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 71 I?iieoaoaeuiua no?aaiey i iinoiyiiuo o?oaiinoyo niaao­neiai ainoaa?noaa a noa?a naiieiio?iey e auio?aiiua oneeey ii naaaaie? e iei Aaeeeiai Oa??i?a ni.: Rittersporn G. Stali­nist Simplifications and Soviet Complications: Social Tensions and Political Conflcits in the USSR 1933-1953. Chur, Switzerland,
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 72 Arendt H. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York, 1973. P. 361, 326; ni. oae?a: Geyer M. The Stigma of Violence, Nationalism, and War in Twentieth Century Germany // German Studies Review.
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 73 Ia?acoii oi?iaeuiie i?aaiecaoee — a i?ioeaiiiei?iinou oa­eouei eee ia?eiae?aneei eaiiaieyi ii iiaeeecaoee — auea Niaaoneay eeaa a?a?aaineie iai?iiu, iniiaaiiay a 1927 a. e iacaaiiay Iauanoaii A?ocae Iai?iiu e Aaeaoeiiii-oeie?a­neiai no?ieoaeunoaa (Iniaaeaoei). Aaeea?e?oaiia Iauanoaii ?eainoai (13 iei a 1930-a aa.) e?eoeeiaaeinu ca «aoe?aiea i?­eia», ii yoa i?aaiecaoey eiaea cia?eoaeuiue ia?niiae e eii­oaeou n eieaeuiuie iauanoaaie (ni.: Odom W. ?. The Soviet Volunteers: Modernization and Bureaucracy in a Public Mass Or­ganization. Princeton, 1973). Iniaaeaoei aue ?aniouai a 1948 a. O?e i?aaiecaoee-ianeaaieea auee iauaaeiaiu a 1952 a. a iaio, iaiaa a?iiicaeo?, ni noiaiuie oaeyie — AINAAO.
 74 Sartorti R. Stalinism and Carnival: Organization and the Aesthe­tics of Political Holidays // The Culture of the Stalin Period / Ed. by H. Gunther. New York, 1990. P. 41-77; ni. oae?a: Petrone E. 'Life has Become More Joyous, Comrades': Politics and Culture
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 75 Iniaia aia?aoeaiea ia Eaeiica i?iecaaee e?aoeea eicoiae — oaeea eae «Iyou a ?aou?a», eioi?ua, eae ii caiaoee, n?aco annioee?iaaeenu n iyoeeaoiei ieaiii e aai ain?i?iui au­iieiaieai. Ii ioaieaae eo eae «oaeea ?a yooaeoeaiua, ?oi e iaoe „iyou ca ?aou?a" aey coaiie ianou» (ni.: Lyons E. Mo­dern Carrousel. New York, 1935. P. 209).
 76 Aua iaei ec ?enea aeaaiuo a?aoiaioia Magnetic Mountain (ni. i?ei. 69) naiaeony e oiio, ?oi aeanou aaoi?eoa?iiai ai­noaa?noaa — iacaaeneii io oiai, neieu ianooaaiua iieeoe?a­neea ?ai?annee iii ii?ao i?aaieciaaou,— iaeaieaa yooaeoea­ia, eiaaa iia aini?iecaiaeony a iianaaiaaiie ?ecie e eaai­oe?iinoyo e?aae. Ii yoiio iiaiao ni. ecia?aoaoaeuiue aiaeec: Gross J. O. Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia. Princeton, 1988.
 77 ?aineia ecae?aoaeuiia i?aai auei aaaaaii a Aaeia?neie Aa?iaiee a 1928 a., ai O?aioee e ?iiiee a 1945 a. e a Eoa­eee — a 1946 a.
 78 Wood ?. The Baba and the Comrade: Gender and Politics in Revolutionary Russia. Bloomington, 1997. I i?ioeai?a?eyo ia­?ao «?iiaioe?aneeie» e «?aoeiiaeenoe?aneeie» aeoaioaie a ia?oeeiie i?iiaaaiaa ia ?aiuei ni.: Atwood L. Creating the New Soviet Woman: Women's Magazines as Engineers of Female Identity. New York, 1999; ni. oae?a: Chatterjee Ch. Celebrating Women: International Women's Day in Russia and the Soviet Union, 1909-1939 / Ph. D. dissertation. Indiana Univ., 1995.
 79 Roberts M. L. Civilization Without Sexes: Reconstructing Gender in Postwar France, 1917—1927. Chicago, 1994. ?iaa?oc ia?a­ie?eaaaony [?anniio?aieai] oiai, ?oi iia iacuaaao «neiaiee­?aneie ?aaioie» ia?acia, e ia eco?aao «ianoiyuo? ?eciu» io??ei e ?aiuei (oae, iai?eia?, iia aiaeece?oao oaenou iaeioi?uo caeiiia, ii ia eo ?aaeuiia i?eiaiaiea). Ni. oae?a: Downs L. Manufacturing Inequality: Gender Division in the French and British Metalworking Industries, 1914-1939. Ithaca: NY, 1995; Kent S. K. Making Peace: the Reconstruction of Gender in Interwar Britain. Princeton, 1993.
 80 De Grazia V. How Fascism Ruled Women: Italy, 1922-1945. Berkeley, 1992. P. 7.
 81 Ni. i?a?ee Margit Nagy, Barbara Molony, Miriam Silverberg, and Yoshiko Miyake a: Recreating Japanese Women, 1600—1945 / Ed. by G. L. Bernstein. Berkeley, 1991. P. 199-295. I oaiaa?-
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 iie i?e?iaa eaoaai?ee «nia?aiaiiue» (modan) a ia?aiaiiie ?iiiee ni.: Silverberg M. The Cafe Waitress Serving Modern Japan // Mirror of Modernity: Invented Traditions of Modern Japan / Ed. by St.Vlastos. Berkeley, 1998. P. 208-25.
 82 Pedersen S. Family, Dependence, and the Origins of the Welfare State: Brtain and France 1914-1945. New York, 1993. Eieaa Iaaa?nai auoea a ia?eia «ioaaoiiai oaa?a» i?ioea oaieiec­ia a Niaaeiaiiuo Ooaoao a 1980-a e a ia?aea 1990-o aa.
 83 Goldman W. ?. Women, the State, and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936. New York, 1993. N?.: Hoffman D. L. Mothers in the Motherland: Stalinist Pronatalism in its Pan-European Context // J. Soc. Hist. 2000. Vol. 34, N 1 (a ia?a­oe) e: Ilic M. Women Workers in the Soviet Interwar Economy: From «Protection» to «Equality». New York, 1999.
 84 De Grazia V. How Fascism Ruled Women... P. 7.
 85 Conway M. Catholic Politics in Europe 1918—1945. London and New York, 1997; ni. oae?a: Whitney S. A. The Politics of Youth: Communists and Catholics in Interwar France / Ph. D. disser­tation, Rutgers Univ., 1994.
 86 Mosse G. L. Nationalization... P. 72.
 87 A A?eoaiee a??i i?aaeoaeunoaaiiie eioi?iaoee e iiaaa?­?eaaaiua [i?aaeoaeunoaii] ?aeeaiiua eaiiaiee (ca naeno­aeuiia ia?aciaaiea, iio?aaeaiea iieiea e a?.) a eiioa eiioia noaee ?anniao?eaaouny eae n?aanoaa eaaeoeiiiai aae?aiey e aaiie?aoee. Ii naia eeaa?aeuiay aaiie?aoey ?aaei «i?iaaaa­eanu» inoaeuiiio ie?o a ea?anoaa eo?oaai ia?aca ?ecie (ni.: Grant M. Propaganda and the Role of the State in Inter-War Britain. Oxford, 1994).
 88 I aini?iecaianoaa iieeoe?aneeo aaeaiee a eoeuoo?a ni.: Jackson J. The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy, 1934-1938. New York, 1988.
 89 Bailes E. A. The American Connection: Ideology and the Transfer of Technology to the Soviet Union, 1917—41 // Compar. Stud. in Soc. and Hist. 1981. Vol. 23, N3. P. 421-28; ni. oae?a: Brooks J. The Press and its Message: Images of America in the 1920s and 1930s // Russia in the Era of NEP / Ed. by A. Rabinowitch, R. Stites. Bloomington, IN, 1991. P. 231-53.
 90 Moore B. Soviet Politics — the Dilemma of Power: The Role of Ideas in Social Change. Cambridge, MA, 1950. P. 403; ni. oae?a: Gelb M. Mass Politics under Stalin: Party Purges and Labor Productivity Campaigns in Leningrad, 1928—1941 / Ph. D. dissertation. Univ. of California, Los Angeles, 1987. N?.:
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 91 Kasza G.J. The Conscription Society: Administered Mass Organi­zations. New Haven, 1995. ?iiiey — aaeinoaaiiay n?aae aeeoa­oo? — ia eiaea iaiiia?oeeiie nenoaiu ia aaca ianniaie i?aa­iecaoee (ai iiieiaeuiiai neeyiey [ia?oee] a 1940 a.), a aa eiia?aoi? ieeiaaa ia aue aeeoaoi?ii a «eiia?aoi?neie nen­oaia». Ii yiiineia ainoaa?noai niiaei inouanoaeou aaeaei eaouo? eii?aeiaoe? (Gleichschaltung) aeciana e i?aaieca­oeiiiuo no?oeoo? a ?aieao «eiio?ieuiuo annioeaoee», a oa?­ia?ia, iieiaa?e, ?aiuei e ooai?ieeia — a «iao?eioe?aneeo annioeaoeyo». E ana ?a Eaca aic?a?aao i?ioea ioi?aanoaeaiey «oi?aaeyaiuo ianniauo i?aaiecaoee» n ainoaa?noaii. N?. oae?a: Brooker P. The Faces of Fraternalism: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan. Oxford, 1991. Ni. aiaeec yiiineeo oneeee ii no?oeoo?iiio naee?aie? n iieeoe?aneie nenoaiie iaoenoneiai ia?acoa (ieiei 1940 a.) e nei?iuo eiioeeeoia aioo?e yiiineie yeeou ia anai i?ioy?aiee aaoi?eoa?iiai ia­?eiaa a: Berger G. M. Parties out of Power in Japan, 1931—1941. Princeton, 1977.
 92 Iineaaiaiiua ii?inu niaaoneeo yiea?aioia iieacaee, ?oi «iiaeeecaoey» (ne?iiii ii?aaaeaiiay eae o?anoea a ieoeiaao) noaiiaeeanu ana ?a?a (ni.: Zimmerman W. Mobilized Participa­tion and the Nature of the Soviet Dictatorship // Politics, Work, and Daily Life in the USSR: A Survey of Former Soviet Citizens / Ed. by J. R. Millar. New York, 1987. P. 332-53).
 93 Ford H. Mass Production // Encyclopedia Britannica. 13th ed. Vol. 15. P. 38-41.
 94 Iai?eia?, naiay ciaiaieoay [ec iiioey?ecaoee]: Patten S. N. The New Basis of Civilization. New York, 1907; Kyrk H. A Theory of Consumption. Boston, New York, 1923. Aeeoi?ey Aa A?aoea ieoao i «oi?aenoneii» oeia iio?aaeaiey a Aia?eea ca ianeieu­ei aanyoeeaoee ai ianooieaiey oi?aecia (ni.: De Grazia V. Changing Consumption Regimes in Europe, 1930—1970 // Getting and Spending: European and American Consumer Socie­ties in the Twentieth Century / Ed. by S. Strasser et al. New York, 1998. P. 59-83; ni. oae?a: Olney M. L. Buy Now, Pay Later: Advertising, Credit, and Consumer Durables in the 1920s. Chapel Hill, 1991).
 95 Cohen. The New Deal State and the Making of Citizen Consumers // Getting and Spending. P. 111-26 (oeo. ni. n. 119).
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 96 Marchand R. Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity 1920-1940. Berkeley, 1985; ni. oae?a: Horowitz D. The Morality of Spending: Attitudes toward Consumer Society in America, 1875-1940. Baltimore, 1985; Strasser S. Satisfaction Guaranteed: The Making of the Mass Market. New York, 1989; hears T.J.J. Fables of Abundance: A Cultural History of Adverti­sing in America. New York, 1994.
 97 Aicii?ii, iaeeo?oaa e?aoeia ecei?aiea [enoi?ee] ia?ai­aiiie Aia?eee ni.: Johnson P. Modern Times: The World from the Twenties to the Nineties. New York, 1991. Ch. 6. The Last Arcadia; ni. oae?a: Kennedy D. M. Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929—1945. New York, 1999.
 98 Dizikes J. Britain, Roosevelt, and the New Deal: British Opinion, 1932—1938. New York, 1979. Ia iniio?eoaeuiinoe a eniieuci­aaiee Aia?eeie aa iiaouanoaa a ia?aua aiau aai?annee ni.: Costigliola F. Awkward Domination: American Political, Econo­mic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919—1933. Ithaca: NY, 1984; Jarvie I. Hollywood's Overseas Campaign: the North Atlantic Movie Trade, 1920-1950. New York, 1992.
 99 Enee??eoaeuiua oeoaou ii?ii iaeoe a eiaaoae aieuoie ?a­ciiain eieaa ?i??a A?aiaey (ni.: Duhamel G. Scenes de la vie future. Paris, 1931) — eao?aaoa aieuoie i?aiee O?aioocneie Aeaaaiee. Eieaa auea ia?aaaaaia eae: America: the Menace; Scenes from the Life of the Future. Boston, 1931. I O?aioee ni. oae?a: Martin M. Structures de societe et consciences rebelles: les resistances a la publicite dans la France de l'entre-deux-guerres // Le mouvement social. 1989. T. 146. P. 27-48 e Furlough E. Selling the American Way in Interwar France: Prix Uniques and the Salon des Arts Menagers // Journal of Soc. Hist. 1993. Vol. 26. N3. P. 491—519. Oe?a — i eiioeiaioaeuiie Aa?iia ni.: De Grazia V. Mass Culture and Sovereignty: the American Chal­lenge to European Cinema, 1920-1960 // J. Modern Hist. 1989. Vol. 61, N 1. P. 53—87 e Cultural Transmissions an Receptions: American Mass Culture in Europe / Ed. by R. Kroes et al. Amster­dam, 1993.
 100 Rodgers D. T. Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age. Cambridge, MA, 1998. ?ia?a?n ioia?aao, ?oi «n?aae ee?­?aauo ea?ieia naaa?iaoeaioe?aneie yeiiiieee aai?anney ii?iaeea iinoaiaiii noaiiaeaoaany iauaaiiui iaae?aaiea ca iieeoeeie a?oa a?oaa e oe?ieee iaai? iaueo ?aaeoee» (n. 416—417). Iaiaei ii oae?a naeaaoaeunoaoao i oii, ?oi
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 «ie iaia ec iaoee naaa?iaoeaioe?aneie yeiiiieee ia aaea noieu iiuiiai nia?aiaiiiai ioaaoa ia ie?iao? aai?anne? 1930-o aa., eaeei aue Iiaue eo?n a Aia?eea... Ia yoii oiia aa?iiaeneea i?ia?annenou 1930-o aa. ni?aaeyeenu n oy?aeu­ie a?aiaiaie n aieuoei o?oaii» (n. 411).
 101 Ainoeuaiea iiiaeie noi?iiaie [?ecie] NNN? a iaoenoneie n?aaa ii?ii auei iaia?o?eou e n?aae aunoeo naiiaieeia ?a?eia. Iii ia?a?eei aaciaiai?i?iia ino?aaiea eoaai-aieu­oaaecia. Iai?eia?, Eicao Aaaaaeun, ieieno? i?iiaaaiau aeoea?ianeie aioenaieoneie iieeoeee, ioaee?ii iaoaaeeaae oeeui Na?aay Yecaiooaeia (?ue ?iaeoaee auee e?auaiuie, ii, ii iaoenoneie eeanneoeeaoee, ii n?eoaeny aa?aai) «A?i­iaiinao Iioaieei» (1926) ca aai ia?aaiao? eeiioaoieeo (ni.: Bollenbeck G. Tradition, Avantgarde, Reaktion: deutsche Kontro­versen um die kulturelle Moderne 1880—1945. Frankfurt am Main, 1999).
 102 De Grazia V. Nationalizing Women: The Competition between Fascist and Commercial Cultural Models in Mussolini's Italy // The Sex of Things: Gender and Consumption in Historical Pers­pective / Ed. by V. De Grazia. Berkeley, 1996. P. 337-58.
