?iaeia, eeii e ieanoeiie. Iaiu??o?neea «i?iaeou ?acaeoey oaa?eee e?aae a oii, ?oi eiia?eaeeci — yoi oi?ioi, ?oi yoi — neea iiaa?iecaoee e i?ia?anna», — iauyniyao ?ia. Oae ianoiyei aaei aa?a n eeaa?aeaie e ?aaeeaeaie, eioi?ua ia eniuouaaee e?aae e a?iee e ia neiiaoece?iaaee eeoaeneiio iaoeiiaeecio, ii ieacaeenu aiaea?aiu a eiia?eaeenoe?aneia oi?aaeaiea; a oi ?a a?aiy iie caieiaeenu ooiie?aneei i?i?aeoa?noaii ii iiaiao no?ieoaeunoaa ?aeaciuo ai?ia e ai?iaia aoaouaai. Eiia?ey ainoaoi?ii aianoeoaeuia, ?oiau
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aia?aou a naay oiea?aioiua e ?ai?anneaiua aicc?aiey, aaccanoai?eaia ainiianoai e iaoa?iaeeci148.
Ei?aeneay eieiiey ?iiiee yaeyao niaie a?oaie iieacaoaeuiue i?eia? aey n?aaiaiey. Iaeee ?iaeinii iieacuaaao, eae aa?a i?e no?iaie oaico?a e cai?aoao ia oiio?aaeaiea ei?aeneiai ycuea ?aeaiea yiiioaa eniieuciaaou ?aaei a i?iiaaaiaenoneeo oaeyo auioaeei eo ia?aou ia?aaa?e ia ei?aeneii ycuea. Oaeea i?ia?aiiu ia?yao n aacaoaie e eeii nua?aee eieinnaeuio? ?ieu a ?acaeoee naiiniciaiey ei?aeneie iaoee. ?aaei niinianoaiaaei aic?i?aaie? o?aaeoeiiiuo iocueaeuiuo ?ai?ia, aicieeiiaaie? iiauo oi?i a?aiaoe?aneiai eneonnoaa (oaeeo, eae iaeia?aia ?ecie (live ongoing melodrama)), inaiaie? caiaaiiai a?aca, ?acaeoe? nia?aiaiiie ia?iaiie ianie e noaiaa?oecaoee ei?aeneiai i?inoi?a?ey149. A aieuoeinoaa naiai yoe o?ainoi?iaoee ia aoiaeee a iaia?aiey yiiineeo eieiieaeuiuo iaaniio?ueeia. Ooieoeiie?iaaiea eiia?ee aaei ei iiiaei iacaieaie?iaaiiui ?acoeuoaoai. Aa?aa?a A?oen iieacuaaao, ?oi ei?aeou ?aniieaaaee aieuoeie aicii?iinoyie a ?iiiee, ia?aee a eiio?iee?oaiie yiiioaie Ei?aa, e ?oi iaeioi?ua ec ieo caieiaee ?acee?iua iinou a eieiieaeuiie aaieieno?aoee Iaiu??io-ai150. Yoio i?eia? iaiiieiaao i iaiaoiaeiinoe aiaeece?iaaou ia oieuei i?ienoiaeaoaa ia oao eee eiuo ia?onneeo oa??eoi?eyo, ii e oo ?ieu, eioi?o? niaaoneea «eieiieaeuiua» iiaaaiiua ea?aee ia anai i?ino?ainoaa no?aiu, a oae?a aa??aou a iiea c?aiey Ni?c a oaeii. A ia?aua aiau nouanoaiaaiey Ni?ca o?anoea a aieiao eiia?neie ?aeiieenou yaeyeinu o?aiieeiii aey iineaao?uae ea?ua?u a Iineaa. Iic?a neo?aa a iaoeiiaeuiuo ?anioaeeeao aaaaea ?onneei aicii?iinou i?iaaeioouny a Iineaa.
Caanu aua iiiaia ii?ii auei au aiaaaeou. Iicaieuoa iia caeii?eou yoio ?acaae i?iaeaiie ?ai?acaioaoee eiia?ee. Cai?ao ia ?onneee iaoeiiaeuiue noeeu a a?oeoaeoo?a nio?aiyeny i?eaeeceoaeuii ai 1940-o aa., ii ia ia?onneea iaoeiiaeuiua iioeau a ia?aiaiiue ia?eia ia nouanoaiaaei oaeiai cai?aoa. A aaenoaeoaeuiinoe, eae iieacuaaao A?aa Eanoeeei a ynna, iniiaaiiii ia aai aenna?oaoee, oieueei?iua aaoaee neeaaeenu n iiioiaioaeuiui iaieeanneoeciii, ia?acoy ii?aaaeaiiue iaoeiiaeuiue nioeaeenoe?aneee a?oeoaeoo?iue ycue, eiaaoee oe?ieia i?eiaiaiea e aeeyiea151. Yoi iai?aaeaiea, iau?ii i?eienuaaaiia ynoaoe?aneei oeacaieyi Noaeeia e ia?oee eiioa 1930-o aa.,
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i?enoonoaiaaei a 1920-o aa. a Aca?aaea?aia, A?iaiee, Oe?aeia, Ocaaeenoaia e a?oaeo ?anioaeeeao, a oae?a a Iineaa ia o?ao ia?iiiuo aunoaaeao a 1923, 1939 e 1954 aa. Eanoeeei ecae?aao i?aaiaoii naiaai eco?aiey Anani?cio? naeuneioicyenoaaiio? aunoaaeo (eee ANO — aoaouo? AAIO), eioi?ay ieaie?iaaeanu e aaaaoaoeeaoiaio ?aeea? Niaaoneiai ainoaa?noaa a 1937 a., ii auea ioe?uoa a aaaonoa 1939 a. e a ia?aue aia naiae ?aaiou i?eaeaeea 4.5 iei iinaoeoaeae152. Iaoeiiaeuii-iiioiaioaeuiue eeanneoeci ANO, ieoao Eanoeeei, io?anoe yaeyeny iiai?iui i?iaoeoii einoeoooeiiaeuiie ai?uau ca aeanou, eioi?o? aaee a?oeoaeoi?u, eniieuciaaaoea iaoeiiaeeci aey iieo?aiey ainoaa?noaaiiuo caeacia. A iai oae?a i?enoonoaoao iauee niaaoneee ia?aaien, niune eioi?iai caee??aeny a oii, ?oi iaoeiiaeuiay eaaioe?iinou n?eoaeanu aae?ouae neeie eioa?iaoeiiaeecia e niaoeoe?anee niaaoneiai nioeaeenoe?aneiai noeey153.
Ii?ii auniaeaaou niaaoneee iiaoia ca iaene?aiiinou e naiaei?unoea. A ii?ii iiianoeou aai a n?aaieoaeuiue eiioaeno. Niaaoneee eieiieaeeci ia ANO ia noae ioaaeyou nia?aiaiiinou io i?eieoeaecia, eae yoi aaeaeinu ia i?aaoanoaiaaaoeo eieiieaeuiuo aunoaaeao a Ia?e?a e a a?oaeo ianoao, a «iaeae» oieueei? a ycue i?ia?anna e ?acaeoey: Ocaaeenoai — yoi iaiia?aiaiii e a?aaiea ieia?aou, e i?iecaianoai oeiiea. Iaeioi?ua niaaoneea i?iiaaaiaenou aa?a aiai?eee i «i?ia?anneaiii eieiieaeecia» — ii eiio?anoo n oeuiui a?eoaineei aa?eaioii, oioy aieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiui au?a?aieai auea «a?o?aa ia?iaia». Oai ia iaiaa niaaoneee eieiieaeeci, iie?aaoeeny ia iaoee, oae?a iino?aaae io aaeieiiecaoee iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu. Eae e a neo?aa n ie?iaie yeiiiieeie, aaoa?eey a eoeuoo?iie e eiia?neie iieeoeea iaa?ioeanu eee?ceae.
Ia?aiaiiua aa?eaiou nia?aiaiiinoe (modernity), iiaa?iecaoey iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu
I?eaeeceoaeuii ia?ao 1890 e 1940 aa., ii iniaaiii iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu, iiiyoea «nia?aiaiiinou» (e «iiaua a?aiaia») auei a ecaanoiii niunea a iiaa. Iii icia?aei onei?aiea oaiiia e oiaiuoaiea ?annoiyiee. Oae?a iii icia?aei i?aeeiiaiea ia?aa oaoieeie e/eee neeiiiinou e nioeaeuiiio ei?eie?eiao e eaeneea iao?iiai iaiaa?iaioa. Ii i?a?aa anaai «nia?aiaiiinou» icia?aea anooieaiea «iann» ia enoi?e?aneo? noaio.
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Iiaay yiioa iann noaea aicii?iie aeaaiaa?y ia?aui oaaai ianniaiai i?iecaianoaa e iiyaeaie? iiauo eioi?iaoeiiiuo n?aanoa aua ai ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu. Ii a naiuo ?aciuo ieaiao — io eciaiaiee a aaiaa?iuo ioiioaieyo ai eii?aeiaoee yeiiiieee e iauanoaa — ia?aay ie?iaay aieia i?aanoaaeyea niaie iiiaianiaeoio? ?aaeeaeecaoe?. Iaiei ec iaeaieaa aaeaei eaoueo iineaanoaee yoie aieiu auei ?ac?anoaiea ainoaa?noaa — e ia oieuei a Niaaoneii Ni?ca. Oaaee?eaoeany aicii?iinoe ainoaa?noaa, eae e oaaee?eaoayny aai ioaaonoaaiiinou, auee ?aoa?uei iiiaioii a ni?aaiiaaiee ?acee?iuo aa?eaioia nia?aiaiiinoe a ia?aiaiiue ia?eia.
? ieoo i aa?eaioao nia?aiaiiinoe, a ia i iiaa?iecaoee. Nae?an, anee eniieucoaony neiai «nia?aiaiiinou», oi aeaaiui ia?acii a aaeinoaaiiii ?enea, eae iaicia?aiea aey ia?eaiaioneie aaiie?aoee a niaaeiaiee n ?uii?iie yeiiiieeie. Yoi ii?aaaeaiea naycaii n ?inoii aia?eeaineiai iiaouanoaa. I?aanoaaeaiea i Niaaeiaiiuo Ooaoao eae aeaaiii i?eia?a aicauoaiey aaiie?aoee e ?uiea auei oniaoii ?acaeoi a «oai?ee iiaa?iecaoee» iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu. I?aaei?aiiue yoie oai?eae aa?eaio ia o?ao- (oaiaaeeci—eaieoaeeci—nioeaeeci), a aaooyoaiiie (o?aaeoeiiiia—nia?aiaiiia) yaie?oee aue iai?aaeai ia oi, ?oiau oi?aaeou «iaanoanoaaiiia» aiaoaoaeunoai a enoi?e?aneee i?ioann nioeaeenoe?aneie eioaeeeaaioee e i?ecaaou no?aiu, i?icaaiiua O?aouei ie?ii, e inouanoaeaie? ia?aoiaa e nia?aiaiiinoe. Ii?ii nii?eou ia aiaeeoe?aneie eee iieeoe?aneie oaiiinoe eiioaioee iiaa?iecaoee154. Iiy caaa?a ninoieo a oii, ?oiau i?aaioa?aoeou aa i?eiaiaiea — ii i?eioeio «ia?aoiie neeu» — e niaa?oaiii eiiio ia?aiaiiiio oeaeeecaoeiiiiio eiioaenoo.
