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 iiiaeo niaaoieiaia. Aaenoaeoaeuii, iia?a?eeaay yeiiiie?aneo? oycaeiinou Niaaoneiai Ni?ca e oeacuaay ia iieeoe?aneia aanii­eienoai a no?aiao-naoaeeeoao, Ooei iaiia?aiaiii iaiiieiae, ?oi «?inneeneay eiia?ey, eae e e?aay a?oaay eiia?ey, — ia aa?­ia. Iieeoe?aneea, yeiiiie?aneea e nioeaeuiua ainoe?aiey ni­oeaeecia niaaoneiai oeia aiana ia oaeiau, ?oiau iaeucy auei ai­ai?eou ia i?eaa?ueo aai aieuoeo o?oaiinoyo, ii e?aeiae ia?a a n?aaian?i?iie ia?niaeoeaa. Ca?ai ?a i?eaaaaou noaoon enoi?e­?aneie noauau noieu i?aaeaiiio i?iaaeo?» (Ibid. O. 4.).
 Oi?iinou yoiai i?aaaeaaiey ii?ao neo?eou ioaaoii anai oi­?aeaaoei Ooei a oii, ?oi ii eioa?anoaony ia?aeiaeuiuie yaea­ieyie, ia aa?ueie aicii?iinoe iiiyou iauanoai ai anae aai iieiioa. A ?anoiinoe, a ioiioaiee Niaaoneiai Ni?ca— eae a nayce n aioo?aiiei eiioaio?aoeiiiui ?a?eiii aeeoaoo?u ia?­oee-ainoaa?noaa, oae e a nayce n aai eiia?eaeenoe?aneie i?e?i­aie (ii oae?a e a nayce n i?enouae aio aioo?aiiae neaainou?) — enneaaiaaoaeuneay ?aaioa Ooei aaea aai e auaiaai, yeaeaaeaio­iui ?aaeeaeuiiio iai?eyoe? niaaoneie nenoaiu. E iinea anaai neacaiiiai iai eaa?a iiiyou ?aceinou e eaoaai?e?iinou cayaea­iey, eioi?ia Ooei naaeae a 1977 a.: «Iaiaoiaeii iiaaa?aioou ?a­aeeaeuiiio ia?aniio?o an? aieao? o?aaeoe? nioeaeecia, ii­neieueo i?aeoe?anee ana, ?oi yoa nioeaeenoe?aneay o?aaeoey i?iecaaea a enoi?ee, aie?ii auou ino?aaii» (Ibid. O. 3. ?. 398).
 * * *
 Iai?yiua e eiiaeie?iaaiiua iineaanoaey eieiieaeuiuo aiei e i?aaeaiey eiiioienoe?aneeo ?a?eiia i?eaaee e neooa­oee (?a?u, a ?anoiinoe, eaao i eaoano?ioe?aneie neooaoee n auao­iaineeie aa?aioaie (boat-people), iinoiyiii noaiiaeaoeieny ?a?oaaie ie?aoneeo iaeaoia), iiaoaeaoo? Ooei caiyou a 1984 a. aeoeaio? iieeoe?aneo? e eioaeeaeooaeuio? iiceoe?, ia ia?aue acaeya ieioi niaeano?uo?ny n aai nianoaaiiui aia­eecii ianoa, eioi?ia caieiaao a oaoieeao inouanoaeaiey ni­a?aiaiiie aeanoe einoeooo i?aaa. Aaenoaeoaeuii, io eiaie i?­aaiecaoee «Ia?aoia?iaiay aiienoey» e «Caiey e?aae» ii no?aieony i?eaea?u aieiaiea iauanoaaiiinoe e ei?aae? «Eeu aa e?iua?» (iai?aaeyaoaiony ia iiiiuu e auaoiaineei aa?aioai) e aiaeee?oao e nouanoaiaaie? iaeiaai «ia?aoia­?iaiiai a?a?aainoaa, eia?uaai naie i?aaa e naie iaycaiiinoe e aioiaiai a e?aie iiiaio anooieou a ai?uao i?ioea ceioiio­?aaeaiee ni noi?iiu aeanoe, eai au ie auee oa, eoi yoe cei-
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 oiio?aaeaiey niaa?oa?o, e oa, eoi noaiiayony eo ?a?oaaie» (Ibid. O. 4. ?. 707). I?iyaeaoayny a enoi?ee n auaoiaineeie aa­?aioaie naa?o?anoieinou oioaeeoa?ecia (a eioi?ie i?enoono­aiaae e yeaiaio iieeoeee «yoie?aneiai i?euaiey») oaaaeea Ooei a iaiaoiaeiinoe i?eciaou iiceoeaiue niune i?ecuaa e ia?aoia?iaiiio i?aao eae no?aoaaee au?eaay a i?aaaeuiuo neooaoeyo. Ii iineaaiaaaoay anei?a nia?ou Ooei, e ni?aea­ie?, cai?auaao iai no?ieou eaeea-eeai na?uaciua aeiioacu a yoii ioiioaiee. Eae au oi ie auei, niaieoiio? iiceoe? Oo­ei ii?ii e io?ii iiieiaou eae aanie?oiia e eaoaai?e?aneia iai?eyoea aieo?eiu eeanniaie ai?uau, ainoeaa?uae naiaai aiiaay a i?eioeia eeanniaie aieiu e eeanniaiai oie?oi?a­iey, — aieo?eiu, eioi?o? ia i?aeoeea iiiuoaeenu inouano­aeou Niaaoneee Ni?c e a?oaea nioeaeenoe?aneea no?aiu.
 I?eia?aiey
 1 Foucault M. Dits et ecrits: In 4 T. Gallimard, 1994.
 2 «Il faut defendre la societe», Cours au College de France. 1976; Hautes Etudes. Seuil: Gallimard, 1997.
 3 Ooei ainoaoi?ii ?anoi eniieucoao oa?iei «oioaeeoa?iue» a oe?ieii niunea neiaa, i?eiaiyy aai ia oieuei e iaoenoneie Aa?iaiee eee e Niaaoneiio Ni?co noaeeineiai ia?eiaa, ii e ei anai eiiioienoe?aneei no?aiai. Iai?eia?, iano?aay ?aaiou Oiiana Caca (Thomas Szasz), aia?eeaineiai e?eoeea ineoeao?ee aaiaa?neiai i?ienoi?aaiey, ii auneacuaaao i?aaiiei?aiea, ?oi eaaioeoeeaoey ia?ao «aeanou?» e «aino­aa?noaii», e eioi?ie oyaioaao Nan, naycaia n aaoiy oi?iaie iiuoa — «aa?iiaeneei iiuoii oioaeeoa?iie Aaia?ee, aaa ana oi?iu e iaoaieciu aeanoe ?aaieai eiio?iee?iaaei ainoaa?­noai, e aia?eeaineei iiuoii no?aiu, i?iieeiooie oaa?aaie­ai, ?oi naiaiaa ia?eiaaony oai, aaa eii?aaony oaio?aeeciaai­iia aiaoaoaeunoai ainoaa?noaa» (Dits et ecrits... T. 3. P. 92). A oi ?a a?aiy iiuo ai?uau iieuneie Nieeaa?iinoe, n eioi?ui Ooei, iiauaaa a yoie no?aia, iiciaeiieeny iaiin?aanoaaiii, canoaaee aai oniiieouny a iaaa?iinoe aiaeeca «a oa?ieiao oioaeeoa?iiai ainoaa?noaa»: a 1982 a. iieyee aini?eieiaee naia iiei?aiea eae ?acoeuoao iaiauyaeaiiie aieiu e ei i?eoiaeeinu oa?iaou Eiiioienoe?aneo? ia?oe? e ?inne? eae i?enoonoao?uee a no?aia «eiino?aiiue aeie» (Dits et ecrits... T. 4. P. 344).
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 4 Iia auea iioaeeeiaaia a ?o?iaea «Critique», (e?iu-e?eu 1976 a.) iia iacaaieai «Eaiei, iieeoeea e enoa?ey». Iniia­iie oacen noaoue y ?acaee a naiae aenna?oaoee, a caoai a iaie­naiiie ia iniiaa aenna?oaoee eieaa, iioaeeeiaaiiie a 1982 a. e ia?aecaaiiie a 1998 a.
 5 Yoa aanaaa auea aia?aua iioaeeeiaaia a a?eeaoaia «Orni­nar?» (ia?eiae?aneia ecaaiea ineoiaiaeeoe?aneiai iai?aaea­iey, naycuaa?uaai naay n eiaiai O?aeaa), a caoai a: «Dits et 6 Oeoaoa ec yoiai ienuia i?eaiaeony a o?iiieiaee, aee??aiiie a 1-e oii «Dits et ecrits» (P. 22).
 7 Aieaa oi?iua aaou ii?aaaeeou a aaiiii neo?aa aiaieuii o?oa­ii. Ii, ii neiaai naiiai Ooei, ii i?enoonoaiaae ia nia?aieyo ia?oeeiie y?aeee a ia?eia «caaiai?a aaeuo oaeaoia» — yoa iieeoe?aneay eaiiaiey eiaea ianoi a ia?aea 1953 a.
 8 Ia yoii yieciaa ni.: Eicu??aiei A. A ieaio o e?aniiai oa?ai­ia. I.: Ia?aoia?. ioiio., 1995.
 9 Aiaeec yoie ooieoee «o?eaoia» EIO i?eiaaea?eo o?aiooc­neiio iieeoieiao ?i??o Eaai.
 10 Aiai?y ia aiaeeca caaiaa eae nioeaeuiiai einoeoooa, Ooei nnueaaony ia aoi?o? eieao «Eaieoaea»; iaiaei yoio aiaeec ia­oiaeony a eieaa I (ae. XIII, XIV, XV). Ai o?aioocneii ecaaiee «Editions sociales» yoe aeaau iaoiayony a oiia 2. Ooei i?inoi ioeany e ia?aiooae «eieae» — «Eaieoae», eae ecaanoii, ni­noieo ec ?aou?ao eiea — e oiia a iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiii o?aioocneii ecaaiee «Eaieoaea».
 11 Yoio aaia?o a ne?uoie oi?ia yaeyaony iaiia?aiaiii niini­aii aenoaioe?iaaouny io iiceoee Iua?a Ao?au?, eioi?ue eae ?ac a oio iiiaio, eiaaa Ooei ioe?uoi ioaa?aaao yoio oacen i nioeaeuiii aoaeecia, aiaieuii ecyuii ?acaeaaao aai a naiae eieaa «La Distinction. Critique sociale du jugement».
 12 Oaeno Iaieoanoa GIP n o?aiy niioaaonoao?ueie iiaienyie aaoe?oaony 8 oaa?aey 1971 a. (Dits et ecrits... T. 2. P. 174—175).
 13 Ooei aae i?aiu eanoiue iocua eieaa Ae?eniaia «Les Maitres Penseurs», eioi?ue aue iaia?aoai a «Ioaaeu Iana?aaoa?» a iaa 1977 a. (Dits et ecrits... T. 3. P. 277 e neaa.); Ooei oae?a iiei?eoaeuii ioaiee eieao Ae?eniaia «La Cuisiniere et le mangeur d'homme» (Ibid.).
 14 I iiiyoee a?a?aaineiai iauanoaa e aai enoi?ee ni.: Colas D. Le Glaive et le Fleau. Genealogie du fanatisme et de la societe civile. Paris: Grasset, 1992. Ni. oae?a aiae. ia?.: Civil society and Fanaticism. Conjoined histories. Stanford Univ. Press, 1997.
 IIAUA A?AIAIA: NIAAONEEE NI?C A IA?AIAIIII OEAEEECAOEIIIII EIIOAENOA1. Noeaai Eioeei
 
 Auaa?ueany aa?iiaeneea o?aiua e ainoaa?noaaiiua aayoaee n ia?aea XIX aaea i?aaneacuaaee iiauai ianniaiai ?aeiaaea e ianooieaiea aaea iann.
 Oaiia A?aiao
 A «IIAUO A?AIAIAO» (1936) ?a?ee ?aieei ea?aao oaa­?e?iiai ?aai?aai Yeaeo?inoaeaeeoaeiie eiiiaiee. Ii caoyae­aaao aieou ia auno?iaae?ouaeny eaioa eiiaaea?a. A iaiie ec noai iieacaii iaoaie?aneia nii?o?aiea, i?ecaaiiia «ei?­ieou» ?aai?eo eai?ai a oi a?aiy, eae iie inoa?ony ia i?iec­aianoaaiiie eeiee. Ii iii eiiaaony, e noi eaoeo a eeoi ?a?ee. A?oaay noaia ecia?a?aao nianoaaiieea-eaieoaeenoa, eioi?ue neaaeo ca i?iecaianoaaiiui i?ioannii n iiiiuu? ne?uoie ea­ia?u e o?aaoao oaaee?aiey nei?inoe eeiee. Ia iiniaaa?uee ca oaiiii ?a?ee iaaaao ia aeaaioneea oanoa?ie. ?a?oaa ia?a­iiai enoiuaiey, ii oa?yao ?aaioo. Ia oeeoa aai ioeai?ii i?e­ieia?o ca eiiioienoe?aneiai ai?aea e a?anoiauaa?o. Ii neo­?aeiiio noa?aie? ianoiyoaeunoa ii i?aaoi?a?aaao iiaaa ec o??uiu. Aai i?iua?o e ioionea?o. Ii iineieueo aai noa?ue noaeaeeoaeiue caaia cae?uo, ?a?ee ia ii?ao iaeoe ?aaioo. Ii ioaa?ai iinoaeuaeae ii oaiaei aa?aioeyi o??aiiiai caee??a­iey. A iieeoe?aneii niunea «Iiauo a?aiai», ea?aony, iaaic­ii?ii oniiieouny.
 Iaiaei i?eoii, ?oi oeeui a?iaa au naaeai eae i?i?aai?ee e «aioeeiiaaea?iue», iiiaia a «Iiauo a?aiaiao» iia?eiaii aa­oiiaoecio oaa?e?iie oaoiieiaee. Aieaa oiai, ia oiia iaoeiii­ai aaea oeeui i?eaaonoaoao ia iiaaaiia oanoaea ?aai?aai nic­iaiey, a nei?aa oi, ?oi iiaei au auou iacaaii iaeeiao??oaciuie ia?oaie2. Aac?aaioiue ?a?ee ano?a?aao ne?ioeo (Iieaoo Aiaa?), e iaa ia?eia?o oaioace?iaaou i nianoaaiiii naiaeiii aiia. ?a?ee iin?anoeeaeeinu iieo?eou ?aaioo ii?iiai noi?i?a a oie­aa?iaaa, aaa aai ?aeei iaaoay aice?aeaiiay-iia?inoie ?anaie ianea?aaaony ia neeaaa ioaaea iaa?au. Iaiaei eiaaa ?a?ee ie n oiai ie n naai iiiiaaao naiei caaianeei oiaa?euai, eeoeaoeiny
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 ?aaiou, — eioi?uo ii canoaao ca a?aaa?ii oieaa?iaaa — aai oaieuiy?o. Oeiaeuiay noaia ecia?a?aao ia?i?eo, a?aaouo? aiec ii iionoaaoae ai?iaa — ii ?oea ia ?oeo. «Iaeaiueee ?aeiaae» iinoaaeai a o?oaiua ianoiyoaeunoaa, ii ii ia iaaneo?a?ai. Aa?a oi??anoaoao3.
 Ieaie?iaaaoeeny, ii neooai, nia?aea iia iacaaieai «Ian­nu», oeeui «Iiaua a?aiaia» y?ei inaauaao e niaiauaao aaa aeaaiuo neiaiea nia?aiaiiinoe — iaoaiece?iaaiio? oaa?eeo e ia iaiaa aianoeoaeuiue oieaa?iaa, i?iaa?uee ecaaeey ianni­aiai i?iecaianoaa. A oi ?a a?aiy iin?aaiee, n iiiiuu? eioi?iai yoe ia?acu auee nicaaiu e ia?aaaiu, — eeii — nai aue neiaieii e neeie iiaiai a?aiaie. Ca?aoue ia?ao oanoa?iyie oaa?e?iuo iaoei ?aieei iaeueaao, iiaiaii eeiiieaiea a i?iaeoi?a4. Aai oeeui — eae e eeii aiiaua — iieuciaaeny oaioanoe?aneie iiio­ey?iinou? a noaeeineii Niaaoneii Ni?ca. N eiiioienoe?aneie oi?ee c?aiey, ii?ii auei neacaou, ?oi ?aieei naoe?e?anee eci­a?acee eaieoaeenoe?aneee ie? yiioe Aai?annee e naaeae ec i?ieaoa?ey aa?iy5. Iiieii i?aaiieaaaaiie eaaieiae?aneie i?e­aieaiinoe oeeuia, oi, eae a iai niyou aaoiiaoece?iaaiiay oaa­?eea, aee??ay iioiaiiio? nenoaio, e iaeeiao??oaciua ia?ou aa?iy, caaaei niaaoneeo e?aae ca ?eaia. ?aieei caia?aoeae ia?­aiaiio? oeaeeecaoeiiio? eiiu?ieoo?o. Niaaoneee Ni?c ?a iia ooaa??aaou, ?oi yoi — aai nianoaaiiay eiiu?ieoo?a. Iiaiaii Niaaeiaiiui Ooaoai, oioy e neaaoy eiie ai?iaie, Niaaoneee Ni?c noae iauanoaii ianniauo i?iecaianoaa e eoeuoo?u, i?a­oaiaoy ia oi, ?oi aeeoaoo?a, a ia ia?eaiaioa?eci yaeyaony naiie yooaeoeaiie oi?iie ianniaie iieeoeee.
 A yoii ynna y iiiuoa?nu ainnicaaou ia?aiaiiue niaaoneee iiuo a n?aaieoaeuiii eiioaenoa eee a oeaeeecaoeiiiie eiiu­?ieoo?a. Iiy aeaaiay eaay i?inoa: iieacaou, ?oi Niaaoneee Ni?c n iaecaa?iinou? aue aiaea?ai a i?ioannu, ia yaey?ueany ini­aaiiinou? aey ?innee, — io ?ani?ino?aiaiey ianniaiai i?iec­aianoaa e ianniaie eoeuoo?u ai i?eoanoaey ianniaie iieeoeee e aa?a ianniaiai iio?aaeaiey — iinea 1890 a.6 Ia?aay ie?iaay aieia, ai a?aiy eioi?ie e i?iecioea ?onneay ?aaie?oey, i?e­aaea yoei i?ioannai neeuiaeoaa onei?aiea ai anao ai??ueo no?aiao. A ?innee aaoie?aoey e eiia?ey onooieee ai?iao ia­iiiai aieaa iiuiie aeeoaoo?a e eaaceoaaa?aeuiiio Ni?co, ne?aieaiiiio iayniui, aiaeoeiciui e iaoneiaeaiiui aieiie aeaaieai aioeeeaa?aeuiie nia?aiaiiinoe7. Ca aaa iineaaiaaa-
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 oeo ca yoei aanyoeeaoey ia?ac ia?ae einoeoooeiiaeuiua oi?­iu, eiaaoea iaeioi?ua aa?iua noianoaa (e iiiaea aa?iua io­ee?ey) eae n eeaa?aeuiuie i?iaeoaie nia?aiaiiinoe — oaeeie eae Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou, Aaeeeia?eoaiey e O?aioey, oae e n a?oaeie oi?iaie aioeeeaa?aeuiie nia?aiaiiinoe — oaeeie eae iaoenoneay Aa?iaiey, oaoenoneay Eoaeey e eiia?aoi?neay ?iiiey.
 Oa?aeoa?iua ?a?ou ia?aiaiiiai ia?eiaa nei?eeenu iia aeeyieai iiuoa ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu, a iniaaiiinoe iia aeey­ieai iaecaa?iinoe o?aoa oaeoi?a iiaeeeciaaiiuo iann a iaua­noaa e iieeoeea; iiauo oaoiieiaee (i?iecaianoaaiiua eeiee, ?aaei, eeiieiaono?ey, oaeaoii) e iiiuoie eo i?eiaiaiey a i?i­iuoeaiiinoe, eoeuoo?a e iieeoeea; iaae?aaoaai neeo iiai?ioa e nioeaeuiiio iaania?aie? eae ie?iaicc?aie? e niiniao i?aa­eaiey; iaeiiao, eae nio?aiyaoeony oi?iaeuiuo eiia?ee, oae e oneeeaoeony iaoeiiaeuiuo o?aaiaaiee. Aianoa yoe acaeiinay­caiiua oaiaaioee ia?aciaaee oe?ieia i?ino?ainoai aey aic­ii?iuo, a a eiii neo?aa aa?a e iaiaoiaeiuo, aaenoaee aey ni­?aaio?ueony aaeeeeo aa??aa. Iaiaei caanu ia auei ie?aai ia­ecaa?iiai. Ie iaia ec aaaoueo aa??aa ia eiaea naiaiau ?oe aey naiiniceaaiey ia niaa?oaiii iiaie iniiaa eee oae, eae yoi iie­iinou? au ono?ieei aa eeaa?ia e iauanoaaiiinou, — aa?a Niaao­neee Ni?c. Aaaio aaenoaey ia ii?ao iinooiaou iacaaeneii io no?oeoo? — oi?ii oae ?a, eae ia nouanoaoao no?oeoo?, iacaaeneiuo io oiai, eae iinooiaao aaaio aaenoaey*. Ana aaaouea aa??aau eiaee aaaii nei?eaoeany iieeoe?aneea einoeoooee, eoeuoo?­iua o?aaeoee, nioeaeuiua e yeiiiie?aneea onoaiiaeaiey, oa??e­oi?eaeuiua eiioeao?aoee e ioee?eoaeuiua oi?iu iiaaa??aiey ia?aoia?iaiuo ioiioaiee8.
 Iaiaei, ionou e ii-naiaio, ea?aay ec ieo i?ooeeanu a oneiae­yo «aaea iann», noaaoaai iaia?aoeiui aeaaiaa?y anaiauae iiae­eecaoee. Ea?aay i?eio?aaia auea ioe?uaaou aey naay eioaa?e­?o?uea iaoaieciu, auoaea?uea ec ?aciiia?aciuo oi?i ianni­auo iieeoeee, iio?aaeaiey, eoeuoo?u, nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey
 * Aiai?y i aaenoaeyo aaaioa nioeaeuiuo eciaiaiee eae nioeaeu­iii einoeoooa, aaoi? eniieucoao nioeieiae?aneee oa?iei agen­cy, eioi?ue neaaiaaei au ia?aaaou ionoonoao?uei a ?onneii ycuea i?iecaiaiui io nouanoaeoaeuiiai «aaeaoaeu», naiiai ii naaa ?aaeiai e «iaoee??aai» (i?ei. ia?aa.).
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 e eiia?neeo/iaoeiiaeuiuo i?iaeoia. Ei?i?a aiai?y, ea?aay ec aaeeeeo aa??aa — iineieueo ie iaia ia io?aeeanu io i?aoaicee ia aaaaiiie? — ieacaeanu aiaea?aia a ni?aaiiaaiea ii au?aaio­ea oie eee eiie aa?nee nia?aiaiiinoe iann; a ni?aaiiaaiea, ei­oi?ia aaei iiaue oie?ie e oi?io eo aaiiieeoe?aneiio niia?ie­?anoao. A caaeneiinoe io i?aiaeaaaaoeo a oii eee eiii neo?aa iniaaiiinoae iinooieia nioeaeuiuo aaaioia (agency) ?acee?iua aeoi?u — aeeoaoi?u, eca?aiiua eeaa?u, ooieoeiia?u, a?a?aai­neea neo?auea, nianoaaiieee, ianniaua i?aaiecaoee, ianoiua iaueiu, eioaeeaeooaeu, i?iiaaaiaenou — ainoi?aaeenu a?oa a?oaii eee iiiineee a?oa a?oaa, eieoe?iaaee a?oa a?oaa eee io­eacuaaeenu io iaeioi?uo i?aeoee (ne?uaaee eo), a oi a?aiy eae a?oaea ia?auaeenu e yoei iineaaiei9. Iaeioi?ua i?aaiecaoee e eiaeaeau, aianoi oiai ?oiau ?acaeaaou eieeaeoeaiua oaiaaioee nia?aiaiiinoe, nii?ioeaeyeenu ei — ionou e aaconiaoii, a iaei­oi?ua ec iiaaa??eaaaoeo iauaa aaei iiieiaee aai nianai ia oae, eae aieuoeinoai eee aeanoe. Nia?aiaiiinou auea a?aiie, eioi?o? inia?eaaee eae aioo?e yoeo no?ai, oae e a ioiioaieyo ia?ao ieie.
 Eiaaa y iia?a?eeaa? nouanoaiaaiea niaoeoe?iiai ia?aiai­iiai eaiaoaooa aicii?iinoae e auciaia, eioi?ua noaee ?aaeu­iinou? ia oieuei aeaaiaa?y auai?o, ii e ec-ca aaiiieeoe?aneiai ni?aaiiaaiey, iiy oaeu — ia a aano?aiie iiiuoea aiooeou iuneu i iaeie iaiiii?yaeiainoe Niaaoneiai Ni?ca, Niaaeiai­iuo Ooaoia e A?eoaiee eee aa?a iaoenoneie Aa?iaiee. Acaei­iua auciau iia?an ii?i?aaee acaeiinaycaiiua ioaaou — a neeo i?e?iau oaiiiaiia e iaai?a aicii?iuo aaenoaee (naiaai ?iaa eciii?oeci) e ii i?e?eia aieiaoaeuiiai eco?aiey a?oa a?oaa niia?ieeaie10. Iaiaei ?ac?ua ia?ao eeaa?aeuiui e aioeeeaa­?aeuiui ii?yaeii aue ia?iiai. Oae?a cia?eoaeuii ioee?aeenu a?oa io a?oaa eae aaiie?aoece?o?ueany ia?eaiaioneea no?aiu, oae e iiaeeecaoeiiiua aaoi?eoa?iua ?a?eiu11. Ooaa??aay nouanoaiaaiea ii?aaaeaiiie ia?aiaiiie eiiu?ieoo?u, ?anou? eioi?ie aue Niaaoneee Ni?c, y iaia?aaa?nu iiaoaeou e ?ac­iuoeaieyi i oii, ?oi oieuei iin?aanoaii n?aaiaiee ii?ao auou iieiinou? ioaiaia niaoeoe?iinou Niaaoneiai Ni?ca. Iia oae?a oioaeinu au ia?aoeou aieiaiea ia oi, ?oi eioa?i?aoaoey Niaao­neiai Ni?ca a eiioaenoa ia?aiaiiie eiiu?ieoo?u ioe?uaaao ai?iao e eo?oaio iiieiaie? anae aai enoi?ee e noauau iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu.
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 Ia?ao 1930-ie e 1950-ie aa., eiaaa iionoioaiiue Niaaoneee Ni?c ainnoaiaaeeaaeny iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu, a iauai neaaoy aiaiaiiui ?aoaioai, a?oaea iiuiaeoea no?aiu ie?a ni­aianoii ia?a?eee aeoaieo? o?ainoi?iaoe?, naycaiio? n yoie aieiie. Ca iaiei enee??aieai, i?iaeou aioeeeaa?aeuiiai ii­aeeecaoeiiiiai oa?aeoa?a iioa?iaee iieiia ii?a?aiea a aieia. ?aaie?oey a ianniaii iio?aaeaiee, eeaa?ii eioi?ie auee ia?­aiaiiua Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou, oaeoaeeanu oai ai a?aiy aieiu, a iinea iaa ?acaa?ioeanu a Caiaaiie Aa?iia e ?iiiee. Nioeaeu­iia iaania?aiea — eioaa?aeuiay ii?aaaey?uay iniaaiiinou ee­aa?aeuiuo ?a?eiia — noaei anaioaaoiui. Oi?iaeuiay eiia?ey auea aene?aaeoe?iaaia e inoaaeaia a i?ioeii. Iaeiiao, ia?­aiaiiia iiiainoi?iiiaa ni?aaiiaaiea e caeinoaiaaiey i?aa?a­oeeenu a iineaaiaiiia aaonoi?iiiaa niia?ie?anoai, noi?iiu eioi?iai auee i?aiu ia?aaiuie. Ia?ac e ?aaeuiinou «iiauo a?aiai» eciaieeenu, nicaaa ia?ac?aoeiua i?iaeaiu aey iaii­cia?ii ia?aiaiiiai niaaoneiai aa?eaioa nia?aiaiiinoe.
 Ianniaia i?iecaianoai
 Ia?eiay n eiioa XIX a. ie? ioaaoeea aoi?ay aieia eiaono­?eaeecaoee, aae?eiay ?ani?ino?aiaieai yeaeo?e?anoaa e i?i­a?annii a ia?aaioea noaee oae ?a, eae e a a?oaeo i?iiuoeaiiuo i?ioannao. Oaa?e?iia i?iecaianoai noaei aieaa oaa?e?iui* (a eoiaa i?eaiay iiuo a niioaaonoaea n ia?acii), a oaa?eee — aieuoa e a aieuoae noaiaie aaoiiaoece?iaaiu. Ia naiii aaea, iieiinou? aaoiiaoece?iaaiiue naa?oyooaeoeaiue caaia ia noae noieu iauaaiiui yaeaieai, eae yoi ooaa??aaee aai noi?iiieee (e e?eoeee). Ii oai ia iaiaa Aia?eea, aa?iiaeneea aa??aau e ?iiiey auee ioaa?aiu no?aieaieai e nicaaie? ?acaeaaaiie e oi?aaeyaiie ia iao?iie iniiaa i?iiuoeaiiinoe e aiaa?aie? oiai, ?oi iacaaee ianniaui i?iecaianoaii (noaaoei aicii?iui aeaaiaa?y ecia?aoaie? yeaeo?iiioi?a a 1880-o aa.). Ianniaia i?iecaianoai «aaaei a aaenoaea» o?e i?eioeia: noaiaa?oecaoe? aaciauo oa?aeoa?enoee ecaaeey, ?acaaeaiea o?oaa ia i?iecaiano­aaiiie eeiee e caiaio ?o?iiai o?oaa iaoeiiui, ?ai?aaiecaoe?
 * Aaoi? iaua?uaaao aa?oiaee manufacturing, icia?a?uee «i?i­oann oaa?e?iiai i?iecaianoaa», a oi ?a a?aiy ionueay e «?o?­iie» (manual) ?aaioa (i?ei. ia?aa.).
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 ia?oaoiaiai i?iecaianoaaiiiai oeeea. Iaiaei iiiyou, eae iaoa­iece?iaaou i?iecaianoai a eiie?aoiuo neo?ayo, auei eaaei oieu­ei ia neiaao. A iaeioi?uo io?aneyo i?iiuoeaiiinoe e aa?a a iaeioi?uo no?aiao e ianniaiio i?iecaianoao aaeaaeenu iaaeai­ii12. Iaeaieaa oniaoiui e caiaoiui iii auei ia aia?eeaineeo aaoiiiaeeuiuo caaiaao Aai?e Oi?aa, oioy e caanu oi?a iiaoano­aa cao?iioee ia oieuei i?iecaianoaaiiua eeiee13.