 103 A Eoaeee iaoo?aeuiia iio?aaeaiea ainoeaaei 33 % aaeiaiai iaoeiiaeuiiai i?iaoeoa. A Aa?iaiee ?enei ai?ianeeo naiae n caiaeuiuie o?anoeaie au?inei ca ia?aiaiiue ia?eia (ni.: De Grazia V. Establishing the Modern Consumer Household // The Sex of Things: Gender and Consumption in Historical Perspective / Ed. by V. De Grazia. Berkeley, 1996. P. 151-61).
 104 ?aaei i?eoei a 50 % a?eoaineeo aiiioicyenoa ca aanyoeeaoea e a 80 % — iaiaa ?ai ca aaaaoaou eao (ni.: Bowden S., Offen ?. The Technological Revolution that Never Was: Gender, Class, and the Diffusion of Household Appliances in Interwar England // The Sex of Things: Gender and Consumption in Historical Perspective / Ed. by V. De Grazia. Berkeley, 1996. P. 244-74).
 105 Wyrwa U. Consumption and Consumer Society: A Contribution to the History of Ideas // Strasser S. et al. Getting and Spending. P. 431—447. Aoi a iaiaoeii iio?aaeaiee ianooiee anei?a ii­nea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu.
 106 Grichenko Wells L. The Role of Advertising in the Soviet Union / Ph. D. dissertation. Univ. of Tennesse, 1992; Aa?in ?. Iauanoaai­iay ineoieiaey a NOA e NNN? a 20—30-o aiaao a naaoa oai­?ee iio?aaeaiey // Aii?. enoi?ee. 1995. ?2. N. 133—137; Cox R.B. The Creation of the Socialist Consumer: Advertising, Citizenship and NEP / Ph. D. dissertation. Indiana Univ., 1999
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 107 Hessler J. Culture of Shortages: A Social History of Soviet Trade, 1917-1953 / Ph. D. dissertation. Univ. of Chicago, 1996; Ran­dall A. The Campaign for Soviet Trade: Creating Socialist Retail Trade in the 1930s / Ph. D. dissertation. Princeton Univ., 2000.
 108 Inieeia A. Ca oanaaii «Noaeeineiai eciaeeey»: ?ani?aaaea­iea e ?uiie a niaa?aiee ianaeaiey a aiau eiaono?eaeecaoee, 1927-1941. I., 1998.
 109 Roberts. Civilization Without Sexes; De Grazia V. How Fascism Ruled Women.
 110 Eae ienae A?aoo?e Aano, aieineay iiaeiiinou auea iauyaea­ia anaiauae, ii ai O?aioee iieiaeia i?ecuaieeia aoi?iai aiaa auea i?eaea?aia e iano?iaaie neo?aa. A oi ?a a?aiy a ?innee aaa o?aoe ianaeaiey, iaeaaa?uaai ecae?aoaeuiui i?aaii, auee inaiai?aaiu io aieineie iiaeiiinoe, a a Aa?­iaiee aieaa iieiaeiu aicii?iuo i?ecuaieeia ia iiiaaaee a aienea. I?aaeoaeunoaa auee i?inoi ia iiaaioiaeaiu (e a e?aii neo?aa ia iiaee naaa iicaieeou) e oiio, ?oiau i?iaanoe iieio? iiaeeecaoe?, i eioi?ie iie iauyaeee. (ni.: Best P.J. The Militarization of European Society, 1870-1914 // The Mili­tarisation of the Western World / Ed. by J. Jillis. New Brunswick, 1989. P. 13-29).
 111 Geyer M. The Militarisation of Europe,1914-1945 // Gillis, i?. cit., P. 65—102; oeo. ia n. 65, 101. Aaea? iauyniyao, ?oi iiieia­iea «ieeeoa?ecia» eae i?iaeaiu ?eao?anoe aiaiaiiuo yeeo caoaiiyao oa?aeoa? ieeeoa?ecaoee a XX a. O?a ia oieuei ?i­ea?u, ii e iaoenou nioee ni noaiu, e oai ia iaiaa iinea aoi­?ie ie?iaie aieiu aa?iiaeneea iauanoaa nicaaee aua aieaa e?oiiua aii?o?aiiua neeu e aiaiii-i?iiuoeaiiua eii­ieaenu. Iu ii?ai e yoiio aiaaaeou, ?oi aa?a a Niaaeiaiiuo Ooaoao, aaa aiaiiua ?anoiau nie?aoeeenu n 28 ai 15 % iaoei­iaeuiiai aaeiaiai i?iaoeoa ia?ao 1913 e 1940 aa., ieaie?iaa­iea, iaania?aiea e yeiiiie?aneay iiaeeecaoey ?aae aieiu ia noiyee ia ianoa, iniaaiii iinea eco?aiey i?aaeoaeunoaii ni­noiyiey aiaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe a 1934—1936 aa.
 112 Holquist P. 'Information is the Alpha and Omega of our Work': Bolshevik Surveillance in its Pan-European Context // J. of
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 Modern Hist. 1997. N 69. P. 415-50. Y?ee Ei? iieacae, ?oi ai­noaa?noaaiiay yeni?ii?eaoey ?anoiie nianoaaiiinoe, iau?ii naycuaaaiay n aieuoaaeeaie, ia?aeanu ai a?aiy aieiu e eana­eanu i?aai?eyoee, i?eiaaea?aaoeo eiino?aiiui iiaaaiiui (iniaaiii iaioai), e ?oi iiiaea ec oao, eoi i?iaiaee eii­oeneaoe?, i?iaie?aee caieiaouny yoei a 1918 a. e iic?a (ni.: Lohr Enemy Alien Politics within the Russian Empire during World War I / Ia?aniio?. e eni?. ?oe. aenna?oaoee. 2000 (n e?­aaciiai ?ac?aoaiey aaoi?a)).
 113 Ayaea E?o ooaa??aaao, ?oi «Aaeia?neia ainoaa?noai nioeaeu­iiai iaania?aiey ?a?iaei aaioiiaaiea ia noieuei a oaa?aie aa?a a nioeaeuiue i?ia?ann, eae yoi iienuaaao Iieea?o, neieuei a io?ayiiie iio?aaiinoe Aa?iaiee a „nioeaeuiie ?aeiino?oeoee" iinea ia?a?eouo a? aieiu, ii?a?aiey, ?a­aie?oee e eioeyoee». ?acoiaaony, yoe iioeaaoee ia yaey­?ony acaeiienee??a?ueie (ni.: Crew D. The Ambiguities of Modernity: Welfare and the German State from Wilhelm to Hitler // Society, Culture, and the States in Germany, 1870-1930 / Ed. by G. Eley. Ann Arbor, 1996. P. 319-44, oeo. ia n. 325—26). Iieea?o aiceaaaao aeio ca iaaaiea Aaeia?­neie ?anioaeeee, a ?anoiinoe, ia oa i?eaaiey, eioi?ua iia ia niiaea ii?aaaaou. Aianoa n oai a a?oaii ianoa ii ooaa??aae, ?oi e iaoeci i?iaoaee iaaa?au, eioi?ua ia niia i?aa?aoeou a ?aaeuiinou (ni.: Peukert D. Inside Nazi Germany... P. 46, 73-76).
 114 Bessel R. Germany after the First World War. Oxford, 1993. P. 5, 169-96; Peukert D. The Weimar Republic: The Crisis of Classical Modernity. New York, 1992. Iieea?o iieacuaaao, ?oi ainoaa?­noaaiiia nioeaeuiia iaania?aiea a ia?eia Aaeia?neie ?an­ioaeeee auei a??ie?aoece?iaaiiui e aiiieiiui, iiiaea oaee eiaee noaiaoe?iue oa?aeoa?, a iaainoaa?noaaiiua, a ini­aaiiinoe ?aeeaeiciua, aeaaioai?eoaeuiua i?aaiecaoee one­eaiii noa?aeenu ainiieieou nouanoaiaaaoea i?iaaeu.
 105 State Economy, and Society in Western Europe 1815—1975 / Ed. by P. Flora et al. London, 1983. Vol. 1. Ni. a iniaaiiinoe oaa­eeou n aaoaie aaaaaiey nioeaeuiiai no?aoiaaiey a ea?aie caiaaiiaa?iiaeneie no?aia (n. 454) e aeiaieeo aai ?ani?i­no?aiaiey (n. 460—461); ni. oae?a: Johnson. Modern Times... P. 14-15.
 106 Madison A. A. Social Welfare in the Soviet Union. Stanford, 1968; ni. oae?a: Rubinow I. M. Studies in Workmen's Insurance: Italy, Rus­sia, Spain / Ph. D. dissertation. Columbia Univ., 1911 e Best P. J.
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 The Origins and Development of Insurance in Imperial and Soviet Russia / Ph. D. dissertation. New York Univ., 1965. Aano ioia?a­ao, ?oi niaaoneia ainoaa?noai oie?oi?eei ?anoiia no?aoiaaiea (iinea aiaa ia?aoeoaeuiuo eieaaaiee), ii anei?a auei au­io?aaii ainnicaaou ?acee?iua no?aoiaua nenoaiu. A 1921 a. aeanoe ecaaee aae?ao i aaaaaiee no?aoiaaiey io ii?a?ia, aieuiuo ?eaioiuo, iioa?u o?i?ay e o?ainii?oiuo i?ienoa­noaee. Oae?a auei ?ac?aoaii aia?iaieuiia ?anoiia no?aoiaa­iea. Iinea oiai eae eaiiaiey ca eiaono?eaeecaoe? aucaaea e ?ecie nenoaio nioeaeuiuo aa?aioee, a ?anoiia no?aoiaaiea auei eeeaeae?iaaii, iyiianeay nenoaia ainoaa?noaaiiiai no?aoiaaiey (Ainno?ao) noaea neo?eou aeaaiui ia?acii iana­eaie?, caiyoiio a naeuneii oicyenoaa. Aano, oeacuaay ia noia­noai ia?ao ainno?aoianeeie aeooa?eyie, ?aaioieeaie ?aeea­iu, aiii?a?iuie ?aaioieeaie e oi?aiaui ia?niiaeii, ooaa?­?aaao, ?oi no?aoiaea a Niaaoneii Ni?ca, a nouiinoe, auea «eaieoaeenoe?aneie» ii naiaio oa?aeoa?o.
 117 Ni.: The Bolshevik Revolution 1917—1918: Documents and Ma­terials / Ed. by J. Bunyan, H. H. Fisher. Stanford, 1961. P. 308.
 118 Dewar M. Labour Policy in the USSR 1917-1928. London, 1956; Minkoff J. The Soviet Social Insurance System since 1921 / Ph. D. dissertation. Columbia Univ., 1959.
 119 Rimlinger G. V. Welfare Policy and Industrialization in Europe, America, and Russia. New York, 1974. P. 260-69.
 120 Abrahamson R. The Reorganization of Social Insurance Institu­tions in the U. S. S. R. // Intern. Labour Rev. 1935. Vol. 31.
 121 Minkoff. The Soviet Social Insurance System... P. 25-28.
 122 I?e O?ou?aa o?iaaiu nioeaeuiuo iiniaee nouanoaaiii au?in, ii e oiaaa oaeu ninoiyea a noeioee?iaaiee i?iecaiaeoaeuii­noe o?oaa e iiaaaeaiee oaeo?anoe eaa?ia (ni.: Nioeaeuiia iaania?aiea a NNN?: Nai?iee ioeoeaeuiuo iaoa?eaeia. I„ 1962; ni. oae?a: Schlesinger R. The New Pension Law // Sov. Stud. 1957. Vol. 8, N 3. P. 307-20.
 123 Madison B. A. Social Welfare... P. 49.
 124 Rimlinger G. V. The Trade Union in Soviet Social Insurance: Historical Development and Present Functions // Industr. and Labor Relat. Rev. 1961. Vol. 24, ?3. P. 397-418. Eiienna?eao Nioeaeuiiai Iaania?aiey (Ia?eiiniaan) ian ioaaonoaai­iinou oieuei ca iiaeoinoai e aieain?i?iia aniiiiuanoaiaa­iea. Aieuoay ?anou iiniaee — io iiniaee ii iao?oainiinia­iinoe ai iiea?eaaaiiai ioionea — noaea ?ani?ino?aiyouny ?a­?ac i?ioni?cu e eie ?aaoee?iaaouny. A na?aaeia 1930-o aa.
 308
 i?ioni?cu auee inaiai?aaiu io ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca iaaeoei­neia ianeo?eaaiea, iineieueo a ea?anoaa [eiinoeoooeiiiiai] i?aaa iii noaei nei?aa ?anou? iauaai a?a?aoa i?aaeoaeunoaa, ?ai a?a?aoa nioeaeuiiai no?aoiaaiey. A 1937 a. i?ioni?cu ia?aaaee iainee ii noa?inoe a aaaaiea eiienna?eaoa nioeaeu­iiai iaania?aiey, a oi ?a a?aiy nio?aiea ca niaie iniiaio? ianno ?anoiaia ia nioeaeuiia iaania?aiea. Eiienna?eaou ni­oeaeuiiai iaania?aiey auee o??a?aaieyie ?anioaeeeaineiai o?iaiy. Oi?aaeaiea i?ioni?caie (AONIN) auei anani?ciui.
 125 Pedersen. Family, Dependence. Aa enneaaiaaiea a iniiaiii ii­nayuaii au?aaioea iieeoe?aneiai eo?na. Nioeaeuii-enoi?e­?aneea ca?eniaee ?aiuei, io??ei e aaoae, auaoeo ieoaiu? iieeoe?aneeo oaoiieiaia, e eo ?aaeoee ?aaee. N?.: Thane P. Women in the British Labour Party and the Construction of State Welfare, 1906-1939 // Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Po­litics and the Origins of Welfare States / Ed. by S. Koven, S. Mi­chel. New York, 1993. P. 343—77. Iiaiea i iaoa?iaeenoeeo aeeyieyo ia «iiaue eo?n» ni.: Mink G. The Wages of Mother­hood: Inequality in the Welfare State, 1917-1942. Ithaca, NY, 1995.
 126 Horn D. G. Social Bodies: Science, Reproduction, and Italian Modernity. Princeton, 1994. Eaiiaiee i?ioea eiio?aoaioee a Eoaeee iinoaaeee i?iaeaio eiio?iey iaa ?i?aaaiinou? a oaio? iauanoaaiiiai eioa?ana. A oi ?a a?aiy iiiaea aunoea ?oeiaiaeoaee ieacaeenu a oaio?a aieiaiey ec-ca ionoonoaey iioiinoaa.
 127 De Grazia V. How Fascism Ruled Women. A aa enneaaiaaiee Eoaeey neeuii iaiiieiaao eaoiee?aneo? O?aioe?: ionoono­aoao ianeeunoaaiiay noa?eeecaoey (eioi?o? i?aeoeeiaaee iaoenou), ii anou «eni?aaeoaeuiua» iaeiae ia oieinoyeia e ca aacaaoiinou, ia?aie?aiey ia eniieuciaaiea eiio?aoaioeaia e cai?ao ia aai?ou. Ii anee a Eoaeee aiiinaenoaeuiinou auea iinoaaeaia aia caeiia, oi ai O?aioee yoiai ia auei.
 128 Ayaea E?o aaao oi?ioee iaci? aeneonnee i oaiaa?a e nioe­aeuiii iaania?aiee, ia i?aaeaaay eaeeo-eeai ?aoaiee (ni.: Crew D. Ambiguities of Modernity).
 129 A?oaeie oaaaie auee caeii i caueoa iaoa?e e ?aaaiea (1937) e caeii i iaoeiiaeuiii no?aoiaaiee cai?iauy (1938). Iaeaieaa aaeaei eaouae i?aeoe?aneie ia?ie aue caeii i aiaiiie ii­iiue (1937) (ni.: Garon S. Molding Japanese Minds: the State in Everyday Life. Princeton, 1997; ni. oae?a: Uno E. Passages to Modernity: Motherhood, Childhood, and Social Reform in Early Twentieth Century Japan. Honolulu, 1999).
 309
 130 Beck H. The Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia: Conservatives, Bureaucracy, and the Social Question, 1815—70. Ann Arbor, 1995.
 131 Iirn D. Social Bodies...
 132 A?i?a? Ooaeiiao, eioi?ue i?a??eaaao ?aou?a ia?aaea­iu nioeaeuiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, iieacuaaao, ?oi iainoaa?no­aeaiea nioeaeuiiai iaania?aiey ia auea iaiiiai?aaeaiiui i?ioannii (ni.: Steinmetz G. Regulating the Social: The Wel­fare State and Local Politics in Imperial Germany. Princeton, 1993).