?oi ii?ii neacaou ii iiaiao «oioaeeoa?ecia» — yoiai oa?ieia ia?aiaiiiai ia?eiaa? Iouaiiia a iai?io ai a?aiaia eoaeuyineiai oaoecia e eniieuciaaiiia aey aiaeeca niaaoneiai neo?ay iaiuoaaeeaie e a?oaeie yiea?aioaie n eiiia?aoeaenoneeie iaeeiiiinoyie, a oae?a iaeioi?uie nia?aiaiieeaie aua ai ia?aea iaoenoneie aa?annee155, iiiyoea «oioaeeoa?eci», iiaiaii «iiaa?iecaoee», aioei a iiao iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu. A aaenoaeoaeuiinoe caneoae «oioaeeoa?ecia» — ii n?aaiaie? n «iiaa?iecaoeae» — a iiaaaa a oieiaiie aieia eoaa aaniiaa. Ii oaia?u, eiaaa oieiaiay aieia iicaae, iio?aaiinou a oaeii iieeoe?anee iiuiii e a oi ?a a?aiy i?aaeaii oi?iuaiiii eiioaioa,
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?acoiaaony, nieceeanu. ?oi ii?ao i?aaei?eou «oioaeeoa?eci» n oi?ee c?aiey eioaeeaeooaeuiuo i?aeiouanoa aa?a ia nianoaaiiie oa??eoi?ee — i?e n?aaiaiee iieeoe?aneeo nenoai? Eiaaa Oeeuyi Oa?eaai Aeeai aia?aua ioi?aaeeny a Ii?oaaei a 1960-o aa., ii aanaaiaae ni iiiaeie inoaaoeieny a ?eauo iaoenoaie e aa?a n iaiaoeeie nioeae-aaiie?aoaie 1930-o aa.!156 A 1960-o aa., o. a., ii nouanoao, iinea 1938 a., auei au i?aiu o?oaii iaeoe inoaaoeony a ?eauo eiiioienoia ec niiinoaaeiiai niaaoneiai ai?iaa, ia aiai?y o?a i ?eaiao iaeiiioienoe?aneeo iieeoe?aneeo ia?oee. Iaoenou oie?oi?eee ieeeeiiu e?aae, ii oaeeie ee noiaiuie auee iieeoe?aneea nenoaiu e iieeoe?aneia ?acaeoea a yoeo aaoo no?aiao? Ea?aay nenoaia oe?iei i?eiaiyea oa??i?, ?oi iicaieeei iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu a iieeoe?aneeo oaeyo n?aaieaaou eo, ii iaeiaeiaui ee auei inouanoaeaiea yoiai oa??i?a? Auee ee ainoaa?noaaiiua no?oeoo?u e aeeoaoo?u ee?iinoae niiinoaaeiu a eo iianaaiaaiie i?aeoeea e enoi?ee a oaeii?157
Yoe aii?inu ii?ii auei au caiiai enneaaiaaou a naaoa oiai aua iaainoaoi?ii eco?aiiiai acaeiiiai eioa?ana, a eioi?ii niaoeaaeenu ainoeuaiea e ?aceay e?eoeea, — eioa?ana, eioi?ue ieoaee a?oa e a?oao oiaaaoiea aie?iinoiua eeoa e eioaeeaeooaeu iaoenoneie Aa?iaiee e Niaaoneiai Ni?ca. Ii aa?a Eaoae Eieaeianeee, ioi?au ia a?oa iaoecia eee eiiioiecia, n?ae oianoiui ?acee?aiea eo iiiaiia?aciiai eioaeeaeooaeuiiai e eoeuoo?iiai ?aciiaina158. Aieaa oiai, yoe niiinoaaeaiey iaiaoiaeii ?anoe?eou. Oa?iei «oioaeeoa?eci» ii-i?a?iaio i?aiyonoaoao oiio, ?oiau a iieiie ia?a ioaieou oa iauea auciau, n eioi?uie noieeioeenu ana aaeeeea aa??aau a ia?aiaiiue ia?eia, oae ?a eae eo i?enoaeuiia iaae?aaiea a?oa ca a?oaii e caeinoaiaaiey (eee ioeac io oaeiaiai) iiaa?o ?aca?aie?aiey «aeeoaoo?a—ia?eaiaioa?eci». Aieaa oiai, i?e niiinoaaeaiee NNN? (eae e iiaie iaoenoneie Aa?iaiee) n Niaaeiaiiuie Ooaoaie eiioaioey oioaeeoa?ecia aa?a a naiuo eciu?aiiuo aa aa?eaioao ii?oe ia inoaaeyea ianoa aey ??acau?aeii aa?iuo oaeoia ?acei?aiey (dissipation)* aa?iiaeneeo eeaa?aeuiuo aaiie?aoee a ia?aiaiiue ia?eia eee oe?ieie iiioey?iinoe ia?aiaiiiai aaoi?eoa?ecia, eioi?ua iiiiaa?o aunaaoeou ia?aiia?aeuio? neeo Niaaoneiai Ni?ca e aai aieaia?aiaiiua neaainoe. Iu iaoiaeiny a
* Dissipation — «?acei?aiea», ii e «i?iiaouaaiea» (i?ei. ia?aa.).
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iiaii oeaeeecaoeiiiii eiioaenoa, eioi?ue aie?ai iicaieeou iai ?anniio?aou ia?aiaiiue ia?eia, enoiay ec aai nianoaaiiuo oneiaee e ai anae aai nei?iinoe.
A iaiii ec ia?auo iaci?ia aa?iiaeneie enoi?ee XX a., i?aai?eiyouo iinea oieiaiie aieiu, iia?a?eeaaeenu aa ooiieaiea io ia?eaiaioa?ecia a ia?aiaiiue ia?eia e ii?ua e iiaeeecaoeiiiiio aaoi?eoa?ecio. Ia?e Iaeciaa? ioia?aao, ?oi ?iii?iue a?eoaineee enoyaeeoiaio ioaaoee ia eoaeuyineee oaoeci niaeoeyoeyie i oii, ?oi eaoeineea ia?iau ia aiayony aey aaiie?aoee. Oieuei aiey iaoenoneie Aa?iaiee e aaaaiiiee ai a?aiy aieiu, caee??aao ii, canoaaeea A?eoaie? caiiai ioe?uou aaiie?aoe? e ?anoe?eou nioeaeuiua e yeiiiie?aneea i?aaa159. Aaaeaiea, ieacuaaaiia niaaoneie iiaaeu?, enneaaiaaiiie Iaeciaa?ii a iaiuoae noaiaie, iiae?aieyao aai niia?a?aiey. A ia?eia ia?ao aaoiy ie?iauie aieiaie aaoi?eoa?eci, ?anoe?yy nioeaeuio? i?iaeaiaoeeo e iiaeeecoy iannu, canoae ia?eaiaioneea ?a?eiu a?anieio. Niiiaiey a ?uiea, ni?iaioe?iaaiiua Aaeeeie Aai?anneae, e oeeii a noi?iio yeiiiie?aneiai iaoeiiaeecia eee naiiainoaoi?iinoe, eioi?ua eiaee ianoi aa?a a A?eoaiee, oae?a iia?uaaee aa?o aaiie?aoee a nianoaaiiua eaaaeu e iiaieouaaee ia?auaiey e aaoi?eoa?ecio, i?aanoaaeaiiiio eiieo?e?o?ueie a?oa n a?oaii ia?acaie, eioi?ua iiaee aucuaaou neiiaoee eae o eaauo, oae e o i?aauo160. Eaeia oe?ieia iiea (ii?ii auei au ec yoiai auaanoe) aey ?ao?iniaeoeaiiai i?eiaiaiey e ia?aiaiiiio ia?eiao iiaa?iecaoeiiiiai ia??aoeaa i o?eoioa aaiie?aoee e ?uiea! Iaiaei aaenoaeoaeuii ee auee «nia?aiaiiuie» iiioey?iua aeeoaoo?u yoiai ia?eiaa?
Iaeioi?ua aiaeeoeee — oaeea eae Oain Iiiicai — ana aua nii?yo i nia?aiaiiinoe i?iiuoeaiiinoe iaoenoneie Aa?iaiee, eniieuciaaiey iaoenoaie n?aanoa ianniaie eioi?iaoee e iiaeeecaoeiiiuo oaoiee, oioy eo ooaa??aaiey iniiauaa?ony ia e?aeia ia?aie?aiiii iiieiaiee nia?aiaiiinoe (eae oi?ia ?enoiai, iaeneiaeuii i?eaueuiiai eaieoaeecia, eioi?ue ieaaa ia nouanoaiaae)161. Aieaa aeaeo? iiceoe? caieiae Aaoeaa Iieea?o, ooaa??aay, ?oi «i?iaeo nia?aiaiiinoe» iia ?acaeaaouny a ?aciuo iai?aaeaieyo e ?oi O?aoee ?aeo aue iai?aaeaieai «iaoieiae?aneei». Noiaiui ia?acii Iaeee A??ee e Aieuoaaia Aeiia?iai ooaa??aa?o, ?oi «neiai «nia?aiaiiue» iiaoiaeo aey O?aouaai ?aeoa oieuei, anee inaiaiaeou aai io anao eiiiioaoee «niaa?oainoaiaaiey» eee «oeo?oaiey» ai
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oaeie noaiaie, ?oi iii noaiao niaa?oaiii aanniuneaiiui»162. Ii ?acaa iiiaea nia?aiaiieee ia n?eoaee oaae, i?aai?eieiaaiua iaoenoaie, ninoaaiie ?anou? «oeo?oaiey» e «niaa?oainoaiaaiey» — a iniaaiiinoe a oii, ?oi eanaaony iaoee e Volk eae oaeiai, — eaeei au iaeiciui iai ie iieacaeinu yoi naaiaiy? A?aoo?e Oa?o iieaaaao, ?oi iu iuneei a oa?ieiao «?aaeoeiiiiai iiaa?iecia» — o. a. oie oi?iu ieaeeecia, eioi?ay ioaa?aea «?acoi I?inaauaiey», ii aini?eiyea nia?aiaiio? oaoiieiae?. Oa?o i?eciaao, iaiaei, ?oi iuneeoaee, eioi?uo ii iacuaaao «?aaeoeiiiuie iiaa?ienoaie», ieeiaaa ia iienuaaee naay iiaiaiui ia?acii163. Iaoenoneay ?aniaay aieo?eia (racialism), iiaiaii aa?iiaeneie oeaeeecaoi?neie iennee ca i?aaaeaie Aa?iiu, aee??aea a naay i?aoaicee ia noaoon naiie nia?aiaiiie iaoee. Oai ia iaiaa enoi?eeai ii-i?a?iaio o?oaii i?eciaou neeo e iiioey?iinou eeeeaa?aeuiiai aa?eaioa nia?aiaiiinoe — ia a iineaai?? i?a?aau ec-ca Oieieinoa. Iiiaea nia?aiaiieee auee ai?acai iaiuoa iaaniieiaiu ni?aoaieai nia?aiaiiiai e eeeeaa?aeuiiai164.