 Eaeiau au ie auee ?acee?ey, eioi?ua eaii?e?iaaeenu oi?i­uaiiuie noa?aioeiaie, Oi?a niaaenoaiaae ?ani?ino?aiaie? i?aanoaaeaiey i oii, ?oi nae?ao ?aaie?oeiiiuo eciaiaiee a ia­oeiiii i?iecaianoaa e?iaony a aieuoeo eaieoaeiaei?aieyo e oeo?oaiiie i?aaiecaoee. Ana yoi a?inaei i?yiie aucia eae i?i­iuoeaiiinoe, aiaea?aiiie a ie?iaie ?uiie, oae e ?a?eiai, i?aoaiaiaaaoei ia noaoon aaeeeeo aa??aa. Eiaaa ?a?ee ?aieei a ia?aue ?ac iiaoiae i naoe?a ia nia?aiaiio? ?eciu, ii iinaoee caaia Oi?aa a Aao?ieoa14. Oae ?a iinooiaee e iiiaea i?aanoaae­oaee oaaeaiie iaiaoeie aecian- e ei?aia?iie yeeou e aa?a ia­iaoeea ?aai?ea eeaa?u a iieneao nae?aoia oiai, ?oi iieo?eei ec­aanoiinou iia eiaiai «oi?aeci». Aa?iaiey aua ?aiuoa noaea ie?iaui eeaa?ii a oaoiieiae?iuo io?aneyo i?iiuoeaiiinoe, ii oai ia iaiaa aey iaioaa Aia?eea auaaeyeanu eae «?aaioa?­uee c?eiue ia?ac nia?aiaiiinoe», anee ainiieuciaaouny nei­aaie Iy?e Iieai. Iaiaei a ioee?ea io oi?aianeie iiaaee n aa aunieeie ca?ieaoaie, ieceeie oaiaie e i?eaioe?iaaiiui ia iio?aaeoaey ?aciaoii, iaiaoeee aieuoie aecian naaeae aa?iy ec i?iiuoeaiiie «?aoeiiaeecaoee», iin?aanoaii eioi?ie caanu oaaee?eaaee i?iecaianoai e i?iecaiaeoaeuiinou [a ?an?aoa] ia ioaaeuii acyoiai ?aai?aai. A oi ?a a?aiy iieoiaoaeuiay niinia­iinou ?aai?eo eaii?e?iaaeanu15. E iiiaioo i?eoiaa iaoenoia e aeanoe ?aoeiiaeecaoey annioee?iaaeanu n i?iecaiaeoaeuiinou? e oneeeaa?ueiny eiio?ieai ca ?aai?ae neeie (aua iaei ec aa?iaeoeo o?ieia Oi?aa) aa?a a aua aieuoae noaiaie. A yoii iaiaoeee e niaaoneee iiaoiau naee?aeenu: a NNN? oi?aeci oi?a ?anniao?eaaeny eae iaoia iiaaa??aiey eiio?iey ca ?aai­?ei ianoii. Iaoia, eioi?ue iicaieye neeuii ia?anoeou iauaiu i?iecaianoaa ?aae oaaee?aiey iiaouanoaa ainoaa?noaa, a oae?a iieii?eou n «eiina?aaoeciii» ei?aia?iie yeeou n oai, ?oiau a eoiaa iineaaiyy auea caiaiaia iiauie ea?ua?enoaie, ia aaea iieacaaoeie naay i?aanoaaeoaeyie aieaa ?anoeiai oeia ea­?a?oee16.
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 Niaaoneia ianniaia i?iecaianoai neaai eco?aii. Aa?iui en­ee??aieai yaeyaony ?aaioa Ayaeaa Oe?a?a. Ii aic?iaee aey ian niaaoneea aaaaou 1928—1930 aa. aie?oa i?aaiecaoee i?iiuo­eaiiiai i?iecaianoaa, aee??ay e aiaeec aia?eeaineiai e iaiao­eiai iiuoa17. A naiae ?aaioa Oe?a? ?anneacuaaao i a??ie?aoe­?aneie ai?uaa, a eioi?ie eiiia??anee i?eaioe?iaaiiua neiae­eaou (ea?oaee, nicaaiiua a 1920-a aa. aey nauoa i?iiuoeaiiuo ecaaeee) i?aaiiei?eoaeuii ioe?uaaee aicii?iinou aey «?u­ii?iie nioeaeenoe?aneie yeiiiieee iiaiai oeia» (N. 240). A noaaoea ca aeanou neiaeeaou auee nie?ooaiu ?aai?a-E?anou­yineie einiaeoeae (?aae?ei), eniieuciaaaoae iieeoaeneea ia?u e nieioeaoae aiaeoeiciuo iieiauo ei?aia?ia aie?oa eaiiaiee ca «aaciaeyaio?» iiaa?iecaoe?18. Ii, eae ooaa??aaao Oe?a?, iiaa?iecaoi?u i?iiuoeaiiinoe ec ?aae?eia «iai?a­aeeuii iiiyee» [oae!] i?aaiao eo caaenoe — aia?eeaineo? nen­oaio. Iie nin?aaioi?eeenu ia ia?ae?iuo i?iecaianoaaiiuo oao­iieiaeyo, eaii?e?oy aeaaiia — «oaeea aniiiiaaoaeuiua nenoaiu, eae aioo?aiiee oaa?e?iue o?ainii?o e oi?aaeai?aneay e i?­aaiecaoeiiiay eio?ano?oeoo?a, aooaaeoa?neee o?ao e ai?iae» (N. 235). A ?acoeuoaoa naiua nia?aiaiiua niaaoneea oaa?eee io?aaeenu a a?ieyo iaeaaeeoeoe?iaaiiuo ?aai?eo, ianeo?e­aaaoeo aeaaiua iaoaiece?iaaiiua oaoa.
 Iao iaiaoiaeiinoe niaeaoaouny n acaeyaaie Oe?a?a ia nou­iinou e ?ecianiiniaiinou neiaeeaoia, ?oiau i?eaaonoaiaaou aai aieiaiea e oiio, eae aaenoaiaaee nioeaeuiua aaaiou (agency), e e iaii?aaaeaiiinoe a aae?aiee e ieaiiaie yeiiiieea e oaa­?e?iie iiaa?iecaoee. Ii ooaa??aaao, ?oi iiai?ieee eiaono­?eaeecaoee «aaenoaeoaeuii aa?eee a ianouo? ia?aiaiu neeo iiaa?iecaoee» (N. 238). A naiii aaea, iie a yoi aa?eee, oioy Oe?a? e aiaaaeyao n inoi?i?iinou?, ?oi «?acee?iua a?oiiu ii-?aciiio aini?eieiaee ?anoi aaee?anoaaiio?, ii ooiaiio? ?eoi?eeo ia eiaono?eaeecaoee e nioeaeenoe?aneii no?ieoaeuno­aa» (N. 162). E ni?aeaie?, ii ia ooi?iyao, eaeiau iiaee au auou ia?aiao?u oaeeo eioa?i?aoaoee. Ii aieuoae ?anoe ii ia ciaeii n onoaiiaeaie nia?aiaiieeia a aii?inao ioiioaiee nianoaaiii­noe, eaieoaeecia e oiaa?iie ae??e, eae e n aa?eaioaie iiieia­iey eie nioeaeecia19. Oe?a? iaiiieiaao iai, ?oi «aa?a a inai­ai?aa?uo? neeo oaoiieiaee, ia?o?aiiie n ainoaa?noaii... auea i?aiu neeuia ai anae iineaaiaiiie Aa?iia» (N. 239). Iaiaei ii ia iauyniyao, eaeei ia?acii noaei aicii?iui oi, ?oi i?aeoe?a-
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 neea neaanoaey yoie aa?u ieacaeenu noieu aaeaei eaoueie a ni­aaoneii neo?aa. Eae ?ac iaieaaiiue ei aii?in ia oi?acaiaiee ?anoiie nianoaaiiinoe — n o?aoii iniaaiiinoae ianniaiai i?i­ecaianoaa — iicaieee niaaoneei aeanoyi aaou aani?aoaaaioiue i?eia? i?iecaianoaaiiiai oi?aecia.
 A naaoa iniaiai aieiaiey Aai?e Oi?aa e nicaaie? oneiaee aey iio?aaeaiey oio oaeo, ?oi ?anoe?aiiia eniieuciaaiea iaoa­iecaoee a i?iiuoeaiiinoe iio?aaiaaei ia?aie?aiiiai iaai?a ecaaeee-ia?acoia, aaao ii?ao aey e?iiee. Eia?a aiai?y, oniao a ianniaii i?iecaianoaa caaenae ia oieuei io i?aaeeuiie iinoa­iiaee i?iecaianoaaiiiai i?ioanna, ii e io nouanoaiaaiey oe?i­eiai iaeciaiiiai ni?ina, ?oiau iainiiaaou eieinnaeuiua oeene­?iaaiiua eaieoaeiaei?aiey, eioi?uo yoi i?iecaianoai o?aaiaa­ei20. A?iey auea naa?oiio?aaeoaeai ianniaiai i?iecaianoaa. Neaaoy oie ?a eiaeea, yeiiiieee n oaio?aeuiui ieaie?iaaieai iiaee enee??eou eiieo?aioe? (aioo?aii?? e aiaoi??) e ia­ieioee?iaaou aioo?aiiei ni?inii, iieo?ay noiaiua i?aeioua­noaa io i?iecaianoaaiiuo eeiee. Ianniaia i?iecaianoai a Ni­aaoneii Ni?ca iiaei auou — e auei — aiaaaaii ai e?aeieo i?a­aaeia21. E aa?a a aieuoae noaiaie, ?ai a Aa?iaiee, iii auei caaycaii ia n?aanoaa i?iecaianoaa: yoa naycu auea ??aaaoa aaeaei eaoueie iineaanoaeyie. (Iicaiaa noaei ynii, ?oi ianniaia i?i­ecaianoai aac ?acaeoiai ianniaiai ?uiea, eioi?ia iaeioi?ua aaiaa?neea o?aiua iacaaee «niaaoneie aeeoaoo?ie iaa iio?aaii­noyie»22, ia iiaei auou nio?aiaii ii ieii?aiee ia?aiaiiiai ia?eiaa oioaeuiie iiaeeecaoee a ie?iia a?aiy (eee naiie aieiu). Iniaaiii anee o?eouaaou ainiineaaiaaaoo? ca ieii?a­ieai aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu eiieo?aioe? ia?ao yeiiiieeaie aoia, oaeeeii ieoioaoeieny a ianniaue ?uiie. Ii caanu iu caaaaaai aia?aa.)
 Ia?aiaiiay A?eoaiey — ?iaeia ia?aie i?iiuoeaiiie ?a­aie?oee — i?aanoaaeyao niaie y?eee eiio?ano n niaaoneei neo­?aai. E 1920—30-i aa. a?eoaineia ainiianoai a i?eaioe?iaaiiuo ia yenii?o oaieuiie, ?oaoii- e noaeaeeoaeiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, noaino?iaiee, i?iecaianoaa oaenoeey e ei?aia?iii aaea auei oo?a?aii a ni?aaiiaaiee n Aia?eeie e Aa?iaieae. A?eoaineiio i?aaeoaeunoao i?eoeinu iaaniieieouny neeyieai e ?ano?oeoo­?ecaoeae i?iiuoeaiiinoe, i?iecaiaeaoae n?aanoaa i?iecaia­noaa, — i?iiuoeaiiinoe, iniiaie eioi?ie aieaia a?aiy iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu inoaaaeny ?o?iie o?oa. A oi ?a a?aiy
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 A?eoaiey ia?a?eaaea aoi a i?eaioe?iaaiiie ia aioo?aiiee ?u­iie eiaono?ee n?aanoa iio?aaeaiey, neiioaio?e?iaaiiie ia ia­eii ?enea aaoiiaoece?iaaiiuo caaiaia, iiiaea ec eioi?uo auee iino?iaiu ia ?aiaa ia caiyouo ieeaeeie no?iaieyie ianoao. Iiaua caaiau ianniai i?iecaiaeee iueaninu, yeaeo?ioo?ae, ?aaeii?eaiieee, iioioeeeu, i?iaoeoiaua iieooaa?eeaou e neioaoe?aneea iaoa?eaeu iaiiaiaea eneonnoaaiiiai oaeea23. No?oeoo?iua «no?aaaiey» ia?aiaiiie A?eoaiee a noa?a n?aanoa i?iecaianoaa i?eaaee aa ia a?aaaiu i?iiuoeaiiie e?eaie. Ec­iaiaiey, annioee?iaaaoeany n oi?aeciii, auee naycaiu n ian­ooaaiuie naaeaaie a ie?iaie yeiiiieea. Oi ?a ii?ao auou neacaii e i eiioa oi?aecia iinoa aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu. Eiioa, eioi?ue, aeaeii, i?aiu iicaii e oy?aei ii?acee Niaaoneee Ni?c. E 1970-i aa., anee ia ?aiuoa, noaei ynii, ?oi aaoa?eey a eiia?iii n?aoa auea eee?ceae.
 Ianniaay eoeuoo?a
 E n?anou?, iu i?aiaieaee aaaiaa?aenoneo? ia?oe?ieiae?, niaeanii eioi?ie ie?aai ia iiieiaaoea aiia?ao?eee e i?aa­noaaeoaee ?ai?anneaiuo no?oeoo? oie?oi?eee aacaeiiue aaai­aa?a e aai «?enoo?» nia?aiaiio? eoeuoo?o, ioe?ua ai?iao ia eiaaoei e iaio ieeaeiai ioiioaiey iaeiieai iaeeiao??o­aciiai e iaoeiiaeenoe?aneiai «ee?a»24. Iuia, aiiny iieaciua ooi?iaiey (ionou e n i?aoaaee?aieyie), o?aiua i?ecia?o eae aicaaee?aiea e aa?a naiiia?a?anoaiea aaaiaa?aa, oae e aai i?i­aaeu25. Eae ieoao iaei oaao?iaaa, iu oae?a i?eciaai, ?oi, «ii aieuoae ?anoe, aaaiaa?a nouanoaiaae aia eiiia??aneie i?aa­i?eieiaoaeuneie nenoaiu», oae ?oi aai i?iecaiaeoaee caaenaee io ainoaa?noaaiiiai a?a?aoa e oai naiui — io iieeoe?aneeo aeanoae26. I?eciaai iu e oi, ?oi i?aoaicee aaaiaa?aenoia ia eiio?ieu ca yeeoiuie ee??aauie aii?inaie eoeuoo?u iiaaa?­?eaaeenu iieeoe?aneeie aeanoyie, aaeaae?iaaaoeie yoo ?oei­aiayuo? ?ieu iaeioi?ui ooai?ieeai27. Iaiaei a aieuoeinoaa neo?aaa aeneonney i eoeuoo?a noaeeineiai ia?eiaa ana aua ia?a­ie?eaaaony ioiioaieyie ainoaa?noaa e eioaeeeaaioee e ioee?a­aony no?aieaieai ioaaeeou aunieee iiaa?ieci io ieceie ia?ia­iie eoeuoo?u.
 Eiia?ii, ia?iaiay eoeuoo?a eiaao aieuoo? enoi?e?, ii a XIX a. aacaou ianniaiai oe?a?a — iaei ec aeaaiuo niiniaia aa
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 ia?aaa?e — auee i?aeiouanoaaiii ai?ianeei yaeaieai. Ia?aay ie?iaay aieia aaea iiuiue oie?ie ?acaeoe? ianniauo ?acaea­?aiee e iiaiio n?aanoao — eeii28. A 1920—1930-a aa. ia?oi iiaia (ianniaay eoeuoo?a) ia?aei i?eia?aoaou aeaeiua i?a?oaiey ai iiiaeo no?aiao iaiia?aiaiii. Au?in ia oieuei oe?a?, ii e aai­a?aoe?aneee a?aae aacao. Aieaa oiai, eeii ia?yao n a?oaie iiaie oaoiieiaeae - ?aaei — aia?aua a enoi?ee ii?iaeei aaenoaeoaeu­ii ianniaiai c?eoaey/neooaoaey. Oi, ?oi auei iacaaii «?aaeiaa­uaieai», aee??aei a naay ia?aaa?o i?ia?aii aey ieeeeiiia neooaoaeae29. Ei aoi?ie iieiaeia 1930-o aa. Aa?iaiey eiaea ai­eaa ?ai 9 iei ?aaeii?eaiieeia. A ?aoineiaaeee e Oaaoee auei aieaa 1 iei ?aaeii?eaiieeia, a Eoaeee — ii?oe 1 iei30. A 1926 a. Aaeeeia?eoaiey eiaea 3000 eeiioaao?ia e 5000 — a 1938 a. A 1934 a. caanu ian?eouaaeinu 964 iei iinauaiee eeiioa­ao?ia eee 22 ia iaiiai ?aeiaaea. ?enei ?aaeii?eaiieeia iia­nei?eei n 3 iei a 1930 a. ai 9 iei e eiioo aanyoeeaoey — eee 3 ?aaeii?eaiieea ia 4 a?eoaineeo naiaeiuo aiiioicyenoaa, ?enei neooaoaeae oaaee?eeinu n 12 iei a 1920-a aa. (ioaiea) ai 34 iei a 1939 a. Noiaiua aaiiua ioia?a?o no?aieoaeuiue ?ino a ?oaiee aacao n eieinnaeuii aic?inoae ciiie aaia?aoe?aneiai e nioeaeu­iiai i?iieeiiaaiey.
 Ii iiaie? iiiaeo nia?aiaiieeia — oaeeo eae eniaineee oeeinio Oina I?oaaa-e-Aannao, ?iaeaoeeny a 1880-o aa., — «i?e­oia iann» oa?i?ae ?ac?ooaieai oeaeeecaoee iooai onoaiiaea­iey aeeoaoo?u iaueo iano31. Aaenoaeoaeuii, a ia?aiaiiue ia­?eia eiio?ieu oceie yeeou, aieai ainiianoaiaaaoae a a?eoai­neie eoeuoo?a, aue aaconeiaii iiai?aai i?eoanoaeai ianniauo aacao n oioia?aoeyie e a?ineeie caaieiaeaie, eeiioeeuiia, a?aiiioiia, ?aaei e a?oaeo oi?i ianniaie eiiioieeaoee. Eae iieacuaaao Ayi Ea-Iyou? a noaaoae niauoeai eieaa, iiaua iaaea oaaee?eee aoaeoi?e? e ?anoe?eee i?ioann eoeuoo?iiai i?iecaianoaa. Eae oieuei ianoi ia ?uiea aiciaeaaaei a ii?aaa­eaiee oniaoa iaa iiaieyie eioaeeaeooaeia, iaeioi?ua ec iea­caaoeony iia oa?icie eoeuoo?iuo a?aeo?ia naiieciee?iaaeenu. A?oaea ioaeaaeenu, iieaiece?oy n iiauie eiiioieeaoeiiiuie n?aanoaaie, eee eci anao nee no?aieeenu i?eniiniaeouny, en­iieucoy iiaua iaaea aey i?iaae?aiey «aooiaiiai iiauaia». Ii aa?a oa, eoi i?ioeainoiye eiiia??aneie eoeuoo?a, ia niia ecaa­?aou aa aeeyiey. Ooai?ieee e eioaeeaeooaeu, aaiiino?aoeaii ioeacaaoeany neeiieouny ia?aa ianniauie aeonaie, iiaee ?aai-
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 oaou oieuei ia ainoaa?noaaiiua noaneaee, eae yoi auei n Ae-Ae-Ne, oioy e a yoii neo?aa aeeyiea ianniaie eoeuoo?u auei ianiiiaiiui. Ei?ioei aiai?y, eoeuoo?iua yeeou ii-i?a?iaio iia?a?eeaaee naia i?ac?aiea e ioaeeea, a oi ?a a?aiy noaiiaynu io yoie ianniaie ioaeeee caaeneiuie32.
 A ?innee, niaeanii ioeoeaeuiie noaoenoeea, ?enei «eeii­onoaiiaie» au?inei n 1510 a 1914 a. ai 7331 a 1928 a. e i?eaee­ceoaeuii ai 30 000 e 1940 a. Iaeaieaa no?aieoaeuiui aue ?ino a aa?aaia — ni 142 «eeiionoaiiaie» a 1914 a. ai 17571 a 1940 a. Iauaa ?enei iinauaiee eeii aic?inei ni 106 iei a 1914 a. ai i?eaeeceoaeuii 900 iei e 1940 a.33 ?enei ?aaeii?eaiieeia ni­noaaeei 7 iei a 1940 a., a oii ?enea 1.6 iei a naeuneeo ?aeiiao. A?aaiaaiue oe?a? aacao au?in n 3.3 iei a 1913 a. ai 9.4 iei a 1927 a. e 38.4 iei e 1940 a. (eee ai 245 iei, anee aee??eou a yoi ?enei e ?o?iaeu)34. Aa?a i?e aiiouaiee i?aoaaee?aiee yoe aaiiua oeacuaa?o ia iiuiia ?acaeoea. Eiia?ii, ?aaei a A?eoa­iee e ?aaei a Niaaoneii Ni?ca — yoi ia iaii e oi ?a. A A?eoa­iee ii?ii auei iano?ieouny ia ianeieuei noaioee, aee??ay iaeioi?ua ca?oaa?iua. Oae ?a auei e a iaoenoneie Aa?iaiee, aaa e?ae iiaee neooaou Ae-Ae-Ne ec Eiiaiia eee I?aae (ai ai­iaenee 1939 a.), oioy iaoenoneea aeanoe e iuoaeenu aeooeou eo.
 Niaaoneia «?aaei» ?anoi icia?aei ia i?eaiiee ?aaeiaiei, a eaaaeu eee i?iaia, iiaee??aiiue e aaoi ioeoeaeuiui noai­oeyi35. Iiyou ?a, oioy a?eoaineia eeii ?anoi i?ineaaeyei a?e­oaineea onoaiiaeaiey, ie?oou ia ?a?a iii ianiaoaeinu iaa ieie. Niaaoneia eeii, eae i?aaeei, ianiaoaeinu oieuei iaa oai, iaa ?ai ?ac?aoaee aio oaici?u — iai?eia? iaa a??ie?aoaie a neo?aao, ea?aaoeo ?ieu «eiceia ioiouaiey» (a?iaa ?eeeuiuo eiioi?)36. Oi ?a naiia ii?ii neacaou i niaaoneie ianniaie ia­?aoe. Oaeaoiiu a Niaaoneii Ni?ca ano?a?aeenu eoaa ?a?a, ?ai a a?oaeo aieuoeo no?aiao. Iie auee neiioaio?e?iaaiu a oi­?aaeai?aneeo no?oeoo?ao, ?anniao?eaaaoeo oaeaoii nei?aa eae n?aanoai aey ainoaa?noaaiiiai aaieieno?e?iaaiey, ii ia aey ?anoiie eiiioieeaoee37. E ana ?a aeeyiea iiauo iaaea-oaoii­eiaee a Niaaoneii Ni?ca ia neaaoao iaaiioaieaaou. Caaieai ai iiyaeaiey iiiyoey «ieoa ia ?uiea» a Niaaoneii Ni?ca ioaee­eiaaeenu aacaou aey i?iiuoeaiiuo ?aai?eo, ?aiuei, eieoicie­eia, iaoeiiaeuiuo iaiuoeinoa, iieiaa?e, ?eaiia ia?oee, aino­aa?noaaiiuo ooieoeiia?ia, ei?aia?ia e a?.38 Iaai oieuei n?aa­ieou ?ani?ino?aiaiea iiainoae i caoaaoa aeanoe a ieoya?a 1917 a.
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 eee ?aeeia ninoiyiea eiiioieeaoee a ia?eia aieiaa 1923 a. n a?aaiaaiui inaauaieai ?aei?aia Aeaenay Noaoaiiaa ia an? no?aio a 1930-a aa., ?oiau iniciaou i?iecioaaoo? e caanu eiiio­ieeaoeiiio? ?aaie?oe?39.
 Ea-Iyou? aieacuaaao, ?oi eiiia?oeaeece?iaaiiua iann-iaaea i?aa?aoeee eoeuoo?o a A?eoaiee a aieaa yaaeeoa?io? a eioa?a­nao nianoaaiiie auaiau. Ec yoiai ii aaeaao auaia, ?oi eiiia??a­neay ianniaay eoeuoo?a — yoi aaeinoaaiiue auai? aey ie??aee­noe?aneiai iauanoaa40. A eae ian?ao iaie??aeenoe?aneiai iaua­noaa n ainoaa?noaaiiie oaico?ie e aaeoi?iiii? Ac?uaiie ?ino iiauo iaaea a aeaaioneie noaiaie iiaeeye ia iiaaaeaiea iaei­oi?uo aeaia eioi?iaoee a Niaaoneii Ni?ca, oae ?a eae e ia ia­onoaiiia i?iaae?aiea a?oaeo aa aeaia41. Ii a yoii neo?aa iu iiaee au iieoe aaeuoa, o?eouaay niia?a?aiea Ea-Iyou? i oii, ?oi e eiioo 1930-o aa. a A?eoaiee iiaua iann-iaaea naaeaee aic­ii?iie «iauo? eoeuoo?o», eioi?ay, ianiio?y ia ae?aieaiey ei­oi?iaoee eiino?aiiiai i?ienoi?aaiey, «i?aainoaaeea iauo? ?aoa?aioeaeuio? ?aieo aey neeuii ?acee?a?ueony ia?ao ni­aie a?oii»(N. 4). Oai naiui noaaeony aii?in i aicii?iie iauae eoeuoo?a — oae?a a cia?eoaeuiie ia?a n eiino?aiiui niaa??a­ieai — e aey aieuoae ?anoe Niaaoneiai Ni?ca. Ia?ao?ace?oy Ea-Iyou?, aa ii?ii auei au iacaaou «eoeuoo?ie aey aaoi?e­oa?ecia».
 Niaaoneea aeanoe ia iiaee iiaaaeou e ia iiaaaeyee eii­no?aiio? ianniao? eoeuoo?o iieiinou?, a oi ?a a?aiy iie nii­nianoaiaaee ?acaeoe? niaaoneie ianniaie eoeuoo?u. ?e?a?a Noaeon o?a ia i?ioy?aiee iiiaeo eao iia?a?eeaaao ?acaeaea­oaeuiua noi?iiu niaaoneie ianniaie eoeuoo?u42. Ii e iiiaea a?oaea aiaeece?iaaee niaaoneia eeii43. Iaiuoa iu ciaai i eiioaenoa eeiii?iniio?ia, ?aaeoeyo ia ?ieeee iieeoe?aneeo iiainoae, iaeciaiii i?aaaa?yaoea ana eeiioeeuiu, ia iiuoa ciaeiinoaa n eaaeei ?ai?ii a eeiioaao?ao, a?oeoaeoiieea eioi­?uo iaiiieiaea o?aeoi?a e n iacaaieyie iaiiaiaea «Oaa?iee». ?aaii iayniuie inoa?ony niaa??aiea e aeeyiea ?aaeii?ia?aii, eioi?ua, nei?aa anaai, i?aanoaaeyee niaie noiaio? aiaeuaaio ec oy?aeiaaniuo iiainoae, caaaiiuo ia?oeeiuie ae?aeoeaaie, aaeoi?iia (ia anaaaa aaenoaaiiiai), ainieoaoaeuiiai iao?iiia e eeoaiiuo aiieiaaoeee oaanaeaiee44. Ii neiaai A?aeina oii Aaeaa?ia (ai aaaaaiee e ecaaiiie ei aianoa ni Noaeonii aioiei­aee ianniaie eoeuoo?u), niaaoneea aacaou «ia?aoaee e iiaiaino-
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 ?anoio? eanou, e ino?o? naoe?o; niaaoneea eeiinooaee i?iecai­aeee i?ceeeu a aieeeaoaneie iaia?a e ea?oeiu i A?a?aaineie aieia; ii ?aaeiaieiai ?aciineeenu i?iecaianoaaiiua ia?oe e iaeaioiee?iua oainiiu». Oii Aaeaa?i caee??aao, ?oi ia?yao n oaeuneoeeaoeyie i?aaeaii no?aieaiea — ?anoi oaai?aiiia oniaoii — «oaiaeaoai?you aeonu ioaeeee»45.
 Ai iiiaeo neo?ayo oi ?a naiia ii?ao auou ioia?aii ii iiai­ao eoeuoo?iiai i?iecaianoaa e iio?aaeaiey a iaoenoneie Aa?ia­iee. Iaoenoneea aeanoe — eiaiii oiaaa, eiaaa iie aaeaee ana aicii?iia, ?oiau oneeeou ainoaa?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea ?aaei e eeii, — ?ani?ino?aiyee ianniao? eoeuoo?o, ?acee?iui ia?a­cii iio?aaeyaio? ianniaie aoaeoi?eae. Iiaiaii Niaaoai, ia­oenoneea aeanoe iiao?aaee ainoaa?noaaiio? eeiieiaono?e? eieoe?iaaou Aieeeaoa e iie?iaeoaeunoaiaaee aieeeaoaiiiaia­iui caacaai e eeiii?eaiai. Aaconeiaii, oieuei aieia iieii?e­ea n iaia?aieai iaoenoaie iieacia naieo aieeeaoaneeo oeeu­iia (oi ?a naiia i?iecioei e a ?iiiee)46. Ii?oe iieiaeia i?e­aeeceoaeuii ec 1100 i?eaeiaeuiuo oeeuiia iaoenoneie y?u — yoi eiiaaee e i?ceeeu. Aua nioie — iaeia?aiu, aaoaeoeau e i?eee??ai?aneea yiinu, ca?anoo? ioaa?aaoea i?aanoaaeaieyi i ainiianoaiaaaoeo oaiiinoyo, ?aniaui noa?aioeiai e iieeoe­?aneei oaeyi ?a?eia, ii ii?oe anaaaa ioiineaoeany e eaaeiio ?ai?o47. Ii iaoenoneiio ?aaei o?ainee?iaaee iiioey?io? io­cueo e eiiaaee ia?yao n aioenaieoneeie ?a?aie. «Aeniae, Aeo­?eo e Aaiie Aoaiai aaeeee ?aaeia?aiy n Aaaaaeunii, Aa?eiaii e o??a?ii», — ieoao Yinii ?aaeiaao. ?acaea?aiey ea?aee nei?­io? ?ieu a iieeoeea, a oi ?a a?aiy niauay a?aieou ia?ao iiee­oe?aneei e eae au iaiieeoe?aneei48.