 133 Eaioea? oii Iaiai, iai?eia?, iaaeiye naieo i?aaoanoaaiie­eia a oii, ?oi iie «nicaaieai naiaai ?iaa ainoaa?noaa nioeaeu­iiai iaania?aiey» — yoiai eioia?iiai a?aiaie e eca?auaiey ii?iaeuiiai oi?aaeaiey — i?eaaee e «ii?aeuiiio enoiua­ie?» (ni.: Dokumente zur deutschen Verfassungs-geschichte / Ed. by E. Hunber. Stuttgart, 1966. Vol. 3. P. 486).
 134 Beveridge W. H. Social Insurance and Allied Services. New York, 1942. Aaaa?ea? iioae ai?acai aaeuoa naieo iieiiii?ee ia i?iaaaaiea oaoie?aneie ?aoi?iu nioeaeuiiai no?aoiaaiey e i?a?oee iauaa aeaaiea i?aaeoaeunoaaiiuo iaycaoaeunoa ii inaiai?aaie? io ieuaou.
 135 Flora P., Heidenheimer A. J. The Historical Core and Changing Boundaries of the Welfare State // The Development of the Welfare State in Europe and America / Ed. by P. Flora, A. J. Hei­denheimer. New Brunswick, London, 1981. P. 17—34.
 136 Myrdal A. Nation and Family: The Swedish Experiment in Demo­cratic Family and Population Policy. New York, 1941. Ie?aae, iiaiaii iiiaei a?oaei aa?iiaeoai, iinaoeea Aia?eeo, ?oiau naieie aeacaie oaeaaou, eae ?aaioaao ciaiaieoue Iiaue eo?n. Iaei enoi?ee iian?eoae, ?oi iauea cao?aou Aia?eee ia i?ia?aiiu caiyoinoe ianaeaiey e iiniaey ii aac?aaioeoa a 1930-o aa. i?aa?aoeee no?aio a naiue uaa?ue — ii nioeaeu­iui ?anoiaai — ?a?ei oiai a?aiaie (6.31 % iaoeiiaeuiiai aaeiaiai i?iaoeoa a 1938 a. a n?aaiaiee n 5.59 % a Aa?iaiee e 5.01 % a A?eoaiee). Ii yoio enoi?ee ia iuoaeny (eee aio au­ei aiaieuii o?oaii) i?iaanoe ia?aeeaeu n niaaoneeie iieaca­oaeyie: «caiyoinou ianaeaiey» (55 % ?anoiaia ia nioeaeuiua io?au a NOA) auea oai ii?oe anaiauae (ni.: Amenta ?. Bold Relief: Institutional Politics and the Origins of Modern American Social Policy. Princeton, 1998.)
 137 Aaeinoaaiiui enee??aieai yaeyaony ?eieeiaa? (ni.: Rim-linger. Welfare Policy...).
 310
 138 Amenta E. Bold Relief... P. 247-48; Rodgers. Atlantic Crossings... P. 485—501. Aiineaanoaee Aaaa?ea? aue e?aeia niouai oai, ?oi aai i?iaicaeaneee a?oeoaeoi?ii ainoaa?noaa anaiauaai aeaaininoiyiey (ni.: Bruce M. The Coming of the Welfare State. London, 1961 e Harris J. William Beveridge: A Biography. Ox­ford, 1977).
 139 Tiander K. Das Erwachen Osteuropas: die Nationalitatenbewegung und Russland der Weltkrieg. Erinnerungen und Ausblicke. Vienna; Leipzig, 1934; Borys J. The Sovietization of the Ukraine, 1917—1923: The Communist Doctrine and Practice of National Self-Determination, rev. ed. Edmonton, 1980.
 140 Werth P. Non-Russians on 'Russification': Religious Conversion, Indigenous Clergy, and Negotiated Assimilation in Late-Imperial Russia. Noaouy i?aanoaaeaia a I?einoiineii oieaa?neoaoa a oaa?aea 2000 a.
 141 Rich N. Hitler's War Aims. New York, 1974. 2 vols; Milward A. S. War, Economy, and Society, 1939-1945. London, 1977; The Japanese Wartime Empire, 1931 — 1945 / Ed. by P. Duus et al. Princeton, 1996. Ai 1931 a. yiiineee eiia?eaeeci o?eeny e ca­einoaiaae ec aa?iiaeneeo ia?acoia. A oi ?a a?aiy auiaoeaa­eenu eaae i caiaia Eeoay a ea?anoaa aceaoneiai «n?aaeiiiai oa?noaa» [?iiieae] (ni.: Gann L. H. Western and Japanese Co­lonialism: Some Preliminary Comparisons // The Japanese Colo­nial Empire, 1895-1945 / Ed. by R. H. Meters, M. Peattie. Princeton, 1984. P. 497—525; Beasley W. G. Japanese Imperialism, 1894-1945. Oxford, 1987).
 142 Hirsch F. Empire of Nations: Colonial Technologies and the Making of the Soviet Union, 1917-1939 / Ph. D. dissertation. Princeton Univ., 1998; ni. oae?a: Martin T. An Affirmative Action Empire: Ethnicity and the Soviet State, 1923-1938 / Ph. D. dissertation. Univ. of Chicago, 1996.
 143 Liber G. O. Soviet Nationality Policy, Urban Growth, and Identity Change in the Ukrainian SSR 1923-1934. New York, 1992. P. 32-33. Ia Ynoiiee ni.: Aun E. The Cultural Autonomy of National Minorities in Estonia // Yearbook of the Estonian Learned Society in America. 1951—53. Vol. 1. P. 26—41. Enneaai­aaiey Niaaoneie Oe?aeiu a ia?eia ia?ao aieiaie iiaee au auea?aou io n?aaiaiee n Iieuoae (ni.: Horak S. Poland and Her National Minorities, 1918-1939. New York, 1961; Vyvytsky S., Baron S. Western Ukraine under Poland in Ukraine: A Concise Encyclo­pedia, I. Toronto, 1963. P. 833-50; Motyl A.J. Ukrainian Natio­nalist Political Violence in Inter-War Poland, 1921-1939 // East
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 Europ. Quart. 1985. Vol. 19, N 1. P. 45-55; Stachura P. National Identity and the Ethnic Minorities in Early Inter-War Poland // Poland between the Wars. New York, 1998. P. 60-86).
 144 Livezeanu I. Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building, and Ethnic Struggle, 1918-1930. Ithaca, 1995. N?. n Iieaaaeae, iniiaaiiie a 1924 a. e ?anoe?aiiie a nayce ni aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiie: Dima N. From Moldova to Moldova: The Soviet-Romanian Territorial Dispute. New York, 1991 e King Ch. The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture. Stanford, 2000.
 145 Ataturk and the Modernizaiton of Turkey / Ed. by J. M. Landua. Boulder, CO, 1984; Brockett G. D. Collective Action and the Tur­kish Revolution: Towards a Framework for the Social History of the Ataturk Era, 1923-1928 // Turkey before and after Ataturk: Internal and External Affairs / Ed. by S. Kedourie. London and Portland, OR, 1999. P. 44-66.
 146 Ataturk and the Modernizaiton of Turkey...; Brockett G. D. Col­lective Action and the Turkish Revolution... P. 44—66. Ni. oae?a: Northrop D. T. Uzbek Women and the Veil: Gender and Power in Stalinist Central Asia / Ph. D. dissertation. Stanford Univ., 1999. A Oo?oee auei cai?auaii iioaiea oanie, ii ?ac?aoa­eanu ia?aia?a, oioy Aoao??e ioaee?ii auneacuaae iaiaia­?aiea ii yoiio iiaiao. A 1830-i a. «o??eeoeeaoey» no?aiu ana aieuoa a?auaeanu aie?oa o??eneie «?anu», [eaay eioi­?ie] iiae?aieyeanu oai?eyie i o??eao oaio?aeuiie Acee eae i?a?iaeoaeyo anae oeaeeecaoee (ni.: Keydar N. The Ot­toman Empire // After Empire: Multiethnic Societies and Na­tion-Building. The Soviet Union and the Russian, Ottoman, and Habsburg Empires / Ed. by K. Barkey, M. von Hagen. Boul­der, 1997. P. 30-44; Mardin S. The Ottoman Empire // Ibid. P. 115-29).
 147 Lenczowski G. Russia and the West in Iran, 1918-1948: A Study in Big-Power Rivalry. Ithaca, NY, 1949.
 148 Young L. Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism. Berkeley, 1998, oeo. ia n. 303. A ianniao? yiea?aoe? aueeeinu ia?anaeaiea a Iaiu??io-ai aieaa ?ai 300 000 e?anouyi, ?oi aiaeiae?ii iioieo eoaeuyineeo e?a­nouyi a Eeae? a 1930-a aa. (ni.: Segre N. The Fourth Shore: The Italian Colonization of Libya. Chicago, 1974). I ia?aiaiiie iea?aoee aioo?e Niaaoneiai Ni?ca, a iniaaiiinoe i iea?a­oee yoie?aneeo ?onneeo a a?oaea ?anioaeeee, ni.: Simon G. Nationalism and Policy towards the Nationalities in the Soviet
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 Union: From Totalitarian Dictatorship to Post-Stalinist Society. Boulder, CO, 1991. P. 118-25.
 149 Robinson M. 1) Broadcasting, Cultural Hegemony, and Colonial Modernity in Korea, 1924—1945 // Colonial Modernity in Korea / Ed. by G. Shin, M. Robinson. Cambridge, MA, 1999. P. 52-69; 2) Mass Media and Popular Culture in 1930s Korea: Cultural Control, Identity, and Colonial Hegemony // Korean Studies: New Pacific Currents / Ed. by D. Suh. Manoa, 1999. P. 59-82. 150 Brooks B.J. Peopling the Japanese Empire: The Koreans in Man­churia and the Rhetoric of Inclusion // Japan's Competing Mo­dernities: Issues in Culture and Democracy 1900—1930 / Ed. by S. Minichiello. Manoa, 1998. P. 25-44.
 151 Castillo G. Peoples at an Exhibition: Soviet Architecture and the National Question // Socialist Realism without Shores / Ed. by Th. Lahusen, E. Dobrenko. Durham, NC, 1997. P. 91-119; ni. oae?a: Iaia?iue A. Eoeuoo?a aaa. 2-a eca. I., 1996 e Gam­brellj. The Wonder of the Soviet World // New York Rev. of Books. 1994. Vol. 22. December. P. 30-35.
 152 Iaiyoiee ia?iaiiio oicyenoao: AAIO eniieieeinu 60 eao // Eiiia?naio. 1999. 30 e?ey.
 153 Eanoeeei ia?aaeaaao iaeeo, ?anniao?eaay Niaaoneee Ni?c eae ie? a naaa, e oioneaao aicii?iinou n?aaiaiey niaaoneie a?oeoaeoo?u n WPA eee ii?ae?aneeie iioeaaie, iienai­iuie a i?ei. 24; ni. oae?a: Lebovics H. True France: The Wars over Cultural Identity, 1900-1945. Ithaca, 1992 e Marshall D. B. The French Colonial Myth and Constitution Making in the Fourth Republic. New Haven, 1973.
 154 Tipps D. N Modernization Theory and the Comparative Study of Societies: A Critical Perspective // Compar. Stud. in Soc. and Hist. 1973. Vol. 15, N 2. P. 199-226; Pletsch N. The Three Worlds, or the Division of Social Scientific Labor, circa 1950—1975 // Ibid. 1981. Vol. 23, N 2. P. 565-90.
 155 Schapiro L. Totalitarianism. London, 1972; Gleason A. Totalita­rianism: the Inner History of the Cold War. New York, 1995; Liebich A. From the Other Shore: Russian Social Democracy after 1921. Cambridge, MA, 1997.
 156 Allen W. Sh. The Nazi Seizure of Power: the Experience of a Single German Town 1922-1945. New York, 1965, 1984.
 157 Aaoaeuii i niaaoneie iieeoe?aneie nenoaia e aa aeiaieea ni. ii? eieao: Magnetic Mountain, ae. 7.
 158 Kolakowski L. Communism as a Cultural Formation // Survey. 1985. Vol. 29, ? 2. P. 136-48; ni. oae?a: Gross J. EEPS.
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 159 Mazower M. Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century. New York, 1999; ni. oae?a: Newman K.J. European Democracy bet­ween the Wars. London, 1970; iai. i?ea.— 1965). E neea iaoe­noneiai auciaa e caiicaaeinoe a?eoaineiai ioaaoa Iaeciaa? noae aieiaoaeuii ioiineouny aeaaiaa?y eco?aie? iiuoa A?a­oee ai a?aiy iaoenoneie ieeoiaoee e iaiin?aanoaaiii iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu.
 160 Overy R.J. War and Economy in the Third Reich. Oxford, 1994.
 161 ?eao?anou yoiai nii?a i?aaeaia ec: Rossman M. National So­cialism and Modernization // Bessel. Fascist Italy and Nazi Ger­many... P. 197-229.
 162 Peukert. The Weimar Republic... P. xiii; Burleigh M., Wipper­mann W. The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945. New York, 1991, oeo. ia n. 2—4.
 163 ?aoaa?i ec oanoe iuneeoaeae, aua?aiiuo aey aaiiie eieae (Oiaiaea?, Oaeaaaaa?, Oieoo e Ciiaa?o), ia oeeaauaa?ony a yoe ?aiee (ni.: Herf J. Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Cul­ture, and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich. New York, 1984). Niaa?oaiii i?ioeaiiiei?io? a?aoiaioaoe? ni.: Aaeoai ?. Modernity and the Holocaust. Ithaca, 1989.
 164 Ii iiaiao oiai, ?oi ii?ii auei au iacaaou i?iaeaiie «ee-eeaa?aeuiie noauaeoeaiinoe», ni.: Hellbeck J. Laboratories of the Self: Diaries from the Stalin Era / Ph. D. dissertation. Columbia Univ., 1998.
 165 Iriye A. Power and Culture: the Japanese-American War, 1941— 1945. Cambridge, MA, 1981.
 166 Fulop-Miller R. The Mind and Face of Bolshevism: An Examination of Cultural Life in Soviet Russia. London and New York, 1927. P. 4.
 167 Van Atta D. The USSR as a 'Weak State': Agrarian Origins of Resistance to Perestroika // World Politics. 1989. Vol. 42, N1. P. 129—49; ni. oae?a: Lindbloom Ch. Politics and Market. New York, 1977.
 168 Iaiaeay e?iiey anou a oii, ?oi «oai?ee» ianniaiai iauanoaa noaee iniaaiii iiioey?iu a 1950-o aa., eiaaa ianniaia iauano­ai e ianniaay iieeoeea auoaniyeenu ianniaui iio?aaeaieai. Eo iaci? ni.: Giner S. Mass Society. New York, 1976; ni. oae?a: Geiger Th. Die Legende von der Massengesellschaft // Arch. Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. 1951. Vol. 39, N3. P. 305-53.
 169 Stahl K. British and Soviet Colonial Systems. London, 1951; Se­ton-Watson H. The New Imperialism. Chester Springs, PA, 1961.
 170 Kolarz W. Russia and Her Colonies. New York, 1953. P. 307-308; Seton-Watson H. The New Imperialism...; Bennigsen A. Coloniza-
 314
 tion and Decolonization in the Soviet Union // J. Contemp. Hist. 1969. Vol. 4, N 1. P. 141-52.
 171 Ni. oae?a i?iaea?aneo? ?aaioo: Stead W. Th. The Americaniza­tion of the World, or, The Trend of the Twentieth Century. New York, 1902. Aaoi? i?aaaeaae aoaouaa iiaouanoai Niaaeiaiiuo Ooaoia. Eanaoaeuii A?eoaineie eiia?ee, enoiay ec ?aniauo niia?a?aiee, ii aunooiae ca aa neeyiea n Niaaeiaiiuie Ooa­oaie. A i?ioeaiii neo?aa, i?aaoi?a?aae ii, A?eoaiey — a oi a?aiy naiay aiaaoay e neeuiay no?aia a ie?a — iea?aony ia?aa oaeoii «iiaaaeaiey ian Niaaeiaiiuie Ooaoaie, eioi?ua noaioo oaio?ii i?eoy?aiey aiaeiaiai?yuaai ie?a... e, a eoiaa, iecaaaaiey [A?eoaiee] ai noaoona aiaeiaiai?yuae Aaeuaee» (n. 396).