Oae ?a, eae e iaoeci (e, a iaiuoae noaiaie, eoaeuyineee oaoeci), Niaaoneee Ni?c i?aanoaaeye niaie iiioey?io? a ie?a oi?io eeeeaa?aeuiie nia?aiaiiinoe, i?aoaiaiaaaoae ia oi, ?oiau i?aacieoe ia?eaiaioa?eci. Iiaiaii iaoecio, eoaeuyineiio oaoecio e yiiineiio ieeeoa?ecio, niaaoneee nioeaeeci aeoeaiaeoei ia?acii eioaa?e?iaae ieeeeiiu e?aae — ca n?ao eii?aeiaoee nioeaeuiuo e iieeoe?aneeo i?aaiecaoee e ?anouo iiaeeecaoee — a e?anoiaii iioiaa n eiaeaeaoaeuiui ?eainoaii. Iioiaa ca nicaaiea aeiaie?iiai e oaeaono?aieaiiiai iauanoaa (eioi?ue niaaoneea ia?oeeiua aeanoe anaie aicii?iuie niiniaaie no?aieeenu ?ani?ino?aieou e ia AOEAA). Eae e a?oaea aaoi?eoa?iua ?a?eiu, Niaaoneee Ni?c a iieiie ia?a eniieuciaae iiaua oaoiieiaee n?aanoa ianniaie eioi?iaoee. Eae e a?oaei aaoi?eoa?iui ?a?eiai, aio ia inoaaaeinu ie?aai a?oaiai, eae i?eiyou ianniaua eoeuoo?o e iio?aaeaiea i?e iaiia?aiaiiii no?aieaiee eciaieou eo, eniieucoy oaico?o, aayoaeuio? i?iiaaaiao e aia?aoey?uee eoeuo ai?ay. Ii Niaaoneee Ni?c aue ia i?inoi aua iaiei aaoi?eoa?iui ?a?eiii, iniiaaiiui ia ianniaie iiaeeecaoee, ni?aoaaoae a naaa ?acee?iua yeaiaiou nia?aiaiiinoe (n ?acee?iuie noaiaiyie yiooceacia). I?iaicaeaoay naay «iiaie oeaeeecaoeae», Niaaoneee Ni?c n iaecaa?iinou? aae e ?anoieiio yenia?eiaioo ii nicaaie?
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ioe?iaaiii iaeaieoaeenoe?aneie nia?aiaiiinoe e ioe?iaaiii iaeieiieaeuiiai eieiieaeecia.
A ianooaaa, niiinoaaeiii oieuei n Niaaeiaiiuie Ooaoaie, eioi?ui oae?a eunoeei aeaaou a naaa iiao? oeaeeecaoe? — oieuei nianai eiiai ?iaa, niaaoneee nioeaeeci ia oieuei eieinnaeuii ?anoe?ee ianniaia i?iecaianoai iaoei iaoeiaie, ii e ?ani?ino?aiee ea?oeio aaoiiaoece?iaaiiiai ie?a oy?aeie eiaono?ee, a eioi?ie oaoiieiaey i?e?aaieaaeanu e i?ia?anno. I?e yoii a NNN? ianoaeaaee ia oii, ?oi oie?oi?aiea ?anoiie nianoaaiiinoe i?aa?aoeei niaaoneo? aa?ne? iiaie oeaeeecaoee a ai?acai aieaa i?ia?anneaio?. Naiaiaiue io ?anoiinianoaaiie?aneeo eioa?ania, niaaoneee nioeaeeci einoeoooeiiaeece?iaae anaiauaa nioeaeuiia iaania?aiea — io iiea?eaaaiuo ioioneia, aanieaoiiai ia?aciaaiey e iaaeoeineiai ianeo?eaaiey ai nioeaeuiiai no?aoiaaiey, ioioneia ii aa?aiaiiinoe e iainee, ?oi ?aaeeaeuii oneeeaaei eiaeeo ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca iauanoai e ianaeaiea e eo ainoaa?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea. Yoi i?aainoiaeei ana, ?oi iaia?aee eee iuoaeenu inouanoaeou iaoenoneay Aa?iaiey, oaoenoneay Eoaeey e eiia?aoi?neay ?iiiey, a oae?a A?eoaiey, O?aioey e Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou. Noieu ?a ?aaeeaeuii Niaaoneee Ni?c ia oieuei i?eiye, ii e eiinieeae?iaae aae?aiea a noi?iio iaoee, aaioioa iiao? ?eciu a eacaaoeeny ia?a?aiiui i?iaeo eiioeiaioaeuiie eiia?ee, «iiaea» iieeoeeo aieuoeinoaa ainoaa?noa a Ainoi?iie Aa?iia a ioiioaiee iaoeiiaeuiuo iaiuoeinoa (aaa iie nouanoaiaaee), i?yii anooiea a ni?aaiiaaiea n yenia?eiaioaie a ninaaiae Oo?oee e ecaaaaynu iaa eieiieaeuiie iieeoeeie a?eoaineie e o?aioocneie caii?neeo eiia?ee. Ai e iinea eiioeeeoia niaaoneeo aiene n yiiineie a?ieae a ?aeiia iiiaiei-iaiu??o?neie a?aieou niaaoneay i?iiaaaiaa oae?a iaiaaaea ia iieiue «aioeeiia?eaeenoe?aneee» eiia?eaeeci ?iiiee a Acee, eioi?ue aie?ai aue i?eaanoe ?iiie? e aieia n NOA165.
A oaeii, i?e anao naieo ?aeeeo iaoa?eaeuiuo oneiaeyo, oa??i?a e aaniioecia, Niaaoneee Ni?c i?aanoaao a ea?anoaa iaiau?iiai io?a?aiey ia?aiaiiie oeaeeecaoeiiiie eiiu?ieoo?u: iainii?eiue iiaaaeoaeu a ai?uaa ca naie nianoaaiiue aa?eaio ianniaiai i?iecaianoaa e ianniaie iieeoeee, iinoaaeaoee naaa ia neo?ao, iiyou ?a ii-naiaio, ianniao? eoeuoo?o e ianniaia iio?aaeaiea, e eeaa? a eiaeea e i?aeoeea nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey, eae e a ?ac?aoaiee i?ioeai?a?ee ia?ao eiia?eae e iaoeae.
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Ianiiiaiii, ?oi iiiaea e?ae aioo?e e ca i?aaaeaie Niaaoneiai Ni?ca, neiiaoece?iaaaoea nioeaeecio, n?eoaee iici?ii i?eioaeoaeuiue o?oa e oa??i?. Ii a oi ?a a?aiy iiiaea e?eoeee n?eoaee o?oaiaua eaaa?y iieeoe?anee iaiaoiaeiuie, e iaiaei nia?aiaiieeia ?anniao?eaaei AOEAA eae aieaa ia?aaiao? e, aicii?ii, aieaa ?aeiaa?io? oi?io iieeoeee a ioiioaiee i?anooiieeia — a n?aaiaiee n oaie nenoaiaie, eioi?ua i?aiaeaaaee a «ao??oaciuo» no?aiao. AOEAA, oae ?a eae e ianniaue oa??i?, iia auou iaiia?aiaiii enoi?ieeii eaaeoeiiinoe e iaeaaeoeiiinoe. Eae au oi ie auei, a ia?eia ia?ao aieiaie, e iniaaiii ai a?aiy Aaeeeie Aai?annee, n oi?ee c?aiey iiiaeo nia?aiaiieeia, NNN? oaa??eaae i?i?iua iiceoee a oneiaeyo oiai, ?oi ei aeaaeinu enoi?e?aneei iiai?ioii.
Eiaa?noai enoi?ee
«Ana, ?oi i?ienoiaeo naaiaiy a ?innee, i?ienoiaeo ai eiy iannu», — ienae ?aia O?eii-Ieeea?, i?i?eoaoaeu aaiaa?neiai i?ienoi?aaiey, iinea aeceoa a Niaaoneee Ni?c a na?aaeia 1920-o aa. «Eneonnoai, eeoa?aoo?a, iocuea e oeeinioey neo?ao eeou i?aaicianaie? aa aacee?iiai aaeeeieaiey, e iinoaiaiii, eoaa ie aeyiu, ana i?aa?auaaony a iiaue ie? «ianniaiai ?aeiaaea», aai aaeinoaaiiiai i?aaeoaey. Oaeei ia?acii, ia?aeny ooiaaiaioaeuiue ia?aai?io, e iao ieeaeeo niiiaiee, ?oi ?i?aaaony iiaay y?a»166. Ii O?eii-Ieeea? ioeany ai anao naieo i?ic?aieyo. «I?aaeaiea» ianniaiai ?aeiaaea ooaa?aeeinu ia ia iniiaa ianniaie iiaeeecaoee a oneiaeyo aeeoaoo?u, a iin?aanoaii ?uiea e ianniaie eoeuoo?u, a oae?a aaiie?aoee e nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey. Iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu iaoee??ay niaaoneay nenoaia ainoaa?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey («?oee-e??ee») iiea?aony o?aniui a?aiaiai167.