 Iao iaiaoiaeiinoe i?ioeaiiinoaaeyou niaaoneo? ianniao? eoeuoo?o — nianu ?oeiaianoaa a noeea «?aeaciie ?oee» e iioai?­noaa ia?iaiui aeonai — eoeuoo?a aaaiaa?aiiai iiaa?iecia. Iai?ioea, Ia?aa?eoa Ooieouia, iai?eia?, iieacuaaao, eae ec­aanoiua i?aanoaaeoaee niaaoneiai «oioiaaaiaa?aa» n aioiaii­nou? ieoioeenu a iann-iaaea, niaoeaay oae iacuaaaiia aunieia n ieceei49. Niaaoneea oioia?aou (e nicaaoaee eeiioeeuiia) a oi a?aiy, eiaaa ai iiiaeo no?aiao iaieioee?iaaiea ia?acaie ia­?aei ia?aoaou eoaa aieuoo? eciu?aiiinou e noa?o i?eei?aiey, enneaaiaaee iiioa? e a?oaea oaoieee a ianniaie eoeuoo?a n ii­eeoe?aneeie oaeyie50. A aaiiii neo?aa iu ii?ai ioiaoeou aua iaii ec i?ic?aiee Ea-Iyou?: a eiaiii «ii ia?a oiai, eae iiaua
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 oaoiieiaee iiiiaaee nicaaie? aoaeoi?ee aeaaioneeo ?acia?ia, iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiay eiiioieeaoeiiiay no?aoaaey noaiiae­eanu ee?iinoiie, eioeiiie e noauaeoeaiie». Oaeei ia?acii, ie­oao ii, «iann-iaaea ?anoi nicaaaaee i?i?iua nayce ia?ao eii­ioieeaoi?ii e ieeeeiiaie eiaeaeaoaeuiuo iio?aaeoaeae» (N. 43). Aeaaiue i?eia? Ea-Iyou? — yoi ?aieei, eioi?ue ii­n?aanoaii iaeaaaiey iiauie iaaea noae ecaanoai aaeaei ca i?a­aaeaie aai ?iaiie A?eoaiee, a oae?a aai iiaiai aiia — Niaae­iaiiuo Ooaoia.
 Ia?ac ?aieeia aue iian?ao e iia auou eniieuciaai aey i?i­aa?e ?aai oaiaii: eiea, ea?ooae, eoeie, aaenooeia, ?oaaoae, eie­oaeeae e, eiia?ii, eieoaoi?ia ?aieeia. Ea-Iyou? ia oeacuaaao oieuei, ?oi iiaua iaaea e oaoieee ?ani?ino?aiaiey ia?acia iia­ee iiioey?ece?iaaou iieeoe?aneea eaae e i?aa?auaou iieeoe­?aneeo eeaa?ia a «caaca». Io Aoao??ea, Aaiae e ?ocaaeuoa ai Ionnieeie, Aeoea?a e Noaeeia aae iann oae?a aue aaeii eeaa?a. Ia?acu, eiaia e ec?a?aiey Eaieia e Noaeeia — ia?yao n a?oae­ie aiaiiiiacaiiuie ee?iinoyie e oaiaie — auee iian?ao, aee??ay aaue e ia?acu aiiaoiaai iaeoiaa, i?iiuoeaiiua oi­aa?u, oeeuiu, niaeoaeee, caoeicaiene e ?anoi?aiiua iai?. Yoi iicaieeei iiiaei nia?aiaiieeai i?eeoe e auaiao i oii, ?oi ia [iiea] yenieoaoaoee iiauo iaaea e ianniaie eoeuoo?u ?aaiiaa­nea ia?ao aeeoaoo?ie e aaiie?aoeae ea?ioeinu a iieuco ia?aie. E i?eoii, ?oi neeyiea ianniauo eoeuoo?u e iieeoeee a niaao­neii aa?eaioa eacaeinu oniaoiui a ia?aiaiiue ia?eia, iii ia auei oaeiaui a iineaaiaiiua aanyoeeaoey. Yoi noaei iniaaiii i?aaeaiui, eiaaa eaay no?ieoaeunoaa nioeaeecia (eee eiiio­iecia) iioa?yea nai? i?eaeaeaoaeuiinou aey iineaaiaiiuo ii­eieaiee, e a nayce n yoei ianniaay eoeuoo?a ana aieaa aia?eea­iece?iaaeanu. Aey aeeoaoo?u ianniaay eoeuoo?a auea iaecaa?­iie e i?aiu iieaciie, ii e, a iniaii aaiiieeoe?aneii eiioaenoa, a eiioa eiioia ?acuaaa?uae.
 Ianniaay iieeoeea
 Ianniaia i?iecaianoai e ianniaay eoeuoo?a au?inee ec ii­auo oaoiieiaee — ii ia aaoiiaoe?anee e ia iaeiaeiai iian?ao. Iauei aey ?aciuo no?ai auei iuouaiea oiai, ?oi ie? anooiee a iiaue ianniaue aae e ?oi iauaeoii e noauaeoii yoiai iiaiai aa­ea auee iannu. Yoi auei iniaaiii caiaoii a iieeoeea. I?eoano-
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 aea iiaie ianniaie iieeoeee — ioe?uoua ieoeiae, aaiie?aoeca­oey ecae?aoaeuiiai i?aaa, o?ainoi?iaoey iieeoe?aneie ia?oee a auai?io? iaoeio — ioia?aee iiiaea ia?eiay n 1890-o aa. e a ia?aua aiau XX a.51 Ii e a yoii neo?aa Aaeeeay aieia oae?a ic­ia?aea onei?aiea ia ii?yaie52. E?anouyi ec ?ac?iciaiiuo aa?a­aaiu nia?aee ia o?iioao e a aa?ieciiao, caoiaaay ?anoi ia?auaa­oee ia naay aieiaiea yooaeo eiioaio?aoee, i?iecaaaaiiue aieuoeie oaa?eeaie. Ii?oe ana ac?ineia io?neia ianaeaiea i?ecuaiuo aic?anoia Aa?iiu n?a?aeinu ia aieia — i?eaeece­oaeuii 70 iei ?aeiaae. A e?anouyineie ?innee yoa oeo?a ninoa­aeea 15 iei53. I?e?iaa e i?iaie?eoaeuiinou aieiu — oae ?a eae e oa?aeoa? aaaoeo aieio iieeoe?aneeo nenoai e iauanoa — i?e­aaee e iieeoecaoee nia?aiiuo iann. Iniaaiiinoe iieeoeee e iieeoe?aneiai o?anoey neeuii ?icieeenu ia?ao ai??ueie noi­?iiaie, ii a e?aie ec ieo o?oaii aiia?aceou aieaa aa?iue iaoa­ieci «i?aaiecaoee iann», ?ai a?iee ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu.
 A?i?a? Iinn aieacuaaao, ?oi yoa ianneoeeaoey iieeoeee oa?i?aea aia?oeae, ii iannai iin?aanoaii iaoeiiaeenoe?aneeo neiaieia e eeoo?aee auea i?eaaia oi?ia oi?aaeyaiiai iieeoe­?aneiai oaea54. A ia?aiaiiue ia?eia aic?inea ?ieu iieeoe?anei­ai iaieioee?iaaiey neiaieaie, ?oi auei naycaii n oaeoaeaieai auciaia, noiyaoeo ia?aa ianniaui iauanoaii, e iiauie aic­ii?iinoyie iiauo iann-iaaea. Ii i?eaaiea ieoai iia?aoei­iaeuiie neeu n iiiiuu? iiioiaioia e oanoeaaeae auei iai?i­noui aaeii. Nai Iinn oeacuaaao ia i?iaae ianniauo ?aai?eo niaeoaeeae a aaeia?neie Aa?iaiee (N. 175). Noiaiui ia?acii A?aoo?e Oiaii iaia?o?eaaao, ?oi eoaeuyineea oaoenoneea ianniaua niaeoaeee (oaeea, eae 18BL — iinoaiiaea, iieacaiiay ia eoaeuyineeo iieiaa?iuo Ieeiieeneeo ea?ao ii eneonnoao e eoeuoo?a a 1934 a.) oae?a ia niiaee caoaaoeou e?aneia aiia?a?a­iea. Ec yoiai ii aaeaao auaia, ?oi «aaeooi» aue caiieiai aic?i­?aaiiuie neiaieaie eiia?neiai ?eia e eoeuoii aeeoaoi?a55. Aicii?ii, Oiaii ?a?an?o? neaioe?anee ioiineony e oaoenoneie neiaiee?aneie ao?a — io oieoi?iu n ?a?iuie ?oaaoeaie, eei­?aeuiuo i?eaaonoaee e aaeaoeiiiuo i?acaianoa ai eieiieaeu­iuo iiaaeaia (ia aiai?y o?a i ia?aoia?iaiii ?aciiaina, i?iec­aaaaiiii «ei?ii?aoeciii»)56. Ii iiiaia a oaoenoneie iieeoe­ea neiaieia aaenoaeoaeuii a?auaeinu aie?oa ao?a, aunooiaaoaai ia?aa ia?iaii n aaeeiiia e a ?aaoey?iuo ?aaeiia?auaieyo, — i?aeoeea, eioi?ie neaaiaaee e a?oaea57. Ioiineoaeuii Aeoea?a
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 ?i Ea?oio ooaa??aaao, ?oi aai eoeuo «eiiiaine?iaae» iaiiio­ey?iinou iaoenoneie ia?oee58, oioy e a yoii neo?aa oi ?a iiei?a­iea a iaiuoae noaiaie oa?aeoa?eciaaeinu eae «eee—eee».
 Iaeaaaiea yooaeoeaiie iieeoeeie neiaieia a ianniaue aae eiaei e?eoe?aneia cia?aiea aey e?aie aaeeeie aa??aau. A Ni­aaeiaiiuo Ooaoao iaoeiu e ia?aciue ?ya iaoeiiiai aaea oii?ii iiioey?ece?iaaeenu ?aeeaiie e ?anoiuie oe?iaie, e a ?acoeuoaoa oaoiieiaey noaea eaaeoeie?iaaou aia?eeaineea iiee­oe?aneo? aeanou e einoeoooee59. A ei?ioeii iaci?a aayoaeuiinoe iaoenoneiai A??i e?aniou o?oaa Yinii ?aaeiaao aiaeece?oao iiiuoee eaaeoeiaoee iieeoe?aneiai ?oeiaianoaa iin?aanoaii oaoiieiae?aneie neiaieecaoee. ?aaeiaao eaao aaeuoa oi?ioi ecaanoiuo i?eia?ia ianniauo oanoeaaeae e iauanoaaiiie a?­oeoaeoo?u, auaaeyy eoeuo i?iiuoeaiiie i?iecaiaeoaeuiinoe i?e iaoecia e oaoie?aneea eaiiaiee aie?oa oaa?eee ia?eiay n 1936 a. Niaeanii ?aaeiaaoo, «iaoenoneee iiaa?ieci» a eiioa eiioia niaaeiyao ooieoeiiaeeci aey oaa?ee n Volk-iiioiai-oaeeciii a iauanoaaiiuo caaieyo. Ii nnueaaony ia Nazi Sach­lichkeit, ?oiau iienaou acaeiiia?ana?aiea yeaiaioia iiaa?ieno­neiai noeey, iineieueo iaoenou «oee a iiao» n eoaeuyioaie e niaaoneeie e?auie a eo iai?aiee iaoei60. Aieiaiea e i?iec­aianoaaiiiio i?ino?ainoao e nei?iinou ioiioaiee iaoecia n iiaa?ieciii, caee??aao ii, i?ienoaeaee eae ec aioo?aiiae yai­e?oee, oae e ec aeeyiey niaaoneiai i?eia?a iiaeeecaoee oaoii­eiae?aneie eaaeoeiaoee iin?aanoaii aaeaoeiiiuo i?acaieeia, iaieioee?iaaiea ia?acaie aea?iyeaeo?inoaioee e i?iecaiano­aa iaoei iaoeiaie61. A?oaeie neiaaie, iaoenou, ianiio?y ia naiaia?acea eo eaaieiaee e iiiaeo i?aeoee, auee ?anou? ia?ao­ia?iaiie eiiu?ieoo?u e n?aaieaaee naay n a?oaeie.
 Iiaua iaaea e eiiioieeaoee iiauneee niiniaiinou (e, aic­ii?ii, ?aeaiea) yenia?oia e iieeoe?aneeo eeaa?ia iaae?aaou ca eo eieeaaaie a a?oaeo no?aiao. Iaae?aaaoea ca Niaaoaie ia­oenou iiaaaeee nouanoaiaaaoea o?a a Aa?iaiee i?ioni?cu e no?aieeenu i?aaieciaaou iiaua — naie nianoaaiiua. ?iiiou, ia­ae?aaaoea ca iaoenoaie, iiiuoaeenu naaeaou oi ?a naiia62. Oioy yoei iaoenoneei ni?cai — a ioee?ea io niaaoneeo i?ioni?cia eee yiiineeo «i?iiuoeaiiuo iao?eioe?aneeo annioeaoee» — ia oaaeinu ionoeou ei?ie, a?oaay iaoenoneay ?aai?ay i?aaieca­oey — Aa?iaineee ?aai?ee O?iio (DAF), io?anoe nicaaiiay ii ia?acoo eoaeuyineiai oaoenoneiai aae?aiey Dopolavoro63, oaaee-
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 ?eea nai? ?eneaiiinou n 7.8 iei a na?aaeia 1933 a. ai 16 iei e 1935 a. e a eiioa eiioia ai 20 iei ?eaiia. Oei Iyenii ooaa??aa­ao, ?oi i?ia?aiia DAF i?aaieciaaiiiai ioauoa «Neea ?a?ac ?a­ainou» ia iiaiyea iaoeiiaeuiue aoo ?aai?eo64. (Oai ia iaiaa e 1939 a. ieiei 7 iei ?aeiaae ainiieuciaaeenu iiea?eaaaiuie io­ioneaie, eioi?ua i?aainoaaeyeenu a ?aieao i?ia?aiiu «Neea ?a?ac ?aainou».) Aieaa eioa?aniui ea?aony ooaa??aaiea Iye­niia i oii, ?oi, «n oi?ee c?aiey o?oaiaiai i?aaa, nioeaeuiie ii­eeoeee e eaaieiaee, „oaa?e?iay iaueia" (Betriebsgemeinschaft) auea na?aoai Iiaiai Ii?yaea»65. Iiiyoea eieeaeoeaa ia oaa­?e?iie iniiaa, nioeaeuiie e iieeoe?aneie ?ecie, i?aaieciaai­iie oaa?eeie e ?aae oaa?eee, — e?aaoaieuiue eaiaiu niaao­neiai ianniaiai iauanoaa66. Ieoeai iuoaeny [nicaaou] ia?oi iiaiaiia a iaiii ec o?aioocneeo ai?ianeeo oaio?ia — Eea?­iii-Oa??aia67.
 Ana aieaa ynii i?aanoaaeyy naaa e?eoe?aneo? aa?iinou oaa­?e?iie iaueiu ia?aiaiiiai ia?eiaa, iu oae?a ia aie?iu ca­auaaou, ?oi Eiiioienoe?aneay ia?oey oi?a auea ianniaie i?aa­iecaoeae, eaeeie au iaeiciuie ia auee oaiiinoe, eioi?ua iia i?iiiaaaiaaea, a niaaoneee nioeaeeci, iiaiaii iaoecio, noiae i?aaieciaaou iauanoai a ai?acai aieuoae noaiaie, ia?aee ea­eie-eeai a?oaie no?ie. Eae i?aaeei, yooaeoeaiay i?aaiecaoey iauanoaa ?anniao?eaaaony oieuei a oa?ieiao naiii?aaiecaoee (iauanoai eae ia-ainoaa?noai). Iai?eia?, ?iaa?o Iaoiyi aiea­cuaaao, ?oi caeao eea ea?ieia a eaaee a Aia?eea naeaaoaeunoaoao ia en?aciiaaiee iauiinoe e iiiiaaao iauynieou iieeoe?aneo? aiaoe?. Ii, eae oeacuaaao Oa?e Aa?iai, a?a?aaineea i?aaieca­oee auee iaoaieciii, nua?aaoei aa?io? ?ieu a ?ani?ino?a­iaiee e einoeoooeiiaeecaoee iaoenoneiai aae?aiey. A oi ?a a?aiy eeae ea?ieia a eaaee ia ia?anoaaaee nouanoaiaaou e i?e iaoenoao68. Ca?anoo? oi ?a naiia ii?ao auou neacaii i aayoaeu­iinoe e?aiai ?iaa — ia oieuei ia i?aaieciaaiiii ioauoa — e i?e Niaaoao. Ia naiii aaea cia?eoaeuii aic?inoay i?aaiecaoey iauanoaa i?e Noaeeia — iaia ec aeaaiuo i?e?ei caiaoiiai ?inoa aicii?iinoae ainoaa?noaa69.
 Iaeioi?ua niaoeaeenou ii niaaoneie enoi?ee, nnueaynu ia ioe?uoua a?oeaiua iaoa?eaeu, i?iaie?a?o iia?a?eeaaou i?a­aaeu ainoaa?noaaiiie aeanoe70. E?aia ainoaa?noai ia?aie?aii. Oacen i i?aaaeao aicii?iinoae ia?aiaiiiai niaaoneiai ainoaa?­noaa cao?eo no?aiii aeaaiui ia?acii ec-ca aai iaiuneeiuo
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 aiaeoee e ia?aaeecoaiuo oaeae (eioi?ua e naie ea?aee iaeioi­?o? ?ieu a oaaee?aiee aicii?iinoae ainoaa?noaa). Ii «eieeae­oeaecaoey» naeuneiai oicyenoaa, aaii?oaoee, onei?aiiay eiaono­?eaeecaoey, ?ani?ino?aiaiea ianniaie i?iiaaaiau ia iii?anoaa ycueia aieiou ai naiuo oaaeaiiuo oaieeia eiia?ee, ea?oia?a­oe?iaaiea ?annaeaiey ia?iaia e oiiia?aoe?aneay nuaiea niaao­neie oa??eoi?ee e ia?iaia — ana yoi ii?aceoaeuii n oi?ee c?a­iey iiaeeecaoee ainoaa?noaaiiuo aicii?iinoae e ianiiinoa­aeii ni no?ieoaeunoaii O?ainneae?neie iaaeno?aee eee ia?aie­nu? 1897 a. a oa?neo? yiioo. Ca enee??aieai i?eia?ia ec ?ecie ?innee ai ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu, aey i?aiu iaiiiaeo i?aai?ey­oee niaaoneiai ainoaa?noaa ii?ii auei au iaeoe ia?aeeaee — a oii, ?oi eanaaony ainoaa?noaaiiuo aicii?iinoae, — aaa au oi ie auei, enee??ay ?acaa ?oi ioaaeuiua ?anoieea iiaeeecaoee a aa­?iiaeneeo eieiieyo a Ao?eea. Eiia?ii, e iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu ia ana ainoaa?noaa no?aieeenu eee ?oanoaiaaee iaiaoiae­iinou i?aai?eieiaou ?anoieea e?anoiaua iioiau (?oiau ia io­noaaaou e inoaaeou eiieo?aioia iicaae). E niiniaiinou niaaonei­ai ainoaa?noaa e naii?aaoeyoee auea aaeaea io oiai, ?oi iaae?aa­einu a eeaa?aeuiuo ainoaa?noaao. I?e n?aaiaiee n eeaa?aeuiui ainoaa?noaii a aeeoaeuiie ia?niaeoeaa modus operandi Niaaonei­ai ainoaa?noaa ii?ao auaeyaaou iniaaiii «ia?aie?aiiui»71.
 Oaiia A?aiao ienaea, ?oi oaeu? niaaoneie (eae e iaoenoneie) i?iiaaaiau auei ia oaa?aaiea, a i?aaiecaoey. Yoi — oianoiia ainnoaiiaeaiea (ia?ao?ace?oy iaei niaaoneee eicoia) oacena, nouanoaiaaaoaai ai o?iea, iaianaiiiai icaai?aiiui aieiaieai e «i?iiuaea iicaia». Ianiiiaiii, oaa?aaiea auei ia iaiaa aa?iui, ?ai i?aaiecaoey, ii a?aiaoianeay oa?aeoa?enoeea yoeo ?a?eiia eae ia?a?aiiuo ia «i?aaiecaoe? anao e any a eo i?aaa­eao e ia caione e iiaaa??aiea aae?aiey» aanie?oii aa?ia72. ?acoiaaony, a Niaaoneii Ni?ca ana auei naiaai ?iaa ianniaie iiaeeecaoeae: niaaoneee iyoeeaoiee ieai, eieeaeoeaecaoey, «no?ieoaeunoai nioeaeecia» a ?anioaeeeao, oneeaiea e ineaaea­iea aioe?aeeaeiciuo eaiiaiee, eaiiaiee ii ai?uaa n aaca?aiio­iinou?. Ii?ii auei au oeacaou e ia «aeneonnee» 1935—36 aa. a NIE e iauanoaa i iiaie eiinoeoooee, e ia auai?u a Aa?oiaiue Niaao a 1936 a. ii oeio «iaii ianoi — iaei eaiaeaao» eae ia i?e­ia?u ianniaie iiaeeecaoee. I?iaiaeeenu ianniaua eaiiaiee ii eiio?ie? ca oi?aiauie iia?aoeyie eee ca anae ainoaa?noaai­iie a??ie?aoeae. ?acee?iua i?iaa?ee e ?enoee a ia?oee, i?io-
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 ni?cao e i?ioanneiiaeuiuo annioeaoeyo e ciaiaieoua eaiia­iee i?ioea a?aaia ia?iaa — ana iia?acoiaaaei ianniainou, oioy oneiaey a?a?aaineiai o?anoey, eae i?aaeei, ia iiaee auou i?aa­iaoii aey ia?aaiai?ia73.
 Ia ana a niaaoneii ianniaii ?aia?ooa?a a?auaeinu aie?oa ei­aono?eaeecaoee e iieeoeee. ?icaeeiaa Na?oi?e oeacuaaao ia o?a­aeoe? «niaaoneiai ea?iaaaea», ia?eiay n i?acaiiaaiey aiy niaao­neie eiinoeoooee a e?ea 1935 a. a iineianeii Oaio?aeuiii ia?ea, i?eiyaoaai oi?io ?aciiia?aciuo oio (aie?oa oaiu «?eciu noa­ea eo?oa, ?eciu noaea aanaeaa!») n ?iiaea?aie, aa?iyie neacie, eiioaooe e oaioaaaeuiuie ainaiaeyie. I?eano?u ea?aee oaiai, oieno?iou, aaeunu e a?ac, a oi a?aiy eae i?iiaaaiaenou neaaeee naiiaayoaeuiinou iann74. Ana oae, ii n?aae iiaiie ca oaiaieuno­aeyie i?ineaaeaiea nioeaeecia e i?a?iaiea eaieoaeecia ia ooiaeee aaeaei a oaiu. Ii?ii auei au iaia?o?eou ia?ana?aiea ianniaie eoeuoo?u n ianniaie iieeoeeie a iiaa, oeieuiuo i?a­aeeao, eiaiao iiai?i?aaiiuo, aae?aieyo oe?ea?ae: iian?ao i?enoonoaiaaee aee?cee ia Eaieia e Noaeeia, a?a?aaineo? aieio a Eniaiee eee eoaeuyineo? aieio a Aaenneiee. Niaao­neia ioaee?iia i?ino?ainoai auei iaiia?aiaiii e i?aiu oe?i­eei, e i?aiu ianuuaiiui ia?acaie, a iniaaiiinoe aeaaeoe?a­neeie ia?acaie aiaoiaai ie?a. Iaie nia?aiaiieee ec ?enea ca?oaa?iuo iaae?aaoaeae ia?auaee aieiaiea ia i?aaeaio? e?eainou iiiaeo niaaoneeo ioaee?iuo ooaa??aaiee e iannea­iinou ianaeaiey, a oi a?aiy eae a?oaea - iai?eia? aia?eeaineee ?o?iaeeno ?a?ei Eaeiic — caia?aee ii iiaiao eiiioie­noe?aneeo eicoiaia: «Yoe ia?ie — aaiee ?aeeaiu»75. Ee??aaie iiiaio, eiia?ii, — oa noaiaiu, a eaeie oa?aeoa?iue neiaa?u, eaoaai?ee iuoeaiey e ie?iaicc?aiey noaee iaua?ani?ino?a­iaiiuie aa?a n?aae oao, eoi yoiio nii?ioeaeyeny76.
 ?aineia ecae?aoaeuiia i?aai i?eoei a Niaaoneo? ?inne? ?aiuoa (1917 a.), ?ai a Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou (1920 a.), Aaeeei­a?eoaie? (1928 a.) eee O?aioe? (1945 a.). ?aaie?oey, eacaeinu, noeeea aaeeeea iaaa?au ia ?aineia inaiai?aaiea77. Ii Yeeca­aao Aoa, eioi?ay eco?aao aaiaa?iua eaoaai?ee e noa?aioeiu, io­iinyueany e ia?oeeiie i?aaiecaoee, iieacuaaao, ?oi aaii?aee­caoey ioaaoeea aeoeaenoie-aieuoaae?ae o?a a aiau iyia78. Ei­ia?ii, a oao no?aiao, aaa ia auei aieuoaaenoneie ?aaie?oee, ii ia?aay ie?iaay aieia oai ia iaiaa iioaoioea aaiaa?iua ea?a?­oee, oae?a iaae?aaeanu aeoaieay aaii?aeecaoey ?aineeo aeoe-
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 aenoie. Eae ioia?aao Iy?e Eoeca ?iaa?on, ai O?aioee a ?acoeu­oaoa aeaaee ieeeeiiia io??ei aieia neeuii iiaiyea iauee o?iaaiu io?neie o?aai?iinoe, eioi?ay, a nai? i?a?aau, iiaeey­ea ia ?aineea ono?aieaiey e iauanoaaiiiio naiiooaa??aaie?79. I?eiaieoaeuii e Eoaeee Aeeoi?ey Aa A?aoea iauyniyao, eae oaoenoneee ?a?ei aue auio?aai ?aaae?iaaou ia auciau, nay­caiiua ia oieuei n i?eoiaii ?aaei e eeii, ii oae?a e n iiyaea­ieai oieaa?iaaa, ?aineiai iaaaceia e la maschietta — io?aii­aiaiie aaaeou (garconne eee modan garu a ?iiiee) a ei?ioeie ?aea, n ei?ioei ino?e?aiiuie aieinaie e aieaa naiaiaiui nae­noaeuiui iiaaaaieai80. ?anoieea aie ii iiaiao oneiaee aoi?­aaiey ?aiuei a aae ianniaie iieeoeee e oiai, eoi eiae i?aai ia eo onoaiiaeaiea, oee ia oieuei a eaoiee?aneie Aa?iia. A ?ii­iee aie?oa ?aiuei, ?aaioaaoeo aia aiia, ia aiai?y o?a i oao, eoi ?aoiaae ca ?aaiii?aaea, aicieeaee iai?y?aiiua iauanoaai­iua aaaaou81. Aa?a a Aaeeeia?eoaiee, aaa iaae?aaeinu neeuiia oaieienoneia aae?aiea, caueoa ?aineeo i?aa iaoieeioeanu ia noaio iaiiieiaiey. N?cai Iaaa?nai iieacuaaao, ?oi ia?aiai­iue oaieieci, eioi?ue iia ?anniao?eaaao eae nouiinoii aa?­iue aey caaiaaaiey ?aineeo i?aa, aue eiio?i?iaoeoeaai, ii­neieueo ii oy?aei ii?acee io??ei e iiaeeeciaae i?ioeaieeia ?aineie yiaineiaoee82.
 Ia?yao n aeoaaie ca ?aineia ?aaainoai e iauanoaaiiia i?e­ciaiea eiaee ianoi iai?aaeaiiua ia ?aiuei iaoeiiaeuiua eaiiaiee ca aa?a?eeainou, aeaeaio e iniaaiii aaiia?aoe?aneee ?ino. Oae, ia?aua?uea ia naay aieiaiea iiiaeo enneaaiaaoaeae eciaiaiey, iaae?aaaoeany a 1930-o aa. a niaaoneie iieeoeea ii­iu?aiey ?i?aaaiinoe (n?aae i?i?eo enneaaiaaoaeae eo ?anniao­?eaaea Aaiae Aieaiai), ii?ii iiianoeou a aieaa oe?ieee eii­oaeno, eae yoi aaeaao Ayaea Oiooiai83. Aa A?aoea ioia?aao, ?oi ia?aay ie?iaay aieia oaaaeea oaoenoneee ?a?ei a oii, ?oi «?aiueiu ea?a?o a e?aii neo?aa oaio?aeuio?, oioy e ii?ace­oaeuii nei?io? ?ieu a iiaaa??ea ainoaa?noaaiiie aeanoe». Ni­ioaaonoaaiii, caee??aao iia, «ia ana noi?iiu ?aineiai nouanoai­aaiey... aicaaenoaiaaee a caaeneiinoe io ia?u ainoaa?noaaiiiai eioa?ana e eioa?i?aoe?iaaee eo a naaoa no?aoaaee aeeoaoo?u a ainoaa?noaaiiii no?ieoaeunoaa»84. Eaeiaa au ie auea aioo?ai­iyy aeiaieea iiei?ieaauo ioiioaiee, aaiiieeoe?aneia ni?aa­iiaaiea, ea?aony, aaeaei iaiaoiaeiie iiaeeecaoe? ?aineiai oaea a eioa?anao ainoaa?noaaiiie aeanoe. Aeeoaoo?u iiaee
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 aa?anneaii i?aneaaiaaou yoo oaeu, a aey aaiie?aoee iia nicaaaa­ea iaeioi?ua nei?iinoe, anee oieuei iie ia iiaee iia?aouny ia oe?ieee iioie eiiea?aioia aey ?uiea o?oaa e a?iee.
 Ianniaay iieeoeea e iiaeeecaoey i?e aaoi?eoa?iuo ?a?e­iao, e a iniaaiiinoe eo neiaiee?aneea ecia?aiey, auee aeaaiu­ie auciaaie aey eeaa?aeuiuo aaiie?aoee. Aaei ia a oii, ?oi ia?eaiaioneea ?a?eiu auee ianiiniaiu i?eiyou ai aieiaiea ianniao? iieeoeeo. Eae o?a ioia?aeinu, ia?aay ie?iaay aieia iiai?aaea ea?a?oee e nii?ioeaeaiea aiaea?aie? a iieeoeeo iiiaeo ?aiaa enee??aiiuo a?oii — oaeeo eae ?aiueiu eee ea­oieeee85. Ii, eae ieoao Iinn, «ia?eaiaioneea ?anioaeeee auee anoanoaaiiui ia?acii ianiiniaiu neiino?oe?iaaou yooaeoea­iua ?ai?acaioaoee naieo naay oae ?a, eae ia niiaee ii?iaeou iaoeiiaeuiua i?acaianoaa»86. A?eoaineea NIE iiioey?ece?i­aaee eaeea-oi ia?acu no?aiu, aee??ay iiia?oe?, i?ioaaoa?­uea oeiainu e eiia?e?, ii ie iaei ec yoeo ia?acia ia i?aa?a­oeeny a ii-ianoiyuaio yooaeoeaiue aey aaea eeaa?aeuiie aaiie?aoee a ia?aoia?iaiii aniaeoa87. O?aioey n aa neiaiea­ie oiaa?ia eiaono?ee ?ineioe e eieiieaeuiui i?eieoeaec­iii, ia aiai?y o?a i ii?oe iinoiyiiuo iieeoe?aneeo iio?yna­ieyo (aieaa ?ai aaaaoaou i?aaeoaeunoa ca ia?eia ia?ao 1929 e 1939 aa.), oae?a eniuouaaea o?oaiinoe n yooaeoeaiuie eicoi­aaie e eioaa?e?o?ueie no?aoaaeyie a eioa?anao ianniaie aa­iie?aoee88.