 172 Eae yoi ie oaeaeoaeuii, Y?ee Oianaioi a naiae ie?iaie en­oi?ee XX a. ii?oe iieiinou? iaoiaeo noi?iiie Niaaeiaiiua Ooaou. Iaiaei n?aae aeaaiuo niauoee enoi?ee XX a. auee ia oieuei iai?eaaiiua iiauai e iaaaiea niaaoneiai nioeaeecia e Niaaoneiai Ni?ca, ia oieuei iniiaaiiia ia ianeeee e a eoiaa inoaiiaeaiiia ?ac?anoaiea Aa?iaiee e ?iiiee, niaieaoaany eo ie?iui i?ioaaoaieai, ia oieuei ia?aiia?aeuiia ?anoe?a­iea e aieaee eiiao A?eoaineie e O?aioocneie eiia?ee, ii e a?aiaeiciue eieinn Niaaeiaiiuo Ooaoia (ni.: Hobsbawm E. The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914-1991. New York, 1994; Gambrell J. The Wonder of the Soviet World // New York Rev. of Books. 1994. Vol. 22. December. P. 30-35).
 E AII?INO I ?AINEII OAIAIEUNOAEE: NAENOAEUIINOU E EAAIOE?IINOU. Aiia O?ieeia
 ?aineia oaiaieunoaea eae «ionoonoaea»: iauynieoaeuiua iiaaee
 A ?aineeo naenoaeuiuo aeia?aoeyo ainoaoi?ii ?ani?ino?a­iaiiie yaeyaony oeenaoey ionoonoaey oaiaeaoai?aiey e/eee oaiaieunoaey a naenoaeuiie ?ecie. Ii aaiiui ii?ina ianaeaiey a Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa, i?aaci eniuouaa?o a aieuoeinoaa neo?aaa: io??eiu — 87, ?aiueiu — 46 %; ieeiaaa, ?aaei eee aiaieuii ?aaei: io??eiu — 5, ?aiueiu — 36 % (?ai?acaioaoeaiue ii?in ianaeaiey Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa, 1996 a., auai?ea 2078 ?aeiaae, — ni.: Gronow et al., 1997).
 A oai?aoe?aneeo iiaoiaao anou ianeieuei aa?eaioia iauynia­iey «aaiaa?iiai ?ac?uaa» a naenoaeuiii oaiaeaoai?aiee, e eioi­?ui ioiinyony aeieiae?aneea, nioeaeuii-eoeuoo?iua e aeneo?­neaiua iiaaee. I?e yoii nia?aiaiiui enneaaiaaoaeyi naeno­aeuiinoe i?eoiaeony oae eee eia?a ii?aaaeyou nai? iiceoe? ii ioiioaie? e e?eoe?aneie iunee Ooei e aai iineaaiaaoaeae, ei­oi?ay «i?eio?aaao» e ?aoeaenee ii iiaiao o?anoey a i?iaeaia­oecaoee naenoaeuiinoe, Ooei aini?eieiaaony eae nicaaoaeu «aeneo?neaiinoe» (Ooei, 1996), aia eioi?ie iaaicii?ii iuneeou oaiiiai naenoaeuiinoe. ?aineay naenoaeuiinou a oai?aoe?aneeo aeneo?nao i?aanoaao eae ineoioeceieiae?aneay eiaeiainou, eae i?iaeaia «eeaa?aeuiiai ?ane?aiiuaiey», eae niinia ainoe?a­iey noauaeoeaiinoe e eae iaaicii?iinou noauaeoeaaoee ?ainei­ai-eiiai.
 «A 19 aaea o?eaeaiinou, aac?acee?ea e iiie?aiiay naenoaeu­iay aeoeaiinou ?aiuei n?eoaeanu aeieiae?anee ii?iaeuiui» (Eii, 1988. N. 228). Iiiiceoey io?neie aeoeaiinoe e ?aineie ianneaiinoe, iin?aanoaii eioi?ie, a eioa?i?aoaoee O?aeaa, ia?aoaaony «ii?iaeuiay» ?ainoaaiiinou, i?aoa?iaa iii?anoaai­iua eciaiaiey, ?anoi aica?auaaony a oaenou eae eiieeoeoiia i?aaiiei?aiea ia iniaaiiinoyo aeieiae?aneiai no?iaiey ?ai-
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 neiai i?aaiecia e ?aineiai oa?aeoa?a e auoaea?ueo ec ieo ini­aaiiinoyo ineoinaenoaeuiiai ?acaeoey. I?e yoii nia?aiaiiay naenieiaey ?acaaeyao iiei?aiea i «aeieiae?anee» ii?iaeuiie ianneaiinoe ?aiueiu o?a ia oae yaii. Eae oeacuaaao E. Eii, oa­cen i (aeieiae?anee) aieaa iicaiai nic?aaaiee y?ioe?aneeo ?a­aeoee o ?aiuei iinoaiaiii caiaiyaony oacenii ia iniaaiiinoyo ineoioeceieiaee, i nei?iinoyo ?aineie naenoaeuiinoe, auoa­ea?uae ec eiinoeoooeiiaeuiuo iniaaiiinoae e/eee iniaaiii­noae eiaeaeaoaeuiie aeia?aoee e ainieoaiey: «?aineee i?aaci e oeceieiae?anee, e ineoieiae?anee nei?iaa io?neiai, e ia ana ?aiueiu aai eniuouaa?o... A eaeie ia?a yoi caaeneo io eiinoe­oooeiiaeuiuo iniaaiiinoae, a a eaeie — io oneiaee ainieoaiey e eiaeaeaoaeuiiai iiuoa (iaeioi?ua ?aiueiu ia eniuouaa?o i?aacia i?e iieiaii aeoa, ii ia?a?eaa?o aai i?e ianoo?aaoee), neacaou nei?ii» (Oai ?a. N. 229).
 Nioeieiaey naenoaeuiinoe naycuaaao aaiaa?iue ?ac?ua n ?ai?anne?iaaiiie «aeeoi?eaineie» naenoaeuiinou? ai ia?ei­aa «naenoaeuiie ?aaie?oee» e n aaiaa?iie aneiiao?eae iaua­noaaiiiai ii?yaea. Nioeaeuii-eoeuoo?iua oneiaey i?eaa?o oeceieiae?aneei iniaaiiinoyi ?aciua oi?iu, «iiaaaeaiiua» oi?iu naenoaeuiinoe — i?e eciaiaiee no?oeoo?iuo oneiaee — iiaoo auou ?ane?aiiuaiu e o?ainoi?ie?iaaiu a eiua. Eiiaai­oeiiaeuiie iinueeie nioeieiaee naenoaeuiinoe yaeyaony oa­cen i oii, ?oi «naenoaeuiay ?aaie?oey» (60—70-a aa. ia Caiaaa) ?ane?aiiuaao ?aineo? naenoaeuiinou, iiauoaao naenoaeuio? oaiaeaoai?aiiinou. Aaiiua ii?inia, i?iaiaeiua a Aa?iia e a Naaa?iie Aia?eea, eee?no?e?o?o yoe oaiaaioee (ni., iai?e­ia?: Kontula, Haavio-Mannila, 1995). E. Eii oeacuaaao, ?oi oai­aaioee naenoaeuiie eeaa?aeecaoee yaey?ony iauaie?iauie. E iei ioiinyony aieaa ?aiiaa naenoaeuiia nic?aaaiea e i?iao­?aaiea y?ioe?aneeo ?oanoa o iia?inoeia e ia?aei naenoaeuiie ?ecie, nioeaeuiia e ii?aeuiia i?eiyoea aia?a?iie naenoaeu­iinoe e ni?eoaeunoaa, no?aiea noa?u cai?aoiiai a eoeuoo?a e ?ino iauanoaaiiiai eioa?ana e y?ioeea, ?ino oa?ieiinoe ii ioiioaie? e iaiau?iui, aa?eaioiui e aaaeaioiui oi?iai naenoaeuiinoe, oaaee?aiea ?ac?uaa ia?ao iieieaieyie a nae­noaeuiuo onoaiiaeao, oaiiinoyo e iiaaaaiee. Eeaa?aeecaoey aee??aao oae?a ineaaeaiea «aaieiiai noaiaa?oa», o. a. ?aciuo ii?i e i?aaee naenoaeuiiai iiaaaaiey aey io??ei e aey ?ai­uei, ?anaenoaeecaoe? ?aiuei, eioi?uo ?aiaa ii?aeu n?eoaea
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 anaenoaeuiuie, ?ino cia?aiey naenoaeuiie oaiaeaoai?aiiinoe eae oaeoi?a oaiaeaoai?aiiinoe a?aeii (Eii, 1997. N. 177). Naenoaeuiinou ioaaeyaony io ?ai?iaoeoee, iia noaiiaeony aa­oiiiiiie e ioe?uoie aey ?aiuei (Giddens, 1992). Aaoi?u, ?a­aioa?uea a aaiiie ia?aaeaia, a oie eee eiie noaiaie ?acaaey­?o «?ai?anneaio? aeiioaco», o. a. i?aaiieaaa?o, ?oi eciaiaiey (eeaa?aeecaoey) naenoaeuiinoe eia?o eiio??ai?anneaiue oa­?aeoa?.
 I. Ooei e aai iineaaiaaoaee e?eoe?anee ioiinyony e nioei­eiae?aneei i?iaeoai, niinianoao?uei «auaaaaie? naena a aen­eo?n» e «eiio?ie? ca iianaaiaaiuie oaiaieunoaeyie». Nae­noaeuiinou, eioa?i?aoe?oaiay a aooa Ooei, noaiiaeony «?aoei­iaeece?iaaiiie», «oeiaeece?iaaiiie», «oaoiece?iaaiiie», «i?i­oanneiiaeece?iaaiiie», aa «noaee oa?aeoa?eciaaou ii iaiiio ec aa ?acoeuoaoia, ?anoiio, ii ia no?iai iaiaoiaeiiio, a eiaiii — ii oaiaieunoae?, eioi?ia iia ii?ao ainoaaeou», a iae aaaaony iinoiyiiue o?ao naenoaeuiiai oaiaieunoaey (Aa?ai, 1997. N. 15—16). «I?aaci noaiiaeony iaiia?aiaiii e ii?oe iaec­aa?iui ao?eaooii e yoaeiiii ecia?aiey naenoaeuiiai oaiaieu­noaey» (Oai ?a. N. 17). Ia eiaao niunea iiaoi?you ecaanoio? e?eoeeo a aa?an iiceoeaenoneeo enneaaiaaiee naenoaeuiinoe ni noi?iiu iineaaiaaoaeae Ooei, iaiaei oea?ai, ?oi naenoaeuiia oaiaeaoai?aiea eae «ao?eaoo e yoaeii» naenoaeuiinoe eiaao ?aciue niune aey io??ei e aey ?aiuei, ?oi ?anoi oneieucaao io aaiaa?ii-ia?oanoaeoaeuiuo enneaaiaaiee e enneaaiaaoaeae. Aeneo?n oaeaniiai oaiaieunoaey i?eio?aaao ?aiueio e iaio, ii iaiia?aiaiii e i?aiyonoaoao ?aaeecaoee aaiiiai i?eio?aa­iey. Naenoaeuiinou eae nioeaeuiay i?aeoeea iaaaeyaony oaie niuneaie, eioi?ua i?aaei?aiu e ia?aie?aiu niia?ie?a?ueie aeneo?naie, iaiaei, eae aoaao iieacaii aaeaa, ie iaei ec yoeo aeneo?nia ia yaeyaony aaiaa?ii-eiaeooa?aioiui.
 A oaieienoneie eeoa?aoo?a oaiiiai «aaiaa?iiai ?ac?uaa» o?ainoi?ie?oaony a eiioaio eiaeiainoe ?aiueiu e ?aineie naenoaeuiinoe. Ia?eiay n Neiiiu aa Aiaoa?, ooaa??aaaony, ?oi ?aiueia «iiciaao e auae?aao naay a ie?a, aaa io??eiu canoaa­ey?o aa i?eiyou naay eae A?oaiai: aa oioyo ii?aaaeeou a ea?anoaa iauaeoa» (Aiaoa?, 1997. N. 40), «ii - Noauaeo, ii — Aanie?o, iia — A?oaie» (Oai ?a. N. 28). Naenoaeuiinou ?aiueiu eiay, ii?aaaeyaiay eae iauaeoiay (ia ?onneii ycuea ni. oae?a nioei­eiae?aneo? eioa?i?aoaoe? ?aineie eiaeiainoe — Aieia, 1999,
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 2000; eoeuoo?ieiae?aneo?- ?a?aaeeia, 1998, 1999, 2000a). A iinono?oeoo?aeenoneie oaieienoneie eeoa?aoo?a — iia aeey­ieai enneaaiaaiee aeanoe e naenoaeuiinoe I. Ooei — naenoaeu­iinou eioa?i?aoe?oaony eae ?acoeuoao enoi?e?anee ii?aaaeai­iuo ioiioaiee aeanoe, a ?aieao eioi?uo ?aineee iiuo «eii­o?iee?oaony iin?aanoaii ii?aaaeaiiuo, eoeuoo?ii aaoa?ieie­?iaaiiuo ia?acia ?aineie naenoaeuiinoe» (McNay, 1992. N. 3). Oaieienoneea oai?aoeee, e?eoe?anee ia?ainiuneeaoea Ooei, Eaeaia, Aa??eao, ooaa??aa?o, ?oi ?aineay naenoaeuiinou iaau­?aceia a oaeei(ei)aioaio?e?iie (iao?ea?oaoiie) nenoaia. Yoa nenoaia ia?auaaony ia e ?aiueiai, ?oi niaiaaaao n oacenii Oo­ei ia aioe?iie ii?aee «caaiou i naaa». Ii?aeu ia?auaia e io?­?eiai, e oai, o eiai anou ioiineoaeuiay naiaiaa, a ia e ?aiueiai, ia eioi?uo iaei?aiu cai?aou e eioi?ua iiyaey?ony a oaeie nenoaia eeou a ea?anoaa iauaeoia (Ooei, 1996. N. 294—295). «Ii?aeu, neaaiaaoaeuii, io?neay, aaa ?aiueiu iiyaey?ony eeou a ea?anoaa iauaeoia eee, a eo?oai neo?aa, ia?oia?ia, ei­oi?uo neaaoao oi?ie?iaaou e ainieouaaou, eiaaa iie a oaiae aeanoe...» (Oai ?a).
 Nia?aiaiiua oai?aoeee oaieiecia iinono?oeoo?aeenoneiai iai?aaeaiey (ni., iai?eia?: E?n E?eaa?ye, 1999) ooaa??aa?o, ?oi ?aiueia eae a?oaie inoaaony ca i?aaaeaie oaeeieiaioai­o?e?iie nenoaiu, a eioi?ie iia ia ii?ao auou ?ai?acaioe?iaaia. «Iaeucy i?eaaou, ?oi ?aineia ?aeaiea aiai?eo ia oii ?a ycuea, ?oi e io?neia; ianiiiaiii, ?aineia ?aeaiea iia?aaaii iia oie eiaeeie, ?oi aiieie?oao ia Caiaaa ni a?aiai a?aeia» (Oai ?a. N. 66). ?aiueia a o?aaeoeiiiie eoeuoo?a «ii?aaaeyeanu ?a?ac eiinoeoooeaiia ionoonoaea ia?aiao?a ?aeaiey a no?oeoo?a ?ai­neie noauaeoeaiinoe: iia ia iaeaaaea nianoaaiiui ?aeaieai, ii aiieiuaea iauaeo ?aeaiey aey io?neiai noauaeoa, aey eioi?iai ia?aiao? ?aeaiey aue eiinoeoooeaiui» (?a?aaeeia, 2000a. N. 45). ?aineay noauaeoeaiinou ia ii?ao auou enneaaoaia a no?oeoo?a o?aaeoeiiiiai aeneo?neaiiai ciaiey. Eiaeiainou ?aiueiu noaiiaeony i?aiyonoaeai eae aey ?ai?acaioaoee, oae e aey aiaeeca naenoaeuiinoe: n?aanoaa eioa?i?aoaoee naie «ii?a­?aiu» oaeeieiaioaio?e?iuie niuneaie, ca i?aaaeu eioi?uo iie ia iiaoo i?iieeioou. Eiaiii iiyoiio nia?aiaiiua oaieie­noee e?eoe?anee ioiinyony e «aaiaa?iie neaiioa» Ooei. «Naeno­aeuiinou ia oieuei a iauai e o?aaeoeiiiii ieaia, ii oae?a e a aeneo?na Ooei eiino?oe?oaony ia eae aaiaa?ii ii?aaaeaiiay
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 (eia?uay io?neo? e ?aineo? oi?iu), a i?inoi eae io?neay. Aa?a oiaaa, eiaaa naenoaeuiinou i?aauaaao... a ?aineii oaea, iia i?aanoaao eae naienoai eee ainoiyiea io??eiu» (Eao?aoen, 2000. N. 356). Iaoin oaieienoneie e?eoeee naiaeony e oiio, ?oi cia?eiinou ?aaio Ooei «ia?aie?aia ?aaiiaooeai e oiio, ?oi iinea iaai iu iiaee au iacaaou „oaoiieiaeae aaiaa?a" — e oaoieeai e aeneo?neaiui no?aoaaeyi, i?e iiiiue eioi?uo eiino?oe?oaony aaiaa?» (Oai ?a. N. 358).