?a?ee ?aieei oaaae a iiao ni a?aiaiai: aai oeeui 1936 a. i iannao ?anneacuaae e i caaiaa, e i noia?ia?eaoa. E 1950-i aa. ia?aiaiiay i?eaioaoey ia ianniao? iieeoeeo, e eioi?ie auee oae neeiiiu aaoi?eoa?iua ?a?eiu, onooieea ianoi iineaaiaiiie iieeoeea ianniaiai iio?aaeaiey. A oi ?a a?aiy e 1970-i aa. cia?aiea ieceiea?anoaaiiiai ianniaiai i?iecaianoaa e?oiiuie ia?oeyie e ?ieu oy?aeie eiaono?ee ii?aaaeaiii nieceeenu. A ?acoeuoaoa — iinea aaee?aeoaai yeiiiie?aneiai iiauaia, aani?aoaaaioiiai aey eaieoaeenoe?aneiai ie?a, — noi?ie?iaaeinu
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?uii?iia, i?eaioe?iaaiiia ia ?aeeaio ianniaia iio?aaeaiea, eioi?ia noaei iniiaaieai aey eiinieeaaoee aaiie?aoece?iaaiiuo ia?eaiaioneeo ?a?eiia a i?aaeaiie oi?ia ainoaa?noa anaiauaai aeaaininoiyiey. Yoe iai?aaaeaaiiua naaeae a iieeoe?aneii, eoeuoo?iii e yeiiiie?aneii eiioaenoa aa?o iaei ec ee??ae e iiieiaie? e?ooaiey Niaaoneiai Ni?ca, oae ?a eae ia?aiaiiue eiioaeno iiiiaaao iai iiiyou aai ?anoaao.
Aa?ii ia iia?eiyou eiaeeo naieo ?anno?aaiee o?eoioo ainoaa?noaa anaiauaie?uaai nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey a iineaaiaiiuo aaiie?aoeyo — eee aa?a o?eoioo naiie eeaa?aeuiie aaiie?aoee. A ia?aiaiiue ia?eia aaoi?eoa?iua ?a?eiu, aee??ay e Niaaoneee Ni?c, n oniaoii i?eaaaaee e ia?ai nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey e oe?iei eniieuciaaee i?eaa??aiiinou yoiio iineaaiaio aey oi?i?aiey naiae eaaeoeiiinoe. Eeaa?aeuiua ia?eaiaioneea ?a?eiu aieuoa oee e i?eciaie? ioiioaiee, iniiaaiiuo ia nioeaeuiii iaania?aiee, e, ii e?aeiae ia?a aia?aea, ia neeoeii oaeaeaeenu eo i?aeoe?aneei inouanoaeaieai. Ii?aceoaeuiui naeaaoaeunoaii ?aaiiaaney nee ia?ao iiaeeecaoeiiiui aaoi?eoa?eciii e ia?eaiaioa?eciii yaeyaony neiaiee?aneay iieeoeea oiai a?aiaie, a iniaaiiinoe eeiiia?aoey aeiaiecia iaoeiiie yiioe a ni?aoaiee n aiiaooaaeaiiuie ia?oe?o?ueie iannaie. Ii iiieii ioaee?iuo ?ai?acaioaoee iaoeiiaeuiie iiaeeecaoee enneaaiaaiea iianaaiaaiie ianniaie eoeuoo?u iieacuaaao — e oaeaeyouny caanu ia?aio, ?oi eeaa?aeuiui ia?eaiaioneei ?a?eiai a iaiuoae, a oaeii, noaiaie, ia?aee aaoi?eoa?iui, oa?i?aea ianniaay eoeuoo?a, i?eaioe?iaaiiay ia oaiaeaoai?aiea eiaeaeaoaeuiuo aeonia. Ei auei eaa?a eiaou aaei n oaiiiaiaie ianniaie eoeuoo?u eae n iio?aaeoaeuneeie «ioaaoaie» ia aucia ianniaiai iauanoaa168. Oai ia iaiaa iiiaea a A?eoaiee e O?aioee, ia caaoiuaaynu, ioaa?aaee aaiie?aoe?aneia niaa??aiea ianniaie eoeuoo?u, aeay a iai i?a?aa anaai aia?eeaineo? ii?aeuio? ii??o. E ia?ao oai iaanoaieaaee ia?ac eeaa?aeuiie aaiie?aoee, ?anoe?yy naie eiia?ee. Caoai iaoeci e oaoeci iioa?iaee ii?a?aiea. Iineaaiaiiay Caiaaiay Aa?iia inouanoaeea aioeaaoi?eoa?iue iiai?io (ca enee??aieai o?aieenoneie Eniaiee ia ia?eoa?ee eiioeiaioa). Oioy i?ec?ae oaoecia aiiau e aiiau i?eaae a eiiioienoe?aneie i?iiaaaiaa, iiaaaa Niaaoneiai Ni?ca iaa iaoenoneeie nooiiooiuie a?ieyie ia Ainoi?iii o?iioa eeoeea niaaoneo? iiaaeu aeaaiie iii?u aa eaaioe?iinoe e eaaeoeiiinoe. Iiiuo-
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ee ecia?aceou Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou aa?anneaii-ieeeoa?enoneei ainoaa?noaii oaoenoneiai ia?acoa ia iiaee aa caiaieou. A oi ?a naiia a?aiy i?aaiao ai?ainoe e ?aainoe aey niaaoneiai ia?iaiiai oicyenoaa — i?iiuoeaiiue oi?aeci — iie?ueny ??aa?eiie. Niaaoneee nioeaeeci ia oieuei aeeaauaae a oy?aeo? eiaono?e? ai?acai aieuoa n?aanoa, ia?aee Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou eee Caiaaiay Aa?iia, ii e ia eiae ?uiea, canoaaeyaoaai eaieoaeenoe?aneea aaiie?aoee i?eieiaou o?oaiua ?aoaiey. Iaoneiaeaiiua naiie yiioie, no?oeoo?iua neaainoe niaaoneie nenoaiu auee a aaeuiaeoai iaino?aiu aieiie iineaaiaiiuo inaiaiaeoaeuiuo aae?aiee — eae ?ac a oi a?aiy, eiaaa Niaaoneee Ni?c i?eia?ae e neeie oaa??eaae ii?oe ?oi eeiiiaua nenoaiu a Ainoi?iie Aa?iia169. Aannii?ii auea?uoiue eieiieaeuiue eiio?ano n A?eoaieae e O?aioeae — yoio a?oaie yeaiaio niaaoneie eaaioe?iinoe — aue oae?a iioa?yi aianoa n iineaaiaiiie aaeieiiecaoeae 170. E aaiaaaie ei anaio, iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu eciaieeny aaiiieeoe?aneee eiioaeno.
Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou ?aoeoaeuii i?enaieee naaa ?ieu aannii?iiai einoeoooeiiaeuiiai e neiaiee?aneiai eeaa?a eeaa?aeuii-aaiie?aoe?aneie iiaaee, n ?ai aac iniaie ?aainoe niaeaneeenu aa?iiaeneea aaiie?aoee. E?iia oiai, Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou a oie eee eiie ia?a no?aieeenu caiieieou ionoioo, ia?aciaaaoo?ny iinea iaaaiey eieiieaeuiuo eiia?ee171. A aieuoae noaiaie, ?ai niaaoneay «eiia?ey iaoee», eiaiii aia?eeaineee iiuo «iaoee iaoee» o naay aiia, a aiiieiaiea e ?inoo iiue e aiaaonoaa ca n?ao ie?iaie ?uii?iie yeiiiieee, noae ooiaaiaioaeuiui i?eia?ii oniaoiiai «iaeieiieaeuiiai eieiieaeecia». Iaeiiao, ianiio?y ia ?acaaeaiea ainoiea e caiaaa, «aa?iaineay i?iaeaia» auea ?ac?aoaia n iineaaiaiiui auoaniaieai iaiaoeiai ianaeaiey n ainoi?iuo caiaeu, ia?aoeaoei aniyou ii?oe ouny?aeaoi?? iaiaoeo? eieiiecaoe? ainoiea. ?iiiey ?a auea auio?aaia ioeacaouny io naiae aiaiii-eiia?neie iennee a Acee. Ie?iua e iiuiua yeiiiie?aneea aeaaiou aicieeee ia iaeiieao iaoenoneiai «iiaiai ii?yaea» e yiiineie «noa?u niaianoiiai i?ioaaoaiey» a Ainoi?iie Acee. Oaeei ia?acii, oi, ?oi auei ni?aaiiaaieai aa?eaioia nia?aiaiiinoe ia?ao aia?eeaineie iiaaeu?, a?eoaineie e o?aioocneie eiia?nei-ia?eaiaioa?enoneeie iiaaeyie e ?acee?iuie iiaeeecaoeiiiuie iiaaeyie — aoau oi eoaeuyineay oaoenoneay, iaoenoneay, yiiineay eiia?aoi?neay eee niaaoneay nioeaeenoe?aneay, — e eiioo 1940-o aa.
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noaei ni?aaiiaaieai ia?ao aaoiy ?anoeeie aeuoa?iaoeaaie (aia?eeaineee aa?eaio eaieoaeecia versus niaaoneee nioeaeeci), ianiio?y ia iiene einoeoooeiiaeuii iaii?aaaeaiiiai «o?aouaai iooe»172.
Ii a 1930-o aa. ieeoi, ?acoiaaony, aua ia iia ciaou iaaa?iyea, ?oi iaoeci e yiiineee ieeeoa?eci aoaoo iiaa?aaiu e iaa yoe no?aiu i?aa?auaiu a aaiie?aoe?aneea, oae ?a eae ieeoi ia iia auou oaa?ai a oii, ?oi a?eoaineay e o?aioocneay eeaa?aeuiua aaiie?aoee ?annoaioony (oioy e iaioioii) ni naieie eieiieyie, a Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou i?eioo a ea?anoaa iiaaee ?ieu aa?anneaiiai aeiaaeuiiai eeaa?a, e ?oi aa?a no?aiu Caiaaiie Aa?iiu, ia iiaaa?aoeany i?yiie aia?eeaineie ieeoiaoee, oae eee eia?a anoaioo iia iaii ciaiy. Eoi ciae, ?oi Aaeeeay Aai?anney caeii?eony e ca iae iineaaoao aani?aoaaaioiue ?anoaao eaieoaeenoe?aneie yeiiiieee? Eoi ciae, ?oi ii?aaaeaiiue oei ianniaiai i?iecaianoaa — aa?a e oy?aeay eiaono?ey— ec i?aeiouanoaa i?aa?aoeony a oyainoiia a?aiy? Eoi ciae, ?oi ii?oe iinoiyiiay iiaeeecaoey iann ia?anoaiao niinianoaiaaou nioeaeecaoee e eioaa?aoee? Eoi ciae, ?oi ianniaay eoeuoo?a e ianniaia iio?aaeaiea iea?oony ia eino?oiaioaie aaoi?eoa?ecia, a iniiaaieyie aaiie?aoee? E eoi, iaeiiao, ciae, ?oi iiaaoi?neay no?oeoo?a eiia?ee iaoee a 1991 a. aoaao ?ac?ooaia i?aanoaaeoaeyie niaaoneie yeeou, eiaaa iie iaia?o?ao, ?oi ea?a i?iea?aia, ii ?oi naie iie iiaoo au?eou, ionooiea a iaoeiiaeuiua ainoaa?noaa, nicaaiiua ec auaoeo ?anioaeee NNN??