 A auee ee — e, anee aa, oi eaeea — neiaieu aaiie?aoe?aneie nia?aiaiiinoe (modernity)? A iniiaiii iie auee aia?eeainee­ie89. Ia?aiaiiay Aia?eea neiaieece?iaaea a oaeii ieaaae­neo? aaiie?aoe? (eaeiau au ie auee enee??aiey), ?aaii eae e a?oaue aeiaie?iue eaieoaeeci. Yoi aue ia?acoiaue i?iec­aiaeoaeu e iio?aaeoaeu eiiia??aneie ianniaie eoeuoo?u — io Aieeeaoaa ai caai?a?eaa?uaai eaoaeiaa oiaa?ia «Ne?n ?iaae». E Aia?eea caoiaaaea i?ineaaeaiiua aa?iiaeneea o?aaeoee aunieie eoeuoo?u e aaaiaa?aa a ianniaie eoeuoo?a. Iia oae?a iiiu?yea ianniaia iio?aaeaiea — ii iaiuoae ia?a a ?aaiie noa­iaie n ianniaui i?iecaianoaii. Yoei e a?oaei aniaeoai nia?a­iaiiuo aia?eeaineeo ia?acia e aaenoaeoaeuiinoe nii?ioeaey­eenu aa?iiaeneea aaiie?aoee. A oi ?a a?aiy eo auai?i?ii ei­oaa?e?iaaee a nianoaaiio? iianaaiaaiinou e Niaaoneee Ni?c, e iaoenoneay Aa?iaiey, e oaoenoneay Eoaeey, e eiia?aoi?neay ?iiiey.
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 A eoiaa ai e a iniaaiiinoe iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu ooi­aaiaio iaoeiiaeuiie iieeoeee nianoeeny ca i?aaaeu ei?ieaa­neeo aai?oia, ia?eaiaioneeo caaiee, cae?uouo iieeoe?aneeo eeoaia — a a?iaeneea aa?aee, iauanoaaiiua neaa?u, ia oaa?eee, nii?oeaiua noaaeiiu e a ?aineia oaei. A aioeeeaa?aeuiua ?a­?eiu n ?acee?iie noaiaiu? yooaeoeaiinoe yia?ae?ii ?acai?a­?eaaee iieeoeeo neiaieia, iiaeeecaoeiiiua eaiiaiee e ianni­aua i?aaiecaoee a ?aieao aace?iaaaoeony ia iannao aeeoaoo?. Oi auea oi?ia ianniaiai o?anoey i?aeiouanoaaiii aac iieeoe­?aneie aeanoe, ii ia aac niaa??aiey e iineaanoaee. Aa??eiaoii Io? ioia?aao, ?oi a niaaoneii neo?aa i?eio?aaiea e aeoeaeci ?yaiauo a?a?aai oee ?oea ia ?oeo. Iniaaiii iai?a?uaiua eai­iaiee ca aaiie?aoecaoe? e ia?iaiue eiio?ieu auee a iaii e oi ?a a?aiy iaieioee?oaiuie e ?aaeuiuie90. ?anniao?eaay neooa­oe? a aieaa oe?ieii eiioaenoa, A?aai?e Eaca ieoao i naiaai ?iaa a?a?aaineie iiaeeecaoee eae oaiaaioee iauanoaaiiiai ?acae­oey iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu a Eoaeee, ?iiiee, Niaaoneii Ni?ca aa e iian?ao91. Iiaiaii iiiaiio a?oaiio, a?a?aaineee «i?ecua» e ianniaay iiaeeecaoey ia noieuei oa?aeoa?eco?o Niaaoneee Ni?c, neieu, i?aaeaii, yaey?ony oaiiiaiaie ia?­aiaiiie yiioe92.
 Ianniaia iio?aaeaiea
 «Iaiaoiaeiia i?aaaa?eoaeuiia oneiaea ianniaiai i?iecaia­noaa, — ienae Aai?e Oi?a, — yoi aicii?iinou, ne?uoay eee ?ac­aeoay, ianniaiai iio?aaeaiey, niiniaiinou ia?aaa?eou ianooaa­iia i?iecaianoai. Iie eaoo ?oea ia ?oeo, e a iineaaiai iiaoo auou iaeaaiu iniiaaiey aey ia?aiai»93. Ianniaue nauo, noia?­ia?eao, oaii?ee ?icie?iie oi?aiaee, ?aeeaia e oi?aiaey a e?a­aeo iiiiaee nicaaou Aia?eeo, a eioi?ie ?ani?ino?aiaiea oiaa­?ia auei «iaoaiece?iaaii». Ianoieuei, ?oi a ia?aie iieiaeia XX a. iiioey?ecaoi?u ienaee i ianniaii iio?aaeaiee eae i ii­aii ooiaaiaioa oeaeeecaoee e ainoe?aiee aieaa aunieeo o?ia­iae oeaeeecaoee aeaaiaa?y aieaa aunieei o?iaiyi iio?aaea­iey94. Eaecaaao Eiyi ooaa??aaao, ?oi Aaeeeay Aai?anney aa?a onei?eea niaio aeoaioia n i?iecaiaeoaeae ia iio?aaeoaeae a yeiiiie?aneii iuoeaiee e i?aaeoaeunoaaiiie iieeoeea ia?­aiaiiie Aia?eee. «Oi?ea c?aiey iio?aaeoaey, — caee??aao iia, — iieo?eea einoeoooeiiaeuiia ioi?ieaiea ianiio?y ia oi, ?oi eiie?aoiua ainoe?aiey a caueoa iio?aaeoaeuneeo i?aa e
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 iio?aaiinoae ?anoi auee iaaaeeee»95. I?iaaaou, aii?o?aiiua oaoieeaie ianniauo i?iaa?, iau?ii ioe?uaaee aey naay, ?oi ia aicieea?uai iaoeiiaeuiii ?uiea eo?oa anaai ?aaioaou iinaa­iaioii. Iaiaei, eae iieacuaaao ?ieai Ia?oai, aae?aiea a noi­?iio ianniaiai iio?aaeaiey a Aia?eea auei i?iaicaeaoaii ai­?iaie nia?aiaiiinoe96.
 Ianiio?y ia iionoioaiey, i?iecaaaaiiua Aaeeeie Aai?an­neae, Aia?eea i?iaie?aea i?iaoe?iaaou ia?ac ia?aaiaai e?ay nia?aiaiiinoe97. O?aieeei ?ocaaeuo e Iiaue eo?n iio?ynee aa­?iiaeoaa, e a iniaaiiinoe a?eoaioaa98. Iaiaei oe?ieea iauano­aaiiua neie a A?eoaiee e ai O?aioee ii-i?a?iaio aini?eie­iaee Aia?eeo a aaieiii naaoa, aeay a iae nei?aa oa?ico, ?ai ni?cieea a iauae ai?uaa i?ioea ia?aiaiiiai aaoi?eoa?iiai i?eeeaa99. Aa?iiaeneea eeaa?aeuiua aaiie?aoee, i?eaa??eaa­ynu naaeaine?iaaiiuo a?a?aoia, ia iiaee n?aaiyouny ii ?anoi­aai, ia aiai?y o?a i aiaoiai ia?aca, n aia?eeaineei ioaaoii ia aai?anne?. A yoii ?oanoaoaony e?iiey, anee o?anou, ai eaeie noa­iaie Aia?eea iaycaia Aa?iia eaayie e i?aeoeeie Iiaiai eo?na (eae yiecia aieaiai o?ainaoeaioe?aneiai aeaeiaa), oioy aaoi?u Iiaiai eo?na, aieaciaiii ioiineaoeany e iaaeiaieyi a iaaia­?eeaineii oa?aeoa?a eo iieeoeee, i?aaii?eoaee ne?uaaou ca­a?aie?iua enoi?ieee eo aaioiiaaiey e einiiiieeoeci100. Yoi iauaa io?o?aaiea e acaeiiia aenoaioe?iaaiea Aia?eee e Ca­iaaiie Aa?iiu auee — a iiauo oneiaeyo, nei?eaoeony iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu, — iaiei ec oaeoi?ia ?ano?aou a?eoaioa­ie e o?aioocaie aieuoie ?anoe nieeaiiai eaieoaea, neiei?ai­iiai eie ia ieaa oy?aei ainoaaoaainy eeaa?aeuiiai ia?eaiaioa­?ecia.
 Aieaa oiai, «onoaeinou» aa?iiaeneiai eeaa?aeecia noaea oe?iie aey aaoi?eoa?iuo ?a?eiia, caueuaaoeo iiaaeu oi?aaeyaiie yeiiiieee e ianniaie iiaeeecaoee ia?yao n iaioioiui i?eyoe­ai ianniaie eoeuoo?u (eioi?ay, ii iaiuoae ia?a ?anoe?ii, ia­i?aaeyeanu oaico?ie e ioeoeaeuiie i?iiaaaiaie). I?e aaoi?e­oa?iuo ?a?eiao aaaiaa?aiue eiioeun eoeuoo?iiai ?oeiaianoaa aini?eiyee n aioiaiinou?, oioy ioaaeuiua eiaeaeau a ?iee a?­aeo?ia iiaee iaiyouny. Ainoaa?noai ?aeeaie?iaaei iaoeiu e ia?acu i?iiuoeaiiuo iiaaeaia. A iaeanoe iio?aaeaiey i?aa?a­uaiea ?aeaiey a oiaa? ano?a?aee n iiaic?aieai eee i?aiaa?a­?aieai, oioy a ii?aaaeaiiie ia?a e i?eaaaaee e iaio. Aey n?aa­iaiey ioiaoei, ?oi n iiiiuu? iieeoeee iio?aaeaiey iiuiue
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 oie?ie aue aai ?ani?ino?aiaie? ea?a?oe?aneeo oaiiinoae, oaiiinoae iineooaiey e iao?eioecia, oae ?a eae e iia?eiaiey eieeaeoeao. Iieeiiaiea nia?aiaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe e oe?ai­eaiea aaoi?eoaoa aeanoe e ea?a?oee ia ?anniao?eaaeenu eae ya­eaiey, i?ioeai?a?auea a?oa a?oao. Aaconeiaii, oaoenoneay Eoa­eey, iaoenoneay Aa?iaiey, nioeaeenoe?aneee Niaaoneee Ni?c e eiia?aoi?neay ?iiiey — ana n ecaanoiui iaia?aieai ?aaae?i­aaee ia oi, ?oi ea?aay ec ieo i?eieiaea ca aia?eeaineo? «nia?a­iaiiinou». Iiiaea iaoenou, ainoeuaaoeany Aia?eeie ca i?iai­aeaoeeny oai aa-oaeoi ?aniaue aia?oaea, ioi?aanoaeyee aia?e­eaineee «i?iaoeoeiieci» n niaaoneei101.
 Ianiio?y ia oi ?oi aia?eeaineee i?iaoeoeiieci aucuaae aeoaieia ainoeuaiea a ?iiiee e ?acee?iuo aa?iiaeneeo no?a­iao n aaoi?eoa?iui ?a?eiii — aa?a aieuoaa, ?ai a ia?eaiaio­neeo, — ana ?a, iiaiaii ia?eaiaioneei no?aiai, aaoi?eoa?iua n iaaiaa?eai iiaeyauaaee ia aia?eeaiecaoe? noa?u iio?aaea­iey102. Eiia?ii, ianniaia iio?aaeaiea auei aaeaei ia oioaeuiui aa?a a Aia?eea, aaa ii iaiuoae ia?a 20 % oiaa?ia e oneoa ii­o?aaeyeinu a oii ?a aiiaoiai oicyenoaa, aaa eo e i?iecaaee, — aac iin?aaie?anoaa ?uiea (ia aiai?y o?a i ianniaii ?uiea). Ai O?aioee, Aa?iaiee e Eoaeee iieacaoaeu iaoo?aeuiiai iio?aa­eaiey ainoeaae eoaa aieaa aunieie ioiaoee. A neo?aa ?a aieu­oiai ?enea oiaa?ia e oneoa, i?iecaaaaiiuo aia aiia, naiue ?aua ia?auaeenu e nioeaeenoe?aneei iio?aaeoaeuneei eiiia?aoeaai eee iauanoaai acaeiiiiiiue, ?ai e ianniaiio ?uieo103. A A?e­oaiee, aaa yeaeo?e?anoai eniieuciaaeinu a 73 % aiiioicyenoa (ii n?aaiaie? n 67 % a Niaaeiaiiuo Ooaoao), ?enei oicyenoa, eiaaoeo iueanin, noe?aeuio? iaoeio e aiaiiaa?aaaoaeu, ain­oeaei 50 % io iauaai eo ?enea a oa?aiea aieaa ?ai 30 eao. ?anoi­au ia iniauaiea aiia auee nouanoaaiii iaiuoa o?ao ia iaa?­ao, oioy iaeneiaeuiua noiiu oee ia ioauo: a 1930-a aa. ia ee­ii ooiaeei ieiei 6 % anao ?anoiaia a?eoaineiai iio?aaeoaey104. Ie ia i?aeoeea, ie a aaenoaaiiuo neiaieao ianniaiai iio?aaea­iey aa?iiaeneea aaiie?aoee ia niiaee i?eaeeceouny e aia?e­eaineie neooaoee.
 Iaauay no?aieoaeuiue ?ino iio?aaeaiey e iaiia?aiaiii nie?ay aai (ec-ca iiaaioiaee e aieia), iaoenou oi?a e?eoeei­aaee iio?aaeoaeuneo? eoeuoo?o Niaaeiaiiuo Ooaoia105. Oi?ii oae ?a iinooiae e Niaaoneee Ni?c, ai?aeaoeeny naiae iaeaie­oaeenoe?aneie nenoaiie, oioy e ii, a nai? i?a?aau, i?eoae e
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 i?eciaie? iaecaa?iinoe ianniaiai iio?aaeaiey. Eae e iaoen­ou, niaaoneea aeanoe ecae?aoaeuii i?iaaeaaee iiiaea iio?aae­oaeuneea oiaa?u. Oi?aiaey (eae e iio?aaeaiea) oae eee eia?a aie?ia auea auou «nioeaeenoe?aneie». Oniaoii iaeaaiiia ?aoaiea naiaeeinu e oiio, ?oiau i?aa?aoeou oi?aiae? a iaua­noaaiii iieaciue o?oa e eiaeaeaoaeuiia o?oaiaia iiaaaaiea, a oae?a i?eaea?u e yoiio iannu ?a?ac o?anoea a yeno?aiiuo i?i­aa?eao eee «eiio?iea» nieco. A oi ?a a?aiy iinauaiea iaaa­ceiia i?aaiciineeinu eae ainoe?aiea aunieiai eoeuoo?iiai o?iaiy. Yoi nii?iai?aaeinu i?aanoaaeaieai ioaeeea ?aiuei, ?aciaaouo a iaoa e aeaaiooa?ueo aooaie, e io??ei, caiyouo no?ieoaeunoaii eiaeaeaoaeuiuo aiiia aey naieo naiae. ?aeea­ia i?enoonoaiaaea aa?a oiaaa, eiaaa nouanoaiaaea anaai eeou iaia «ia?ea» oiaa?a106. Oae iacuaaaiuo iieoiaoaeae oaa?aaee i?eia?aoaou ?acee?iua oiaa?u e ia?aaei niaa?aee eino?oe­oeyie, eae yoi naaeaou «eoeuoo?ii», aaiiino?e?oy anaio ie?o i?aainoianoai nioeaeecia e iio?aaeaiey ii-niaaonee. E a yoii neo?aa ianniaia iio?aaeaiea aicieeaei eae cia?eiay aey ?acae­oey e inia?eaaiey eaaioe?iinoae oa??eoi?ey.
 Ana yoe yaeaiey enneaaiaaiu a aenna?oaoeyo A?oeee Oann­ea? e Yie ?yiayee107. Oannea? ioia?aao anaiauo? o?aaiao (a ?ac­iuo i?iyaeaieyo), iaionooiii naycaiio? n iio?aaeaieai a onei­aeyo iinoiyiiiai aaoeoeoa e ioiineoaeuiie aaaiinoe. ?yiayee aiiieiyao yoe iaae?aaiey, aieacuaay, ?oi eaaeoeiaoey oi?aiaee i?e nioeaeecia i?ienoiaeea n aieuoei o?oaii. Iia oae?a iiea­cuaaao, ?oi aie?iinoiua eeoa e ?oeiaiaeoaee oi?aiaee no?aie­eenu eniieuciaaou oaoiieiaee e i?eioeiu i?aaiecaoee eaieoa­eenoe?aneie ?icie?iie oi?aiaee. «Ia?aaiaua i?eaiu» — oaeea eae iieoiea oiaa?ia a ?ann?i?eo e ?acee?iua aeau iieoiaoaeu­neeo e?aaeoia — aiaa?yeenu ia?yao n noaneae?iaaieai oai e ecae?aoaeuiui i?aainoaaeaieai ainooia e oiaa?ai108. E oai ia iaiaa oi?aiaey ia auea ?enoi oaoie?aneei aii?inii, eai io oi?ai­auo ?aaioieeia ?aaee, ?oi naiei i?ioanneiiaeeciii e ona?ae­ai a o?oaa iie aoaoo o?anoaiaaou a aaea aaeeeiai no?ieoaeunoaa nioeaeenoe?aneie nia?aiaiiinoe. Ionoeee a oia e iaae?, ei­oi?ay iiaea au i?aanoaaeou iio?aaeoaeuneea oiaa?u a ea?anoaa aiieiuaiey e i?iiaaaiau aunieeo eaaaeia. E oioy ea?oeiu ii­o?aaeaiey, eae eo ?eaiienaee n?aanoaa ianniaie eioi?iaoee, aa?iyoii, eacaeenu nia?aiaiieeai ia noieuei aunieieoeuoo?iu­ie, neieuei iaeeiao??oaciuie, iieoiaoaee, eae e ?aaioieee
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 oi?aiaie noa?u, ii-aeaeiiio, n iieiie na?uaciinou? aini?eie­iaee eaa? i iio?aaeaiee eae eino?oiaioa ainoe?aiey eoeuoo?­iinoe (Bildung).
 ?yiayee oae?a iienuaaao, eae oaieiece?iaaeny ie? niaao­neie oi?aiaee e eae ii i?eaae e oneeaie? nioeaoaeuiuo aaiaa?­iuo ?ieae. Iaiaei yoe ?iee iia n?eoaao ?ai-oi ia naiaeaoeiny e i?eio?aaie? e no?aieony i?aa?aoeou ?aiuei a aaaioia oi?ai­aie noa?u (to give women in and around trade agency), aa?a ia­niio?y ia ia?aie?aiiinou eo aicii?iinoae. Oai naiui iia ia?a­iineo oaa?aiea n aeoeaenoia ia ?aiuei. A Eoaeee e O?aioee ?aiueiu oi?a ionoaeaaee naia ianoi a ioaee?iie noa?a aeaaiui ia?acii eae iio?aaeoaee e oieuei ai aoi?o? i?a?aau — eae «ii­aua ?aiueiu» e/eee aeoeaenoee ?aineiai aae?aiey. Eae aa A?a­oea, oae e ?iaa?on ooaa??aa?o, ?oi i?eiaieoaeuii e ?aiueiai iiaua ia?acu ee?iie naiaiau e yiaineiaoee iaioaaeeiu io eo «yenieoaoaoee» — iniaaiii eiaono?eyie iiau e einiaoeee. I?aaaa, ai O?aioee io?anoe a ?acoeuoaoa e?ooaiey naa?a?aiee n?aaiaai eeanna ai a?aiy aieiu e iineaaiaiiiai ecauoea iaeii­eeo ?aiuei i?eaioaoey ia i?ioanneiiaeuio? aayoaeuiinou ic­ia?aea, ?oi ?aiueiu, ii e?aeiae ia?a ai caio?anoaa, auee aieaa neeiiiu iinayuaou naay i?ioanneiiaeuiui eioa?anai. Ii, aiia­ua aiai?y, «aaiie?aoe?iua» o?aioocu, oi?ii oae ?a, eae e iana­eaiea oaoenoneie Eoaeee, ieacaeenu a ieaio o oiai, ?oi ?iaa?on ?anniao?eaaao eae aaienoaaiiia no?aieaiea — e nia?aiaiiie eiaono?ee, oi?aiaea e oaoiieiaeyi, n iaiie noi?iiu, e e iaaycu­aaie? o?aaeoeiiiuo aaiaa?iuo ?ieae — n a?oaie109.
 Neieu au i?aaaiiiaiaiui ie eacaeinu yoi ooaa??aaiea, aai ni?aaaaeeainou n o?oaii iiaaaaony ioaiea, iineieueo ?iaa?oa ia?aie?eaaaony oai, ?oi iia iacuaaao «neiaiee?aneie ?aaioie» ia?acia, ia enneaaoy i?e yoii «?aaeuio? ?eciu» ?aiuei e io?­?ei (oae, iai?eia?, iia aiaeece?oao oaenou ioaaeuiuo caeiiia, ii ia oi, eae iie i?eiaiyeenu eee ia i?eiaiyeenu). Eae au oi ie auei, anee ?aineia iio?aaeaiea ai O?aioee e ieacaeinu iaeeie i aaoo eiioao, oi ?oi neacaou i ?aiueiao a neooaoee, eiaaa ainooi­iinou oiaa?ia ianniaiai iio?aaeaiey neeuii ionoaaaea io iaaua­iee naaeaou eo ainooiiuie? Niaaoneia ianniaia iio?aaeaiea, oae?a caaenaaoaa io o?iaiae aioiaa e ainoaa?noaaiiiai iaania?a­iey, iiaei auou a ?aaiie noaiaie ooiieoaeuiui o?oaii e oi?­iie naii?aaeecaoee e o?anoey a iauanoaaiiie ?ecie. Niaaoneea ?aiueiu eae iio?aaeoaee a iauanoaa, aaa nouanoaoao aaoeoeo e
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 eioi?ia i?eaioe?iaaiii ia i?iecaiaeoaey, auee neaau e ianee ia naaa iaiineeuiua oyaiou. Ii oai ia iaiaa yoi niaa?oaiii ia­iaycaoaeuii aie?ii auei nieceou eo iio?aaeoaeuneea cai?inu. ?aaiui ia?acii nio?aiyeenu nayce ia?ao iaoa?eaeuiui aeaai­ninoiyieai e eaaioe?iinou? ee?iinoe eee nioeaeuiui noaoo­nii. Ia en?acaei e aucaaiiia ianiaeaniaaiiinou? ia?ao ?aaeu­iie ?eciu? e ?aeeaiie iaoa?eaeuiuo aeaa aaaeaiea ia aeanou. Niaaoneee ?a?ei, oii?noaiaaaoee a naiai iai?eyoee ?uiea e a oi ?a a?aiy anooieaoee a ea?o iia iacaaieai «ianniaia ii­o?aaeaiea», cia?aiea eioi?ie ??acau?aeii aic?inei iinea aoi­?ie ie?iaie aieiu, ieacaeny ia niiniaai ie i?iaie?aou ni?aa­iiaaiea, ie aueoe ec iaai.
 Niiniau aaaaiey aieiu e nioeaeuiia iaania?aiea*
 Aa?iia eaioia 1914 a., aii?aee oiio, ?oi aa iacuaaee aiai­iui eaaa?ai, ia auea ?aaiiia?ii ieeeoa?eciaaiiui i?ino?ai­noaii110. Ii iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu, eae ooaa??aaao Iaeee Aaea?, aa?a ainoaa?noaa, eniiaaaiaaaoea ie?iua oaiiinoe, ia ia?anoaaaee naiii?aaieciauaaouny ?aae i?iecaianoaa ianeeey (production of violence) a oi?iii niioaaonoaee n oai, ?oi ioiuia aieia auea ia ia?aie?aiiie, a oioaeuiie, — eee, ii au?a?aie? E?aaiai?oa, «oioaeeoa?iie», e iiaaioiaea e iae i?aa?aoeeanu a no?aoaae? iaoeiiaeuiiai no?ieoaeunoaa e nioeaeuiie eioaa?a­oee. Iaoenou, oaoenou e aieinoao?uea eaaua, aieacuaaao Aae­a?, iia?a?aee aiaiiui, iniiauaaee nai? eaaioe?iinou ia ai­aiiie neo?aa, i?iaiaeee iiaeeecaoe? iauanoaa ?aae aieiu, iiieiaaiie eae nioeaeuiay oa?aiey, e noaaeee naiae oaeu? ia­neeunoaaiiia nicaaiea iiauo iauanoa111. Aa?a a eeaa?aeuiuo no?aiao, aaa ia?aie?aiey auee eoaa cia?eoaeuiaa, aieia a ia?ii­iie noaiaie oneeeea ainoaa?noaaiiua ?u?aae e aiaeoee. Ieoa? Oieeaeno aianoa n a?oaeie enneaaiaaoaeyie aieacuaaao, ?oi oi­oaeuiay aieia ?aaeeaeuii ?anoe?eea iioaioeaeuiia iiea aino­aa?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey a ianooaaao anaai ianaeaiey112.
 Ai?acai iaiuoa aieiaiey oaaeyeinu oiio, ?oi e iiaaioiaea e aiaiiui aaenoaeyi, e niiniau aaaaiey aieiu auee oanii nay­caiu n nioeaeuiui iaania?aieai113. A yoii auea naiy iaiaoi­aeiinou. Ieiei 2.7 iei iaioaa aa?ioeenu aiiie eiaaeeaaie
 * Ea?a neia — «Warfare and welfare» (i?ei. ia?aa.).
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 aieiu. A 1918 a. a Aa?iaiee auei 500 oun. aaia iiaeaoeo aiaiii­neo?aueo e 1.2 iei ne?io. Anee e ia ?aae oieaou aieaa, oi a oaeyo iiaaa??aiey ii?yaea nieaaoai e aaiaai i?aainoaaeee aiaiio? iaine?. A?oaea yeno?aiiua nioeaeuiua ia?u, yaeaoeany neaa­noaeai aieiu, auee noieu ?a aaeaei eaoueie — eae, iai?eia?, a ?eeeuiie noa?a, aaa na?ey ??acau?aeiuo iinoaiiaeaiee aieuii eee iaaieuii ioe?uea y?o iinoiyiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. Aaeia?­neia ainoaa?noai acyei ia naay ?ieu a?aeo?a ai acaeiiioiioaie­yo caieaaeaaaeuoaa e a?aiaaoi?ia e a aii?inao a?aiaiie ieaou, a oae?a iiiiaei aaanoe ?acee?iua iiaua oi?iu ieaoa?ae. Aino­aa?noai ia iiaei ni?aaeouny n i?iaeaiaie, ii iii yia?ae?ii i?e­ieiaei ia naay oe?ieea iaycaoaeunoaa114. Ia naiii aaea caanu aaenoaiaaea ioi?au ia oieuei iaiaoiaeiinou. Ia?aiaiiue ia­?eia ciaiaiiaae niaie iiao? noaae? a i?eciaiee eae aa?iinoe oi?aaeaiey ianaeaieai a ea?anoaa ee??a e ainoaa?noaaiiiio ii­aouanoao (e aiaiiiio iioaioeaeo), oae e nioeaeuiie eiaeee o?aoa e eiio?iey ca noaoenoeeie ian?anoiuo neo?aaa ia i?iecaianoaa, aieaciae e oiai, ?oi iacuaaee aecian-oeeeaie. Nioeaeuiia iaan­ia?aiea a yoii niunea auei acaeyaii ia ie? n aaeaei eaoueie i?aeoe?aneeie neaanoaeyie e niioaaonoao?uei iaai?ii i?aeoee ?anoe?eaoeany aicii?iinoe aey ?acaeoey i?eioeiia nioe­aeuiiai iaania?aiey i?e iaiia?aiaiiii oaaee?aiee aicii?ii­noae ainoaa?noaa — aneaanoaea aaaaiey oioaeuiie aieiu e ia?a­ono?ienoaa iauanoaa aey iiaaioiaee e aoaouei aieiai — nicaa­ee iiuio? eiiaeiaoe?. A eeaa?aeuiuo no?aiao, eae iieacuaaao Ieoa? Oei?a, nouanoaiaaea acaeiinaycu ia?ao ?anoe?aieai ec­ae?aoaeuiiai i?aaa e ?acaeoeai ianniauo iieeoe?aneeo ia?oee, n iaiie noi?iiu, e iauanoaaiiuie ?anoiaaie ia ca?aaiio?aia­iea, ia?aciaaiea e nioeaeuiia no?aoiaaiea — n a?oaie. Eae n?e­oaao Oei?a, ee??aaui ianoiyoaeunoaii yaeeinu ?acaeoea «iaiaa i?eioaeoaeuiuo» e «aieaa yooaeoeaiuo» niiniaia iiauoaiey ainoaa?noaaiiuo aioiaia ?a?ac iaeiaiiaei?aiea. «Nia?aiaiiia ainoaa?noai — yoi ainoaa?noai iaeiaia», — ieoao ii. A eiioa XIX a. o?iaaiu aioiaia, iieo?aiiuo io iaeiaia, ninoaaeye iaiaa 10 % iaoeiiaeuiiai i?iaoeoa, ?oi aaaa ee iiaei neo?eou iniiaa­ieai aey yooaeoeaiiai ?aoaiey ianouiuo nioeaeuiuo caaa?. Eiaiii ia?aay ie?iaay aieia ?acei iiaiyea aie? iaeiaia a ia­oeiiaeuiii i?iaoeoa, eioi?ay nio?aieeanu ia iiaii aunieii o?iaia, ianiio?y ia ieii?aiea aieiu. Oei?a oiiaiaeyao iinoi­yiiia ?anoe?aiea noa?u nioeaeuiiai no?aoiaaiey (aieiou ai
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 oiai iiiaioa, eiaaa iii ioaaoeei ana ianaeaiea) enoi?ee ?acae­oey ecae?aoaeuiiai i?aaa iinea aai aaaaaiey. Oaeei ia?acii, nioeaeuiia iaania?aiea — yoi e enoi?ey no?aieaiey e «caaioa» i e?ayo ?aae eo nianoaaiiie iieucu e ainoaa?noaa, e enoi?ey aicii?iinoe oaeiai iiaaaaiey115. Ia?aeeaeuiia ?acaeoea aia?i­aieuiuo aaia?iuo aeeaaia ianaeaiey, e eiei i?ecuaaee ia­uaiaoeiiaeuiua aaeoaoeiiiua eaiiaiee, niaaenoaiaaei ?inoo oeiainiauo aicii?iinoae ainoaa?noaa, iaania?eaaaiuo iaei­aiauie iinooieaieyie.