 A niioaaonoaee n iiei?aieyie oaieienoneeo oai?aoeeia nae­noaeuiinou eiino?oe?oaony aeneo?neaiuie no?aoaaeyie eae aai­aa?ii ii?aaaeaiiay — e a yoii caee??aaony eo aeaaiia ianiaea­nea n Ooei. Oaieienoneea oai?aoeee oae eee eia?a e?eoeeo?o oacen i ?aineie naenoaeuiinoe eae eiinoeoooeaiii ia?aiao?a noauaeoeaiinoe. ?oiau aueoe ec ooieea oai?aoe?aneiai i?ioeai­?a?ey iio?aaiinoe a ?aineie ?ai?acaioaoee e aa iaaicii?iinoe, oaeea o?aioocneea enneaaiaaoaee, eae E?ne E?eaa?ye e ?eey E?enoaaa, i?aaeaaa?o ia?aoeouny e iiaui ?ai?acaioaoeyi ?ai­neeo i?aeoee e eioa?i?aoaoeyi noauaeoeaiiai iiuoa oaean­iinoe, i?aiaieaaa?uei ?acaaeaiea ie?a ia noauaeou e iauae­ou e ooaa??aa?uei iacaaeneiinou eiaeiainoe.
 Ia?aeeaeuii aioo?e oaieiecia aicieeaao e?eoeea naaaaiey naenoaeuiinoe e ioiioaieyi aeanoe e iia?eiaiey, naenoaeuii­noe ?anniao?eaa?ony eae iii?anoaaiiua e aioo?aiia ea?a?oece­?iaaiua. Oaieienoneee aeneo?n ii?iaee iiaue aeoie eioa?i?a­oaoee e aaaaoia i ?aineie naenoaeuiinoe (?oaei, 1999). «Ioii­oaiey ia?ao oaieieciii e naenii yaey?ony nei?iuie», — ieoao aia?eeaineee aio?iiieia A. ?oaei (1999. N. 42). «Oaie­ienoneie iunee iii?inoo ia oaaoaao oaeia c?aiey, acaeya iia eioi?uie ii?ao i?aanoaaeou aieaa iieio? ea?oeio nioeaeuiie i?aaiecaoee naenoaeuiinoe» (Oai ?a. N. 51). Iaia o?aaeoey aioo?e oaieiecia i?ecuaaao e ?aineiio naenoaeuiiio inai­ai?aaie? (?ani?ino?aiyaiiio e ia ?aiuei, e ia io??ei). A?oaay — ?anniao?eaaao naenoaeuiia inaiai?aaiea eae oi, ?oi ?anoe?yao i?eaeeaaee io??ei. E?eoeeoy «aioenaenoaeuiua» oaiaaioee oaieienoneiai aeneo?na, «ainnicaa?uaai aanuia eii­na?aaoeaio? ii?aeu», ?oaei ooaa??aaao, ?oi «naenoaeuiia inai­ai?aaiea auei e i?iaie?aao inoaaaouny oaeu? oaieiecia» (Oai ?a. N. 44).
 Eoae, i?iaeaia ?aineie naenoaeuiinoe a oai?aoe?aneeo aen­eo?nao inoaaony i?iaeaiie «naenoaeuiie eeaa?aeecaoee», eiui
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 ia?acii eiino?oe?o?uae ?aineo? noauaeoeaiinou ii n?aaiaie? n io?neie. N iaiie noi?iiu, ooaa??aaaony «iaainoaoi?iinou» ?ane?aiiuaiey ?aineie naenoaeuiinoe, nii?y?aiiay n iniauie ?aineeie aai?eaaoeyie, n a?oaie — oi, ?oi «i?eioaeoaeuiinou» ?ane?aiiuaiey eiay ii n?aaiaie? n io?neie.
 Eiaeaeaoaeuiue iiuo e niiniau naenoaeuiie eaaioeoeea­oee, eioi?ua aiaeece?o?ony a aaiiie noaoua, aini?iecaiayo oae­?a oai?aoe?aneo? i?iaeaio «iaainoaoi?iinoe» e iaiia?aiaiii «iaaicii?iinoe» eiinoeooe?iaaiey ?aineie noauaeoiinoe ?a­?ac ia?aiao?u ?aeaiey/oaiaieunoaey. A aaiiii enneaaiaaiee naenoaeuiinou aiaeece?oaony ia aaoo o?iaiyo — eiaeaeaoaeuiii e aeneo?neaiii. Aiaeec naenoaeuiinoe ia o?iaia eiaeaeaoaeu­iiai iiuoa iieacuaaao, ?oi ?aineay eaaioe?iinou inoaaony eiaa­?aioiie oieuei i?e iaee?ee a iae ea?anoa, iienuaaaiuo a oa?­ieiao ianneaiinoe, caaeneiinoe, aacioaaonoaaiiinoe, iaeiiia­oaioiinoe, o. a. i?e iiceoeiie?iaaiee naay a ea?anoaa iauaeoa io?neiai aaenoaey e ?aeaiey. N?aanoaa naenoaeuiie eaaioe­oeeaoee ?aiueiu oi?ie?o?ony a caaeneiinoe io «acaeyaa» e ioaiee cia?eiiai a?oaiai (io??eiu).
 Eeaa?aeuiue aeneo?n «naenoaeuiiai ?ane?aiiuaiey» eiioa 80—90-o aa. caaaao nenoaiu ?aoa?aioee aey eioa?i?aoaoee ei­aeaeaoaeuiiai iiuoa, ii i?eio?aaao ioaieaaou naenoaeuio? ?eciu ioiineoaeuii oaiaieunoaey, iaiia?aiaiii canoaaeyy ?aiueio iuneeou naay a ea?anoaa iauaeoa naenoaeuiiai acaeii­aaenoaey.
 Caaa?a, eioi?ay iinoaaeaia a aaiiii enneaaiaaiee — aiaeec naenoaeuiiai iiuoa, eioi?ue aini?eieiaaony e eioa?i?aoe?o­aony eae iaiin?aanoaaiii ia?a?eaaaiue, — ia i?aoaiaoao ia eniieuciaaiea eiioaioee Ooei e neaaiaaiea aai iaoiaieiaee. Iia eeou ionueaao e Ooei naiae iinoaiiaeie e iaoinii, a oae?a iicaieyao e?eoe?anee ioianoenu e nianoaaiiiio enneaaiaaoaeu­neiio aecaeio e iieo?aiiui ?acoeuoaoai. Eeaa?aeuiue aeneo?n caaaao aecaei nioeieiae?aneeo enneaaiaaiee (a oii ?enea e aai­iiai i?iaeoa), a eioi?uo eciaiaiey naenoaeuiinoe naycuaa?ony n aa «inaiai?aaieai», e?eoa?eyie ?aai a ?enea i?i?aai aunoo­iaao noaiaiu oaiaeaoai?aiiinoe naenoaeuiuie ioiioaieyie. I?aanoaaeaiea ia oaiaieunoaee eae i ?aeaaiie oaiiinoe ?acaa­eyaony e enneaaiaaoaeyie, e enneaaoaiuie e aunooiaao a ea?a­noaa cia?eiie ?aoa?aioee aaiaa?iie eaaioe?iinoe, oi?ie?oa­iie e ?ai?acaioe?oaiie a noa?a naenoaeuiiai.
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 Enneaaiaaoaeuneay i?iaeaia e yiie?e?aneea aaiiua
 Ianoiyuaa enneaaiaaiea ?aineie naenoaeuiinoe e oaiaieuno­aey iie?aaony ia ?acoeuoaou ?inneenei-oeineiai i?iaeoa, ino­uanoaeaiiiai a Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa a 1996—1997 aa. Yiie?e?a­neo? aaco ninoaaey?o 25 aeia?aoee ai?ianeeo ?aiuei n aunoei ia?aciaaieai o?ao aic?anoiuo eiai?o, iieo?aiiuo iaoiaii aeo­aeiiiai oieone?iaaiiiai eioa?au?1.
 Oaeu? noaoue yaeyaony aiaeec eiino?oeoa oaiaieunoaey e aai niioiioaiey n ?aineie eaaioe?iinou?, ?ai?acaioe?oaiie a aei­a?aoeyo. Niioiioaiea eaaioe?iinoe e oaiaieunoaey ?anniao?e­aaaony ia aaoo o?iaiyo — ia o?iaia aeneo?neaiie neooaoee e ia o?iaia eiaeaeaoaeuiiai iiuoa.
 Aeneo?neaiay neooaoey ii ioiioaie? e naenoaeuiinoe ia­iyaony a ?innee a eiioa 80-o aa. Naenoaeuiinou noaiiaeony oa­iie ioaee?iiai aeneo?na, a ?aieao eioi?iai icao?eaaaony iiaay oaia oaeaniiai oaiaieunoaey. A eiaeaeaoaeuiii iiuoa ?aiuei oaiaieunoaea ia?ainiuneyaony eae iaiaoiaeiay ninoaaey?uay naenoaeuiie ?ecie (aeia?aoee). Iaee?ea/ionoonoaea oaiaieu­noaey noaiiaeony cia?eiui eiiiiiaioii aaiaa?iie (?aineie) eaaioeoeeaoee.
 Iaoa?eaeu aeia?aoee iicaiey?o i?iaiaeece?iaaou, eaeei ia?acii iaiyaony ioiioaiea e oaiaieunoae? a eiino?oeoee ?aineie naenoaeuiinoe.
 Oaiaieunoaea ia yaeyeinu niaoeaeuiui i?aaiaoii aaiiiai eioa?au?e?iaaiey. Eioa?au? iinayuaeinu oe?ieiio niaeo?o aii?inia, eana?ueony naenoaeuiinoe, e aee??aei neaao?uea oa­iu: aaonoai, nooaai?aneea aiau, a?ae, ?acaia, aaianoai, ia?ae­eaeuiua naenoaeuiua ioiioaiey, ioiioaiey ni noaaeeuiui ia?oia?ii (ia?oia?aie), caaaaaeenu aii?inu, eana?ueany ?acai­ai?ia i naena n ia?oia?ii, e?aae, ioiioaiey e aa?euoa?o, naeno­aeuiiai ianeeey, naena iia aaaeaieai, aaoneiai naenoaeuiiai iiuoa, ?aaiinoe, eiio?aoaioee, aai?oia, aaoi?i?aaiey, iaino­?oaoee, eeeiaena, aaia?e?aneeo caaieaaaiee, eiio?aoaioee, nae­noaeuiuo oaoiee, oaea, aiiinaenoaeecia.
 Iienaiea oaiaieunoaey a eioa?au? iiyaeyaony a ?aciuo ?a­?aauo neooaoeyo. Ii?oe a iieiaeia neo?aaa ?anneacu ia oaiaieu­noaee e naenoaeuiii oaiaeaoai?aiee yaey?ony iani?iaioe?i­aaiiuie, aicieeoeie a iiaanoaiaaiee aac niaoeaeuiuo aii?i­nia eioa?au?a?a. A iaiii neo?aa aaiiue n??ao ia iano?aaaony:
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 eioa?au?a? ia caaaao i?yiuo aii?inia, a eioi?iaioea oaio ia cao?aaeaaao. I?eia?ii a iaiie o?aoe eioa?au? caaaaaeenu i?yiua aii?inu, eana?ueany naenoaeuiiai oaiaeaoai?aiey e i?aacia, eee einaaiiua (iai?eia?, «?oi naiia i?eyoiia a naeno­aeuiuo ioiioaieyo»), a oii neo?aa, eiaaa a iiaanoaiaaiee aic­ieeaee oaiaoe?anee aeeceea n??aou. A inoaeuiuo neo?ayo ei­oa?au?a?u aii?inaie ia oaiaeaoai?aiee caaaaaee iiao? oaio, ia eioi?o? ?aaae?iaaee ioaa?a?uea.
 Niune oaiaieunoaey eae eiaeaeaoaeuiiai iiuoa caaeneo io eiioaenoa, a eioi?ue ii iiiauai a ?anneaca. Cia?eiua niuneiaua ?yau, o. a. aiieie?o?uea oaiu ?anneacia, caaa?o ?aiee eioa?i?aoaoee oaiaieunoaey. E oaeei oaiai ioiinyony a?ae—aaoi?i?aaiea, ?oanoaa, ee?iua ioiioaiey, naiiooaa??aa­iea, oaeaniinou. A enneaaiaaiee, ?aiaa inouanoaeaiiii a ?aieao aaiiiai i?iaeoa, iiie auee auaaeaiu neaao?uea noaia?ee naenoaeuiinoe: i?iiaoaeuiue (?anneac i naenoaeuiie ?ecie au­no?aeaaaony eae ?anneac i naiaeiie ?ecie, ?iaao, aai?oao), ?i­iaioe?aneee (?anneac i e?aae e ?oanoaao), eiiioieeaoeaiue (?anneac i a?o?aa), aaaiienoe?aneee (?anneac i oaeaniuo acaeii­aaenoaeyo e oaiaieunoaeyo) (O?ieeia, 1999). Aiineaanoaee aue ?aeiino?oe?iaai aua iaei noaia?ee — ?uii?iue (?anneac i naena eae i?aaiaoa iaiaia aeaaaie).
 Aey iienaiey oaiaieunoaey eniieuco?ony ?aciua ?a?aaua i?eaiu. A iaeioi?uo neo?ayo (yoi iaeaieaa oa?aeoa?ii aey noa?­oae aic?anoiie eiai?ou) iienaiea aucuaaao cao?oaiaiey, ei­oi?iaioee ecaaaa?o i?yiiai iano?aaiey oaiu, eniieuco?o nei­aa-yaoaieciu, oeacaoaeuiua ianoieiaiey e i?., oeacuaa?o ia nei?iinoe, eioi?ua o ieo aucuaaao i?aaiao ?acaiai?a («Iu a niaaoneia a?aiy ?i?aaiiua, n?eoay, ?oi naena eae oaeiaiai iao, e ?aiueia nouaii ou-ou-ou» (58 eao)). A a?oaeo neo?ayo ?an­neac ia oaiaieunoaee aienuaaeny a ia??aoea ia ioiioaieyo (a naenoaeuiuo ioiioaiey «naiia i?eyoiia — eiaaa ?aeiaae aoiaao i oaaa» (59 eao)), naiiooaa??aaiee («? ie?aai ia eniu­oaea, e?iia ii?aeuiiai oaiaeaoai?aiey» (32 aiaa)) e iaaaeyeny neiiieie?aneei ei niuneii. A eioa?au? niaa??aony e ia??a­oeau, oieone?oaiua ia oaeaniii oaiaieunoaee, a eioi?uo ei­oi?iaioee iia?e?o?o «naenieiae?aneie» eaeneeie, iienuaay naenoaeuiia oaiaieunoaea (e/eee oaiaeaoai?aiea), i?aaci, aic­ao?aaiea, ?aeaiea e eniieucoy ?aciiia?acio? nii?y?aiio? (a oii ?enea iianaaiaaio?) eaeneeo.