I?eia?aiey
1 Iuneu ia yoii ynna iiyaeeanu a aiau iiae anie?aioneie o?aau a Aa?eee a ia?aea 1980-o aa. e aia?aua iieo?eea naia ?acaeoea ia naieia?a ii niaaoneie enoi?ee, eioi?ue iia auea ieacaia ?anou aanoe a ea?anoaa aau?ieo-i?ioanni?a Eieoiaeeneiai oieaa?neoaoa a 1990 a. Ia yoii naieia?a ieiei aanyoea oaeaioeeauo anie?aioia aianoa ni iiie ?eoaee ia oieuei iiiia?aoee i Niaaoneii Ni?ca. ? enee??eoaeuii i?eciaoaeai aai o?anoieeai, aieuoeinoai ec eioi?uo ca yoi a?aiy iieo?eei ecaanoiinou a ea?anoaa aaoi?ia aa?iuo eiea e noaoae. A I?einoiia y ?anoi i?aiiaaaae anie?aioai aa?iiaeneo? enoi?e? XX a.— iaia?au aianoa n Oeeeiiii Ii?aii, eioi?iio, eae e iaoei i?einoiineei anie?aioai, y oae?a a aun-
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oae noaiaie aeaaiaa?ai. Iie eieeaae Yinii ?aaeiaao, Ei?a Yiaaenoaei, Oae Oinoa? e Oae Aye?ii oae?a aaeeeenu naieie eaayie e niia?a?aieyie. Iiiaea iie a?aoiaiou auee iooi?aiu a iiiaieaoieo aeneonneyo n Ia?eii Iyeciaa?ii — a i?ioeii eieeaaie ii I?einoiio, iuia ?aaioa?uei a A??eaae-eieeaa?a a Eiiaiia. Ayaea Oiooiai, ecaaoaeu Russian Review, iiaoaee iaiy iaienaou yoi ynna, aiiieiy?uaa aai nianoaaiio? ?aaioo. Iaeiiao, y na?aa?ii aeaaiaa?? i?aaiecaoi?ia e o?anoieeia naieia?ia a Oieaa?neoaoa ooaoa Iaaei, Aa?aa?aa, Eioiaiianeii einoeoooa ii ?onneie e niaaoneie eoeuoo?a i?e ?o?neii oieaa?neoaoa a Aiooia (Aa?iaiey), Ei?iaeeuneii e Iaineeuaaineii oieaa?neoaoao.
2 ?aieei eiaao ?oi-oi iauaa n ?aeii ?ainua?ii {Ranciere J. La nuit des proletaires. Paris, 1981; aiae. ia?.: The Nights of Labor: the Workers Dream in Nineteenth-century France. Philadelphia, 1989).
3 Yoei oeeui ?aieeia iaiiieiaao iiioey?iue ia?ao aieiaie ?iiai Oaina Oaeeaau [?oaieuoa Aeooaia] (I. Fallada. Kleiner Mann, was nun? Berlin, 1932), ia?aaaaaiiue ia aiaeeeneee eae «What Now, Little Man?» (New York, 1933). A oi a?aiy eae Oaeeaaa iieaeeaae aanneeea ee?iie ia?ou iaeaiueiai ?aeiaaea e oai naiui aai iiaaa??aiiinou aaoi?eoa?enoneie aaiaaiaee, ?aieei iia?a?eioe neeo yoie ia?ou e aa iaecaa?iinou aey e?aiai i?iaeoa nia?aiaiiinoe.
4 Kamin D. Charlie Chaplin's One-Man Show. Carbondale and Edwardsville, IL, 1984. P. 114.
5 Ai?en Ooiyoeee (1886—1938), ?oeiaiaeoaeu niaaoneiai eeii, iinaoee NOA a e?ea 1935 a. a ?aieao aai ie?iaiai oo?ia ii iciaeiieaie? n eeiii?iiuoeaiiinou?. Aio iieacaee i?aaaa?eoaeuiue iiioa? «Iiauo a?aiai», eioi?ue ii auniei ioaiee. Ni.: Ooiyoeee A.C. 1) Ca niaa?oainoai ianoa?noaa // Eneonnoai eeii. 1936. N° 7. N. 6, 8; 2) Charlie Chaplin's New Picture // New Masses. September 1935. Vol. 24. P. 29-30; ni. oae?a: Maland C.J. Chaplin and American Culture: The Evolution of a Star Image. Princeton. 1989. P. 145-46.
6 A yoie nayce ni.: Davidheiser ?. ?. The World Economy and Mobilizational Dictatorship: Russia's Transition, 1846—1917 / Ph. D. dissertation. Duke Univ., 1990.
7 Aa?iinou aieiu aey ?innee e aa ?aaie?oee i?eciaaony ana ?aua. Ni.: ?inney e ia?aay ie?iaay aieia (iaoa?eaeu ia?aoia?iaiiai iao?iiai eieeieaeoia) (NIa., 1999). Aaoeaa Iieea?o, aicii?ii, caoiaeo neeoeii aaeaei, ooaa??aay, ?oi
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iaoeci, aeaaiui ia?acii, oi?iaeuii iai?aaeye i?iaie?aaoeany nioeaeuiua ia?aiaiu, ia?aee eo eieoee?iaae, ii aai i?aaoniio?eoaeuiia caia?aiea naaeaii a aa?iii iai?aaeaiee (Peukert D. Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition, and Racism in Everyday Life. New Haven, 1987; iai. i?ea. 1982).
8 Iaci? ni. a ?aaioa: Roberts J. M. The Twentieth Century: the History of the World, 1901-2000. New York, 1999. Vol. 1, 2.
9 Aaa iaaaaii auoaaoea n?aaieoaeuiua — ii oieuei ii iacaaie? — ?aaiou ?aci?a?iauaa?o ec-ca i?aeoe?aneiai ionoonoaey n?aaiaiee, ia aiai?y o?a ia aiaeeca acaeiiiai aeeyiey, caeinoaiaaiee e eciii?oecia. E i?e yoii ?a?u eaao i no?aiao, o eioi?uo iicaae aeeiiay iauay enoi?ey (Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: Comparisons and Contrasts / Ed. by R. Bessel. New York, 1996; Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison / Ed. by I. Kershaw, M. Lewin. New York, 1997). A iniaaiiinoe ?aci?a?iauaaao oi, ?oi aaoi?u aoi?ie eieae eaii?e?o?o yaii ?acee?io? iieeoe?aneo? aeiaieeo iaoenoneie e niaaoneie eiiioienoe?aneie ia?oee.
10 I aeoaieii ainoeuaiee niaaoneeo e?aae Aia?eeie ni. i?aiu iiioey?iue ai?i?iue i?a?e: Eeuo E., Iao?ia A. Iaiiyoa?iay Aia?eea. I., 1937; aiae. ia?.: Little Golden America. Farrar & Reinhart, 1937.
11 Iaeioi?ua nioeaeenou ca i?aaaeaie Niaaoneiai Ni?ca aiia?a?aee, ?oi iie iiaoo auou iaeeaa?aeuiuie, ia aoao?e ee-eeaa?aeuiuie. Naa?aa iano?aaiea yoiai oa?aiey e aai i?ioeai?a?ee ni. a ei.: Blau E. The Architecture of Red Vienna, 1919—1934. Cambridge, MA, 1999. Iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu ianiaaoneee nioeaeeci, ii nooe, aue iiaeiuai aaiie?aoece?o?ueiny eeaa?aeeciii, aa?a anee aai ?anoi noaaeee ia iaio aineo n niaaoneei nioeaeeciii.
12 Fridenson P. The Coming of the Assembly Line to Europe // The Dynamics of Science and Technology / Ed. by W. Krohn et al. Dordrecht, 1978. P. 159-75.
13 Hounshell D. H. From the American System to Mass Production 1800-1932. Baltimore, 1984; Womack J. P.Jones D. I., Roos D. The Machine that Changed the World. New York, 1990; ni. oae?a e?eoeeo: Williams E., Haslam N., Williams J. Ford versus 'Fordism': The Beginning of Mass Production? // Work, Employment and Society. 1992. Vol. 6, 4. P. 517-55.
14 Chaplin Ch. My Autobiograph. London, 1964. P. 377-78; Milton J. Tramp: The Life of Charlie Chaplin. New York, 1996. P. 336.
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15 Nolan M. Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany. New York, 1994; P. 9. Aa?a iaiaoeea iiaa?iecaoi?u aaniieieeenu i oaoiieiae?anee aicii?iii inaiai?aaiee ?aiuei io aiiaoiae ?aaiou. I «?aoeiiaeecaoee» ai O?aioee, aee??ay noiaio? ii neea annioeaoe? n aia?eeaiecaoeae, ni.: Kuisel R. Capitalism and the State in Modern France: Renovation and Economic Management in the Twentieth Century. New York, 1981 (iniaaiii ?. 51—92). Ia oneeeyo yiiineiai naiieaoino?iaiey a aaea eniieuciaaiey oaoiieiaee i?iecaianoaaiiiai oeeea, ia?aiyoie o iaioaa eae aiaeiaa ianniaiai i?iecaianoaa a aia?eeaineii aooa, ni.: Wada E. The Emergence of the 'Flow Production' Method in Japan // Fordism Transformed: the Development of Production Methods in the Automobile Industry / Ed. by H. Shiomi, K. Wada. New York, 1995. P. 11-27; ni. oae?a: Tsutsui W. M. Manufacturing Ideology: Scientific Management in Twentieth-Century Japan. Princeton, 1998.
16 Bailes E. A. Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin: Origins of the Soviet Technical Intelligentsia, 1917—1941. Princeton, 1978.
17 Shearer D. Industry, State, and Society in Stalin's Russia, 1926—1934. Ithaca, NY, 1997. Ia eco?aiee iaiaoeie i?aeoeee a Niaaoneii Ni?ca ni.: Aieuoiai A. 3. Oi?aaeaiea i?iiuoeaiiinou? a Aa?iaiee e a NNN?. I., 1930.
18 Oaeei ia?acii, iiaiaii naiii?iaicaeaoaiiui ?aaeceiienoai, Oe?a? oi?ii oeacuaaao ia nioeaeuio? aaco noaeeiecia: yoi ia ?aai?ee eeann, a «oe?ieay i?ioanneiiaeuiay no?aoa n?aaiaai o?iaiy ec niaoeaeenoia, oi?aaeaioaa e ieaiiaeeia, ?aaioaaoeo a ainoaa?noaaiiii aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey i?iiuoeaiiinou?». Aieaa oiai, yoa iiaaa??ea ia i?ae?auaeanu, ianiio?y ia eeanniaua aoaee ia niaoeaeenoia (Shearer D. Industry... P. 17).