 Ianiiiaiii, aicii?iinou ioi?au ia aaoiiaoe?anee i?aa?a­uaaony a iiao?aaiea. Nii?ioeaeaiea noaiiaeaoeiny ana aieaa ianooaaiuie ia?ai ii nioeaeuiiio iaania?aie? e iieeoeea nioeaeuiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe auei iianaianoiui, iniaaiii a no?aiao n ?anoiie nianoaaiiinou? e ia?eaiaioneei i?aanoaae­oaeunoaii, — ii ia a Niaaoneii Ni?ca, aaa ?aeaiea ?acaa?ioou nenoaio nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey i?aainoiaeei nianoaaiiua aicii?iinoe. Aaeinoaaiiue iia?iaiue aiaeec niaaoneiai ni­oeaeuiiai iaania?aiey a ia?aiaiiue ia?eia i?eiaaea?eo Aa?ien Iyaenii. Iia ooaa??aaao, ?oi, ianiio?y ia caeii i ni­oeaeuiii no?aoiaaiee (1893 a.), iinoaiiaeaiea ia io?aia cai?i­auy e ian?anoiuo neo?ayo (1912 a.) e iainee ii noa?inoe aey i?aaeoaeunoaaiiuo neo?aueo, oa?neia i?aaeoaeunoai «ioeacu­aaeinu i?eciaaaou aaaiinou e aacunoiaiinou nioeaeuiuie ya­eaieyie». Iia iineaaieie iia eiaao a aeao aii?inu, i?aanoaa­ey?uea ainoaa?noaaiio? aa?iinou116. A?aiaiiia i?aaeoaeunoai i?eiyei caeii, ia?aie?eaa?uee ii?io? ?aaioo aey ?aiuei e iia?inoeia, naaeaa i?e yoii iaiai?eo, ?oi ei ii?ii i?aiaa?a?u, anee aai i?eiaiaiea iiiaoaao aiaiiui oneeeyi. Aieuoaaeno­neea i?aaeoaee o?a ?a?ac iyou aiae iinea caoaaoa aeanoe ecaaee aae?ao i «anaiauaie?uai nioeaeuiii no?aoiaaiee aey anao ia­aiiuo ?aaioieeia e aey ai?ianeie e naeuneie aaaiiou»117. ?acee?iua caeiiu, eioi?ua ca yoei iineaaiaaee, i?iaicaeaoaee aaaaaiea no?aoiaaiey ii aac?aaioeoa, iiniaee ii aieacie, auieao ii ?i?aaie? ?aaaiea e iioi?iiiuo, aanieaoiiai iaaeoeineiai ianeo?eaaiey118. Iaeioi?ua e?eoeee ioaa?aaee yoe e iiaiaiua ei ia?u ec-ca eo ??acia?iiai noianoaa n eaieoaeenoe?aneie i?aeoeeie e ianoaeaaee ia aieaa «nioeaeenoe?aneii» iiaoiaa. Iiiaia ec yoiai caeiiiaaoaeunoaa oae e inoaeinu ia aoiaaa.
 A 1920-a aa., eiaaa aeanoe iuoaeenu iauoiaou nioeaeenoe?a­neee ioou a oneiaeyo ?anoe?ii ?uii?iie yeiiiieee, eaay aa?ai-
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 oee aey anao onooieea ianoi aieiaie? e i?iiuoeaiiui ?aai­?ei119. A 1930-a aa. i?aia?aciaaiea no?aiu ia iniiaa e?oiiuo oaa?ee e eieoicia nii?iai?aaeinu oneeaieai iaeneiaeenonei­ai iiaoiaa e oaeyi nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey. Ana iiniaey ii aac­?aaioeoa auee ?acii ioiaiaiu. Iaiaei a?oaea euaiou, naycai­iua n iaaaaniiniaiinou?, aieaciu?, noa?inou?, nia?ou? e iaoa­?einoaii, auee aua aieaa ?anoe?aiu120. I?aaaa, eiyooeoeaio iainee — oae ?a eae e auieao ii eiaaeeaiinoe — ii ioiioaie? e a?aiany?iie ca?ieaoa oiaiuoeeny121. E oioy a 1938 a. iainee auee oaaee?aiu, o?iaaiu eioeyoee i?aainoiaee yoi oe?iei ?ac?aeeaie?iaaiiia iiauoaiea. I?e yoii aue nie?auai iiea­?eaaaiue ioione ii aa?aiaiiinoe e ooiao ca ?aaaieii122. Oai ia iaiaa Iyaenii iia?a?eeaaao, ?oi e 1930-i aa. niaaoneee ?a?ei «iiaoiaee e nioeaeuiie iiiiue ia eae e nii?aae?aneie aay­oaeuiinoe noaoai a neooaoeyo nioeaeuiuo e?ecenia, eiaaa „ii?­iaeuiay" ?uii?iay yeiiiieea e/eee naiaeiay iiaaa??ea ieacu­aa?ony iaainoaoi?iuie. Nei?aa, iie ?anniao?eaaee nioeaeuiia iaania?aiea eae iinoiyiii aaenoao?uee anaiauaie?uee nioe­aeuiue einoeooo». Oaeia aue e acaeya, ?ani?ino?aiyaiue i?iia­aaiaenoaie123.
 Iyaenii ia?aie?eaaaony ?anniio?aieai neo?a nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey naiue e ?aaaiea, i?ia?aii iiaaa??ee iaeieio­ueo, i?ioanneiiaeuiie ?aaaeeeoaoee e nioeaeuiuo neo?a aey i?anoa?aeuo, inoaaeyy a noi?iia io?aio cai?iauy, ia?aciaaiea, ioauo, caueoo o?oaa, ?eeeuiia oicyenoai e iiiaia a?oaia — ana oi, ?oi iia, eae e eco?aaiua a? niaaoneea enoi?ieee, ioii­neo e noa?a nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey. A naiae ?aaioa, aeaianeie ii aooo, Iyaenii oiae?eaaao i oii, ?oi niaaoneay nenoaia nioe­aeuiiai iaania?aiey auea iai?aaeaia, eae e ai anae inoaeuiie Aa?iia ia?aiaiiiai ia?eiaa, ia ainoe?aiea aieuoaai eiio?i­ey ca o?oaii e ia iaeneiaeuiue ?ino i?iecaianoaa. Niaaoneea ia?u nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey, iai?aaeaiiua ia iiauoaiea i?iecaiaeoaeuiinoe o?oaa anaie n?aanoaaie, a oii ?enea e ?a­?ac aieuoo? aaciianiinou i?iecaianoaaiiiai o?oaa, aeaeaio, ca?aaiio?aiaiea e ia?aciaaiea, inouanoaeyeenu aeaaiui ia­?acii i?ioni?caie i?e iiaaa??ea oaa?e?iie aaieieno?a­oee124. Ia ianoiii o?iaia, e iniaaiii ia oaa?eeao, aaa, eae i?aaiieaaaeinu, n?aanoaa ia nioeaeuiua io?au e aie?iu ?an­oiaiaaouny, ?oeiaiaeoaee oai ia iaiaa eiiaaa eniieuciaaee nioeaeuiua aaiuae ia ii iacia?aie? — ia ?anoiau, iaiin?aa-
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 noaaiii naycaiiua n i?iecaianoaii. E yoi i?eoii, ?oi nioeaeu­iua o?aou ?anniao?eaaeenu eae niinianoao?uea ?acaeoe? ii­neaaiaai. Eiee?anoaaiii ecia?yaiue ?acoeuoao yaeyeny aunoei «nioeaeuiui» aeaaii, aaeii aieaa (e i?ei?eoaoii) anaai iaua­noaa.
 Nii?u i nioeaeuiii iaania?aiee e i?aeoe?aneea ia?u ii aai i?aaiecaoee a?auaeenu ia oieuei aie?oa ?aai?aai ianoa e i?i­iuoeaiiiai ?aai?aai, ii oae?a aie?oa aaoae e naiue. N?cai Ia­aa?nai iieacuaaao, ?oi a A?eoaiee e O?aioee eioeyoey e nioe­aeuiay ianoaaeeuiinou ai a?aiy ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu i?eaaee e aaaaaie? niaoeaeuiuo i?aiee aey iaaiiuo ?aaioieeia, eia?­ueo aaoae, i?e?ai iiiaea ec yoeo i?ia?aii i?iaie?aee nouano­aiaaou e a ie?iia a?aiy. Auiea?eaay iainee aaiaai, aaoneea iiniaey eee iiniaey ia iaoa?eaeuii caaeneiuo ?eaiia naiae aac?aaioiuo eee iao?oainiiniaiuo ?aai?eo, iiiaea ainoaa?noaa, eae iauyniyao Iaaa?nai, noaee ?anniao?eaaou ii?aaaeaiiua na­iaeiua ioiioaiey eae ainoieiua iiaaa??ee. ?acoiaaony, i?e ainoe?aiee niaeaney ii aii?ino ia iauanoaaiiie ioaaonoaaiii­noe ca aaoae e naiu? oea ai?uaa ii aii?ino i ianooaaa e eii­e?aoiuo oi?iao oaeie iiaaa??ee. Iaaa?nai iieacuaaao, eaeea caeioa?aniaaiiua a?oiiu iiaee i?e yoii a?aou eieoeaoeao a naie ?oee e oi?ie?iaaou iieeoe?aneee eo?n e eae eo niaoeoe­?aneea eioa?anu aeeyee ia oaee e iai?aaeaiiinou ia? ii iia­aa??ea naiue. Iaiaei ee??aaie iiiaio aa aiaeeca caee??aaony a oii, ?oi iaoaeaiiinou ia naiu? auea ii?aaaey?uae oa?aeoa­?enoeeie nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey a A?eoaiee e iniaaiii ai O?aioee125.
 Oaoenoneay Eoaeey, eae ioia?aao Ayaea Oi?i, auea a aeacao aa aiieiaaoia iiaeeiii «nioeaeuiui» ainoaa?noaii, aioeoacie eeaa?aeuiiio ainoaa?noao, iniiaaiiiio, eae n?eoaeinu, ia i?ei­oeia iaaiaoaoaeunoaa. Eae iauyniyea i?iiaaaiaa, eiaeaeau — yoi nioeaeuiua iauaeou, a ia aaoiiiiiua aeoi?u, eioi?ua aie?­iu auou cai?iauie e i?iecaiaeoaeuiuie. Ia i?aeoeea oaoe­nou ?anoi iie?aeenu ia aeaaioai?eoaeuiinou, oioy Oaieiaiue eiaaen 1930 a. e aaae iiao? eaoaai?e? «i?anooieaiee i?ioea ?enoiou e cai?iauy ii?iau», aee??a?uo? i?aaiaia?aiio? ia­?aaa?o aaia?e?aneeo caaieaaaiee, iiao?aaiea e eniieuciaaie? eiio?aoaioeaia e aai?ou126. Aeeoi?ey Aa A?aoea iieacuaaao, ?oi aicaaenoaea yoeo ia? ia ?aiuei ia auei iaiicia?iui. ?i?aa­iea aaoae auei iaaeeaeeciaaii, ?anoi iaania?eaaeenu iaaeoei-
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 neea eiinoeuoaoee. Ii ana yoi oieuei a oao neo?ayo, eiaaa ?a?ei n?eoae yoi iieeoe?anee oianoiui. Iaoeiiaeuiia Aaaionoai ia­oa?einoaa e aaonoaa, nicaaiiia a 1925 a., ieacuaaei iiiiuu iaca­io?iei iaoa?yi e i?eieiaei ia naay caaioo i aaoyo, oioy aay­oaeuiinou yoa auea a aunoae noaiaie a??ie?aoece?iaaia e ia iiae?aieaia ainoaoi?iui oeiaine?iaaieai127. A ?aaioa aa A?a­oea, eae a iauai-oi e ai anae eeoa?aoo?a ia yoo oaio, i?enoonoao­ao aiaeaaeaioiinou, naycaiiay n ia?aoaiiinou? aii?ina i oii, nicaaaaei ee nioeaeuiia iaania?aiea iiaua aicii?iinoe aey ?aiuei eee aaei e oneeaie? eiio?iey iaa ieie128. Iaiaei ?an­i?ino?aiaiea i?eeeaaiie «nioeaeuiie iaoaiaoeee» io?eoaou iaaicii?ii.
 Eiia?aoi?neay ?iiiey ia i?aoaiaiaaea ia ?ieu enoeiii ni­oeaeuiiai ainoaa?noaa. I?e yoii Oaeaii Aae?ii n?eoaao, ?oi ?iiiey — yoi iniaue neo?ae oiai, ?oi ii iacuaaao «nioeaeuiui oi?aaeaieai». Enneaaoy iieeoeeo nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey (ii­niaey aey aaaiuo), eaiiaiee ii ii?aeuiie ia?aaioea, ainoaa?no­aaiio? ?aeeae? e eeoaice?iaaiio? i?inoeoooe?, Aae?ii oo­aa??aaao, ?oi yiiineia ainoaa?noai ioioii aa?aiaaei — ia?aiia­?aeuii iia naiu? Ieienoa?noaa aioo?aiieo aae — iiiiuieeia n?aae iaeioi?uo a?a?aaineeo a?oii, no?aiynu aiaea?u iiaua n?aaiea eeannu e eo i?aaiecaoee a ainoe?aiea anaiauaie?ueo nioeaeuiuo oaeae (oaeeo, eae iiauoaiea o?iaiy naa?a?aiee eee oeo?oaiea ainieoaiey aaoae). A nai? i?a?aau, a?oiiu a?a?­aai, eae i?aaeei, n aioiaiinou? iaia?yee ia?u, i?eieiaaiua ainoaa?noaaiiie aeanou?. Iia?a?eeaay ioiioaiey nio?oaie?a­noaa, a ia eiioeeeoa (a aii?inao i?aainoaaeaiey ecae?aoaeuiuo e iieeoe?aneeo i?aa), Aae?ii iieacuaaao, ?oi «nioeaeuiua ii­n?aaieee» iieuciaaeenu oe?ieie aaoiiiieae. A ?acoeuoaoa ?aao­ee?iaaiea (torishimari) iianaaiaaiie ?ecie auei aieaa yooae­oeaiui, ia?aee oi, eioi?iai ainoaa?noai iiaei au aiaeouny naieie nianoaaiiuie neeaie, e i?e yoii oaaeinu ecaa?aou ?ac­?aaioee aieaa ai?iainoiyueo i?ia?aii. Eeou ia?aei iieiiian­ooaaiie aieiu i?ioea Eeoay e ?acee?iua iiaua caeiiu i?aain­oaaeee i?aaeoaeunoao oe?ieea iieiiii?ey aey ?aaoee?iaaiey nioeaeuiie ?aaiou a ?anoiie noa?a (oioy yoi ia iaycaoaeuii ic­ia?aei auaaeaiea aieaa nouanoaaiiuo iauanoaaiiuo ?ano?nia ia oaee nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey). A 1938 a. Aiaiiia ieienoa?­noai aiaeeinu nicaaiey Ieienoa?noaa ca?aaiio?aiaiey e nioe­aeuiiai iaania?aiey129.
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 ?iiineia nioeaeuiia oi?aaeaiea eee aa?a yiiineay aiaiiay iieeoeea nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey, eae e nioeaeuiay iieeoeea eoaeuyineiai oaoecia (eee iaoenoneea «Ceiiyy iiiiuu» e ii­eeoeea caiyoinoe), ia niaiaaa?o n iiiyoeai «ainoaa?noaa anaia­uaai aeaaininoiyiey». Ieoa? Oei?a e A?iieua Oaeaaioaeia? oeacuaa?o, ?oi oaeia ainoaa?noai ?inei «ia i?ioy?aiee ianeieu­eeo iieieaiee, i?a?aa ?ai iii auei i?eciaii a oaeii ea?anoaa». A ia?aea XIX a. iieeoeea nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey iaiaoeie ia?­oee eiina?aaoi?ia auea iai?aaeaia i?ioea eeaa?aeia, e ia?aua o?aeoaou eiina?aaoi?ia ii yoie i?iaeaia, aiieioeaoea eo aeaa­iea nioeaeuiiai ii?yaea, iia?acoiaaaee aucia i?eioeio naiai­au ?oe, aaoiiiiiiio aeoi?o, eaaaeo naiaiaiie oi?aiaee aianoa n aeuyinii eioa?ania caieaaeaaaeuoaa, ?aianeaiieeia e e?anouyi, oei?aiaiiui a i?aanoaaeaieyo i naiaiaiie oaia e ni?aaaaeeaii ca?aaioea130. A?oaea iaiaaee ia eeaa?aeuiua eaae enoiaeee io nioeaeenoia, eaoieeeia, iaoeiiaeenoia e naieo eeaa?aeia131. Nioeaeuiia no?aoiaaiea Aenia?ea, ia?e?neea ioieoeiaeuiia ?aaoee?iaaiea e ?ai?aaiecaoey, eaiiaiee ca aaciianiinou i?i­iuoeaiiiai o?oaa, naieoa?iua ia?u a ai?iaao — ana yoi a eoiaa i?eaaei e ii?aaaeaiiiio acaeyao ia ie?132. Iaiaoeay iiia?oey iacuaaea nianoaaiiua ia?u ii no?aoiaaie? cai?iauy e io ian?ano­iuo neo?aaa, iai?aaeaiiua i?ioea nioeaeenoia, «nioeaeuiuie ia?aie» e «nioeaeuiie iieeoeeie». Ia i?ioy?aiee anaai ia?­aiaiiiai ia?eiaa, eiaaa aaiaeeenu i?ia?aiiu ii ai?uaa n aaa­iinou? e aac?aaioeoae, ii-i?a?iaio i?aiaeaaaee iaoaoi?u, ionuea?uea e no?aoiaaie?. Eniieuciaaiea iaiaoeiai neiaa Wohlfahrtsstaat a 1930-a aa., ea?aony, iineei oie?e?eoaeuiue iooaiie133.
 A aiaeeeneii ycuea au?a?aiea «ainoaa?noai anaiauaai aea­aininoiyiey» (welfare state) a iiceoeaiii niunea auei aia?aua eniieuciaaii a?eoaineei aiaeeoeeii Oeeuyiii Aaaa?ea?ai a 1941—1942 aa. aey oiai, ?oiau i?ioeaiiinoaaeou A?eoaie? aa a?aao — iaoenoneiio iaiaoeiio «aiaiiiio ainoaa?noao» (war­fare state)134. Ii iaae?aaie? Oei?a e Oaeaaioaeia?a, yoio ia­ieiaeci eiae oaeu? iaicia?eou «nioeaeuiua auieaou, eioi?ua aaiie?aoe?aneia i?aaeoaeunoai iaaayeinu i?aainoaaeou iinea ieii?aiey aieiu». Iaiaei ia?u nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey i?aa­i?eieiaeenu oae?a e iaaaiie?aoe?aneeie ainoaa?noaaie ia?e­iay n ia?eiaa ai ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu e auee i?iaie?aiu eo oaoenoneeie i?aaiieeaie, ia ?oi oae?a oeacuaa?o Oei?a e
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 Oaeaaioaeia?. Aieaa oiai, eae iie ieooo, «iiuo ?innee iinea 1917 aiaa» aaiiino?e?oao, ?oi «iaaaiie?aoe?aneea e iaeaieoa­eenoe?aneea iauanoaa nicaaee i?aiu iioi?ea einoeooou»135. Aey iiae?aieaiey aaiie?aoe?aneeo «i?aa» ia nioeaeuiia iaania?a­iea eiiiaioaoi?u iau?ii oeacuaa?o ia Oaaoe? ia?aiaiiiai ia?eiaa, eioi?ay yaeyea niaie iniiaiie i?eia? aaiie?aoe?a­neiai ainoaa?noaa anaiauaai aeaaininoiyiey (avant la lettre) n i?iaoiaiiuie ia?aie iiiu?aiey ?i?aaaiinoe, iiniaeyie iiiaiaaoiui naiuyi, anaiauei aanieaoiui iaaeoeineei ianeo­?eaaieai, oeieuiui ieoaieai, oe?ieei aeaaieai nioeaeuiie ni?aaaaeeainoe, — oioy noieu oaa?ii iacaaiiue «Iiaue eo?n» i?aanoaaeye niaie ai?acai aieaa y?eee iiai?io a nioeaeuiie iieeoeea Niaaeiaiiuo Ooaoia136. A aaenoaeoaeuiinoe iiiyoea ainoaa?noaa anaiauaai aeaaininoiyiey noaei oanii naycuaaouny n aaiie?aoe?aneeie eaieoaeenoe?aneeie no?aiaie Aa?iiu anei­?a iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu, a e 1970-i aa. — e n ?iiieae.
 Oi, ?oi eiiia?aoeaiua enneaaiaaiey «ainoaa?noa anaiauaai aeaaininoiyiey» iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu iieiinou? eaii­?e?o?o niaaoneee neo?ae, ii?ii iauynieou oai, ?oi Niaaoneee Ni?c i?aiiaiinee naay ia eae ainoaa?noai anaiauaai aeaaini­noiyiey, annioee?iaaaoaany n eaieoaeeciii, a eae nioeaeeci e iiao? oeaeeecaoe?137. Ii ii?aaaeaie?, oi aieiaiea, eioi?ia ioaiaeeinu nioeaeuiiio iaania?aie?, e oa ?ieu, eioi?o? iii ea­?aei, a nioeaeenoe?aneie nenoaia eiaee aieaa oieaa?naeuiue oa?aeoa?, ia?aee i?e eaieoaeecia. Ii iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu Niaaoai aue a?ioai aucia ia aai nianoaaiiie oa??eoi­?ee, iineieueo i?aaeoaeunoaa eaieoaeenoe?aneeo ainoaa?noa i?aaiciineee naie nianoaaiiua «ainoaa?noaa anaiauaai aeaai­ninoiyiey». Ecia?aoaiiia a i?ioeaiaan iaoecio, «ainoaa?noai anaiauaai aeaaininoiyiey» noaei aa?iui i?o?eai a ai?uaa i?i­oea oie naiie no?aiu, eioi?ay i?eei?eea aieuoa anaai oneeee, ?oiau naaeaou aeooaeuiuie eaa? e i?aeoeeo anaiauaie?uaai nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey, aa?aioe?oaiiai ainoaa?noaii. Yoio oa­cen inoaaaeny aa?iui aa?a ianiio?y ia oi, ?oi aia?eeaineee «Iiaue eo?n» ai iiiaeo ioiioaieyo aue no?ai eae ?ac a oi a?a­iy, eiaaa Aaaa?ea? a ?acaa? aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu a?iiiaeanii i?ecuaae e einoeoooeiiaeecaoee nioeaeuiuo i?aa a eeaa?aeu­iuo aaiie?aoeyo, e ia oi, ?oi iinea aieiu nioeaeuiia iaania?a­iea a eaieoaeenoe?aneeo ainoaa?noaao ?acei e?eoeeiaaee ca noianoai n nioeaeeciii!138
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 Eiia?ey e iaoey
 Ia?aay ie?iaay aieia aci?aaea ioiioaiey ia?ao eiia?eae e iaoeae. Aa?naeuneee e O?eaiiineee aiaiai?u aaee i?eaeece­oaeuii 60 iei ?aeiaae eo nianoaaiiua ainoaa?noaa, i?aa?aoea a?oaea 25 iei a iaoeiiaeuiua iaiuoeinoaa (?oi oae?a nii?iai?­aaeinu a?aiaeiciui ?inoii ?enea eeo aac a?a?aainoaa). Iaiaei a oi naiia a?aiy, eiaaa eiioeiaioaeuiay eiia?ey eacaeanu ia?a­?aiiie ia auoaniaiea iaoeae, aaeeeay caii?neay eiia?ey au­?inea. E 1919 a. A?eoaineay eiia?ey ainoeaea naieo iaeneiaeu­iuo ?acia?ia — ?aoaa?oie ?anoe nooe. A 1926 a. eiia?ey auea ia­?aeiaiiaaia a A?eoaineia Nia?o?anoai Iaoee — a niaeanee n eaaae, aia?aua auaaeiooie a 1917 a. Nia?o?anoai ?ani?ino?aie­ei «noaoon aiieieiia», iia?acoiaaaaoee iacaaeneiinou ai aioo?aiieo e aiaoieo aaeao a iaiai ia eiyeuiinou e ei?iia, ia aaeua eieiiee — Eaiaao, Aano?aee? e Iiao? Caeaiae?, ii ia ia iaaaeua aeaaaiey a Ao?eea e Eiaee. O?aioey, aoi?ay ii aa­ee?eia eieiieaeuiay aa??aaa a ie?a, a oiaa ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu oae?a ?anoe?eea nai? eiia?e?. Io iieeoeee iiiu?aiey eoeuoo?iie «anneieeyoee» ia?iaia eieiiee aia caaeneiinoe io eo ?anu e ?aeeaee O?aioey ia?aoea e i?aanoaaeaie? ?acee?­iuo oieueei?ece?iaaiiuo eoeuoo? eae a?aua?ueony a i?aeoa aiieie?o?uae o?aioocneie eoeuoo?u. Iaiaei ie a?eoaineee, ie o?aioocneee iiaoiau ia iaania?eaaee noaaeeuiinoe. Iai?y­?aiea aic?anoaei eae a ioiioaieyo ia?ao iaoeae e eiia?eae, oae e aioo?e iaoeiiaeuiuo ainoaa?noa a nayce n i?iaeaiie «ia­euo» iaoee.
 Niaaoneee Ni?c, eioi?iio ?oaii oaaeinu nia?aou ?aniaa­oo?ny oa?neo? eiia?e?, iiiuoaeny niaianoeou eiia?e? e ia­oee a ?aieao iaeie iiaie no?oeoo?u, i?aainoiaeaoae eiia?­neo? iiaaeu e i?eaioe?iaaiiie ia i?iaeaio i?aa iaoeiiaeu­iuo iaiuoeinoa. I?ioann, i?eaaaoee e ia?aciaaie? Ni?ca, ai iiiaii naaeny e i?eiyoe? nei?eaoaainy iinea ia?aie ie?i­aie aieiu iiei?aiey aauae (a iniaaiiinoe yoi eanaeinu iaoei­iaeuiuo a?iee, noi?ie?iaaiiuo ec eiia?neeo aiaiiiieaiiuo) e auaiaiuo ni?cia139. ?aeyynu naiaia?aciui ianeaaieeii aaanao?aneie eiia?ee, Ni?c ni?aoae yoiioa??eoi?eaeuiue oaaa?aeeci aey «enoi?e?aneeo iaoee» n ii?aaaeaiiie iaoei­iaeuii-eoeuoo?iie aaoiiiieae ii?oe aey anao inoaeuiuo — ia ia ia?niiaeuiie iniiaa, a a ea?anoaa iaiuoeinoa aioo?e enoi-
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 ?e?aneeo iaoee (aieiou ai na?aaeiu 1930-o aa., eiaaa iaoei­iaeuii-eoeuoo?iay aaoiiiiey aioo?e enoi?e?aneeo iaoee auea oi?acaiaia). Iiaaaa yoie?iinoe auea ianiiiaiiie. Ii eiio?a­noo, i?e «iaiaiao» a?a?aneiai e oo?aoeiai ianaeaiey iinea ia?­aie ie?iaie aieiu ?aeeaey auea aeaaiui i?eciaeii eaaioe?­iinoe: eeoa i?aaineaaiiai aa?ieniiaaaaiey aunaeyeenu a A?aoe?, aa?a anee iie aiai?eee oieuei ii-oo?aoee. A iineaaiaiiie ?in­nee iiiaiyoie?iua niiauanoaa ia ?aeeaeiciie iniiaa — aoau oi i?aaineaaiua eee ionoeuiaia — ia iiaee eniieuciaaou ?aeeae? a ea?anoaa i?ee?uoey: ana niiauanoaa aie?iu auee auou a inii­aa naiae yoie?aneeie. Aa?a e?aoaiu — eaoaai?ey, ecia?aoaiiay a yiioo oa?ecia aey e?auaiuo oaoa?, — noaee niaaoneei yoii­nii140.
 Iaoenoneay Aa?iaiey no?aieeanu i?ioeainoiyou iauei oai­aaioeyi ?aniaaa eiioeiaioaeuiie eiia?ee, eca?aa ioou aieiu e oa??eoi?eaeuiiai caoaaoa (eee aiaiiie ieeoiaoee) i?e iii?a [ia i?eioei] ?aniaie ea?a?oee. ?iiiey noa?aeanu ecaea?u auaiao ec i?ioeai?a?ee aioo?e aa?iiaeneie eieiieaeuiie eiia?ee, i?ecuaay e iieiie ?aniaie nieeaa?iinoe — ?acii­aeaiinou eiia?eaeecia «Acey aey aceaoia»141. Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou aaee aua iaio iiaaeu, iniiaaieai eioi?ie noaee oie?­oi?aiea ei?aiiuo ia?iaia e anneieeyoey anao inoaeuiuo, ca enee??aieai ?a?iiei?eo, a aia?eeaineie «iaoee iaoee». Ni­aaoneee Ni?c no?aieeny i?ioeainoiyou oaiaaioee ?aniaaa eii­oeiaioaeuiie eiia?ee e i?aiaieaou i?ioeai?a?ey, aina?aaa­oea a?eoaioai e o?aioocai, ia ia iooyo aia?eeaineiai oieoa­?ecia, a ca n?ao einoeoooeiiaeecaoee oiai, ?oi aini?eieiaeinu eae a?aa eiia?ee, — iaoee. O?ainei Oe?o oaa?ii iacuaaao ii­aaeu Ni?ca «eiia?eae iaoee» e iieacuaaao, ?oi yoi aue ia ia­iaa oaioanoe?iue nia?aiaiiue i?iaeo, ?ai eaay iaeaieoaee­noe?aneie nia?aiaiiinoe e nioeaeecia.
 Oe?o iia?iaii ieoao i oii, eae o?oaii auei ?aoeou, eoi eee ?oi yaeyaony iaoeae a i?ioeaiiiei?iinou ieaiaie eee eeaio. Oae, i?e ieaie?iaaiee e i?iaaaaiee ia?aiene ianaeaiey 1926 a. iieeoe?aneea aeanoe i?e iiiiue aieuoie eiiaiau yoiia?aoia i?eiyeenu ca iienee iaueo ?a?o o ?acee?iuo a?oii n oai, ?oiau ii?ii auei iauaaeieou yoe iineaaiea a iaoee. A oi ?a a?aiy a?oaea a?oiiu — n eaaei iaia?o?eaaaiie iauiinou? — auee ?aca?iaeaiu. Eiuie neiaaie, Niaaoneee Ni?c aue eieiieaeu­iui i?iaeoii, ii n iaiei ioee?eai142. Ianeieuei «eieiieaeu-
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 iuo» ia?iaia iieo?eee ainoaa?noaaiiua a?aieou, ia?eaiaiou, aeaaaiee iaoe e oeieu ia iaoeiiaeuiii ycuea aey i?iecaia­noaa ei?aiiuo yeeo. A ia?aiaiiue ia?eia oaeeo ni?ciuo ?an­ioaeee auei 11. Ii iiaiao Oe?aeiu A?i?a? Eeaa? ieoao, ?oi niaaoneay iieeoeea ei?aiecaoee (a 1920-a aa.) ia?yao n yn­oiineei caeiiii i iaoeiiaeuii-eoeuoo?iie aaoiiiiee iaauaea auou iaeaieaa oiea?aioiie a ioiioaiee i?aa iaoeiiaeuiuo iaiuoeinoa, anee n?aaieaaou aa n iieeoeeie anao iaaaaii iieo­?eaoeo iacaaeneiinou no?ai Ainoi?iie Aa?iiu. ?acoiaaony, iioii, a 1930-a aa., ianooieee aieia, oa??i? e iiiaia a?oaia. Iiiaea o?aiua, ioia?aao Eeaa?, oionoeee ec aeao ?acaeoea aaei­aie oaiaaioee oe?aeiecaoee iiiai?eneaiiiai iano?iai ianaea­iey, eioi?ia a 1917 a., ca iaaieuoeie enee??aieyie, ia n?eoaei naay oe?aeioaie143.