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 ?acee?iua eioa?i?aoaoee oaiaieunoaey caaenyo io iiiaua­iey ?aiueiie naay a ii?aaaeaiio? iiceoe?, io niiniaia eaai­oeoeeaoee a naenoaeuiuo ioiioaieyo. A i?ioanna eaaioeoeea­oee eniieuco?ony aeneo?neaiua n?aanoaa, ec eioi?uo caanu ian eioa?anoao niioiioaiea aaoo i?ioannia — «i?eio?aaiea» e oai­aieunoae? e «i?eio?aaiea» e ?ainoaaiiinoe eae eoeuoo?ii i?eaieaiie aaiaa?iie eaaioe?iinoe.
 ?anniio?ei nia?aea aeneo?neaio? neooaoe?, a caoai i?iaia­eece?oai niuneu oaiaieunoaey a naenoaeuiuo aeia?aoeyo ?ai­uei, i?aaee aai i?iecaianoaa e ?iee a oi?ie?iaaiee aaiaa?iie eaaioe?iinoe.
 Naenoaeuiinou a ?innee 90-o aa.: aeneo?neaiay neooaoey
 Iauo? aeneo?neaio? neooaoe? a ?innee 90-o aa. ii ioiioa­ie? e naenoaeuiinoe eciaiee ioaee?iue aaaiienoe?aneee aen­eo?n, aee??a?uee ?ai?acaioaoe? naenoaeuiinoe eae aaenoaey, iai?aaeaiiiai ia oaiaieunoaea, e i?eoaaoee ia niaio ioaee?­iiio iie?aie? i naenoaeuiinoe.
 Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 80-o aa. a ?innee naenoaeuiinou eae oaia aicieeaao a n?aanoaao ianniaie eioi?iaoee: iiyaeyaony a ianni­aii ianooaaa y?ioe?aneay e ii?iia?aoe?aneay i?iaoeoey, eeoa­?aoo?a, eeii. Iauanoai ia?a?eaaao «aeneo?neaiue aoi», a eioi­?ii naenoaeuiinou ia?eiaao ii?aeuii ioaieaaouny e eioa?i?aoe­?iaaouny (Gessen, 1995). A nicaaiee aeneo?nia o?anoao?o naenieiae?aneea, ?ai?iaoeoeaiua, iaaeoeineea, ineoiaiaeeoe?a­neea, ineoioa?aiaaoe?aneea, iaaaaiae?aneea aenoeieeiu, iie nic­aa?ony e o?ainee?o?ony i?e iano?aaiee naenoaeuiuo i?aeoee iann-iaaea e a ianniauo ecaaieyo, a ?aeeaia, i?iecaaaaieyo en­eonnoaa e i?. N 1988 a. ia?eiaaony ianniaia ecaaiea eeoa?aoo?u ii naenoaeuiui aii?inai, a oii ?enea «?oeiaianoa» ii naenoaeuiiio iiaaaaie?, ni?aai?ieeia, yioeeeiiaaee e i?. (ia?aaiaiua e ioa­?anoaaiiua ecaaiey). Niia?ie?a?ueie aeneo?naie, ioaee?ii eioa?i?aoe?o?ueie e ioaieaa?ueie naenoaeuiinou, noaiiayony ii?aeuii-io?aieoaeuiue (eiina?aaoeaiue) e eeaa?aeuiue2.
 A ii?aeuii-io?aieoaeuiii aeneo?na naenoaeuiinou eaaeoe­ie?oaony eae oaia ioaee?iiai iano?aaiey a nayce n «nioeaeu­iuie aieaciyie» — a eiioaenoa i?iaeai NIEAa, i?inoeoooee, aiiinaenoaeuiinoe, ia?eiiaiee, ianeeey e i?. Aeeyiea ia iaua­noai e aai ii?aeuiia ono?ienoai noaiiaeony oi?eie ion?aoa aey o?aeoiaee naena. A enneaaiaaiee naenoaeuiie eoeuoo?u a ?innee
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 E. Eii eniieucoao eaoaai?e? «iianiiai naena» aey iaicia?aiey oaeie eioa?i?aoaoee naenoaeuiinoe (Eii, 1997). Ec ii?aaaeaiey naena eae «iianiiai» neaao?o i?aaeaaaaiua cai?aoeoaeuiua ia­?u (iai?eia?, ii ioiioaie? e i?inoeoooee, aiiinaenoaeenoai, aieuiui NIEAii e i?.). A eiioaio?e?iaaiiii aeaa oaeay ii­?aeu eniiaaaoaony oa?eiau?, i?ioeaieeaie oeieuiiai naeno­aeuiiai ia?aciaaiey, noi?iiieeaie cai?aoa aai?oia (Aaeeaaaa, 1998) e oaieiaiuo ia? ii ioiioaie? e i?inoeoooee e i?. Ia?a­ciaaiea a iaeanoe naenoaeuiinoe aiioneaaony oieuei eae ninoaa­ey?uay «ia?aciaaiey e ainieoaiey a?a?aai». Niae?aaiea ii­?aee a?a?aaiaie noaiiaeony eicoiaii aaiiiai aeneo?na.
 A eeaa?aeuiii aeneo?na naenoaeuiinou iaicia?aaony eae i?aaiao i?inaauaiey, ciaiey, iao?aiey. Oi?ea ion?aoa — eiae­aea, aai/aa naenoaeuiua iio?aaiinoe e aicii?iinoe eo aaciian­iie ?aaeecaoee. Naenoaeuiinou ia?eiaao eioa?i?aoe?iaaouny eae caieia?uay aaoiiiiiia ianoi a ?ecie ?aeiaaea. Eeaa?aeu­iue aeneo?n i?iiiaaaoao niya?aiea naenoaeuiuo ii?i, oiea­?aioiia ioiioaiea e a?oaei naenoaeuiinoyi (ni. auoa — i iiea­caoaeyo eeaa?aeecaoee); a aai ?aieao ioiioaiea e i?iaeaiai, naycaiiui n naenii, eiaao ainieoaoaeuiue, ia?aciaaoaeuiue e iaaeoeineee oa?aeoa? (iai?eia?, iiiiuu ?a?oaai ianeeey, aieuiui NIEAii). Iaiaoiaeiuie i?ecia?ony iaania?aiea aaciianiiai naena, nioeaeuii-yeiiiie?aneea ia?u, naycaiiua n ?ai?iaoeoeaiui cai?iauai e ?ani?ino?aiaieai nia?aiaiiuo n?aanoa eiio?aoaioee, e i?. Aaaioaie eeaa?aeuiiai aeneo?na noaiiayony aacaou NIEA-Eioi (1990), «NIEA, naen, cai?iaua» (1991), oaeaaeceiiiua ia?aaa?e «Aaaiiai yaeiei», «I?i yoi», iaeioi?ua niaoeaeuiua ?oa?eee a?aaiaaiuo aacao e a?aia­aaeuieeia, a oae?a ianniaua ioaeeeaoee ?acoeuoaoia nioeieiae­?aneeo, eoeuoo?ieiae?aneeo e naenieiae?aneeo enneaaiaaiee (E. Eiia, N Aieiaa, E. Uaaeiaa e a?.). N?aanoaaie aaiiiai aen­eo?na, eicoiaii eioi?iai noaiiaeony i?inaauaiea, inouanoaey­eanu ai?uaa ca ?acaeoea ieaie?iaaiey naiue, aaaaaiea a oeieu­iua i?ia?aiiu eo?nia ii naenoaeuiiio ia?aciaaie?.
 Aey aaiiiai enneaaiaaiey aa?ia ?aeiino?oeoey aaiaa?iuo ?ieae, eiieeoeoii eee yenieeoeoii caaaaaaiuo a aeneo?nao i naenoaeuiinoe. A ia?aii neo?aa iauanoaaiiui aeaaii i?eciaao­ny aini?iecaianoai cai?iaiai ianaeaiey ?a?ac einoeooo naiue i?e oaeoe?aneie ieieiecaoee oneeee ainoaa?noaa a iaeanoe nioeaeuiie iieeoeee3. Ieaie?iaaiea naiue, ?ac?aoaiiua aai?-
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 ou, ?ani?ino?aiaiea eiio?aoaioee naeaaoaeunoao?o i «?acei?a­iee i?aaia» (Aaeeaaaa, 1998). Aini?iecaianoai «cai?iaiai iana­eaiey» o?aaoao oneeaiey o?aaeoeiiiuo ?ieae (aeooa?aioeaoey ?ieae ii?ao niya?aouny i?e inouanoaeaiee aeoeaiie iieeoeee iiaaa??ee naiue, o. a. ?aiueiu a niaaoneie aaiaa?iie iieeoe­ea, — Lapidus, 1977), i?e eioi?uo ia ?aiueio aiceaaaaony ioaao­noaaiiinou ca ii?aeuiue eeeiao a naiua, ae ioeacuaa?o a naiaia­iii i?iyaeaiee naenoaeuiinoe. Iiiaea ecaaiey, eae iieacuaaao I. Aannai, ioaieaa?o naenoaeuiinou n oi?ee c?aiey aa aicaaeno­aey ia iauanoai e niaa??ao ooaa??aaiey i i?aaeeuiie ?iee e noaoona ?aiueiu a iauanoaa e ooieoeyo a?aea (Gessen, 1995. N. 212—213). «I?aaeeuiay» ?aineay naenoaeuiinou — yoi nae­noaeuiinou, caee??aiiay a ?aiee a?aea e iai?aaeaiiay ia au­iieiaiea ?ai?iaoeoeaiie ooieoee. Iiiiceoeae ii ioiioa­ie? e iae yaeyaony naenoaeuiinou i?inoeoooee, nii?yaaaiay n auoaia?a?eneaiiuie nioeaeuiuie aieaciyie.
 Ai aoi?ii neo?aa iauanoaaiiui aeaaii n?eoaaony cai?iaua, ia?aciaaiea, ioaaonoaaiiinou ca naenoaeuiia iiaaaaiea, eioi?ia io?uaaaony io ?ai?iaoeoeaiiai, iauanoai (iioaioeaeuii) aa?ao ia naay inouanoaeaiea i?ia?aii (?ai?iaoeoeaiiai) cai?iauy e ieaie?iaaiey naiue. Naenoaeuiinou noaiiaeony «cai?iaie», «i?inaauaiiie», eiaeaeaoaeuii cia?eiie e i?eiinyuae oai­aieunoaea eae aey io??ei, oae e aey ?aiuei. Aeooa?aioeaoey aaiaa?iuo ?ieae niya?aaony, aaiiue aeneo?n, ia?auaynu e eiae­aeao, cayaeyao i naaa eae aaiaa?ii-iaeo?aeuiue, ?ac?aoay ?ai­ueia «?ane?aiiuaou» nai? naenoaeuiinou: oeacuaaaony, ?oi i?i­enoiaeo (?eoae: aie?ii i?ienoiaeou) ineaaeaiea aaieiiai noai­aa?oa, ?aciuo ii?i e i?aaee naenoaeuiiai iiaaaaiey aey io??ei e aey ?aiuei.
 Aaiiua aeneo?nu i?aainoaaey?o aicii?iinoe aey eioa?i?a­oaoee ianoa naena a iauanoaaiiii ono?ienoaa e a eiaeaeaoaeu­iie aeia?aoee. Aiaeec aeia?aoe?aneiai iaoa?eaea iieacuaaao, ?oi a iienaiee iaee?ey/ionoonoaey naenoaeuiiai oaiaieunoaey iniiaiie nenoaiie ?aoa?aioee yaey?ony eiiiiiaiou eeaa?aeu­iiai aeneo?na, a oi a?aiy eae ioaiea iauanoaaiiuo eciaiaiee a iaeanoe naenoaeuiinoe caaaaony aeoioiieae aaoo iniiaiuo aeneo?nia.
 Eioa?i?aoaoey eioi?iaioeaie iauanoaaiiuo eciaiaiee ni­iinoaaeia n ioaee?iuie aeneo?naie4. N iaiie noi?iiu, eciaia­iey a noa?a naenoaeuiiai, i?ienoiayuea a 80—90-a aa., ioaieaa-
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 ?ony eae i?eaiayuea e «?aca?aoo, naenoaeuiiio oaino», ia?o­oa?uea ii?aeuiue ii?yaie. Noaei «aieuoa aai?oia, iaiuoa aaoae e aieuoa aaia?e?aneeo caaieaaaiee, i?inoeoooee, ioaee?­iua aiia, iiaiaa?eaa?o, iaieioi au ioe?uou» (58 eao). N a?oaie noi?iiu, i?enoonoaoao ioaiea i?ienoiayueo eciaiaiee eae ii­ceoeaiuo, iai?aaeaiiuo ia i?aiaieaiea caiae?eaaiey e ooaeaa­iey naenoaeuiinoe a niaaoneee ia?eia, eiaaa «ieaaa ieeiaaa ia yoii ia aiai?eeinu, aiiaua yoie noa?u ?ecie ia nouanoaiaaei. Ieaaa iaeucy auei ie?aai ociaou, aiiaua yoi ana caiae?eaaeinu, e yoi auei ioa?aoeoaeuii» (46 eao).
 Eoae, ?anniio?ei ioaieo oaiaieunoaey a eiaeaeaoaeuiii iiuoa e aai naycu n aaiaa?iie eaaioe?iinou?. Ia?aiia?aeuii ia­?aoeiny e aiaeeco eaoaai?ee, ?a?ac eioi?ua oaiaieunoaea ?a­i?acaioe?oaony a eiaeaeaoaeuiii iiuoa.
 Oaiaieunoaea: eiaeaeaoaeuiue iiuo e aaiaa?iay eaaioe?iinou
 Niuneiia?aco?uea eaoaai?ee oaiaieunoaey
 Aiaeec aeia?aoee iieacuaaao, ?oi ioiioaiea e oaiaieuno­ae? noaiiaeony cia?eiie ?aoa?aioeae a eioa?i?aoaoee eiaeae­aoaeuiiai iiuoa. A iai oeene?o?ony ?aciua aeau oaiaieunoaey ai acaeiiaaenoaeyo — «ii?aeuiia», «y?ioe?aneia» e «oaean­iia». Aaiiua aeau i?ioeaiiinoaaey?ony a naenoaeuiie aeia?a­oee «ionoonoae?» oaiaieunoaey (oioaeuiiio, ia i?ioy?aiee anae ?ecie, eeai neooaoeaiiio, nii?y?aiiiio n eiie?aoiuie neooaoeyie acaeiiaaenoaee).
 Ionoonoao?uaa oaiaieunoaea
 Ionoonoao?uaa oaiaieunoaea yaeyaony aaeinoaaiiie neaic­iie eaoaai?eae ai anao ?anneacao: iiaaaey?uaa aieuoeinoai eioi?iaioie ii iaiuoae ia?a aiai?yo ia ionoonoaee oaiaieu­noaey a iiiaio naenoaeuiiai aaa?oa5. A neooaoee ionoonoaey oaeaniiai oaiaieunoaey auno?aeaaaony no?aoaaey ii?aaaaiey, eioi?ay caaaaony aieaa iauae ia?niaeoeaie eioa?i?aoaoee naenoaeuiinoe, iaicia?aaiie eae noaia?ee naenoaeuiinoe.
 Eiio?anoiui neo?aai yaeyaony oeenaoey oaeaniiai naeno­aeuiiai oaiaieunoaey ai anao eee a aieuoeinoaa naenoaeuiuo acaeiiaaenoaee, eioi?ia naycuaaaony a ?anneacao n oaeaniuie iuouaieyie e naenoaeuiui oaiaeaoai?aieai (i?aaciii).
 Y?ioe?aneia oaiaieunoaea (ioaaeyaiia a ?anneacao io naeno­aeuiiai) eae niuneiia?aco?uee eiiiiiaio aicieeaao i?e iie-
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 naiee i?aanaenoaeuiuo ioiioaiee, o. a. ioiioaiee, eioi?ua ii­oaioeaeuii iiaoo noaou naenoaeuiuie, oaeia oaiaieunoaea i?iec­aiaeo naenoaeuiia ?aeaiea, «?aceeoia ii anaio oaeo». Iii iienuaaaony eae «aicao?aaiea», «?aeaiea», «naenoaeuiua, y?ioe­?aneea iuouaiey».
 A?oaie oei oaiaieunoaey, eioi?ue i?ioeaiiinoaaeyaony nae­noaeuiiio, iacuaaaony iiiaeie eioi?iaioeaie «ii?aeuiui» — yoi oaiaieunoaea, iienuaaaiia n eniieuciaaieai aiaoaeaniuo eaoaai?ee e i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiiia ei, aicieeaao io oaeoa naeno­aeuiuo ioiioaiee, io ?oanoa, yiioee, iauaiey.