19 Iniiaiua eaoaai?ee Oe?a?a ia ioee?a?ony io eniieuciaaaoeony ?onneeie nioeae-aaiie?aoaie: «iiaa?iecaoey» e «ionoaeinou». Iiaiaii aai ianoaaieeo Iioa Eaaeio, Oe?a? ieoao i «iaoieiaeyo» noaeeineie i?iiuoeaiiie iieeoeee, oioy ii a ioee?ea io Eaaeia e i?eciaao, ?oi «yoa iieeoeea aee??aea a naay oaoiieiae?aneo? e ei?aia?io? ?aoeiiaeuiinou, nia?aiaiio? e ooiie?io? ii naiae nooe». Oe?a? ieaaa ia iano?aaao eaaieiae?, oioy ?anoi ieoao i «acaeyaao» e?aae. Ii ooaa??aaao, ?oi Niaaoneee Ni?c ia aue nioeaeenoe?aneei, iineieueo aeia?o?ioe?iaaiiia ainoaa?noai ia aiioneaao nioeaeuiie ni?aaaaeeainoe, iaiaei n ni?aeaieai eiinoaoe?oao,
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?oi, a iaeanoe aai enneaaiaaiee, ?acaooaiea ainoaa?noaa «auei i?eciaeii nia?aiaiiinoe, a ia ionoaeinoe» (Shearer D. Industry- P. 239).
20 Kinch N. The Road from Dreams of Mass Production to Flexible Specialization: American Influences on the Development of the Swedish Automobile Industry, 1920-1939 // Fordism Transformed... / Ed. by H. Shiomi, K.Wada. New York, 1995. P. 107-36.
21 Ia?e Oa??enii ieoao, ?oi «Niaaou, aaeioaoenu a iai?aaeaiee aia?eeaineie iiaaee ianniaiai i?iecaianoaa a ia?aiaiiue ia?eia», ai a?aiy aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu «iae?eoe?anee eioaineoeoe?iaaee aa» (ni.: Harrison M. The Economics of World War II: An Overview // The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison / Ed. by M. Harrison. New York, 1998. P. 39). Oa??enii ia auaaeyao [oio oaeo], ?oi aia?eeaineay nenoaia auea iniiaaia ia ianniaii iio?aaeaiee.
22 Feher F., Heller ?., Markus G. Dictatorship over Needs. Oxford, 1983. 23 Ni.: Glucksmann M. Women Assemble: Women Workers and the
New Industries in Inter-War Britain. London; New York, 1990. P. 67—92. Oyei Eaa?oe aieacuaaao nouanoaiaaiea a?eoaineie nenoaiu ianniaiai i?iecaianoaa, eioi?ay ii n?aaiaie? n oi?aianeie aia?eeaineie nenoaiie eiaea aieaa iiaae?io? oeaeo aey oi?aaeai?aneiai eiio?iey ca onoaiiaeaieai ii?i au?aaioee e i?aaiecaoeae ?aai?aai ianoa (ni.: Lewchuk W. American Technology and the British Vehicle Industry. New York, 1987). I i?iaeaiao niaaoneiai ?a?eia n inouanoaeaieai yooaeoeaiiai eiio?iey ca o?oaiaui i?ioannii ni.: Filtzer D. Soviet Workers and Stalinist Industrialization: the Formation of Modern Soviet Production Relations, 1928—1941. Armonk; New York, 1986. A Eoaeee ?oeiaianoai «Oeaoa» ?anniao?eaaei oi?aeci eae niinia oaaee?aiey eiio?iey ca ?aai?eie (e i?ioeaiaaenoaey oneeeaa?uaiony ?aai?aio aae?aie?), a oae?a aeaaei a iai ioou e ainoe?aie? aieuoeo iauaiia i?iecaianoaa (e e iaeaaaie? no?aoaaeae nauoa) (Musso S. Il cottimo come razionalizzazione. Mutamenti organizzativi, conflittualita e regolamentazione contrattuale del rapporta tra salario e rendimento nell'industria meccanica (1910—1940) // Torino fra liberalismo e fascismo / Ed. by U. Levra, N. Tranfaglia. Milan, 1987. P. 119-235).
24 Oai, aaa ia auei aaoi?eoa?iuo ?a?eiia, oneeeaaaoeo ooai?anoaaiio? i?oiaiene?, iu aeaei, ?oi ?acaeoea iiaa?ienoneiai aaaiaa?aa ia auei niaa?oaiii ioee?iui io niaaoneiai neo?ay. Ai O?aioee, iai?eia?, i?eciaiiua aaaiaa?aiua oo-
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ai?ieee, ?aaae?oy ia ia?ao? ie?iao? aieio, aia?iaieuii ia?aoeeenu e iaieeanneoecio, a oi ?a a?aiy ia io?aeaynu io i?aoaicee ia nia?aiaiiinou. Iicaiaa, a iiaa?ienoneie naaa?iie a?oeoaeoo?a ?acaeoea ?aaeiiaeuiuo e iaoeiiaeuiuo iioeaia ia auei ?ai-oi iaiau?iui, ia aiai?y o?a i aai ianaiaeiinoe e iieeoe?aneei eiioeunai. A?oaeie neiaaie, yoi ia aioeoaca iiaa?iecia, iaoeiiaeecia e oieueei?iuo oaiaaioee (e eieiieaeecia). A aaenoaeoaeuiinoe eaay iiaa?iecia eae aioeoacu o?aaeoeiiaeecia — yoi iiaa?ienoneee o?ii, eioi?iio iiaa?ieci i?ioeai?a?eo ia i?aeoeea (ni.: Silver E. A. Esprit de Corps: The Art of the Parisian Avant-Garde and the First World War, 1914-1925. Princeton, 1989; Norberg-Schulz Ch. Nightlands: Nordic Building. Cambridge; MA, 1996).
25 Groys B. The Total Art of Stalinism: Avant-Garde, Aesthetic Dictatorship, and Beyond. Princeton, 1992 (iai. i?ea.— 1988); Clark E. Petersburg: Crucible of the Cultural Revolution. Cambridge; MA, 1995; ni. oae?a: Wood P. The Politics of the Avant-Garde // The Great Utopia: The Russian and Soviet Avant-Garde, 1915-1932. New York, 1992. P. 1-24.
26 Van Norman Baer N. Design and Movement in the Theater of the Russian Avant-Garde // Theater in Revolution: Russian Avant-Garde Stage Design, 1913-1935. New York, 1991. P. 34-59, oeo. ia N. 57.
27 Brooks J. Two Tandem Revolutions in Russian Culture: Modernist and Pop // Common Knowledge. 1998. Vol. 7, N 3. P. 139-55.
28 European Culture in the Great War: The Arts, Entertainment, and Propaganda, 1914-1918 / Ed. by A. Roshwald, R. Stites. New York, 1999.
29 Douglas S. Inventing American Broadcasting, 1899—1922. Baltimore, 1987.
30 Williams R. Communications. 2nd ed. London, 1996.
31 Ortega-y-Gasset J. The Revolt of the Masses. New York, 1932; 1934; ni. oae?a: Brantlinger P. Bread and Circuses: Theories of Mass Culture as Social Decay. Ithaca; New York, 1983.
32 LeMahieu D. L. A Culture for Democracy: Mass Communication and the Cultural Mind in Britain Between the Wars. Oxford, 1988. I iann-iaaea a ?iiiee, a oae?a i?iaioe?o?uea n?aaiaiey a eiioaenoa iauaai aic?anoaiey ainoaa?noaaiiie aeanoe ni.: Kasza G. J. The State and the Mass Media in Japan, 1918—1945. Berkeley, 1988. Eaca ooaa??aaao, ?oi, aii?aee ?anoe?aie? oaico?u a ?iiiee a ia?aea XX a., eiio?ieu ca yiiineeie NIE aa?a a 1937 a. ea?anoaaiii ia ioee?aeny io neooa-
292
oee a A?eoaiee eee O?aioee. Ii oae?a iieacuaaao, neieu aieiaoaeuii yiiiou eco?aee iaoenoneo? iaaeaiieeoeeo. 33 Eoeuoo?iia no?ieoaeunoai a NNN?. I., 1956. N. 322, - aini?iecaiaeony a: The Film Factory: Russian and Soviet Cinema Documents, 1896-1939 / Ed. by I. Christie, R. Taylor. Cambridge; MA, 1988. P. 423; Ia?iaiia ia?aciaaiea, iaoea e eoeuoo?a a NNN?. I., 1971. N. 20.
34 Eoeuoo?iia no?ieoaeunoai... N. 322; Ia?iaiia ia?aciaaiea... N. 20. A ia?aea 1920-o aa. iineianeay e iao?ia?aaneay iiaienea ioaaouaaea ieiei 90 % ?o?iaeia, ioaeeeiaaaoeony a Niaaoneie ?innee. Ec ianeieueeo nioai ouny? yecaiiey?ia «I?aaau» e a?oaeo a?aaiaaiuo oaio?aeuiuo aacao oieuei ianeieuei ouny? ?ani?ino?aiyeinu ca i?aaaeaie aaoo noieeo e o?ao-?aou?ao e?oiiaeoeo iaeanoiuo oaio?ia. Caanu oae?a i?iecieaoo eciaiaiey.
35 Aoi?ui iyoeeaoiei ieaiii 1932 a. iaia?aeinu i?iecaianoai 14 iei aieiiauo ?aaeii?eaiieeia, ii a 1937 a. ?aaioaei oieuei 3.5 iei. Niaaoneay i?iiuoeaiiinou ia iiaea ecaioiaeou ainoaoi?iiai eiee?anoaa yeaeo?ieaii. Eaaaeu eee i?iaia inoaeenu ainiianoao?uae oi?iie niaaoneiai ?aaei ia aieaia a?aiy, ana aua ninoaaeyy aaa o?aoe ?aaei [oi?ae] a 50-a aa. (ni.: ?acaeoea nayce a NNN? / Iia ?aa. I. A. In??oaaa. I., 1967. N. 221-27).
36 Eiino?aiiua oeeuiu iieacuaaeenu a Niaaoneii Ni?ca a 1930-a aa., ii eo ?enei oiaiuoaeinu eae ii a?a?aoiui (oaa?aay aae?oa), oae e ii eaaieiae?aneei i?e?eiai (ni.: Taylor R. Ideology as Mass Entertainment: Boris Shumyatsky and Soviet Cinema in the 1930s // Inside the Film Factory: New Approaches to Russian and Soviet Cienma / Ed. by R. Taylor, I. Christie. New York, 1991. P. 193—216). A iieaciie ?aaioa Ieoa?a Eeiaca (Kenez P. Cinema and Soviet Society, 1917—1953. New York, 1992. P. 133—34) ia oiiieia?ony «Iiaua a?aiaia» n?aae eiino?aiiuo oeeuiia, iieacaiiuo a 1936 a.