 ?anniio?ei i?eia? ninaaiae Aaeeeie ?oiuiee a ia?aiai­iue ia?eia. Iinea iaaaiey aeianoee ?iiaiiauo iia aiiaene?i­aaea o ?innee Aoeiaeio e Aanna?aae?. E?eia Eeaacyio iieacuaa­ao, ?oi nicaaie? ia?aciaaoaeuiie a??ie?aoee, oaeyie eioi?ie aie?iu auee noaou ioe?uoea oeie, iaaci? ca ieie e ieaie?i­aaiea o?aaiuo i?ia?aii aey ?oiuiecaoee iiauo oa??eoi?ee, i?aiyonoaiaaee a?aiaeiciinou caaa?e e neoainou ?ano?nia. Aieaa oiai, cia?eoaeuiay ?anou iiaiai ai?ianeiai ianaeaiey ?oiuiee ninoiyea ec yoie?aneeo iaioaa, aano?eeoaa, aa?aaa, oe?aeioaa eee ?onneeo, eioi?ua nii?ioeaeyeenu ?oiueecaoee ai?ianeeo oeie e oieaa?neoaoia. Ana yoi, aeaeii, iicaieyao n?eoaou oe?ae­iecaoe? ia Oe?aeia anee e ia naeaaoaeunoaii iaoeiiaeuiie oa?­ieiinoe, oi, ianiio?y ia ana i?ioeai?a?ey, yaeaieai enee??e­oaeuiui. Eeaacyio iienuaaao ai?y?ea nii?u i oii, ?oi cia?eo auou ?oiuiii, iniaaiii n o?aoii ?aaeiiaeuiuo ?acee?ee. Ia­uaa ?aci?a?iaaiea, eae iia n?eoaao, niinianoaiaaei oi?ie?iaa­ie? «iieieaiey 1922 aiaa», ?ae iiuo i?eaae e iaoa?ieiinoe ii ioiioaie? e ?o?aeai. Ac?ineay, iieiaa?u naee?aeanu n eiina?­aaoi?aie noa?iai ia?acoa ia iiaie ii?aa eioaa?aeuiiai iaoeiia­eecia e oaoecia144. Eiuie neiaaie, ia?aiaiiue iaoeiiaeeci a iiiaiyoie?iie Ainoi?iie Aa?iia iia iieo?eou aaeaei ia aac­iaeaio? oi?io.
 Oo?oey niiinoaaeia n Niaaoneei Ni?cii a a?oaii aa?iii ioiioaiee. Ai a?aiy e iaiin?aanoaaiii iinea ieii?aiey ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu ieiei 1 iei ?aeiaae ia?aa?aeinu a Aiaoiee? eae ec ionoeuiaineeo i?iaeioee Iooiiaineie eiia?ee, oae e ec
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 ?innee. O??eecaoey, iineaaiaaaoay ca iaaaieai Iooiiaineie eiia?ee, eiaea oaeu? i?aa?auaiea yoeo niaa?oaiii ?aciuo e?­aae a iaoe? i?e iaiia?aiaiiii iia?uaa ainiianoaa eneaia. Ii iiiaea ?eoaee aa?aaaiu ia i?eieiaee iaeneaineee iaoeiia­eeci Aoao??ea eee aa?iiaecaoe? e iainoaa?noaeaiea ia?aciaa­iey, i?aaa, iaa?au e eiai145. Eae au oi ie auei, a?aiaoe?aneea ?aoi?iu Aoao??ea ieacaee cia?eoaeuiia aeeyiea ia iieeoeeo niaaoneeo aeanoae o?a a 1920-o aa. «Oioy iiiaia iai?aaeaii, — ieoao A?aai?e Iynnaee, — ia aucuaaao niiiaiey, ?oi iaiei ec oaeoi?ia, iiaeeyaoeo ia aioiaiinou Niaaoia e eiaiaie aoaea o?aaeoeiiiiai ie?a Oaio?aeuiie Acee, auei iuouaiea oo?ao­eiai niia?ie?anoaa... Aa?a aoaaineia caeiiiaaoaeunoai, oi?aca­ieaoaa iieeaaie? e nieceaoaa ?acia? eaeuia, aucuaaei eioa­?an o iaeioi?uo ei?aiiuo o?eoaeuieo» a niaaoneie Oaio?aeuiie Acee146. I?iaie?ay yoo oaio, ii?ii auei au ?anniio?aou Ni­aaoneee Eaaeac a naaoa ?acaeoey E?aia e Oo?oee147. Niaaoneea aeanoe auee, eiia?ii, caeioa?aniaaiu a oii, ?oiau eo no?aia i?aanoaaaea ?anou? Acee aey aceaoia e ?anou? Aa?iiu aey aa?i­iaeoaa.
 Aa?ii ia iiaaaaaouny eee?cee, aoaoi eiia?ey iaoiaeony «oai, nia?o?e», aaa-oi aaeaei, ii ia a iao?iiieee. Eoeca ?ia, iai?eia?, enneaaiaaea ia yiiineia aeeyiea ia Iaiu??o?e?, a aeeyiea eieiiecaoee Iaiu??o?ee ia ?iiie?, ooaa??aay, ?oi i?e «oioaeuiii eiia?eaeecia», eae e i?e oioaeuiie aieia, ana, ?oi i?ienoiaeo, — i?ienoiaeo o oaay aiia Iia iieacuaaao — a aooa Ea-Iyou?, ?oi a ?iiiee ianniaua ?uii?iua oaoiieiaee e noa­iiaeaiea iaoeiiaeuiiai ?uiea i?eaaee e oi?ie?iaaie? iaoei­iaeuiie ianniaie eoeuoo?u e iniaaiii iiai?aaee o?aaeoeii­iue naeuneee «?uiie». Yoe eciaiaiey iiaieouaaeenu aiaiiie eeoi?aaeie, ianooieaoae a 1931 a.: iia ?acei oaaee?eea eiee?a­noai aacao e ianooaa eo ?ani?ino?aiaiey e noaea aeaaiie oaiie aey ?aaei, eeiio?iieee, ?o?iaeia, eeii e ieanoeiie. Iaiu­??o?neea «i?iaeou ?acaeoey oaa?eee e?aae a oii, ?oi eiia?ea­eeci — yoi oi?ioi, ?oi yoi — neea iiaa?iecaoee e i?ia?anna», — iauyniyao ?ia. Oae ianoiyei aaei aa?a n eeaa?aeaie e ?aaeeaea­ie, eioi?ua ia eniuouaaee e?aae e a?iee e ia neiiaoece?iaaee eeoaeneiio iaoeiiaeecio, ii ieacaeenu aiaea?aiu a eiia?eaee­noe?aneia oi?aaeaiea; a oi ?a a?aiy iie caieiaeenu ooiie?a­neei i?i?aeoa?noaii ii iiaiao no?ieoaeunoaa ?aeaciuo ai?ia e ai?iaia aoaouaai. Eiia?ey ainoaoi?ii aianoeoaeuia, ?oiau
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 aia?aou a naay oiea?aioiua e ?ai?anneaiua aicc?aiey, aaccanoai­?eaia ainiianoai e iaoa?iaeeci148.
 Ei?aeneay eieiiey ?iiiee yaeyao niaie a?oaie iieacaoaeu­iue i?eia? aey n?aaiaiey. Iaeee ?iaeinii iieacuaaao, eae aa­?a i?e no?iaie oaico?a e cai?aoao ia oiio?aaeaiea ei?aeneiai ycuea ?aeaiea yiiioaa eniieuciaaou ?aaei a i?iiaaaiaenoneeo oaeyo auioaeei eo ia?aou ia?aaa?e ia ei?aeneii ycuea. Oaeea i?ia?aiiu ia?yao n aacaoaie e eeii nua?aee eieinnaeuio? ?ieu a ?acaeoee naiiniciaiey ei?aeneie iaoee. ?aaei niinianoaiaa­ei aic?i?aaie? o?aaeoeiiiuo iocueaeuiuo ?ai?ia, aiciee­iiaaie? iiauo oi?i a?aiaoe?aneiai eneonnoaa (oaeeo, eae ia­eia?aia ?ecie (live ongoing melodrama)), inaiaie? caiaaiiai a?aca, ?acaeoe? nia?aiaiiie ia?iaiie ianie e noaiaa?oecaoee ei?aeneiai i?inoi?a?ey149. A aieuoeinoaa naiai yoe o?ain­oi?iaoee ia aoiaeee a iaia?aiey yiiineeo eieiieaeuiuo iaa­niio?ueeia. Ooieoeiie?iaaiea eiia?ee aaei ei iiiaei iaca­ieaie?iaaiiui ?acoeuoaoai. Aa?aa?a A?oen iieacuaaao, ?oi ei­?aeou ?aniieaaaee aieuoeie aicii?iinoyie a ?iiiee, ia?aee a eiio?iee?oaiie yiiioaie Ei?aa, e ?oi iaeioi?ua ec ieo caie­iaee ?acee?iua iinou a eieiieaeuiie aaieieno?aoee Iaiu­??io-ai150. Yoio i?eia? iaiiieiaao i iaiaoiaeiinoe aiaeece­?iaaou ia oieuei i?ienoiaeaoaa ia oao eee eiuo ia?onneeo oa?­?eoi?eyo, ii e oo ?ieu, eioi?o? niaaoneea «eieiieaeuiua» iia­aaiiua ea?aee ia anai i?ino?ainoaa no?aiu, a oae?a aa??aou a iiea c?aiey Ni?c a oaeii. A ia?aua aiau nouanoaiaaiey Ni?ca o?anoea a aieiao eiia?neie ?aeiieenou yaeyeinu o?aiieeiii aey iineaao?uae ea?ua?u a Iineaa. Iic?a neo?aa a iaoeiiaeu­iuo ?anioaeeeao aaaaea ?onneei aicii?iinou i?iaaeioouny a Iineaa.
 Caanu aua iiiaia ii?ii auei au aiaaaeou. Iicaieuoa iia ca­eii?eou yoio ?acaae i?iaeaiie ?ai?acaioaoee eiia?ee. Cai?ao ia ?onneee iaoeiiaeuiue noeeu a a?oeoaeoo?a nio?aiyeny i?e­aeeceoaeuii ai 1940-o aa., ii ia ia?onneea iaoeiiaeuiua iioeau a ia?aiaiiue ia?eia ia nouanoaiaaei oaeiai cai?aoa. A aaenoae­oaeuiinoe, eae iieacuaaao A?aa Eanoeeei a ynna, iniiaaiiii ia aai aenna?oaoee, oieueei?iua aaoaee neeaaeenu n iiioiaioaeu­iui iaieeanneoeciii, ia?acoy ii?aaaeaiiue iaoeiiaeuiue ni­oeaeenoe?aneee a?oeoaeoo?iue ycue, eiaaoee oe?ieia i?e­iaiaiea e aeeyiea151. Yoi iai?aaeaiea, iau?ii i?eienuaaaiia ynoaoe?aneei oeacaieyi Noaeeia e ia?oee eiioa 1930-o aa.,
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 i?enoonoaiaaei a 1920-o aa. a Aca?aaea?aia, A?iaiee, Oe?aeia, Ocaaeenoaia e a?oaeo ?anioaeeeao, a oae?a a Iineaa ia o?ao ia­?iiiuo aunoaaeao a 1923, 1939 e 1954 aa. Eanoeeei ecae?aao i?aaiaoii naiaai eco?aiey Anani?cio? naeuneioicyenoaaiio? aunoaaeo (eee ANO — aoaouo? AAIO), eioi?ay ieaie?iaaeanu e aaaaoaoeeaoiaio ?aeea? Niaaoneiai ainoaa?noaa a 1937 a., ii auea ioe?uoa a aaaonoa 1939 a. e a ia?aue aia naiae ?aaiou i?e­aeaeea 4.5 iei iinaoeoaeae152. Iaoeiiaeuii-iiioiaioaeuiue eeanneoeci ANO, ieoao Eanoeeei, io?anoe yaeyeny iiai?iui i?iaoeoii einoeoooeiiaeuiie ai?uau ca aeanou, eioi?o? aaee a?oeoaeoi?u, eniieuciaaaoea iaoeiiaeeci aey iieo?aiey aino­aa?noaaiiuo caeacia. A iai oae?a i?enoonoaoao iauee niaaoneee ia?aaien, niune eioi?iai caee??aeny a oii, ?oi iaoeiiaeuiay eaaioe?iinou n?eoaeanu aae?ouae neeie eioa?iaoeiiaeecia e niaoeoe?anee niaaoneiai nioeaeenoe?aneiai noeey153.
 Ii?ii auniaeaaou niaaoneee iiaoia ca iaene?aiiinou e naiaei?unoea. A ii?ii iiianoeou aai a n?aaieoaeuiue eiioaeno. Niaaoneee eieiieaeeci ia ANO ia noae ioaaeyou nia?aiaiiinou io i?eieoeaecia, eae yoi aaeaeinu ia i?aaoanoaiaaaoeo eiei­ieaeuiuo aunoaaeao a Ia?e?a e a a?oaeo ianoao, a «iaeae» oieueei? a ycue i?ia?anna e ?acaeoey: Ocaaeenoai — yoi iaii­a?aiaiii e a?aaiea ieia?aou, e i?iecaianoai oeiiea. Iaeioi­?ua niaaoneea i?iiaaaiaenou aa?a aiai?eee i «i?ia?anneaiii eieiieaeecia» — ii eiio?anoo n oeuiui a?eoaineei aa?eaioii, oioy aieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiui au?a?aieai auea «a?o?aa ia?i­aia». Oai ia iaiaa niaaoneee eieiieaeeci, iie?aaoeeny ia ia­oee, oae?a iino?aaae io aaeieiiecaoee iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu. Eae e a neo?aa n ie?iaie yeiiiieeie, aaoa?eey a eoeu­oo?iie e eiia?neie iieeoeea iaa?ioeanu eee?ceae.
 Ia?aiaiiua aa?eaiou nia?aiaiiinoe (modernity), iiaa?iecaoey iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu
 I?eaeeceoaeuii ia?ao 1890 e 1940 aa., ii iniaaiii iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu, iiiyoea «nia?aiaiiinou» (e «iiaua a?a­iaia») auei a ecaanoiii niunea a iiaa. Iii icia?aei onei?aiea oaiiia e oiaiuoaiea ?annoiyiee. Oae?a iii icia?aei i?aeeiia­iea ia?aa oaoieeie e/eee neeiiiinou e nioeaeuiiio ei?eie­?eiao e eaeneea iao?iiai iaiaa?iaioa. Ii i?a?aa anaai «nia?a­iaiiinou» icia?aea anooieaiea «iann» ia enoi?e?aneo? noaio.
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 Iiaay yiioa iann noaea aicii?iie aeaaiaa?y ia?aui oaaai ianniaiai i?iecaianoaa e iiyaeaie? iiauo eioi?iaoeiiiuo n?aanoa aua ai ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu. Ii a naiuo ?aciuo iea­iao — io eciaiaiee a aaiaa?iuo ioiioaieyo ai eii?aeiaoee yeiiiieee e iauanoaa — ia?aay ie?iaay aieia i?aanoaaeyea ni­aie iiiaianiaeoio? ?aaeeaeecaoe?. Iaiei ec iaeaieaa aaeaei eaoueo iineaanoaee yoie aieiu auei ?ac?anoaiea ainoaa?noaa — e ia oieuei a Niaaoneii Ni?ca. Oaaee?eaoeany aicii?iinoe ainoaa?noaa, eae e oaaee?eaoayny aai ioaaonoaaiiinou, auee ?aoa?uei iiiaioii a ni?aaiiaaiee ?acee?iuo aa?eaioia ni­a?aiaiiinoe a ia?aiaiiue ia?eia.
 ? ieoo i aa?eaioao nia?aiaiiinoe, a ia i iiaa?iecaoee. Nae­?an, anee eniieucoaony neiai «nia?aiaiiinou», oi aeaaiui ia?a­cii a aaeinoaaiiii ?enea, eae iaicia?aiea aey ia?eaiaioneie aaiie?aoee a niaaeiaiee n ?uii?iie yeiiiieeie. Yoi ii?aaaea­iea naycaii n ?inoii aia?eeaineiai iiaouanoaa. I?aanoaaeaiea i Niaaeiaiiuo Ooaoao eae aeaaiii i?eia?a aicauoaiey aaii­e?aoee e ?uiea auei oniaoii ?acaeoi a «oai?ee iiaa?iecaoee» iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu. I?aaei?aiiue yoie oai?eae aa?e­aio ia o?ao- (oaiaaeeci—eaieoaeeci—nioeaeeci), a aaooyoai­iie (o?aaeoeiiiia—nia?aiaiiia) yaie?oee aue iai?aaeai ia oi, ?oiau oi?aaeou «iaanoanoaaiiia» aiaoaoaeunoai a enoi?e?a­neee i?ioann nioeaeenoe?aneie eioaeeeaaioee e i?ecaaou no?a­iu, i?icaaiiua O?aouei ie?ii, e inouanoaeaie? ia?aoiaa e ni­a?aiaiiinoe. Ii?ii nii?eou ia aiaeeoe?aneie eee iieeoe?a­neie oaiiinoe eiioaioee iiaa?iecaoee154. Iiy caaa?a ninoieo a oii, ?oiau i?aaioa?aoeou aa i?eiaiaiea — ii i?eioeio «ia?ao­iie neeu» — e niaa?oaiii eiiio ia?aiaiiiio oeaeeecaoeii­iiio eiioaenoo.
 ?oi ii?ii neacaou ii iiaiao «oioaeeoa?ecia» — yoiai oa?ie­ia ia?aiaiiiai ia?eiaa? Iouaiiia a iai?io ai a?aiaia eoaeu­yineiai oaoecia e eniieuciaaiiia aey aiaeeca niaaoneiai neo­?ay iaiuoaaeeaie e a?oaeie yiea?aioaie n eiiia?aoeaenonee­ie iaeeiiiinoyie, a oae?a iaeioi?uie nia?aiaiieeaie aua ai ia?aea iaoenoneie aa?annee155, iiiyoea «oioaeeoa?eci», iiaiaii «iiaa?iecaoee», aioei a iiao iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu. A aaenoaeoaeuiinoe caneoae «oioaeeoa?ecia» — ii n?aaiaie? n «iiaa?iecaoeae» — a iiaaaa a oieiaiie aieia eoaa aaniiaa. Ii oaia?u, eiaaa oieiaiay aieia iicaae, iio?aaiinou a oaeii iiee­oe?anee iiuiii e a oi ?a a?aiy i?aaeaii oi?iuaiiii eiioaioa,
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 ?acoiaaony, nieceeanu. ?oi ii?ao i?aaei?eou «oioaeeoa?eci» n oi?ee c?aiey eioaeeaeooaeuiuo i?aeiouanoa aa?a ia nianoaai­iie oa??eoi?ee — i?e n?aaiaiee iieeoe?aneeo nenoai? Eiaaa Oeeuyi Oa?eaai Aeeai aia?aua ioi?aaeeny a Ii?oaaei a 1960-o aa., ii aanaaiaae ni iiiaeie inoaaoeieny a ?eauo iaoen­oaie e aa?a n iaiaoeeie nioeae-aaiie?aoaie 1930-o aa.!156 A 1960-o aa., o. a., ii nouanoao, iinea 1938 a., auei au i?aiu o?oa­ii iaeoe inoaaoeony a ?eauo eiiioienoia ec niiinoaaeiiai niaaoneiai ai?iaa, ia aiai?y o?a i ?eaiao iaeiiioienoe?aneeo iieeoe?aneeo ia?oee. Iaoenou oie?oi?eee ieeeeiiu e?aae, ii oaeeie ee noiaiuie auee iieeoe?aneea nenoaiu e iieeoe?a­neia ?acaeoea a yoeo aaoo no?aiao? Ea?aay nenoaia oe?iei i?e­iaiyea oa??i?, ?oi iicaieeei iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu a ii­eeoe?aneeo oaeyo n?aaieaaou eo, ii iaeiaeiaui ee auei inouanoaeaiea yoiai oa??i?a? Auee ee ainoaa?noaaiiua no?oe­oo?u e aeeoaoo?u ee?iinoae niiinoaaeiu a eo iianaaiaaiie i?aeoeea e enoi?ee a oaeii?157
 Yoe aii?inu ii?ii auei au caiiai enneaaiaaou a naaoa oiai aua iaainoaoi?ii eco?aiiiai acaeiiiai eioa?ana, a eioi?ii nia­oeaaeenu ainoeuaiea e ?aceay e?eoeea, — eioa?ana, eioi?ue ie­oaee a?oa e a?oao oiaaaoiea aie?iinoiua eeoa e eioaeeaeooaeu iaoenoneie Aa?iaiee e Niaaoneiai Ni?ca. Ii aa?a Eaoae Eiea­eianeee, ioi?au ia a?oa iaoecia eee eiiioiecia, n?ae oiano­iui ?acee?aiea eo iiiaiia?aciiai eioaeeaeooaeuiiai e eoeu­oo?iiai ?aciiaina158. Aieaa oiai, yoe niiinoaaeaiey iaiaoiaeii ?anoe?eou. Oa?iei «oioaeeoa?eci» ii-i?a?iaio i?aiyonoaoao oiio, ?oiau a iieiie ia?a ioaieou oa iauea auciau, n eioi?uie noieeioeenu ana aaeeeea aa??aau a ia?aiaiiue ia?eia, oae ?a eae eo i?enoaeuiia iaae?aaiea a?oa ca a?oaii e caeinoaiaaiey (eee ioeac io oaeiaiai) iiaa?o ?aca?aie?aiey «aeeoaoo?a—ia?­eaiaioa?eci». Aieaa oiai, i?e niiinoaaeaiee NNN? (eae e ii­aie iaoenoneie Aa?iaiee) n Niaaeiaiiuie Ooaoaie eiioaioey oioaeeoa?ecia aa?a a naiuo eciu?aiiuo aa aa?eaioao ii?oe ia inoaaeyea ianoa aey ??acau?aeii aa?iuo oaeoia ?acei?aiey (dissipation)* aa?iiaeneeo eeaa?aeuiuo aaiie?aoee a ia?aiai­iue ia?eia eee oe?ieie iiioey?iinoe ia?aiaiiiai aaoi?e­oa?ecia, eioi?ua iiiiaa?o aunaaoeou ia?aiia?aeuio? neeo Ni­aaoneiai Ni?ca e aai aieaia?aiaiiua neaainoe. Iu iaoiaeiny a
 * Dissipation — «?acei?aiea», ii e «i?iiaouaaiea» (i?ei. ia?aa.).
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 iiaii oeaeeecaoeiiiii eiioaenoa, eioi?ue aie?ai iicaieeou iai ?anniio?aou ia?aiaiiue ia?eia, enoiay ec aai nianoaaiiuo oneiaee e ai anae aai nei?iinoe.
 A iaiii ec ia?auo iaci?ia aa?iiaeneie enoi?ee XX a., i?aa­i?eiyouo iinea oieiaiie aieiu, iia?a?eeaaeenu aa ooiieaiea io ia?eaiaioa?ecia a ia?aiaiiue ia?eia e ii?ua e iiaeeeca­oeiiiiio aaoi?eoa?ecio. Ia?e Iaeciaa? ioia?aao, ?oi ?iii?­iue a?eoaineee enoyaeeoiaio ioaaoee ia eoaeuyineee oaoeci niaeoeyoeyie i oii, ?oi eaoeineea ia?iau ia aiayony aey aaii­e?aoee. Oieuei aiey iaoenoneie Aa?iaiee e aaaaiiiee ai a?aiy aieiu, caee??aao ii, canoaaeea A?eoaie? caiiai ioe?uou aaii­e?aoe? e ?anoe?eou nioeaeuiua e yeiiiie?aneea i?aaa159. Aaa­eaiea, ieacuaaaiia niaaoneie iiaaeu?, enneaaiaaiiie Iaeciaa­?ii a iaiuoae noaiaie, iiae?aieyao aai niia?a?aiey. A ia?eia ia?ao aaoiy ie?iauie aieiaie aaoi?eoa?eci, ?anoe?yy nioe­aeuio? i?iaeaiaoeeo e iiaeeecoy iannu, canoae ia?eaiaioneea ?a?eiu a?anieio. Niiiaiey a ?uiea, ni?iaioe?iaaiiua Aaee­eie Aai?anneae, e oeeii a noi?iio yeiiiie?aneiai iaoeiiaeec­ia eee naiiainoaoi?iinoe, eioi?ua eiaee ianoi aa?a a A?eoa­iee, oae?a iia?uaaee aa?o aaiie?aoee a nianoaaiiua eaaaeu e iiaieouaaee ia?auaiey e aaoi?eoa?ecio, i?aanoaaeaiiiio eii­eo?e?o?ueie a?oa n a?oaii ia?acaie, eioi?ua iiaee aucuaaou neiiaoee eae o eaauo, oae e o i?aauo160. Eaeia oe?ieia iiea (ii?ii auei au ec yoiai auaanoe) aey ?ao?iniaeoeaiiai i?eia­iaiey e ia?aiaiiiio ia?eiao iiaa?iecaoeiiiiai ia??aoeaa i o?eoioa aaiie?aoee e ?uiea! Iaiaei aaenoaeoaeuii ee auee «nia?aiaiiuie» iiioey?iua aeeoaoo?u yoiai ia?eiaa?
 Iaeioi?ua aiaeeoeee — oaeea eae Oain Iiiicai — ana aua nii?yo i nia?aiaiiinoe i?iiuoeaiiinoe iaoenoneie Aa?ia­iee, eniieuciaaiey iaoenoaie n?aanoa ianniaie eioi?iaoee e iiaeeecaoeiiiuo oaoiee, oioy eo ooaa??aaiey iniiauaa?ony ia e?aeia ia?aie?aiiii iiieiaiee nia?aiaiiinoe (eae oi?ia ?enoiai, iaeneiaeuii i?eaueuiiai eaieoaeecia, eioi?ue ie­aaa ia nouanoaiaae)161. Aieaa aeaeo? iiceoe? caieiae Aaoeaa Iieea?o, ooaa??aay, ?oi «i?iaeo nia?aiaiiinoe» iia ?acae­aaouny a ?aciuo iai?aaeaieyo e ?oi O?aoee ?aeo aue iai?aaea­ieai «iaoieiae?aneei». Noiaiui ia?acii Iaeee A??ee e Aieuoaaia Aeiia?iai ooaa??aa?o, ?oi «neiai «nia?aiaiiue» iiaoiaeo aey O?aouaai ?aeoa oieuei, anee inaiaiaeou aai io anao eiiiioaoee «niaa?oainoaiaaiey» eee «oeo?oaiey» ai
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 oaeie noaiaie, ?oi iii noaiao niaa?oaiii aanniuneaiiui»162. Ii ?acaa iiiaea nia?aiaiieee ia n?eoaee oaae, i?aai?eieiaa­iua iaoenoaie, ninoaaiie ?anou? «oeo?oaiey» e «niaa?oaino­aiaaiey» — a iniaaiiinoe a oii, ?oi eanaaony iaoee e Volk eae oaeiai, — eaeei au iaeiciui iai ie iieacaeinu yoi naaiaiy? A?aoo?e Oa?o iieaaaao, ?oi iu iuneei a oa?ieiao «?aaeoe­iiiiai iiaa?iecia» — o. a. oie oi?iu ieaeeecia, eioi?ay io­aa?aea «?acoi I?inaauaiey», ii aini?eiyea nia?aiaiio? oao­iieiae?. Oa?o i?eciaao, iaiaei, ?oi iuneeoaee, eioi?uo ii iacuaaao «?aaeoeiiiuie iiaa?ienoaie», ieeiaaa ia iienu­aaee naay iiaiaiui ia?acii163. Iaoenoneay ?aniaay aieo?eia (racialism), iiaiaii aa?iiaeneie oeaeeecaoi?neie iennee ca i?aaaeaie Aa?iiu, aee??aea a naay i?aoaicee ia noaoon naiie nia?aiaiiie iaoee. Oai ia iaiaa enoi?eeai ii-i?a?iaio o?oa­ii i?eciaou neeo e iiioey?iinou eeeeaa?aeuiiai aa?eaioa ni­a?aiaiiinoe — ia a iineaai?? i?a?aau ec-ca Oieieinoa. Iiiaea nia?aiaiieee auee ai?acai iaiuoa iaaniieiaiu ni?aoaieai nia?aiaiiiai e eeeeaa?aeuiiai164.
 Oae ?a, eae e iaoeci (e, a iaiuoae noaiaie, eoaeuyineee oaoeci), Niaaoneee Ni?c i?aanoaaeye niaie iiioey?io? a ie?a oi?io eeeeaa?aeuiie nia?aiaiiinoe, i?aoaiaiaaaoae ia oi, ?oiau i?aacieoe ia?eaiaioa?eci. Iiaiaii iaoecio, eoaeuyi­neiio oaoecio e yiiineiio ieeeoa?ecio, niaaoneee nioeaeeci aeoeaiaeoei ia?acii eioaa?e?iaae ieeeeiiu e?aae — ca n?ao eii?aeiaoee nioeaeuiuo e iieeoe?aneeo i?aaiecaoee e ?anouo iiaeeecaoee — a e?anoiaii iioiaa n eiaeaeaoaeuiui ?eaino­aii. Iioiaa ca nicaaiea aeiaie?iiai e oaeaono?aieaiiiai iaua­noaa (eioi?ue niaaoneea ia?oeeiua aeanoe anaie aicii?iuie niiniaaie no?aieeenu ?ani?ino?aieou e ia AOEAA). Eae e a?o­aea aaoi?eoa?iua ?a?eiu, Niaaoneee Ni?c a iieiie ia?a en­iieuciaae iiaua oaoiieiaee n?aanoa ianniaie eioi?iaoee. Eae e a?oaei aaoi?eoa?iui ?a?eiai, aio ia inoaaaeinu ie?aai a?o­aiai, eae i?eiyou ianniaua eoeuoo?o e iio?aaeaiea i?e iaiia?a­iaiiii no?aieaiee eciaieou eo, eniieucoy oaico?o, aayoaeuio? i?iiaaaiao e aia?aoey?uee eoeuo ai?ay. Ii Niaaoneee Ni?c aue ia i?inoi aua iaiei aaoi?eoa?iui ?a?eiii, iniiaaiiui ia ianniaie iiaeeecaoee, ni?aoaaoae a naaa ?acee?iua yea­iaiou nia?aiaiiinoe (n ?acee?iuie noaiaiyie yiooceacia). I?iaicaeaoay naay «iiaie oeaeeecaoeae», Niaaoneee Ni?c n iaecaa?iinou? aae e ?anoieiio yenia?eiaioo ii nicaaie?