 ?anniio?ei, eae naycaia ?ai?acaioaoey aaiaa?iie eaaioe?ii­noe n ?aciuie aeaaie oaiaieunoaey.
 Ionoonoaea e ia?aoaiea oaiaieunoaey: «?aiueia-iaou» e «ae?aeaiiay ?aiueia» eae iauaeou naenoaeuiiai aaenoaey
 Iienaiea naenoaeuiie ?ecie eae oioaeuiiai ionoonoaey oai­aieunoaey ainoaoi?ii ?anoi ano?a?aaony a aeia?aoeyo ?aiuei noa?oae aic?anoiie a?oiiu:
 «Naenoaeuiay noi?iia ?ecie o iaiy auea iaiieiioaiiay, ii y a eiioa eiioia i?eoa?iaeanu» (64 aiaa). «Any iiy aaaa caee??aaony a oii, ?oi n E. (io?ai) y ie ?aco i?aaci ia eniuoaea... Auneacaou aio ii? caeioa?aniaaiiinou eae a io??eia... y n?eoaea iaoaia­iui... Iiy naenoaeuiay ?eciu auea iaoaa?iie» (57 eao).
 A neo?aa oioaeuiiai ionoonoaey oaiaieunoaey e oaiaea­oai?aiey a oa?aiea anaai ?eciaiiiai oeeea naenoaeuiue iiuo ioaieaaaony eae «iai?aaeeuiue», «iaainoaoi?iue», «iaiieiioai­iue». ?aiueiu, eioi?ua ia iieo?a?o oaiaieunoaey a ioiioaie­yo n ia?oia?ii, ioaieaa?o naay eae «naa??aiiuo», «o?eaeaiuo», «oieiaiuo». Iineieueo oaeay ?ai?acaioaoey aicieeaao i?aeioua­noaaiii a i?iiaoaeuiii noaia?ee, aa ii?ii iaicia?eou eae eaai­oeoeeaoe? «(anaenoaeuiie) iaoa?e-?aiu».
 I?e?eia oioaeuiiai ionoonoaey oaiaieunoaey yenieeoeoii naycuaaaony n eoeuoo?ii-enoi?e?aneei eiioaenoii, «?ai?anne?i­aaaoei naenoaeuiinou»:
 «Ia?iai n oiai, ?oi au?inea y a ?ooeia a?aiy, niaa?oaiii ?ooeia, eiaaa ana, e?aia, i?inoi ee?iinou, a o? oai aieaa naeno­aeuiinou, ?ainoaaiiinou, iia auea caaaaeaia, auaeoa ec e?aae... E aaaeeinu — ia oieuei ie?o?a?uay ianoaiiaea aaaeea, ii naia a naaa aaaeea» (59 eao).
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 Iiaaaeaiea naenoaeuiinoe inouanoaeyaony ?a?ac eioa?ei?e­caoe? ii?i, onaaeaaaiuo a i?ioanna nioeaeecaoee, iaeaieaa cia?eiui aaaioii eioi?ie yaeyaony ?iaeoaeuneay naiuy, o?a­iyuay iie?aiea ii iiaiao naena, ii iaiia?aiaiii «iie?auay iniaui ia?acii», a ?acoeuoaoa ?aai oi?ie?oaony acaeya ia naen eae ia cai?aoio?, iaainoieio?, iinouaio? noa?o ?aeiaa?aneiai nouanoaiaaiey. «Iai?aaeeuiia ainieoaiea», eae aai eioa?i?a­oe?o?o eioi?iaioee, caee??aeinu a) a cai?aoao: «A ian aua ca­ei?ai oio aai, eioi?ue aiai?eo: iaeucy, ia ii?ii, nouaii, ia iiei?aii» (63 aiaa); «Ana yoi n?eoaeinu... nouaiui, iaainoie­iui» (59 eao); a) a ionoonoaee ciaiee: «Iie i?aanoaaeaiey au­ee i?inoi oaioanoe?aneea oiaaa» (46 eao). Neaanoaeai nioea­eecaoee yaeyaony ionoonoaea ciaiee e ioiioaiea e naeno eae e «iinouaiui noi?o?aneei iaycaiiinoyi» (31 aia). Iiaaaeaiea naenoaeuiinoe ioi?aanoaeyaony n iiaaaeaieai ?ainoaaiiinoe, aey ?ane?aiiuaiey eioi?ie ?aiueia aie?ia auou ecaaaeaia io ?iee «?aaioa?uae iaoa?e»: anee «io naenoaeuiie ?ecie iaai iieo?aou oaiaieunoaea, oi aey yoiai iaai ?eou oae, eae ?eaao iiy ai?ea nae?an: ia ?aaioaou e caieiaouny oicyenoaii» (62 ai­aa). ?oiau naenoaeuiinou noaea eiie, eiuie aie?iu auou e on­eiaey, a eioi?uo iia i?iyaeyaony. E oaeei oneiaeyi ioiinyony oneiaey eioeiiinoe (a ia?ao? i?a?aau ?eeeuiua) e aaciian­iinoe (eiio?aoaioee).
 Nioeaeecaoey e nioeaeuiua oneiaey iienuaa?ony eae i?e­?eiu io?o?aaiey ?aiueiu io naenoaeuiinoe. Cai?aou ?ani?i­no?aiy?ony ia i?iyaeaiey oaeaniuo iuouaiee, aa?aaeecaoe? naenoaeuiinoe e a eiia?iii n?aoa ia oaiaieunoaey6. Ionoonoao?­uaa oaiaieunoaea e?aeia ?aaei noaiiaeony i?aaiaoii iano?aa­iey n ia?oia?ii. A ?acoeuoaoa — ionoonoao?o eiau, iicaiey?uea ia?oia?ai i?aaeeuii ?anoeo?iauaaou neooaoe?: «Ii n?eoae, ?oi y iieo?a? oaeia ?a oaiaieunoaea» (62 aiaa); «(O io?a) oi ii­eo?eony anaaaa, a o iaiy — yoi eae au ieeiai ia eioa?anoao» (32 aiaa).
 A eaaaeoeie?aneii neo?aa i?iiaoaeuiiai noaia?ey (naen eae n?aanoai ?ai?iaoeoee) ?ai?acaioe?oaony o?aaeoeiiiay aaiaa?­iay eaaioe?iinou — iauaeoiia iiceoeiie?iaaiea ?aiueiu io­iineoaeuii ia?oia?a (ia) e naenoaeuiuo ioiioaiee: «A iinoaee ana caaeneo io io??eiu. ? ia i?aiu aeoeaia. ? anaaaa n?eoaea, ?oi iaiy aie?iu oaea?aou» (59 eao); «Io??eia aeaaiue... ? ana­aaa iiano?aeaaeanu iia io??eio» (23 aiaa.). Anee io??eia ia
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 i?iyaeyao caeioa?aniaaiiinoe — ?aiueia iuouaao naay naeno­aeuii aai?eae?iaaiiie: «Ii?ao auou, E. auei iaeioa?anii ni iiie caieiaouny... iia, iieo?ea oaiaeaoai?aiea, iiaa?ioouny ia a?oaie aie e onioou»» (57 eao). Naaa i?eienuaaaony naenoaeuiay ianneaiinou, iaeiiiaoaioiinou e aacioaaonoaaiiinou. Ioaaono­aaiiinou ca naenoaeuio? ?eciu aiceaaaaony ia ia?oia?a, e, oaeei ia?acii, eciaiaiea ea?anoaa naenoaeuiuo ioiioaiee i?ienoi­aeo oieuei a neo?aa ano?a?e oiai ia?oia?a, eioi?ue iaeaaaao cia­ieai e iaaueaie.
 ?aiueiu iienuaa?o naay eae ianneaiuo, ia aeaaa?ueo naenoaeuiie oaoieeie, ia iaeaaa?ueo ciaieyie, ia niinia­iuo e aa?aaeecaoee, naenoaeuiay eiiioieeaoey aucuaaao i?iaeaiu. Naen ia niaaeiyaony n oaeii, eioi?ia neo?eo enee?­?eoaeuii ?ai?iaoeoeaiiio i?ioanno. ?aiueia aini?eieiaao naay eae ?a?oao oneiaee e iacaeioa?aniaaiiinoe ia?oia?a, iia­aa??eaay o?aaeoeiiiue noa?aioei, eioi?ue i?eaiaeo e aen­eiioi?oo.
 Eioa?i?aoaoey naenoaeuiinoe a ?anneacao niaiaaaao n eiiii­ceoeae eeaa?aeuiiai aeneo?na, noaayuaai aeoaio ia no?oeoo?iua oneiaey e ia?aciaaiea/ciaiea. Oneiaey «iiaaaeaiey» naenoaeu­iinoe iienuaa?ony eae ionoonoaea ainieoaiey, ia?aciaaiey, iie?aiea, io?eoaiea noa?u naenoaeuiiai.
 Ea?oeia iaiyaony, anee enoi?ey noaiiaeony enoi?eae ?oanoa. A eiaeaeaoaeuiii iiuoa naenoaeuiinou ?aiueiu ii?ao auou naycaia n a?oaeie aeaaie oaiaieunoaey, eioi?ua iienuaa?ony ?a?ac eaoaai?ee e?aae, yiioee. Oaeaniiio oaiaieunoae? i?ioe­aiiinoaaeyaony e?aiau:
 «? aacoiii ae?aeeanu... Yoiai ieacaeinu ainoaoi?ii aey oiai, ?oiau y eniuouaaea io i?inoi ianea?aaiea a naenoaeuiii io­iioaiee... Ainoaoi?ii aai oia, ?a?o oa?aeoa?a... Ii aio i ?ai ?anoi aiai?eony, ?oi oaiaeaoai?aiea iaoiayo oieuei a i?aacia oai — ie?aai iiaiaiiai» (48 eao).
 «E aio yoi ?oanoai auei ianoieuei aaeeei, ?oi iii ia?ae?uei naenoaeuiinou iieiinou?... E eaeia yoi auei aea?ainoai... Io aio iii ia?aoeaei aio yoo naenoaeuiinou» (59 eao).
 Eiaaa oaia ?anneaca niauaaony n eaoaai?ee naena e eaoa­ai?eyi e?aae e iauaiey, iiceoey ?aiueiu iaiyaony — iia iienuaaao naay eae aeoeaii aaenoao?uaai noauaeoa: iia «ae?aeyaony», «e?aeo», «?aaioao», «ea?aue naie ?iiai ia?a­?eaaao eae neeuiia ?oanoai» (46 eao). A i?iyaeaiee ?oanoaa
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 ?aiueia iienuaaao naay eae aeoeaiiai noauaeoa (ii ooaa??aa­ie? Aeaaaina, ?iiaioe?aneay e?aiau — ia?aia ?ane?aiiuaiea ?aiueiu i?ienoiaeo a ?iiaioe?aneie e?aae, eioi?ay yaeyaony ?aineie ?a?oie, niiniaii inaiai?aaiey,— Giddens, 1992), ia­iaei a naenoaeuiuo acaeiiaaenoaeyo iia i?iaie?aao iiceoei­ie?iaaou naay a ea?anoaa iauaeoa. Eaaioeoeeaoey «ae?aeaiiie ?aiueiu» ia iaiyao iiceoee: «? naa?o io?a?aiiui naaoii... Anee iao o iaai ?aeaiey, oi e o iaiy ia iiyaeyaony» (59 eao). E?aiau eae eaoaai?ey iicaieyao oaycaou a eiaa?aioiia oaeia eaaioe?iinou: ianneaiay iiceoey a naenoaeuiuo acaeiiaae­noaeyo noaiiaeony «anoanoaaiiie» noi?iiie yiioeiiaeuiie aeoeaiinoe.
 Anee i?ienoiaeo ano?a?a ?aiueiu n iiuoiui e caeioa?a­niaaiiui ia?oia?ii — neooaoey iaiyaony: ii noaiiaeony o?e­oaeai e iao?aao, nieiaao eiiieaenu, iaiyao ioiioaiea e oaeo, e, oaeei ia?acii, iaania?eaaao ?aiueio «ycioa?e?aneei ciaie­ai» e n?aanoaaie aey naenoaeuiie eaaioeoeeaoee. Ano?a?a n iiuoiui ia?oia?ii aini?eieiaaony eae «n?anoeeaay neo?ae­iinou», aa?uay aaeinoaaiio? aicii?iinou ?aiueia iao?eouny, iiiyou naia oaei e iieo?eou oaeaniia oaiaieunoaea.
 «Ii niye n iaiy iiiai eiiieaenia canoai?eainoe. Yoi auee aai onoaiiaee. Iai?eia?, ii aiaee iaiy ia iey? ioaenoia. Eiaaa ii iaiy canoaaeye ?acaaaaouny, y ia oioaea, a ii canoaaeye, ?oi­au y aeaaea naia aieia oaei e e?aeea naia oaei. I?aiu iiiai auei caia?aoaeuiuo oaeeo o?ieia... Ii iaiy o?ee ia noaniyouny» (46 eao).
 «Ii eiaaa aa?oa iiiaea a yoo iaeanou, aeaaiaa?y ia?oia?o oa­eiio oiaeiio... y iieo?eea iiiyoea i naena iinea 40... Ii, iaaa?­iia, ciae oaio?u. Ia ?oi ia?aou, eae ia?aou. E iioii ii nai ia iieo?aao oaiaieunoaey, iiea ?aiueia ia ia?eiaao iieo?aou oai­aieunoaea... E aa?oa — ?acaoaee!» (58 eao).
 «?ane?aiiuaiea» a oaeeo oneiaeyo aicii?ii eae iao?aiea ia?oia?ii. A eiii neo?aa — eiaaa ia i?iecioei ano?a?e n iiuoiui e caeioa?aniaaiiui ia?oia?ii — naenoaeuiinou aey ?aiueiu neo?eo eeou ?ai?iaoeoeaiiio i?ioanno, ninoaaeyy onoie?eaia ya?i «iaoa?eineie» eaaioe?iinoe. Eiinoaoaoey oi­ai, ?oi naenoaeuiia oaiaieunoaea yaeyaony iaainoe?eiie oai­iinou?, i?eaiaeo e iaaaoeaiie (ia?a) ioaiea nianoaaiiiai iiu­oa. Iaiaei eioa?i?aoaoey naenoaeuiuo ioiioaiee ?a?ac i?ecio e?aae iicaieyao ?aiueia ecaa?aou iaaaoeaiie ioaiee iiuoa
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 e iaiia?aiaiii ecaa?aou ia?aioaiee nianoaaiiie (ianneaiie) iiceoee.
 Ii?aeuiia oaiaieunoaea e eieoaoey oaiaeaoai?aiey: «naenoaeuii aino?aaiaaiiay ?aiueia»
 Naenoaeuiia acaeiiaaenoaea o ?aiueiu ii?ao auou nayca­ii n oaiaieunoaeai, eioi?ia iaoiaeony ca i?aaaeaie oaeaniinoe e n iae iaiin?aanoaaiii ia naycaii. Yoi oaiaieunoaea «ii?aeu­iiai» oa?aeoa?a, iii aicieeaao io oaeoa naenoaeuiuo ioiioaiee: «? iieo?a? i?aiu ?anoi eaeia-oi ii?aeuiia oaiaeaoai?aiea io iieiaiai aeoa» (48 eao).
 Aaiaa?iay eaaioe?iinou, yenieeoeoii naycuaaaiay ?aiueia­ie n ii?aeuiui oaiaieunoaeai, icia?aao «naenoaeuio? aino?a­aiaaiiinou» (naen icia?ae «iia i?eciaiea, ?oi aio y oae io?ia, aa?ia» (34 aiaa); «Naenoaeuiue eiioaeo ... iiaoaa??aaao aua ?ac, ?oi y i?aae?nu ia?oia?o, io??eia» (39 eao)). «Ii?aeuiia» oaiaieunoaea iaoneiaeaii oai, ?oiau i?aaeouny, i?eaeaeaou aie­iaiea, aucuaaou naenoaeuiia ?aeaiea. A iienaiee ia?oia?a ae­oaio noaaeony ia noieuei ia aai eiiiaoaioiinou, ioaaonoaaiiinou, iiuoiinou, neieuei ia iaee?ea e i?iyaeaiea naenoaeuiiai ?aea­iey n aai noi?iiu. ?aineay eaaioe?iinou oaycuaaaony a aaeiia oaeia i?e iiiiue aiaoiaai naenoaeuiiai «acaeyaa» — eiaaa iia ioaiaia eae naenoaeuii i?eaeaeaoaeuiay. Naen «iiaieiaao ii? oaiiinou, ee?iinoio? oaiiinou», a?ae icia?ae «iia i?eciaiea, ?oi aio y oae io?ia, aa?ia» (34 aiaa). Naenoaeuiia iauaiea ic­ia?aao «i?eciaiea e iiaiyoea iiae ee?iinoiie cia?eiinoe, oai­iinoe naay... aino?aaiaaiiinoe» (34 aiaa).