37 A 1917 a., aoao?e iacia?eoaeuiui ii n?aaiaie? n ieioiinou? ianaeaiey, eiee?anoai oaeaoiiia a Niaaoneii Ni?ca oiaei a ia?aia aanyoeeaoea iinea ?aaie?oee, ii au?inei a 1930-a aa. ?acee?iua aaaiinoaa ?acaeaaee nianoaaiiua naoe, oae ?oi o ?eiiaieeia ieacaeinu iiiai oaeaoiiia (ni.: Solnick S. L. Revolution, Reform and the Soviet Telephone System, 1917—1927 // Sov. Stud. 1991. Vol. 43, N 1. P. 157-76). O?aaa?ee Noa?? ooaa??aaao, ?oi niaaoneea aeanoe iiiu?yee oieuei aa?oeeaeuio? nenoaio eiiioieeaoee (oaeaoii ioiineony e ai?ecii-
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oaeuiui) (ni.: Starr F. New Communications Technologies and Civil Society // Science and the Soviet Social Order / Ed. by L. Graham. Cambridge; MA, 1990. P. 19-50). Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou eeae?iaaee a ia?aiaiiii ie?a ii ?eneo ?anoiuo iieo?aoaeae oaeaoiiiuo oneoa. Aey n?aaiaiey ni.: The Social Impact of the Telephone / Ed. by I. de Sola Pool. Cambridge; MA,
1977.
38 Ieoa? Eeiac ieoao, ?oi a 1920-a aa. aieuoeinoai niaaoneeo aacao ia auaaeyeinu ii eniieiaie? e iiaoi?yei a?oa a?oaa ii niaa??aie?. ?enei aacao e eo oe?a? iaaaee a 1920-a aa. (Kenez P. The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917-1929. New York, 1985. P. 224-38). E 1930-i aa. aiaoiee aea niaaoneeo aacao neeuii eciaieeny (ni.: Lenoe M. E. Stalinist Mass Journalism and the Transformation of Soviet Newspapers, 1926—1932 / Ph. D. dissertation. Univ. of Chicago, 1997; ni. oae?a: Gibbon J. The Soviet Press and Grassroots Organization: the Worker Correspondent Movement, NEP to the First Five-Year Plan / Ph. D. dissertation. Univ. of Toronto, 1993; Mueller J. K. A New Kind of Newspaper: the Origins and Development of a Soviet Institution, 1921-1928 / Ph. D. dissertation. Univ. of California, Berkeley, 1992).
39 Pethybridge RA) The Spread of the Russian Revolution: Essays on 1917. New York, 1972. P. 179-200; 2) One Step Backwards, Two Steps Forward: Soviet Society and Politics under the New Economic Policy. Oxford, 1990. P. 121-44; Siegelbaum L. Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935—1941. New York, 1988. P. 181-82.
40 N?. yoio iiaoia n eioa?i?aoaoeae «eoeuoo?iie i?iiuoeaiiinoe» O?aieoo?oneie oeieie, eioi?ay eaaioeoeoe?iaaea nouiinou aia?eeaineie ianniaie eoeuoo?u («noeeeciaaiiia aa?aa?noai») n iaoenoneei (e niaaoneei) oioaeeoa?eciii (ni.: Horkheimer M., Adorno Th. W. Dialectic of Enlightenment. New York, 1972 (iniaaiii n. 120—67); iai. i?ea., iioaeeeiaaiiue a 1947 a., aue iaienai a 1944 a. a Eaeeoi?iee). 41 Niaaoneay oaico?a auea oi?ioi niaa?aia aieoiaioaie, ii aa aiaeec ?aua anaai aaeaeny aia nayce n niiinoaaeiui ii ?aciaoo ?ani?ino?aiaieai eioi?iaoee (ni.: Enoi?ey niaaoneie iieeoe?aneie oaico?u: aieoiaiou e eiiiaioa?ee. I., 1997; Ae?i A. A., Niaaoneay oaico?a a yiioo oioaeuiiai oa??i?a 1929-1953. NIa., 2000).
42 Stites R. Russian Popular Culture: Entertainment and Society Since 1900. New York, 1992; ni. oae?a: Mass Culture in Soviet
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43 Ni., iai?eia?: Leyda J. Kino: A History of the Russian and Soviet Film: 3rd ed. Princeton, 1983; Youngblood D. Movies for the Masses: Popular Cinema and Soviet Society in the 1920s. New York, 1992; e ii. a?. (nienie neeoeii aaeee aey ia?a?eneaiey).
44 Enoi?ey niaaoneie ?aaei?o?iaeenoeee: Aieoiaiou. Oaenou. Ainiiieiaiey. 1917—1945 aa. I., 1991; Ai?yaaa O. I. ?aaei ?innee: Iieeoe?aneee eiio?ieu niaaoneiai ?aaeiaauaiey a 1920—1930-o aiaao. Aieoiaioe?iaaiiay enoi?ey. I., 2000. Ai?yaaa aaao enee??eoaeuii oaiiue aiaeec oie?oi?aiiuo e nio?aieaoeony iaoa?eaeia, aee??ay caoeicaiene, ii iaei ieoao i niaa??aiee ?aaeiia?aaa?.
45 Von Geldern J. Introduction // Mass Culture in Soviet Russia / Ed. by J. von Geldern, R. Stites. Bloomington, 1995. P. xvii-xviii, xxvii. A?aoo?e A?oen (oeacuaay ia ?aa?ei ?iaei) ioia?aao, ?oi nioeaeenoe?aneee ?aaeeci noae ia?iaiui e neie?aoe?iui. Ii i?eciaao acaeiiia aeeyiea ioeoeaeuiie e ia?iaiie eoeuoo?, oae ?a eae e ?eao?anou iiaa?ienoneeo eaeii, e ana ?a, ianiio?y ia yoi, onoaiaaeeaaao iaaa?iyoii a?oao? aeoioiie? ia?ao ioeoeaeuiie e ia?iaiie eoeuoo?aie. Nii?ii e i?eienuaaiea ei iiaa?iecio noaoai «eeaa?oa?eaineiai» iioaioeaea (ni.: Brooks). Two Tandem Revolutions; Robin R. Stalinism and Popular Culture // The Culture of the Stalin Period / Ed. by H. Gunther. New York, 1990. P. 15-40; ni. oae?a: Dunham V. In Stalin's Time: Middleclass Values in Soviet Fiction: 2nd ed. Durham, NC, 1990; Fitzpatrick Sh. The Cultural Front: Power and Culture in Revolutionary Russia. Ithaca; New York, 1992). Oaeea Oeoiao?ee ecia?a?aao eoeuoo?o noaeeineiai ia?eiaa eae, ai ecaanoiie noaiaie, au?a?aiea ieceii?iaiuo aeonia ?oeiaiaeoaeae eiiioienoe?aneie ia?oee.
46 Havens Th. R. H. Valley of Darkness: the Japanese People and World War Two. New York, 1978. P. 24. Niaaoneea oeeuiu auee cai?auaiu ai?acai ?aiuoa.
47 Rentschier ?. The Ministry of Illusion: Nazi Cinema and its Afterlife. Cambridge; MA, 1996. Aan?eneaiiua oeeuiu iaoenoneie yiioe, iiaiaii oeeuiai yiioe noaeeineie, naaiaiy eia?o aieuoie oniao a Aa?iaiee ia oaeaaeaaiee e eeiioanoeaaeyo.
48 Rabinbach A. The Reader, the Popular Novel and the Imperative to Participate: Reflections on Public and Private Experience in the Third Reich // History and Memory. 1991. Vol. 3, N 2. P. 5-44 (oeo. ni. n 7). ?aaeiaao iieiinou? io?eoaao aeoioiie?, aoaoi
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au eiaaoo? ianoi ia?ao ioeoeaeuiie/ioaee?iie eoeuoo?ie e aaanoaii a ?anoio? ?eciu, aianoi oiai ?oiau aiaeece?iaaou yoo aeoioiie? eae a?oaoaeo iaoenoneie eaaieiaee (ni.: Schafer H. D. Das gespaltene Bewusstsein: deutsche Kultur und Lebenswirklichkeit 1933-1945. Munich, 1982). Aiaeec ?eoaoaey a ia?eia noaeeineie aeeoaoo?u ni.: Aia?aiei A. Oi?iiaea niaaoneiai ?eoaoaey: nioeaeuiua e ynoaoe?aneea i?aaiinueee ?aoaioee niaaoneie eeoa?aoo?u. NIa., 1997.
49 Tupitsyn M. The Soviet Photograph, 1924-1937. New Haven, 1996; ni. oae?a: Bowlt J. Brazen Can-Can in the Temple of Art: The Russian Avant-Garde and Popular Culture // Modern Art and Popular Culture: High and Low / Ed. by K. Varnedoe, A. Gopnik. New York, 1990. P. 135-58. «Anee ee? - yoi ioeoeaeuiia eoeuoo?iia iai?aaeaiea a [iaoenoneie] Aa?iaiee, oaoenoneie Eoaeee e niaaoneie ?innee,— ienae Eeaiaio A?eiaa?a a 1939 a.,- oi i?e?eia yoiai ia a oii, ?oi niioaaonoao?uea i?aaeoaeunoaa eiio?iee?o?ony oeeenoa?aie, a a oii, ?oi ee? a yoeo no?aiao, eae e a e?aii a?oaii ianoa,— yoi eoeuoo?a iann» (ni.: Greenberg E. Avant-Garde and Kitsch // Green-berg E. Art and Culture: Critical Essays. Boston, 1961. P. 3-21 (oeo. ni. N.19)).
50 Ooieouia, aiooay [?eoaoae?] iuneu i oii, ?oi nioeaeenoe?aneee ?aaeeci iiaaaee aeaaiaa?y aai iiioey?iinoe o iann, noaaeo ia iaio aineo ianniaua aeonu a eoeuoo?a e aiiineoaeunoai e inaaaiieoaeunoai a ia?eia ?enoie. Aa iauyniaiea ieoia?aoe?aneeo i?aaii?oaiee ?aaooe?iaaii ai [eaae] i niiniaa niyoey o?ono?aoee io ?aaeuiinoe (ni.: Tupitsyn M. The Soviet Photograph... P. 174). I oioia?aoee ni. oae?a: Sartorti R. Pressefotografie und Industrailisierung in der Sowjetunion: die Pravda 1925-1933. Berlin, 1981.
51 Ostrogorski M. Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties. London; New York, 1901.
52 Kreuzer M. L. Party Development and Democratization: Institutions, Party Politics and Political Innovation in France and Germany / Ph. D. dissertation. Columbia Univ., 1995. I iineaanoaeyo aieiu ni. oae?a: Gelvin J. L. Divided Loyalties: Nationalism and Mass Politics in Syria at the Close of Empire. Berkeley, 1998.