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 ioe?iaaiii iaeaieoaeenoe?aneie nia?aiaiiinoe e ioe?iaaiii iaeieiieaeuiiai eieiieaeecia.
 A ianooaaa, niiinoaaeiii oieuei n Niaaeiaiiuie Ooaoa­ie, eioi?ui oae?a eunoeei aeaaou a naaa iiao? oeaeeecaoe? — oieuei nianai eiiai ?iaa, niaaoneee nioeaeeci ia oieuei ei­einnaeuii ?anoe?ee ianniaia i?iecaianoai iaoei iaoeiaie, ii e ?ani?ino?aiee ea?oeio aaoiiaoece?iaaiiiai ie?a oy?a­eie eiaono?ee, a eioi?ie oaoiieiaey i?e?aaieaaeanu e i?i­a?anno. I?e yoii a NNN? ianoaeaaee ia oii, ?oi oie?oi?aiea ?anoiie nianoaaiiinoe i?aa?aoeei niaaoneo? aa?ne? iiaie oeaeeecaoee a ai?acai aieaa i?ia?anneaio?. Naiaiaiue io ?a­noiinianoaaiie?aneeo eioa?ania, niaaoneee nioeaeeci einoe­oooeiiaeece?iaae anaiauaa nioeaeuiia iaania?aiea — io iiea­?eaaaiuo ioioneia, aanieaoiiai ia?aciaaiey e iaaeoeineiai ianeo?eaaiey ai nioeaeuiiai no?aoiaaiey, ioioneia ii aa?a­iaiiinoe e iainee, ?oi ?aaeeaeuii oneeeaaei eiaeeo ioaao­noaaiiinoe ca iauanoai e ianaeaiea e eo ainoaa?noaaiiia ?aao­ee?iaaiea. Yoi i?aainoiaeei ana, ?oi iaia?aee eee iuoaeenu inouanoaeou iaoenoneay Aa?iaiey, oaoenoneay Eoaeey e eiia­?aoi?neay ?iiiey, a oae?a A?eoaiey, O?aioey e Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou. Noieu ?a ?aaeeaeuii Niaaoneee Ni?c ia oieuei i?eiye, ii e eiinieeae?iaae aae?aiea a noi?iio iaoee, aaioioa iiao? ?eciu a eacaaoeeny ia?a?aiiui i?iaeo eiioeiaioaeuiie ei­ia?ee, «iiaea» iieeoeeo aieuoeinoaa ainoaa?noa a Ainoi?iie Aa?iia a ioiioaiee iaoeiiaeuiuo iaiuoeinoa (aaa iie nouano­aiaaee), i?yii anooiea a ni?aaiiaaiea n yenia?eiaioaie a ni­naaiae Oo?oee e ecaaaaynu iaa eieiieaeuiie iieeoeeie a?eoai­neie e o?aioocneie caii?neeo eiia?ee. Ai e iinea eiioeeeoia niaaoneeo aiene n yiiineie a?ieae a ?aeiia iiiaiei-iaiu??o?­neie a?aieou niaaoneay i?iiaaaiaa oae?a iaiaaaea ia iieiue «aioeeiia?eaeenoe?aneee» eiia?eaeeci ?iiiee a Acee, eioi­?ue aie?ai aue i?eaanoe ?iiie? e aieia n NOA165.
 A oaeii, i?e anao naieo ?aeeeo iaoa?eaeuiuo oneiaeyo, oa?­?i?a e aaniioecia, Niaaoneee Ni?c i?aanoaao a ea?anoaa iaiau?­iiai io?a?aiey ia?aiaiiie oeaeeecaoeiiiie eiiu?ieoo?u: iainii?eiue iiaaaeoaeu a ai?uaa ca naie nianoaaiiue aa?eaio ianniaiai i?iecaianoaa e ianniaie iieeoeee, iinoaaeaoee naaa ia neo?ao, iiyou ?a ii-naiaio, ianniao? eoeuoo?o e ianniaia ii­o?aaeaiea, e eeaa? a eiaeea e i?aeoeea nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey, eae e a ?ac?aoaiee i?ioeai?a?ee ia?ao eiia?eae e iaoeae.
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 Ianiiiaiii, ?oi iiiaea e?ae aioo?e e ca i?aaaeaie Niaaoneiai Ni?ca, neiiaoece?iaaaoea nioeaeecio, n?eoaee iici?ii i?eio­aeoaeuiue o?oa e oa??i?. Ii a oi ?a a?aiy iiiaea e?eoeee n?e­oaee o?oaiaua eaaa?y iieeoe?anee iaiaoiaeiuie, e iaiaei nia?aiaiieeia ?anniao?eaaei AOEAA eae aieaa ia?aaiao? e, aicii?ii, aieaa ?aeiaa?io? oi?io iieeoeee a ioiioaiee i?a­nooiieeia — a n?aaiaiee n oaie nenoaiaie, eioi?ua i?aiaeaaaee a «ao??oaciuo» no?aiao. AOEAA, oae ?a eae e ianniaue oa??i?, iia auou iaiia?aiaiii enoi?ieeii eaaeoeiiinoe e iaeaaeoei­iinoe. Eae au oi ie auei, a ia?eia ia?ao aieiaie, e iniaaiii ai a?aiy Aaeeeie Aai?annee, n oi?ee c?aiey iiiaeo nia?aiaiie­eia, NNN? oaa??eaae i?i?iua iiceoee a oneiaeyo oiai, ?oi ei aeaaeinu enoi?e?aneei iiai?ioii.
 Eiaa?noai enoi?ee
 «Ana, ?oi i?ienoiaeo naaiaiy a ?innee, i?ienoiaeo ai eiy iannu», — ienae ?aia O?eii-Ieeea?, i?i?eoaoaeu aaiaa?neiai i?ienoi?aaiey, iinea aeceoa a Niaaoneee Ni?c a na?aaeia 1920-o aa. «Eneonnoai, eeoa?aoo?a, iocuea e oeeinioey neo?ao eeou i?aaicianaie? aa aacee?iiai aaeeeieaiey, e iinoaiaiii, eoaa ie aeyiu, ana i?aa?auaaony a iiaue ie? «ianniaiai ?aeiaa­ea», aai aaeinoaaiiiai i?aaeoaey. Oaeei ia?acii, ia?aeny ooi­aaiaioaeuiue ia?aai?io, e iao ieeaeeo niiiaiee, ?oi ?i?aaaony iiaay y?a»166. Ii O?eii-Ieeea? ioeany ai anao naieo i?ic?a­ieyo. «I?aaeaiea» ianniaiai ?aeiaaea ooaa?aeeinu ia ia iniiaa ianniaie iiaeeecaoee a oneiaeyo aeeoaoo?u, a iin?aanoaii ?uiea e ianniaie eoeuoo?u, a oae?a aaiie?aoee e nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey. Iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu iaoee??ay niaaoneay nenoaia ainoaa?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey («?oee-e??ee») iiea?ao­ny o?aniui a?aiaiai167.
 ?a?ee ?aieei oaaae a iiao ni a?aiaiai: aai oeeui 1936 a. i iannao ?anneacuaae e i caaiaa, e i noia?ia?eaoa. E 1950-i aa. ia?aiaiiay i?eaioaoey ia ianniao? iieeoeeo, e eioi?ie auee oae neeiiiu aaoi?eoa?iua ?a?eiu, onooieea ianoi iineaaiai­iie iieeoeea ianniaiai iio?aaeaiey. A oi ?a a?aiy e 1970-i aa. cia?aiea ieceiea?anoaaiiiai ianniaiai i?iecaianoaa e?oiiuie ia?oeyie e ?ieu oy?aeie eiaono?ee ii?aaaeaiii nieceeenu. A ?acoeuoaoa — iinea aaee?aeoaai yeiiiie?aneiai iiauaia, aan­i?aoaaaioiiai aey eaieoaeenoe?aneiai ie?a, — noi?ie?iaaeinu
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 ?uii?iia, i?eaioe?iaaiiia ia ?aeeaio ianniaia iio?aaeaiea, eioi?ia noaei iniiaaieai aey eiinieeaaoee aaiie?aoece?i­aaiiuo ia?eaiaioneeo ?a?eiia a i?aaeaiie oi?ia ainoaa?noa anaiauaai aeaaininoiyiey. Yoe iai?aaaeaaiiua naaeae a iiee­oe?aneii, eoeuoo?iii e yeiiiie?aneii eiioaenoa aa?o iaei ec ee??ae e iiieiaie? e?ooaiey Niaaoneiai Ni?ca, oae ?a eae ia?aiaiiue eiioaeno iiiiaaao iai iiiyou aai ?anoaao.
 Aa?ii ia iia?eiyou eiaeeo naieo ?anno?aaiee o?eoioo ai­noaa?noaa anaiauaie?uaai nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey a iineaai­aiiuo aaiie?aoeyo — eee aa?a o?eoioo naiie eeaa?aeuiie aa­iie?aoee. A ia?aiaiiue ia?eia aaoi?eoa?iua ?a?eiu, aee??ay e Niaaoneee Ni?c, n oniaoii i?eaaaaee e ia?ai nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey e oe?iei eniieuciaaee i?eaa??aiiinou yoiio ii­neaaiaio aey oi?i?aiey naiae eaaeoeiiinoe. Eeaa?aeuiua ia?­eaiaioneea ?a?eiu aieuoa oee e i?eciaie? ioiioaiee, inii­aaiiuo ia nioeaeuiii iaania?aiee, e, ii e?aeiae ia?a aia?aea, ia neeoeii oaeaeaeenu eo i?aeoe?aneei inouanoaeaieai. Ii?a­ceoaeuiui naeaaoaeunoaii ?aaiiaaney nee ia?ao iiaeeecaoe­iiiui aaoi?eoa?eciii e ia?eaiaioa?eciii yaeyaony neiaiee­?aneay iieeoeea oiai a?aiaie, a iniaaiiinoe eeiiia?aoey ae­iaiecia iaoeiiie yiioe a ni?aoaiee n aiiaooaaeaiiuie ia?oe?o?ueie iannaie. Ii iiieii ioaee?iuo ?ai?acaioaoee iaoeiiaeuiie iiaeeecaoee enneaaiaaiea iianaaiaaiie ianni­aie eoeuoo?u iieacuaaao — e oaeaeyouny caanu ia?aio, ?oi eeaa­?aeuiui ia?eaiaioneei ?a?eiai a iaiuoae, a oaeii, noaiaie, ia?aee aaoi?eoa?iui, oa?i?aea ianniaay eoeuoo?a, i?eaioe?i­aaiiay ia oaiaeaoai?aiea eiaeaeaoaeuiuo aeonia. Ei auei eaa­?a eiaou aaei n oaiiiaiaie ianniaie eoeuoo?u eae n iio?aae­oaeuneeie «ioaaoaie» ia aucia ianniaiai iauanoaa168. Oai ia ia­iaa iiiaea a A?eoaiee e O?aioee, ia caaoiuaaynu, ioaa?aaee aaiie?aoe?aneia niaa??aiea ianniaie eoeuoo?u, aeay a iai i?a­?aa anaai aia?eeaineo? ii?aeuio? ii??o. E ia?ao oai iaanoa­ieaaee ia?ac eeaa?aeuiie aaiie?aoee, ?anoe?yy naie eiia?ee. Caoai iaoeci e oaoeci iioa?iaee ii?a?aiea. Iineaaiaiiay Caiaaiay Aa?iia inouanoaeea aioeaaoi?eoa?iue iiai?io (ca en­ee??aieai o?aieenoneie Eniaiee ia ia?eoa?ee eiioeiaioa). Oioy i?ec?ae oaoecia aiiau e aiiau i?eaae a eiiioienoe?a­neie i?iiaaaiaa, iiaaaa Niaaoneiai Ni?ca iaa iaoenoneeie no­oiiooiuie a?ieyie ia Ainoi?iii o?iioa eeoeea niaaoneo? iiaaeu aeaaiie iii?u aa eaaioe?iinoe e eaaeoeiiinoe. Iiiuo-
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 ee ecia?aceou Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou aa?anneaii-ieeeoa?eno­neei ainoaa?noaii oaoenoneiai ia?acoa ia iiaee aa caiaieou. A oi ?a naiia a?aiy i?aaiao ai?ainoe e ?aainoe aey niaaoneiai ia?iaiiai oicyenoaa — i?iiuoeaiiue oi?aeci — iie?ueny ??aa?eiie. Niaaoneee nioeaeeci ia oieuei aeeaauaae a oy?a­eo? eiaono?e? ai?acai aieuoa n?aanoa, ia?aee Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou eee Caiaaiay Aa?iia, ii e ia eiae ?uiea, canoaaeyaoaai eaieoaeenoe?aneea aaiie?aoee i?eieiaou o?oaiua ?aoaiey. Iaoneiaeaiiua naiie yiioie, no?oeoo?iua neaainoe niaaoneie nenoaiu auee a aaeuiaeoai iaino?aiu aieiie iineaaiaiiuo in­aiaiaeoaeuiuo aae?aiee — eae ?ac a oi a?aiy, eiaaa Niaaoneee Ni?c i?eia?ae e neeie oaa??eaae ii?oe ?oi eeiiiaua nenoaiu a Ainoi?iie Aa?iia169. Aannii?ii auea?uoiue eieiieaeuiue eiio?ano n A?eoaieae e O?aioeae — yoio a?oaie yeaiaio niaao­neie eaaioe?iinoe — aue oae?a iioa?yi aianoa n iineaaiaiiie aaeieiiecaoeae 170. E aaiaaaie ei anaio, iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu eciaieeny aaiiieeoe?aneee eiioaeno.
 Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou ?aoeoaeuii i?enaieee naaa ?ieu aan­nii?iiai einoeoooeiiaeuiiai e neiaiee?aneiai eeaa?a eeaa?aeu­ii-aaiie?aoe?aneie iiaaee, n ?ai aac iniaie ?aainoe niaeane­eenu aa?iiaeneea aaiie?aoee. E?iia oiai, Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou a oie eee eiie ia?a no?aieeenu caiieieou ionoioo, ia?aciaaa­oo?ny iinea iaaaiey eieiieaeuiuo eiia?ee171. A aieuoae noaiaie, ?ai niaaoneay «eiia?ey iaoee», eiaiii aia?eeaineee iiuo «iaoee iaoee» o naay aiia, a aiiieiaiea e ?inoo iiue e aiaaonoaa ca n?ao ie?iaie ?uii?iie yeiiiieee, noae ooiaaiai­oaeuiui i?eia?ii oniaoiiai «iaeieiieaeuiiai eieiieaeecia». Iaeiiao, ianiio?y ia ?acaaeaiea ainoiea e caiaaa, «aa?iaineay i?iaeaia» auea ?ac?aoaia n iineaaiaiiui auoaniaieai iaiao­eiai ianaeaiey n ainoi?iuo caiaeu, ia?aoeaoei aniyou ii?oe ouny?aeaoi?? iaiaoeo? eieiiecaoe? ainoiea. ?iiiey ?a auea auio?aaia ioeacaouny io naiae aiaiii-eiia?neie iennee a Acee. Ie?iua e iiuiua yeiiiie?aneea aeaaiou aicieeee ia iaeii­eao iaoenoneiai «iiaiai ii?yaea» e yiiineie «noa?u niaianoiiai i?ioaaoaiey» a Ainoi?iie Acee. Oaeei ia?acii, oi, ?oi auei ni­?aaiiaaieai aa?eaioia nia?aiaiiinoe ia?ao aia?eeaineie ii­aaeu?, a?eoaineie e o?aioocneie eiia?nei-ia?eaiaioa?enonee­ie iiaaeyie e ?acee?iuie iiaeeecaoeiiiuie iiaaeyie — aoau oi eoaeuyineay oaoenoneay, iaoenoneay, yiiineay eiia?a­oi?neay eee niaaoneay nioeaeenoe?aneay, — e eiioo 1940-o aa.
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 noaei ni?aaiiaaieai ia?ao aaoiy ?anoeeie aeuoa?iaoeaaie (aia­?eeaineee aa?eaio eaieoaeecia versus niaaoneee nioeaeeci), ianiio?y ia iiene einoeoooeiiaeuii iaii?aaaeaiiiai «o?aouaai iooe»172.
 Ii a 1930-o aa. ieeoi, ?acoiaaony, aua ia iia ciaou iaaa?iyea, ?oi iaoeci e yiiineee ieeeoa?eci aoaoo iiaa?aaiu e iaa yoe no?aiu i?aa?auaiu a aaiie?aoe?aneea, oae ?a eae ieeoi ia iia auou oaa?ai a oii, ?oi a?eoaineay e o?aioocneay eeaa?aeuiua aaiie?aoee ?annoaioony (oioy e iaioioii) ni naieie eieiieyie, a Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou i?eioo a ea?anoaa iiaaee ?ieu aa?annea­iiai aeiaaeuiiai eeaa?a, e ?oi aa?a no?aiu Caiaaiie Aa?iiu, ia iiaaa?aoeany i?yiie aia?eeaineie ieeoiaoee, oae eee eia?a anoaioo iia iaii ciaiy. Eoi ciae, ?oi Aaeeeay Aai?anney caeii­?eony e ca iae iineaaoao aani?aoaaaioiue ?anoaao eaieoaeenoe­?aneie yeiiiieee? Eoi ciae, ?oi ii?aaaeaiiue oei ianniaiai i?iecaianoaa — aa?a e oy?aeay eiaono?ey— ec i?aeiouanoaa i?aa?aoeony a oyainoiia a?aiy? Eoi ciae, ?oi ii?oe iinoiyiiay iiaeeecaoey iann ia?anoaiao niinianoaiaaou nioeaeecaoee e ei­oaa?aoee? Eoi ciae, ?oi ianniaay eoeuoo?a e ianniaia iio?aaea­iea iea?oony ia eino?oiaioaie aaoi?eoa?ecia, a iniiaaieyie aaiie?aoee? E eoi, iaeiiao, ciae, ?oi iiaaoi?neay no?oeoo?a ei­ia?ee iaoee a 1991 a. aoaao ?ac?ooaia i?aanoaaeoaeyie niaao­neie yeeou, eiaaa iie iaia?o?ao, ?oi ea?a i?iea?aia, ii ?oi naie iie iiaoo au?eou, ionooiea a iaoeiiaeuiua ainoaa?noaa, nicaai­iua ec auaoeo ?anioaeee NNN??
 I?eia?aiey
 1 Iuneu ia yoii ynna iiyaeeanu a aiau iiae anie?aioneie o?a­au a Aa?eee a ia?aea 1980-o aa. e aia?aua iieo?eea naia ?ac­aeoea ia naieia?a ii niaaoneie enoi?ee, eioi?ue iia auea ieacaia ?anou aanoe a ea?anoaa aau?ieo-i?ioanni?a Eieoi­aeeneiai oieaa?neoaoa a 1990 a. Ia yoii naieia?a ieiei aa­nyoea oaeaioeeauo anie?aioia aianoa ni iiie ?eoaee ia oieu­ei iiiia?aoee i Niaaoneii Ni?ca. ? enee??eoaeuii i?ecia­oaeai aai o?anoieeai, aieuoeinoai ec eioi?uo ca yoi a?aiy iieo?eei ecaanoiinou a ea?anoaa aaoi?ia aa?iuo eiea e noa­oae. A I?einoiia y ?anoi i?aiiaaaae anie?aioai aa?iiaeneo? enoi?e? XX a.— iaia?au aianoa n Oeeeiiii Ii?aii, eioi­?iio, eae e iaoei i?einoiineei anie?aioai, y oae?a a aun-
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 oae noaiaie aeaaiaa?ai. Iie eieeaae Yinii ?aaeiaao, Ei?a Yiaaenoaei, Oae Oinoa? e Oae Aye?ii oae?a aaeeeenu naie­ie eaayie e niia?a?aieyie. Iiiaea iie a?aoiaiou auee iooi?aiu a iiiaieaoieo aeneonneyo n Ia?eii Iyeciaa?ii — a i?ioeii eieeaaie ii I?einoiio, iuia ?aaioa?uei a A??eaae-eieeaa?a a Eiiaiia. Ayaea Oiooiai, ecaaoaeu Rus­sian Review, iiaoaee iaiy iaienaou yoi ynna, aiiieiy?uaa aai nianoaaiio? ?aaioo. Iaeiiao, y na?aa?ii aeaaiaa?? i?aaieca­oi?ia e o?anoieeia naieia?ia a Oieaa?neoaoa ooaoa Iaaei, Aa?aa?aa, Eioiaiianeii einoeoooa ii ?onneie e niaaoneie eoeuoo?a i?e ?o?neii oieaa?neoaoa a Aiooia (Aa?iaiey), Ei?iaeeuneii e Iaineeuaaineii oieaa?neoaoao.
 2 ?aieei eiaao ?oi-oi iauaa n ?aeii ?ainua?ii {Ranciere J. La nuit des proletaires. Paris, 1981; aiae. ia?.: The Nights of Labor: the Workers Dream in Nineteenth-century France. Phila­delphia, 1989).
 3 Yoei oeeui ?aieeia iaiiieiaao iiioey?iue ia?ao aie­iaie ?iiai Oaina Oaeeaau [?oaieuoa Aeooaia] (I. Fallada. Kleiner Mann, was nun? Berlin, 1932), ia?aaaaaiiue ia aiaeee­neee eae «What Now, Little Man?» (New York, 1933). A oi a?a­iy eae Oaeeaaa iieaeeaae aanneeea ee?iie ia?ou iaeaiueiai ?aeiaaea e oai naiui aai iiaaa??aiiinou aaoi?eoa?enoneie aaiaaiaee, ?aieei iia?a?eioe neeo yoie ia?ou e aa iaecaa?­iinou aey e?aiai i?iaeoa nia?aiaiiinoe.
 4 Kamin D. Charlie Chaplin's One-Man Show. Carbondale and Ed­wardsville, IL, 1984. P. 114.
 5 Ai?en Ooiyoeee (1886—1938), ?oeiaiaeoaeu niaaoneiai ee­ii, iinaoee NOA a e?ea 1935 a. a ?aieao aai ie?iaiai oo?ia ii iciaeiieaie? n eeiii?iiuoeaiiinou?. Aio iieacaee i?aaaa?eoaeuiue iiioa? «Iiauo a?aiai», eioi?ue ii auni­ei ioaiee. Ni.: Ooiyoeee A.C. 1) Ca niaa?oainoai ianoa?noaa // Eneonnoai eeii. 1936. N° 7. N. 6, 8; 2) Charlie Chaplin's New Picture // New Masses. September 1935. Vol. 24. P. 29-30; ni. oae?a: Maland C.J. Chaplin and American Culture: The Evolution of a Star Image. Princeton. 1989. P. 145-46.
 6 A yoie nayce ni.: Davidheiser ?. ?. The World Economy and Mobilizational Dictatorship: Russia's Transition, 1846—1917 / Ph. D. dissertation. Duke Univ., 1990.
 7 Aa?iinou aieiu aey ?innee e aa ?aaie?oee i?eciaaony ana ?aua. Ni.: ?inney e ia?aay ie?iaay aieia (iaoa?eaeu ia?­aoia?iaiiai iao?iiai eieeieaeoia) (NIa., 1999). Aaoeaa Iieea?o, aicii?ii, caoiaeo neeoeii aaeaei, ooaa??aay, ?oi
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 iaoeci, aeaaiui ia?acii, oi?iaeuii iai?aaeye i?iaie?aa­oeany nioeaeuiua ia?aiaiu, ia?aee eo eieoee?iaae, ii aai i?aaoniio?eoaeuiia caia?aiea naaeaii a aa?iii iai?aaea­iee (Peukert D. Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition, and Racism in Everyday Life. New Haven, 1987; iai. i?ea. 1982).
 8 Iaci? ni. a ?aaioa: Roberts J. M. The Twentieth Century: the History of the World, 1901-2000. New York, 1999. Vol. 1, 2.
 9 Aaa iaaaaii auoaaoea n?aaieoaeuiua — ii oieuei ii iacaa­ie? — ?aaiou ?aci?a?iauaa?o ec-ca i?aeoe?aneiai ionoono­aey n?aaiaiee, ia aiai?y o?a ia aiaeeca acaeiiiai aeeyiey, caeinoaiaaiee e eciii?oecia. E i?e yoii ?a?u eaao i no?a­iao, o eioi?uo iicaae aeeiiay iauay enoi?ey (Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: Comparisons and Contrasts / Ed. by R. Bessel. New York, 1996; Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Compari­son / Ed. by I. Kershaw, M. Lewin. New York, 1997). A iniaaiii­noe ?aci?a?iauaaao oi, ?oi aaoi?u aoi?ie eieae eaii?e?o?o yaii ?acee?io? iieeoe?aneo? aeiaieeo iaoenoneie e niaao­neie eiiioienoe?aneie ia?oee.
 10 I aeoaieii ainoeuaiee niaaoneeo e?aae Aia?eeie ni. i?aiu iiioey?iue ai?i?iue i?a?e: Eeuo E., Iao?ia A. Iaiiyoa?­iay Aia?eea. I., 1937; aiae. ia?.: Little Golden America. Farrar & Reinhart, 1937.
 11 Iaeioi?ua nioeaeenou ca i?aaaeaie Niaaoneiai Ni?ca aiia­?a?aee, ?oi iie iiaoo auou iaeeaa?aeuiuie, ia aoao?e ee-eeaa?aeuiuie. Naa?aa iano?aaiea yoiai oa?aiey e aai i?ioe­ai?a?ee ni. a ei.: Blau E. The Architecture of Red Vienna, 1919—1934. Cambridge, MA, 1999. Iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aie­iu ianiaaoneee nioeaeeci, ii nooe, aue iiaeiuai aaiie?aoe­ce?o?ueiny eeaa?aeeciii, aa?a anee aai ?anoi noaaeee ia iaio aineo n niaaoneei nioeaeeciii.
 12 Fridenson P. The Coming of the Assembly Line to Europe // The Dynamics of Science and Technology / Ed. by W. Krohn et al. Dordrecht, 1978. P. 159-75.
 13 Hounshell D. H. From the American System to Mass Production 1800-1932. Baltimore, 1984; Womack J. P.Jones D. I., Roos D. The Machine that Changed the World. New York, 1990; ni. oae?a e?eoeeo: Williams E., Haslam N., Williams J. Ford versus 'Fordism': The Beginning of Mass Production? // Work, Employment and Society. 1992. Vol. 6, 4. P. 517-55.
 14 Chaplin Ch. My Autobiograph. London, 1964. P. 377-78; Milton J. Tramp: The Life of Charlie Chaplin. New York, 1996. P. 336.
 289
 15 Nolan M. Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Moder­nization of Germany. New York, 1994; P. 9. Aa?a iaiaoeea ii­aa?iecaoi?u aaniieieeenu i oaoiieiae?anee aicii?iii inai­ai?aaiee ?aiuei io aiiaoiae ?aaiou. I «?aoeiiaeecaoee» ai O?aioee, aee??ay noiaio? ii neea annioeaoe? n aia?eeaie­caoeae, ni.: Kuisel R. Capitalism and the State in Modern France: Renovation and Economic Management in the Twentieth Century. New York, 1981 (iniaaiii ?. 51—92). Ia oneeeyo yiiineiai na­iieaoino?iaiey a aaea eniieuciaaiey oaoiieiaee i?iecaiano­aaiiiai oeeea, ia?aiyoie o iaioaa eae aiaeiaa ianniaiai i?i­ecaianoaa a aia?eeaineii aooa, ni.: Wada E. The Emergence of the 'Flow Production' Method in Japan // Fordism Transformed: the Development of Production Methods in the Automobile Industry / Ed. by H. Shiomi, K. Wada. New York, 1995. P. 11-27; ni. oae?a: Tsutsui W. M. Manufacturing Ideology: Scientific Management in Twentieth-Century Japan. Princeton, 1998.
 16 Bailes E. A. Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin: Origins of the Soviet Technical Intelligentsia, 1917—1941. Prin­ceton, 1978.
 17 Shearer D. Industry, State, and Society in Stalin's Russia, 1926—1934. Ithaca, NY, 1997. Ia eco?aiee iaiaoeie i?aeoeee a Niaaoneii Ni?ca ni.: Aieuoiai A. 3. Oi?aaeaiea i?iiuo­eaiiinou? a Aa?iaiee e a NNN?. I., 1930.
 18 Oaeei ia?acii, iiaiaii naiii?iaicaeaoaiiui ?aaeceiie­noai, Oe?a? oi?ii oeacuaaao ia nioeaeuio? aaco noaeeiecia: yoi ia ?aai?ee eeann, a «oe?ieay i?ioanneiiaeuiay no?aoa n?aaiaai o?iaiy ec niaoeaeenoia, oi?aaeaioaa e ieaiiaeeia, ?aaioaaoeo a ainoaa?noaaiiii aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey i?iiuo­eaiiinou?». Aieaa oiai, yoa iiaaa??ea ia i?ae?auaeanu, ia­niio?y ia eeanniaua aoaee ia niaoeaeenoia (Shearer D. Industry... P. 17).
 19 Iniiaiua eaoaai?ee Oe?a?a ia ioee?a?ony io eniieuciaaa­oeony ?onneeie nioeae-aaiie?aoaie: «iiaa?iecaoey» e «io­noaeinou». Iiaiaii aai ianoaaieeo Iioa Eaaeio, Oe?a? ieoao i «iaoieiaeyo» noaeeineie i?iiuoeaiiie iieeoeee, oioy ii a ioee?ea io Eaaeia e i?eciaao, ?oi «yoa iieeoeea aee??aea a naay oaoiieiae?aneo? e ei?aia?io? ?aoeiiaeu­iinou, nia?aiaiio? e ooiie?io? ii naiae nooe». Oe?a? ieaaa ia iano?aaao eaaieiae?, oioy ?anoi ieoao i «acaeyaao» e?aae. Ii ooaa??aaao, ?oi Niaaoneee Ni?c ia aue nioeaeenoe?aneei, iineieueo aeia?o?ioe?iaaiiia ainoaa?noai ia aiioneaao nioe­aeuiie ni?aaaaeeainoe, iaiaei n ni?aeaieai eiinoaoe?oao,
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 ?oi, a iaeanoe aai enneaaiaaiee, ?acaooaiea ainoaa?noaa «auei i?eciaeii nia?aiaiiinoe, a ia ionoaeinoe» (Shearer D. Indus­try- P. 239).
 20 Kinch N. The Road from Dreams of Mass Production to Flexible Specialization: American Influences on the Development of the Swedish Automobile Industry, 1920-1939 // Fordism Trans­formed... / Ed. by H. Shiomi, K.Wada. New York, 1995. P. 107-36.