53 ?inney a ie?iaie aieia a 1914—1918 aiaao (a oeo?ao). I., 1925. N 1914 ii 1918 a. a aa?iaineie a?iee ioneo?eei 13.1 iei io??ei, aee??ay 10.6 iei ia o?iioa (ii?oe iaia iyoay ianaeaiey ia 1914 a.) A A?eoaiee 5.25 iei io??ei — ii?oe iieiaeia i?aaaiaiiiai io?neiai ianaeaiey a aic?anoa io 15 ai
296
49 eao — n?a?aeenu. Ai O?aioee auei iiaeeeciaaii ieiei 8 iei eee i?eaeeceoaeuii 80 % i?aaaiaiiiai ianaeaiey a aic?anoa io 15 ai 49 eao.
54 Mosse G. L. The Nationalization of the Masses: Political Symbolism and Mass Movements in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars through the Third Reich. New York, 1975.
55 I?aanoaaeaiiue aaaaoaoe ouny?ai c?eoaeae ai Oei?aioee ii?u? 18BL aue iaie iaoeia, eioi?ay i?eaeaeaea aieiaiea e a?ociaeeai oeaoianeiai i?iecaianoaa. A ia?aii aeoa aieia i?iea?aia. Ai aoi?ii iiyaey?ony ?aniaaa?uea aeiiu oaoenou a ?a?iuo ?oaaoeao; iie ecaeaa?o eaeeo-oi eaauo. A o?aouai aeoa caiey ia?aaaia iia i?iecaiaeoaeuiia naeuneia oicyenoai e iino?iaiu iiaua ai?iaa (ni.: Schnapp J. O. Staging Fascism: 18BL and the Theater of Masses for Masses. Palo Alto, 1996).
56 Segre N. Italo Balbo: a Fascist Life. Berkeley, 1987; Gentile E. The Sacralization of Politics in Fascist Italy. Cambridge; MA, 1996.
57 Monteleone F. La radio italiana nel period fascista. Venice, 1976. Niaeanii Neiiiaooa Oaeanea-Acaiiiie, ii?o?aou Ionnieeie ii ianooaaai ?ani?ino?aiaiey i?aainoiaeee eaieineea e ii?o?aou Aoao??ea (ni.: Falasca-Zamponi S. Fascist Spectacle: the Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy. Berkeley, 1997). Yoi iaiainiiaaiiia ooaa??aaiea oeacuaaao ia iaiaoiaeiinou n?aaieoaeuiiai aiaeeca. Ca aaa aanyoeeaoey i?aaeaiey Ionnieeie oe?a? aai ii?o?aoia ninoaaee io 2 ai 7 % ioe?uoi?iuo na?ee, auiouaiiuo i?aaeoaeunoaii e ia?oeae, a oi a?aiy eae io 12 ai 24 % na?ee, i?iecaaaaiiuo a ?anoiii naeoi?a, oaiaeaoai?yee cai?inu ia?iaa (?uiea) (ni.: Sturani E. Otto millioni di cartoline per il Duce. Turin, 1995). Iieaaa?o, ?oi Noaeei cai?inee o eoaeuyineiai iinea eeiieaioo i i?acaiiaaiee aanyoie aiaiaueiu ia?oa ia ?ei a 1932 a.
58 Kershaw I. The Hitler Myth: Image and Reality in the Third Reich. New York, 1987. N?.: Tumarkin N. Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia. Cambridge; MA, 1983; Heizer J. L. The Cult of Stalin, 1929-1939/ Ph. D. dissertation. Univ. of Kentucky, 1977.
59 Banham R. Theory and Design in the First Machine Age. New York, 1960; Jordan J. M. Machine Age Ideology: Social Engineering and American Liberalism, 1911-1939. Chapel Hill; NC, 1994.
60 Rabinbach A. G. The Aesthetics of Production in the Third Reich // J. Contemp. History. 1976. Vol. 11. P. 43-74 (oeo. ni. n. 43). ?aaeiaao oeacuaaao, ?oi aa?a a 1939 a. iaia o?aou iaiaoeeo
297
i?iiuoeaiiuo ?aai?eo o?oaeeanu ia i?aai?eyoeyo n iaiaa ?ai aanyou? ?aaioieeaie. Ii iiaiao iaoeiiaeenoe?aneiai (volkisch) ecia?aiey iaoenoneie eeiiia?aoee ?iaa?o Oyeei? ooaa??aaao, ?oi ia nouanoaiaaei aaeiiai, oieoeoe?iaaiiiai iaoenoneiai a?oeoaeoo?iiai noeey. A auee nianu iiaoi?y?ueony iioeaia, eoeuo iiioiaioaeecia e iaieeanneoecia ia?yao n inaaain?aaiaaaeiauai e aee?ceyie ia naeuneo? ?eciu. Aneaanoaea oiai, ?oi iiiaea no?iaiey iaoenoneie yiioe eniieuciaaeenu e iinea 1945 a., Oyeei? caaaaony aii?inii i oii, a eaeie noaiaie «iaoenoneeie» yaeyeenu iino?iaiiua oiaaa nii?o?aiey (anee ia n?eoaou eaioaey?e? e ianeieuei a?oaeo caaiee) (ni.: Taylor R. The Word in Stone: The Role of Architecture in the National Socialist Ideology. Berkeley, 1974).
61 Bailes K.E. Technology and Society... P. 381-406; ni. oae?a: McCannon J. Red Arctic: Polar Exploration and the Myth of the North in the Soviet Union, 1932-1939. New York, 1998; Wolf W. Russia's Revolutionary Underground: the Construction of the Moscow Subway, 1931-1935 / Ph.D. dissertation. Ohio State Univ. 1994.
62 Garon Sh. State and Labor in Modern Japan. Berkeley, 1987. Ch. 6. Iaoenoneea e eoaei-oaoenoneea ia?acou neeuii aieiiaaee yiiineeo a??ie?aoia e eioaeeaeooaeia. Oaoenoneea aicc?aiey ia?yao n ia?enenoneeie (oneeeaoeieny a ia?eia aioeeiiioienoe?aneeo iia?iiia) eiieo?e?iaaee n i?aanoaaeaieyie i yiiineie enee??eoaeuiinoe e aioecaiaaie?anoaii, eioi?ua i?e anai oii noiaeeenu n ia?auie ai acaeyaao ia ?ieu e i?e?iao ainoaa?noaa e nioeaeuiie i?aaiecaoee. Ai iiiaeo ioiioaieyo ?iiiey yaeyaony eo?oei ca?eaeii ia?aiaiiiai iiaa?ia [modernities], iineieueo yiiiou oai ?anniao?eaaee ana iiaaee a ea?anoaa iioaioeaeuiiai enoi?ieea aey aaaioaoee (ni.: Fletcher W. M. The Search for a New Order: Intellectuals and Fascism in Prewar Japan. Chapel Hill; NC, 1982; Duus P., Schemer I. Socialism, Liberalism, and Marxism, 1901-1931 // The Cambridge History of Japan / Ed. by P. Duus. New York, 1989. Vol. 6. P. 654-710; Najita T., Harootunian H. D. Japanese Revolt against the West: Political and Cultural Criticism in the Twentieth Century // Ibid. P. 711-74).
63 De Grazia V. The Culture of Consent: Mass Organization and Leisure in Fascist Italy. New York, 1981.
64 Mason T. Social Policy in the Third Reich: The Working Class and the 'National Community'. Oxford, 1993. Iaeee A??ee e Aieuoaaia Aeiia?iai ieooo, ?oi «ecia?a?aiea iaoenoneiai ?a?eia
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oieuei a eiioaenoa aai iaia?aie?aiiuo aicii?iinoae a aaea [i?eiaiaiey] nenoaiaoe?aneie ?anoieinoe iai?aaeeuii. Iaoenou oi?ioi iiieiaee, ?oi iaiiai oa??i?a iaainoaoi?ii aey oie?ioai?aiey e - iicaiaa — eioaa?aoee ?aai?aai eeanna a «iaoeiiaeuio? iaueio». N yoie oaeu? iie nicaaee eiio?iee?oaio? ainoaa?noaii, auoieiuaiio? aeuoa?iaoeao cai?auaiiiio ?aai?aio aae?aie? e i?iaiaeee i?eaeaeaoaeuio? e oniaoio? nioeaeuii-yeiiiie?aneo? iieeoeeo — aa?a anee — ia?aaienaeuiui ia?acii — ?aai?ea ia anaaaa auaaauaaee io yoiai (ni.: Burleigh M., Wippermann W. The Racial State... P. 284).
65 Mason T. Social Policy... P. 103. Oi, ?oi Iyenii ianoaeaaao ia «aac?acee?ee eee a?a?aaaiinoe ?aai?eo iann e iiaiio ?a?eio n ia?aea [aai nouanoaiaaiey]», auoaeaao nei?aa ec aai iuouaiey iauaeoeaiuo «enoeiiuo» eioa?ania yoeo iann, ia?aee ec eco?aiey ?aai?eo. Aio a aieuoae noaiaie oaaaony aiaeec iaoenoneeo no?aoia ia?aa ?aai?eie, ?ai eco?aiea naieo ?aai?eo.
66 Straus E. Factory and Community in Stalin's Russia: the Making of an Industrial Working Class. Pittsburgh, 1997. I ?iiiee ni.: Gordon A. The Evolution of Labor Relations in Japan: Heavy Industry, 1853-1955. Cambridge; MA, 1985 (iniaaiii ae. 6).
67 Ia ieoeaiianeii oeiii-eao?oeiaii caaiaa ia?auaee aieiaiea ia naiua ?aciua aii?inu, eioi?ua, eae iieaaaee, aeey?o ia i?iecaianoai,— io i?aaieciaaiiiai ioauoa ai ainooiiuo ?eeuy, iaaeoeineiai iaania?aiey e ia?aciaaiey (ni.: Gueslin A. Le systeme social Michelin (1889—1940) // Michelin, Les Hommes du Pneu: Les ouvriers Michelin, a Clermont-Ferrand, de 1889 a 1940 / Ed. by L. Dumond et al. Paris, 1993. P. 73-154). Iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu ieoeaiianeee caaia i?ioaaoae, a oi ?a a?aiy nie?auay ?aai?eo (iai?eia?, a 1985—95 aa.— n 30 000 ai 16 000 ?aeiaae). Ii oae?a i?ae?aoee i?ia?aiiu aey nio?oaieeia eiiiaiee a noa?a ?eeuy, ioauoa, oeie, aieuieo e naiaoi?eaa (ni.: Simons M. In French Factory Town, Culprit is Automation // The New York Times. 1994. 12 May).
68 Putnam R. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of Community in America. New York, 2000; Berman Sh. Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic // World Politics. 1997. Vol. 49, N3. P. 401-29.