 21 Ia?e Oa??enii ieoao, ?oi «Niaaou, aaeioaoenu a iai?aaea­iee aia?eeaineie iiaaee ianniaiai i?iecaianoaa a ia?aiai­iue ia?eia», ai a?aiy aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu «iae?eoe?anee eioaineoeoe?iaaee aa» (ni.: Harrison M. The Economics of World War II: An Overview // The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison / Ed. by M. Harrison. New York, 1998. P. 39). Oa??enii ia auaaeyao [oio oaeo], ?oi aia?e­eaineay nenoaia auea iniiaaia ia ianniaii iio?aaeaiee.
 22 Feher F., Heller ?., Markus G. Dictatorship over Needs. Oxford, 1983. 23 Ni.: Glucksmann M. Women Assemble: Women Workers and the
 New Industries in Inter-War Britain. London; New York, 1990. P. 67—92. Oyei Eaa?oe aieacuaaao nouanoaiaaiea a?eoaineie nenoaiu ianniaiai i?iecaianoaa, eioi?ay ii n?aaiaie? n oi?­aianeie aia?eeaineie nenoaiie eiaea aieaa iiaae?io? oea­eo aey oi?aaeai?aneiai eiio?iey ca onoaiiaeaieai ii?i au­?aaioee e i?aaiecaoeae ?aai?aai ianoa (ni.: Lewchuk W. American Technology and the British Vehicle Industry. New York, 1987). I i?iaeaiao niaaoneiai ?a?eia n inouanoaeaieai yo­oaeoeaiiai eiio?iey ca o?oaiaui i?ioannii ni.: Filtzer D. Soviet Workers and Stalinist Industrialization: the Formation of Modern Soviet Production Relations, 1928—1941. Armonk; New York, 1986. A Eoaeee ?oeiaianoai «Oeaoa» ?anniao?eaaei oi?aeci eae niinia oaaee?aiey eiio?iey ca ?aai?eie (e i?i­oeaiaaenoaey oneeeaa?uaiony ?aai?aio aae?aie?), a oae?a aeaaei a iai ioou e ainoe?aie? aieuoeo iauaiia i?iecaiano­aa (e e iaeaaaie? no?aoaaeae nauoa) (Musso S. Il cottimo come razionalizzazione. Mutamenti organizzativi, conflittualita e regola­mentazione contrattuale del rapporta tra salario e rendimento nell'industria meccanica (1910—1940) // Torino fra liberalis­mo e fascismo / Ed. by U. Levra, N. Tranfaglia. Milan, 1987. P. 119-235).
 24 Oai, aaa ia auei aaoi?eoa?iuo ?a?eiia, oneeeaaaoeo ooai­?anoaaiio? i?oiaiene?, iu aeaei, ?oi ?acaeoea iiaa?ieno­neiai aaaiaa?aa ia auei niaa?oaiii ioee?iui io niaaoneiai neo?ay. Ai O?aioee, iai?eia?, i?eciaiiua aaaiaa?aiua oo-
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 ai?ieee, ?aaae?oy ia ia?ao? ie?iao? aieio, aia?iaieuii ia­?aoeeenu e iaieeanneoecio, a oi ?a a?aiy ia io?aeaynu io i?a­oaicee ia nia?aiaiiinou. Iicaiaa, a iiaa?ienoneie naaa?iie a?oeoaeoo?a ?acaeoea ?aaeiiaeuiuo e iaoeiiaeuiuo iioeaia ia auei ?ai-oi iaiau?iui, ia aiai?y o?a i aai ianaiaeiinoe e iieeoe?aneei eiioeunai. A?oaeie neiaaie, yoi ia aioeoaca iiaa?iecia, iaoeiiaeecia e oieueei?iuo oaiaaioee (e ei­eiieaeecia). A aaenoaeoaeuiinoe eaay iiaa?iecia eae aioe­oacu o?aaeoeiiaeecia — yoi iiaa?ienoneee o?ii, eioi?iio iiaa?ieci i?ioeai?a?eo ia i?aeoeea (ni.: Silver E. A. Esprit de Corps: The Art of the Parisian Avant-Garde and the First World War, 1914-1925. Princeton, 1989; Norberg-Schulz Ch. Nightlands: Nordic Building. Cambridge; MA, 1996).
 25 Groys B. The Total Art of Stalinism: Avant-Garde, Aesthetic Dictatorship, and Beyond. Princeton, 1992 (iai. i?ea.— 1988); Clark E. Petersburg: Crucible of the Cultural Revolution. Cambridge; MA, 1995; ni. oae?a: Wood P. The Politics of the Avant-Garde // The Great Utopia: The Russian and Soviet Avant-Garde, 1915-1932. New York, 1992. P. 1-24.
 26 Van Norman Baer N. Design and Movement in the Theater of the Russian Avant-Garde // Theater in Revolution: Russian Avant-Garde Stage Design, 1913-1935. New York, 1991. P. 34-59, oeo. ia N. 57.
 27 Brooks J. Two Tandem Revolutions in Russian Culture: Modernist and Pop // Common Knowledge. 1998. Vol. 7, N 3. P. 139-55.
 28 European Culture in the Great War: The Arts, Entertainment, and Propaganda, 1914-1918 / Ed. by A. Roshwald, R. Stites. New York, 1999.
 29 Douglas S. Inventing American Broadcasting, 1899—1922. Bal­timore, 1987.
 30 Williams R. Communications. 2nd ed. London, 1996.
 31 Ortega-y-Gasset J. The Revolt of the Masses. New York, 1932; 1934; ni. oae?a: Brantlinger P. Bread and Circuses: Theories of Mass Culture as Social Decay. Ithaca; New York, 1983.
 32 LeMahieu D. L. A Culture for Democracy: Mass Communication and the Cultural Mind in Britain Between the Wars. Oxford, 1988. I iann-iaaea a ?iiiee, a oae?a i?iaioe?o?uea n?aaia­iey a eiioaenoa iauaai aic?anoaiey ainoaa?noaaiiie aeanoe ni.: Kasza G. J. The State and the Mass Media in Japan, 1918—1945. Berkeley, 1988. Eaca ooaa??aaao, ?oi, aii?aee ?an­oe?aie? oaico?u a ?iiiee a ia?aea XX a., eiio?ieu ca yiii­neeie NIE aa?a a 1937 a. ea?anoaaiii ia ioee?aeny io neooa-
 292
 oee a A?eoaiee eee O?aioee. Ii oae?a iieacuaaao, neieu aieiaoaeuii yiiiou eco?aee iaoenoneo? iaaeaiieeoeeo. 33 Eoeuoo?iia no?ieoaeunoai a NNN?. I., 1956. N. 322, - ain­i?iecaiaeony a: The Film Factory: Russian and Soviet Cinema Documents, 1896-1939 / Ed. by I. Christie, R. Taylor. Cam­bridge; MA, 1988. P. 423; Ia?iaiia ia?aciaaiea, iaoea e eoeu­oo?a a NNN?. I., 1971. N. 20.
 34 Eoeuoo?iia no?ieoaeunoai... N. 322; Ia?iaiia ia?aciaaiea... N. 20. A ia?aea 1920-o aa. iineianeay e iao?ia?aaneay iiaien­ea ioaaouaaea ieiei 90 % ?o?iaeia, ioaeeeiaaaoeony a Ni­aaoneie ?innee. Ec ianeieueeo nioai ouny? yecaiiey?ia «I?aaau» e a?oaeo a?aaiaaiuo oaio?aeuiuo aacao oieuei ianeieuei ouny? ?ani?ino?aiyeinu ca i?aaaeaie aaoo noieeo e o?ao-?aou?ao e?oiiaeoeo iaeanoiuo oaio?ia. Caanu oae?a i?iecieaoo eciaiaiey.
 35 Aoi?ui iyoeeaoiei ieaiii 1932 a. iaia?aeinu i?iecaianoai 14 iei aieiiauo ?aaeii?eaiieeia, ii a 1937 a. ?aaioaei oieu­ei 3.5 iei. Niaaoneay i?iiuoeaiiinou ia iiaea ecaioiaeou ainoaoi?iiai eiee?anoaa yeaeo?ieaii. Eaaaeu eee i?iaia in­oaeenu ainiianoao?uae oi?iie niaaoneiai ?aaei ia aieaia a?aiy, ana aua ninoaaeyy aaa o?aoe ?aaei [oi?ae] a 50-a aa. (ni.: ?acaeoea nayce a NNN? / Iia ?aa. I. A. In??oaaa. I., 1967. N. 221-27).
 36 Eiino?aiiua oeeuiu iieacuaaeenu a Niaaoneii Ni?ca a 1930-a aa., ii eo ?enei oiaiuoaeinu eae ii a?a?aoiui (oaa?­aay aae?oa), oae e ii eaaieiae?aneei i?e?eiai (ni.: Taylor R. Ideology as Mass Entertainment: Boris Shumyatsky and Soviet Cinema in the 1930s // Inside the Film Factory: New Approaches to Russian and Soviet Cienma / Ed. by R. Taylor, I. Christie. New York, 1991. P. 193—216). A iieaciie ?aaioa Ieoa?a Eeiaca (Kenez P. Cinema and Soviet Society, 1917—1953. New York, 1992. P. 133—34) ia oiiieia?ony «Iiaua a?aiaia» n?aae eii­no?aiiuo oeeuiia, iieacaiiuo a 1936 a.
 37 A 1917 a., aoao?e iacia?eoaeuiui ii n?aaiaie? n ieioiinou? ianaeaiey, eiee?anoai oaeaoiiia a Niaaoneii Ni?ca oiaei a ia?aia aanyoeeaoea iinea ?aaie?oee, ii au?inei a 1930-a aa. ?acee?iua aaaiinoaa ?acaeaaee nianoaaiiua naoe, oae ?oi o ?eiiaieeia ieacaeinu iiiai oaeaoiiia (ni.: Solnick S. L. Revolution, Reform and the Soviet Telephone System, 1917—1927 // Sov. Stud. 1991. Vol. 43, N 1. P. 157-76). O?aaa?ee Noa?? oo­aa??aaao, ?oi niaaoneea aeanoe iiiu?yee oieuei aa?oeeaeu­io? nenoaio eiiioieeaoee (oaeaoii ioiineony e ai?ecii-
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 oaeuiui) (ni.: Starr F. New Communications Technologies and Civil Society // Science and the Soviet Social Order / Ed. by L. Graham. Cambridge; MA, 1990. P. 19-50). Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou eeae?iaaee a ia?aiaiiii ie?a ii ?eneo ?anoiuo ii­eo?aoaeae oaeaoiiiuo oneoa. Aey n?aaiaiey ni.: The Social Impact of the Telephone / Ed. by I. de Sola Pool. Cambridge; MA,
 1977.
 38 Ieoa? Eeiac ieoao, ?oi a 1920-a aa. aieuoeinoai niaaoneeo aacao ia auaaeyeinu ii eniieiaie? e iiaoi?yei a?oa a?oaa ii niaa??aie?. ?enei aacao e eo oe?a? iaaaee a 1920-a aa. (Kenez P. The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917-1929. New York, 1985. P. 224-38). E 1930-i aa. aiaoiee aea niaaoneeo aacao neeuii eciaieeny (ni.: Lenoe M. E. Stalinist Mass Journalism and the Transforma­tion of Soviet Newspapers, 1926—1932 / Ph. D. dissertation. Univ. of Chicago, 1997; ni. oae?a: Gibbon J. The Soviet Press and Grass­roots Organization: the Worker Correspondent Movement, NEP to the First Five-Year Plan / Ph. D. dissertation. Univ. of Toronto, 1993; Mueller J. K. A New Kind of Newspaper: the Origins and Development of a Soviet Institution, 1921-1928 / Ph. D. disser­tation. Univ. of California, Berkeley, 1992).
 39 Pethybridge RA) The Spread of the Russian Revolution: Essays on 1917. New York, 1972. P. 179-200; 2) One Step Backwards, Two Steps Forward: Soviet Society and Politics under the New Economic Policy. Oxford, 1990. P. 121-44; Siegelbaum L. Stakha­novism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935—1941. New York, 1988. P. 181-82.
 40 N?. yoio iiaoia n eioa?i?aoaoeae «eoeuoo?iie i?iiuoeai­iinoe» O?aieoo?oneie oeieie, eioi?ay eaaioeoeoe?iaaea nouiinou aia?eeaineie ianniaie eoeuoo?u («noeeeciaaiiia aa?aa?noai») n iaoenoneei (e niaaoneei) oioaeeoa?eciii (ni.: Horkheimer M., Adorno Th. W. Dialectic of Enlightenment. New York, 1972 (iniaaiii n. 120—67); iai. i?ea., iioaeeeiaai­iue a 1947 a., aue iaienai a 1944 a. a Eaeeoi?iee). 41 Niaaoneay oaico?a auea oi?ioi niaa?aia aieoiaioaie, ii aa aiaeec ?aua anaai aaeaeny aia nayce n niiinoaaeiui ii ?ac­iaoo ?ani?ino?aiaieai eioi?iaoee (ni.: Enoi?ey niaaoneie iieeoe?aneie oaico?u: aieoiaiou e eiiiaioa?ee. I., 1997; Ae?i A. A., Niaaoneay oaico?a a yiioo oioaeuiiai oa??i?a 1929-1953. NIa., 2000).
 42 Stites R. Russian Popular Culture: Entertainment and Society Since 1900. New York, 1992; ni. oae?a: Mass Culture in Soviet
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 Russia: Tales, Poems, Songs, Movies, Plays, and Folklore, 1917-1953 / Ed. by J. von Geldern, R. Stites. Bloomington, 1995.
 43 Ni., iai?eia?: Leyda J. Kino: A History of the Russian and Soviet Film: 3rd ed. Princeton, 1983; Youngblood D. Movies for the Mas­ses: Popular Cinema and Soviet Society in the 1920s. New York, 1992; e ii. a?. (nienie neeoeii aaeee aey ia?a?eneaiey).
 44 Enoi?ey niaaoneie ?aaei?o?iaeenoeee: Aieoiaiou. Oaenou. Ainiiieiaiey. 1917—1945 aa. I., 1991; Ai?yaaa O. I. ?aaei ?innee: Iieeoe?aneee eiio?ieu niaaoneiai ?aaeiaauaiey a 1920—1930-o aiaao. Aieoiaioe?iaaiiay enoi?ey. I., 2000. Ai?yaaa aaao enee??eoaeuii oaiiue aiaeec oie?oi?aiiuo e nio?aieaoeony iaoa?eaeia, aee??ay caoeicaiene, ii iaei ie­oao i niaa??aiee ?aaeiia?aaa?.
 45 Von Geldern J. Introduction // Mass Culture in Soviet Russia / Ed. by J. von Geldern, R. Stites. Bloomington, 1995. P. xvii-xviii, xxvii. A?aoo?e A?oen (oeacuaay ia ?aa?ei ?iaei) ioia?aao, ?oi nioeaeenoe?aneee ?aaeeci noae ia?iaiui e neie?aoe?­iui. Ii i?eciaao acaeiiia aeeyiea ioeoeaeuiie e ia?iaiie eoeuoo?, oae ?a eae e ?eao?anou iiaa?ienoneeo eaeii, e ana ?a, ianiio?y ia yoi, onoaiaaeeaaao iaaa?iyoii a?oao? aeoioi­ie? ia?ao ioeoeaeuiie e ia?iaiie eoeuoo?aie. Nii?ii e i?eienuaaiea ei iiaa?iecio noaoai «eeaa?oa?eaineiai» iioaioeaea (ni.: Brooks). Two Tandem Revolutions; Robin R. Stalinism and Popular Culture // The Culture of the Stalin Period / Ed. by H. Gunther. New York, 1990. P. 15-40; ni. oae?a: Dunham V. In Stalin's Time: Middleclass Values in Soviet Fiction: 2nd ed. Durham, NC, 1990; Fitzpatrick Sh. The Cultural Front: Power and Culture in Revolutionary Russia. Ithaca; New York, 1992). Oaeea Oeoiao?ee ecia?a?aao eoeuoo?o noaeeineiai ia?eiaa eae, ai ecaanoiie noaiaie, au?a?aiea ieceii?iaiuo aeonia ?oeiaiaeoaeae eiiioienoe?aneie ia?oee.
 46 Havens Th. R. H. Valley of Darkness: the Japanese People and World War Two. New York, 1978. P. 24. Niaaoneea oeeuiu au­ee cai?auaiu ai?acai ?aiuoa.
 47 Rentschier ?. The Ministry of Illusion: Nazi Cinema and its After­life. Cambridge; MA, 1996. Aan?eneaiiua oeeuiu iaoenoneie yiioe, iiaiaii oeeuiai yiioe noaeeineie, naaiaiy eia?o aieuoie oniao a Aa?iaiee ia oaeaaeaaiee e eeiioanoeaaeyo.
 48 Rabinbach A. The Reader, the Popular Novel and the Imperative to Participate: Reflections on Public and Private Experience in the Third Reich // History and Memory. 1991. Vol. 3, N 2. P. 5-44 (oeo. ni. n 7). ?aaeiaao iieiinou? io?eoaao aeoioiie?, aoaoi
 295
 au eiaaoo? ianoi ia?ao ioeoeaeuiie/ioaee?iie eoeuoo­?ie e aaanoaii a ?anoio? ?eciu, aianoi oiai ?oiau aiaeece?i­aaou yoo aeoioiie? eae a?oaoaeo iaoenoneie eaaieiaee (ni.: Schafer H. D. Das gespaltene Bewusstsein: deutsche Kultur und Lebenswirklichkeit 1933-1945. Munich, 1982). Aiaeec ?eoaoaey a ia?eia noaeeineie aeeoaoo?u ni.: Aia?aiei A. Oi?iiaea ni­aaoneiai ?eoaoaey: nioeaeuiua e ynoaoe?aneea i?aaiinueee ?aoaioee niaaoneie eeoa?aoo?u. NIa., 1997.
 49 Tupitsyn M. The Soviet Photograph, 1924-1937. New Haven, 1996; ni. oae?a: Bowlt J. Brazen Can-Can in the Temple of Art: The Russian Avant-Garde and Popular Culture // Modern Art and Popular Culture: High and Low / Ed. by K. Varnedoe, A. Gopnik. New York, 1990. P. 135-58. «Anee ee? - yoi ioeoe­aeuiia eoeuoo?iia iai?aaeaiea a [iaoenoneie] Aa?iaiee, oaoe­noneie Eoaeee e niaaoneie ?innee,— ienae Eeaiaio A?eiaa?a a 1939 a.,- oi i?e?eia yoiai ia a oii, ?oi niioaaonoao?uea i?aaeoaeunoaa eiio?iee?o?ony oeeenoa?aie, a a oii, ?oi ee? a yoeo no?aiao, eae e a e?aii a?oaii ianoa,— yoi eoeuoo?a iann» (ni.: Greenberg E. Avant-Garde and Kitsch // Green-berg E. Art and Culture: Critical Essays. Boston, 1961. P. 3-21 (oeo. ni. N.19)).
 50 Ooieouia, aiooay [?eoaoae?] iuneu i oii, ?oi nioeaeenoe­?aneee ?aaeeci iiaaaee aeaaiaa?y aai iiioey?iinoe o iann, noaaeo ia iaio aineo ianniaua aeonu a eoeuoo?a e aiiineoaeu­noai e inaaaiieoaeunoai a ia?eia ?enoie. Aa iauyniaiea ie­oia?aoe?aneeo i?aaii?oaiee ?aaooe?iaaii ai [eaae] i nii­niaa niyoey o?ono?aoee io ?aaeuiinoe (ni.: Tupitsyn M. The Soviet Photograph... P. 174). I oioia?aoee ni. oae?a: Sartorti R. Pressefotografie und Industrailisierung in der Sowjet­union: die Pravda 1925-1933. Berlin, 1981.
 51 Ostrogorski M. Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties. London; New York, 1901.
 52 Kreuzer M. L. Party Development and Democratization: Institu­tions, Party Politics and Political Innovation in France and Ger­many / Ph. D. dissertation. Columbia Univ., 1995. I iineaanoae­yo aieiu ni. oae?a: Gelvin J. L. Divided Loyalties: Nationalism and Mass Politics in Syria at the Close of Empire. Berkeley, 1998.
 53 ?inney a ie?iaie aieia a 1914—1918 aiaao (a oeo?ao). I., 1925. N 1914 ii 1918 a. a aa?iaineie a?iee ioneo?eei 13.1 iei io??ei, aee??ay 10.6 iei ia o?iioa (ii?oe iaia iyoay iana­eaiey ia 1914 a.) A A?eoaiee 5.25 iei io??ei — ii?oe iiei­aeia i?aaaiaiiiai io?neiai ianaeaiey a aic?anoa io 15 ai
 296
 49 eao — n?a?aeenu. Ai O?aioee auei iiaeeeciaaii ieiei 8 iei eee i?eaeeceoaeuii 80 % i?aaaiaiiiai ianaeaiey a aic­?anoa io 15 ai 49 eao.
 54 Mosse G. L. The Nationalization of the Masses: Political Symbo­lism and Mass Movements in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars through the Third Reich. New York, 1975.
 55 I?aanoaaeaiiue aaaaoaoe ouny?ai c?eoaeae ai Oei?aioee ii?u? 18BL aue iaie iaoeia, eioi?ay i?eaeaeaea aieiaiea e a?ociaeeai oeaoianeiai i?iecaianoaa. A ia?aii aeoa aieia i?iea?aia. Ai aoi?ii iiyaey?ony ?aniaaa?uea aeiiu oaoe­nou a ?a?iuo ?oaaoeao; iie ecaeaa?o eaeeo-oi eaauo. A o?a­ouai aeoa caiey ia?aaaia iia i?iecaiaeoaeuiia naeuneia oi­cyenoai e iino?iaiu iiaua ai?iaa (ni.: Schnapp J. O. Staging Fascism: 18BL and the Theater of Masses for Masses. Palo Alto, 1996).
 56 Segre N. Italo Balbo: a Fascist Life. Berkeley, 1987; Gentile E. The Sacralization of Politics in Fascist Italy. Cambridge; MA, 1996.
 57 Monteleone F. La radio italiana nel period fascista. Venice, 1976. Niaeanii Neiiiaooa Oaeanea-Acaiiiie, ii?o?aou Ionniee­ie ii ianooaaai ?ani?ino?aiaiey i?aainoiaeee eaieineea e ii?o?aou Aoao??ea (ni.: Falasca-Zamponi S. Fascist Spectacle: the Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy. Berkeley, 1997). Yoi iaiainiiaaiiia ooaa??aaiea oeacuaaao ia iaiaoiaeiinou n?aaieoaeuiiai aiaeeca. Ca aaa aanyoeeaoey i?aaeaiey Ion­nieeie oe?a? aai ii?o?aoia ninoaaee io 2 ai 7 % ioe?uoi?iuo na?ee, auiouaiiuo i?aaeoaeunoaii e ia?oeae, a oi a?aiy eae io 12 ai 24 % na?ee, i?iecaaaaiiuo a ?anoiii naeoi?a, oaiaea­oai?yee cai?inu ia?iaa (?uiea) (ni.: Sturani E. Otto millioni di cartoline per il Duce. Turin, 1995). Iieaaa?o, ?oi Noaeei cai?i­nee o eoaeuyineiai iinea eeiieaioo i i?acaiiaaiee aanyoie aiaiaueiu ia?oa ia ?ei a 1932 a.
 58 Kershaw I. The Hitler Myth: Image and Reality in the Third Reich. New York, 1987. N?.: Tumarkin N. Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia. Cambridge; MA, 1983; Heizer J. L. The Cult of Stalin, 1929-1939/ Ph. D. dissertation. Univ. of Kentucky, 1977.
 59 Banham R. Theory and Design in the First Machine Age. New York, 1960; Jordan J. M. Machine Age Ideology: Social Enginee­ring and American Liberalism, 1911-1939. Chapel Hill; NC, 1994.
 60 Rabinbach A. G. The Aesthetics of Production in the Third Reich // J. Contemp. History. 1976. Vol. 11. P. 43-74 (oeo. ni. n. 43). ?aaeiaao oeacuaaao, ?oi aa?a a 1939 a. iaia o?aou iaiaoeeo
 297
 i?iiuoeaiiuo ?aai?eo o?oaeeanu ia i?aai?eyoeyo n iaiaa ?ai aanyou? ?aaioieeaie. Ii iiaiao iaoeiiaeenoe?aneiai (volkisch) ecia?aiey iaoenoneie eeiiia?aoee ?iaa?o Oyeei? ooaa??aaao, ?oi ia nouanoaiaaei aaeiiai, oieoeoe?iaaiiiai iaoenoneiai a?oeoaeoo?iiai noeey. A auee nianu iiaoi?y?­ueony iioeaia, eoeuo iiioiaioaeecia e iaieeanneoecia ia­?yao n inaaain?aaiaaaeiauai e aee?ceyie ia naeuneo? ?eciu. Aneaanoaea oiai, ?oi iiiaea no?iaiey iaoenoneie yiioe en­iieuciaaeenu e iinea 1945 a., Oyeei? caaaaony aii?inii i oii, a eaeie noaiaie «iaoenoneeie» yaeyeenu iino?iaiiua oiaaa nii?o?aiey (anee ia n?eoaou eaioaey?e? e ianeieuei a?oaeo caaiee) (ni.: Taylor R. The Word in Stone: The Role of Archi­tecture in the National Socialist Ideology. Berkeley, 1974).
 61 Bailes K.E. Technology and Society... P. 381-406; ni. oae?a: McCannon J. Red Arctic: Polar Exploration and the Myth of the North in the Soviet Union, 1932-1939. New York, 1998; Wolf W. Russia's Revolutionary Underground: the Construction of the Moscow Subway, 1931-1935 / Ph.D. dissertation. Ohio State Univ. 1994.
 62 Garon Sh. State and Labor in Modern Japan. Berkeley, 1987. Ch. 6. Iaoenoneea e eoaei-oaoenoneea ia?acou neeuii aieiiaaee yiiineeo a??ie?aoia e eioaeeaeooaeia. Oaoenoneea aicc?a­iey ia?yao n ia?enenoneeie (oneeeaoeieny a ia?eia aioe­eiiioienoe?aneeo iia?iiia) eiieo?e?iaaee n i?aanoaaea­ieyie i yiiineie enee??eoaeuiinoe e aioecaiaaie?anoaii, eioi?ua i?e anai oii noiaeeenu n ia?auie ai acaeyaao ia ?ieu e i?e?iao ainoaa?noaa e nioeaeuiie i?aaiecaoee. Ai iiiaeo ioiioaieyo ?iiiey yaeyaony eo?oei ca?eaeii ia?­aiaiiiai iiaa?ia [modernities], iineieueo yiiiou oai ?an­niao?eaaee ana iiaaee a ea?anoaa iioaioeaeuiiai enoi?ieea aey aaaioaoee (ni.: Fletcher W. M. The Search for a New Order: Intellectuals and Fascism in Prewar Japan. Chapel Hill; NC, 1982; Duus P., Schemer I. Socialism, Liberalism, and Marxism, 1901-1931 // The Cambridge History of Japan / Ed. by P. Duus. New York, 1989. Vol. 6. P. 654-710; Najita T., Harootunian H. D. Japanese Revolt against the West: Political and Cultural Criticism in the Twentieth Century // Ibid. P. 711-74).
 63 De Grazia V. The Culture of Consent: Mass Organization and Leisure in Fascist Italy. New York, 1981.
 64 Mason T. Social Policy in the Third Reich: The Working Class and the 'National Community'. Oxford, 1993. Iaeee A??ee e Aieuo­aaia Aeiia?iai ieooo, ?oi «ecia?a?aiea iaoenoneiai ?a?eia
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 oieuei a eiioaenoa aai iaia?aie?aiiuo aicii?iinoae a aaea [i?eiaiaiey] nenoaiaoe?aneie ?anoieinoe iai?aaeeuii. Ia­oenou oi?ioi iiieiaee, ?oi iaiiai oa??i?a iaainoaoi?ii aey oie?ioai?aiey e - iicaiaa — eioaa?aoee ?aai?aai eeanna a «iaoeiiaeuio? iaueio». N yoie oaeu? iie nicaaee eiio?i­ee?oaio? ainoaa?noaii, auoieiuaiio? aeuoa?iaoeao cai?a­uaiiiio ?aai?aio aae?aie? e i?iaiaeee i?eaeaeaoaeuio? e oniaoio? nioeaeuii-yeiiiie?aneo? iieeoeeo — aa?a an­ee — ia?aaienaeuiui ia?acii — ?aai?ea ia anaaaa auaaauaa­ee io yoiai (ni.: Burleigh M., Wippermann W. The Racial State... P. 284).
 65 Mason T. Social Policy... P. 103. Oi, ?oi Iyenii ianoaeaaao ia «aac?acee?ee eee a?a?aaaiinoe ?aai?eo iann e iiaiio ?a?eio n ia?aea [aai nouanoaiaaiey]», auoaeaao nei?aa ec aai iuo­uaiey iauaeoeaiuo «enoeiiuo» eioa?ania yoeo iann, ia?a­ee ec eco?aiey ?aai?eo. Aio a aieuoae noaiaie oaaaony aia­eec iaoenoneeo no?aoia ia?aa ?aai?eie, ?ai eco?aiea naieo ?aai?eo.
 66 Straus E. Factory and Community in Stalin's Russia: the Making of an Industrial Working Class. Pittsburgh, 1997. I ?iiiee ni.: Gordon A. The Evolution of Labor Relations in Japan: Heavy In­dustry, 1853-1955. Cambridge; MA, 1985 (iniaaiii ae. 6).
 67 Ia ieoeaiianeii oeiii-eao?oeiaii caaiaa ia?auaee aie­iaiea ia naiua ?aciua aii?inu, eioi?ua, eae iieaaaee, aeey­?o ia i?iecaianoai,— io i?aaieciaaiiiai ioauoa ai ainooi­iuo ?eeuy, iaaeoeineiai iaania?aiey e ia?aciaaiey (ni.: Gueslin A. Le systeme social Michelin (1889—1940) // Michelin, Les Hommes du Pneu: Les ouvriers Michelin, a Clermont-Ferrand, de 1889 a 1940 / Ed. by L. Dumond et al. Paris, 1993. P. 73-154). Iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu ieoeaiianeee caaia i?ioaaoae, a oi ?a a?aiy nie?auay ?aai?eo (iai?eia?, a 1985—95 aa.— n 30 000 ai 16 000 ?aeiaae). Ii oae?a i?ae?aoee i?ia?aiiu aey nio?oaieeia eiiiaiee a noa?a ?eeuy, ioauoa, oeie, aieuieo e naiaoi?eaa (ni.: Simons M. In French Factory Town, Culprit is Automation // The New York Times. 1994. 12 May).
 68 Putnam R. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of Com­munity in America. New York, 2000; Berman Sh. Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic // World Politics. 1997. Vol. 49, N3. P. 401-29.

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