 «?aiueia ii?ao auou aiieia aiaieuia, anee iao i?aacia. Aiieia. Aey iaa aa?iaa oi, ianeieuei io??eia ae oaaeyao aieia­iea, no?anou, eanee e aiiaua ?a?aa aa. Yoi ai?acai aey iaa aa?­iaa, ?ai anee iia iieo?eo naia i?aaci. Aaau naen aey io??ei e ?aiuei, ii i?aiu ?aciue. Aini?eyoea naena. Io??eia naiiooaa?­?aaaony a naena, ?aiueia iieo?aao oaiaieunoaea. Iia ia naii­ooaa??aaaony a naena. Iia naiiooaa??aaaony oieuei oiaaa, eiaaa iia i?aaeony» (46 eao).
 A aaiiii neo?aa naen e naenoaeuiua ioiioaiey oi?aanoaai­iu i?iecaianoao eaaioe?iinoe ?aiueiu — iauaeoa (io?nei­ai) ?aeaiey. Ia oii, ?oi n iae oioyo eiaou naenoaeuiua ioiioa­iey, iniiauaaaony aaiaa?iay eaaioe?iinou. Oaeo? ?ainoaai­iinou enneaaiaaoaeu aaiaa?iuo ioiioaiee e ianeoeeiiinoe
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 ?. Eiiiaee iacuaaao «iia?a?eiooie» (emphasized), iia «eniie­iyaony» aey io??ei e iaiia?aiaiii «ainiianoaoao» iaa a?oae­ie aeaaie ?ainoaaiiinoe (aiiinaenoaeuiuie, anaenoaeuiuie, i?inoeoooeaie, noianoaaoeie e i?.) (Connell, 1987. N. 183— 188).
 Iaiia?aiaiii ?aiueia, ii ioiioaie? e eioi?ie eniuou­aa?o ?aeaiea, aie?ia ainoeaioou oaiaieunoaey aaoiiaoe?a­neei ia?acii, aac iano?aaiey, iao?aiey e/eee niaoeaeuiuo oneeee. Iiyoiio ae i?eoiaeony i?eiaiyou niaoeaeuiua no?aoa­aee aey aienuaaiey naay a aeneo?n «ii?iaeuiinoe». Oaeie no?a­oaaeae yaeyaony eieoaoey oaiaeaoai?aiey, eioi?ay iienuaaaony eae iau?iay, oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiay i?aeoeea: «? i?eoai?y­eanu, e aaeaea yoi ainoaoi?ii oniaoii, y oi?ioi yoiio iao?e­eanu» (34 aiaa); «? i?eaueea yoi eieoe?iaaou» (27 eao). Io i?e­ciaiey naay iaiieiioaiiie {«Eao ai 28 y aoiaea, ?oi y niaa?­oaiii iaii?iaeuiue ?aeiaae, iineieueo n ia?oia?ii (i?aaci) o iaiy ieioi iieo?aaony» (39 eao)) niaa?oaaony ia?aoia e ?ai?a­caioaoee naay eae iieiioaiiie a aeacao Cia?eiiai a?oaiai («? aeoeaii ?acua?uaaea ana, ?oi auei iaiaoiaeii» (40 eao)). Auou eiiiaoaioiie ?aiueiie — icia?aao auou aino?aaiaai­iie, auaeyaaou eiiiaoaioiie — icia?aao ne?uaaou ionoonoaea oaiaeaoai?aiey. ?aoa?aioey e naenoaeuiiio oaiaieunoae? eae e oaiiinoe, eioi?ay aie?ia i?enoonoaiaaou a ioiioaieyo, i?eai­aeo e ano?aeaaie? a eiaeaeaoaeuiue iiuo eieoaoee oaeaniiai oaiaieunoaey7.
 Oaeaniia oaiaieunoaea aaiaeony a aaiiue noaia?ee «iaea­aeoeiiui» niiniaii: iii ainoeaaaony ai acaeiiaaenoaee n nia­noaaiiui oaeii, iooai ianoo?aaoee eeai i?e iiiiue i?ioan­neiiaeia-naeniiaoieiaia eee ineoioa?aiaaoia (ia?auaiea e yenia?oai oiiieiaaony a ?aou?ao aeia?aoeyo n?aaiaai iieiea­iey). Nianoaaiiia oaei «i?iecaiaeo» iaeaaeoeiiia oaiaieuno­aea, iineieueo iii ii?oe anaaaa nii?y?aii n iienaieai nouaa e aeiu: «Ainieoaiea oaeia, ?oi ianoo?aaoeae caieiaouny iei­oi e a?aaii... iiaieci — yoi iici?ii... iieo?aaony, ?oi ia iiao iaeoe io??eio» (19 eao). I?e?eia iaaicii?iinoe ainoeaioou oaeaniiai oaiaieunoaey ai acaeiiaaenoaeyo naycuaaaony n ei­aeaeaoaeuiuie iniaaiiinoyie e iauyniyaony ee?iuie ea?ano­aaie: «? ana-oaee i?aiu ca?aoue ?aeiaae» (40 eao). Iiyoiio ai acaeiiaaenoaee oaiaieunoaea ia ia?aoiaeo ia oaeaniue o?i­aaiu: caeioa?aniaaiiinoe ia?oia?a iaainoaoi?ii aey ainoe?aiey
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 oaiaieunoaey, iineieueo i?aaci — yoi «ooieoey» nianoaaiiiai oaea, a ia naenoaeuiiai acaeiiaaenoaey: «Ii aaenoaeoaeuii i?aiu caaioeeny i iiai i?aacia... ?oi y o?a aoiaea, eiaaa ?a ou ioay­?aouny, ai?iaie* (39 eao).
 Oaeiai ?iaa ?eciaiiua enoi?ee ?ai?acaioe?o?o iiaa?ie­ce?o?uo?ny (n oi?ee c?aiey eeaa?aeuiiai aeneo?na) naeno­aeuiinou, eioi?ay noaiiaeony i?aaiaoii eco?aiey e ?aoeaenee, iiaiaii aey ia?auaiey e yenia?oai. Naenoaeuiinou «?acaaaeaa­aony»: iia aini?eieiaaony ?aiueiie eae eiaeaeaoaeuiia oaean­iia ea?anoai, a eioi?ii naenoaeuiia oaiaeaoai?aiea iienuaaaony eae cia?eiay oa?aeoa?enoeea. Iaiia?aiaiii ia o?iaia acaeii­aaenoaey io?neia ?aeaiea ii?aaaeyao ?aineo? eaaioe?iinou, a nianoaaiiia ?aeaiea ?aaeecoaony, i?eiiny «ii?aeuiia» oaia­eaoai?aiea. Neiaaie Eaeaia, ?aeaiea (?aineia), aoao?e ooiaa­iaioaeuii ionoonoao?uei, ooieoeiie?oao eae caueoa io ianea­?aaiey (oaiaieunoaey). Ii Eaeaio, «?aiueia ia ii?ao ciaou e ia ii?ao iiiyou, ?oi oaeia aa noauaeoeaiinou», iia ii?ao oieuei «eioaineaii ia?a?eaaou nianoaaiio? naenoaeuiinou» (?a?aaee­ia, 2000a. N. 92).
 Aaciaay aaiaa?iay eaaioe?iinou ?aiueiu iniiauaaaony ia iio?aaiinoe auou iauaeoii io?neiai ?aeaiey (oae eee eia?a oeene?oaiii ai anao enoi?eyo), eioi?ia (eae e nianoaaiiia ionoonoao?uaa ?aeaiea) iaaaey?ony iioieiae?aneei noaoo­nii e aini?eieia?ony eae «anoanoaaiiua»8. Eiaiii ia yoii ?anneacuaa?o oa enoi?ee, a eioi?uo naenoaeuiinou ia neo?eo ?ai?iaoeoeaiiio i?ioanno, ia yaeyaony iniiaie e?aae e oa­eaniuo oaiaieunoaee. A ieo «?aiueia naenoaeuiay» — iauaeo aaoa?inaenoaeuiiai ?aeaiey9, «aino?aaiaaiiinou» ninoaaeyao ya?i eaaioe?iinoe, ?oi iienuaaaony ?a?ac eaoaai?ee «naii­ioaiee» e «naiiooaa??aaiey». Oaiaieunoaea eae eaoaai?ey ieacuaaaony naycaiiui n eaoaai?eae «aino?aaiaaiiinoe». A aaiiii neo?aa aaiaa?iay eaaioe?iinou ?aiueiu caaaia aa yenieeoeoiui iauaeoiui iiceoeiie?iaaieai (aini?eyoeai naay eae iauaeoa naenoaeuiiai ?aeaiey e aaenoaey), iaiia?a­iaiii iaaicii?iinou ainoeaioou naenoaeuiiai oaiaeaoai?aiey ai acaeiiaaenoaee ?anniao?eaaaony eae eiaeaeaoaeuiay oa­?aeoa?enoeea, eae niaoeoe?aneia naienoai ?aiueiu n «ii­aaaeaiiie» naenoaeuiinou?, eioi?ia aie?ii auou ne?uoi ai acaeiiaaenoaee.
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 Naen eae oaeaniia oaiaieunoaea; «?aea?uay» ?aiueia eae noauaeo aaenoaey
 ?ai?acaioe?oy naenoaeuio? ?eciu eae iai?aaeaiio? ia ii­eo?aiea oaeaniiai oaiaieunoaey, ?aiueia ooaa??aaao:
 «Naen — yoi aaee?aeoaa ianea?aaiea, eioi?ia ?aeiaaeo aaea i?e?iaa... Aeaaiia (a naena) — yoi iieo?eou ianea?aaiea e aaou ianea?aaiea a?oaiio ?aeiaaeo. Iaiaoiaeii iieo?eou ianea?aa­iea e ia o?iaia oaea, e ia o?iaia iianiciaiey» (31 aia).
 Aeia?aoey (e) auno?aeaaaony eae enoi?ey i?aiaieaiey «ia­ainieoaiey» e «iaciaiey» a oiaa acaeiiaaenoaey n ia?oia?aie. Oaeay enoi?ey — yoi enoi?ey ia?aoaiey iiuoa e ciaiee, i?ioanna iao?aiey, a oiaa eioi?uo i?ienoiaeo ia?aioaiea nianoaaiiie naenoaeuiinoe e naena, i?aiaieaaaaony ?oanoai aeiu e ioi?aa­noaeaiea naena n iinouaiinou?, aneaanoaea ?aai naenoaeuiinou noaiiaeony inaiai?aaiiie e anoanoaaiiie. Yoi enoi?ey «iaoo?a­eecaoee» naenoaeuiinoe:
 «An? ?eciu iuneu i oii, ?oi iia iiiai iaai, ?oi y eaaei aic­ao?aa?nu e eniuouaa? aieuoia aicao?aaiea a iinoaee, aoiaeea a i?ioeai?a?ea n iiei ainieoaieai. ? auea ainieoaia, ?oi yoi iaii?iaeuii. A iioii y iiiyea, ?oi anee anou naenoaeuiinou, oi ca?ai n iae io?ii ai?iouny. Cia?eo, oi?ioi, e neaaa Aiao, ?oi yoa naenoaeuiinou anou. ? ia?anoaea ai?iouny n naenoaeuiinou?... Iaeiiao-oi iia ia?anoaei auou iaiaoiaeii naa??eaaou nai? naenoaeuiinou* (31 aia).
 Ioaiea naenoaeuiinoe eae «iaii?iaeuiinoe» naycuaaaony n eaoaai?eae «ai?uau», o. a. iiaaaeaiey. Oaeay ioaiea eioa?ei?e­ciaaia a ?iaeoaeuneie naiua. I?ioann ?anioeaeecaoee i?eaiaeo e ia?aioaiea naenoaeuiinoe, iaaaeaie? aa niuneii «anoanoaai­iinoe» e «ii?iaeuiinoe». Naenoaeuiinou aey ?aiueiu noaii­aeony «?ane?aiiuaieai i?e?iau», «oaoie?aneeie iaaueaie», ia?aoaiiuie ?a?ac oaeaniia acaeiiaaenoaea, e aini?eieiaaony eae nianoaaiiia eiaeaeaoaeuiia ea?anoai.
 Eioa?i?aoaoey eciaiaiee naenoaeuiinoe eae «?ane?aiiua­iey», «ainieoaiey» e «ia?aciaaiey» ia o?iaia iiuoa niaiaaaao n eiiiiiaioaie eeaa?aeuiiai aeneo?na. Ioee?eai yaeyaony ae­oaio ia ee?iii iiuoa, eioi?ue noaiiaeony iniiaie ia?aciaaiey e ?ane?aiiuaiey, eiiiaine?oy ionoonoaea ciaiee, aeeoioee?oa­iuo e ia?aaaaaaiuo i?ioanneiiaeaie, yenia?oaie e aaaioaie nioeaeecaoee. Ia?aioaiea naenoaeuiinoe i?ienoiaeo iia aeey­ieai eciaiy?ueony no?oeoo?iuo e aeneo?neaiuo oneiaee
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 iinoniaaoneiai ia?eiaa. Niaaoneia iauanoai iaaeiyaony a nae­noaeuiuo cai?aoao e ?ai?anneyo. Eioi?iaioee, eioi?ua ?ai?a­caioe?o?o nai? naenoaeuiinou eae «naiaiaio?», aaeiiaooiu a ioaiea naena a niaaoneia a?aiy.
 Aaiaa?iay eaaioe?iinou ia?aii?aaaeyaony — ?aiueia ia­aaeyao naay ea?anoaaie naenoaeuiie eiiiaoaioiinoe e ioaaono­aaiiinoe. Iaiaei ia?aii?aaaeeou iauaeoio? iiceoe? oaaaony ia n?aco e ia iieiinou?. ?aiueia (46 eao), ?ai?acaioe?o?uay naay eae naenoaeuii eiiiaoaioio?, ?aea?uo? iieo?aiey oa­eaniiai oaiaieunoaey e niiniaio? e iaio, ieacuaaaony caaene­iie io aaenoaee e ea?anoa io??ei, io eo eioa?i?aoaoee naena e naenoaeuiiai acaeiiaaenoaey. I?eaaao o?aaiaio ec eioa?au?, a eioi?ii naenoaeuiinou ?ai?acaioe?oaony eae aaoiiiiiay noa­?a ?ecie, naycaiiay n iieo?aieai oaiaieunoaey.
 Io??eiu «niaa?oaiii ia iiaoo ?ane?uou ?aiueio, iie ni­aa?oaiii ia iiaoo aa aiaanoe ai yenoaca e naie aieoe a yenoac... Yoi iaaicii?ii ei iauynieou, iie yoiai ia iiieia?o... Ii ie?a­ai ia ciaao ia yoie ?aiueia. Yoi aieuoeinoai io??ei. ?aaei ano?a?a?ony oaeea io??eiu, eioi?ua cia?o, ?oi ?aiueio ii?ii aiaanoe ai aaeiai eaeaiuy e a ioaao iieo?eou oaioanoe­?aneia oaiaieunoaea. Yoi i?aiu ?aaei ano?a?aaony... O?aao?ony niaa?oaiii i?inoua aaue: e?aiau e oaeo oie naiie ?aiueiu, n eioi?ie ii iauaaony. Ii ec yoiai oaea ii?ao ecaea?u oaioa­noe?aneo? iocueo».
 Io??eiu a aaiiii ?anneaca ?acaaey?ony ia aaa eaoaai?ee, aieuoeinoai ec eioi?uo oa?aeoa?eco?ony eae naenoaeuii iaon­iaoiua. Ioiioaiey n io??eiaie, i?eiaaea?aueie e aieuoei­noao, iaaaey?ony iaaaoeaiui niuneii. Iaiia?aiaiii eaoaai?ee, eioi?ua naycuaa?o io??eio e ?aiueio a naenoaeuiuo ioiioaie­yo, noaayo io??eio a iiceoe? noauaeoa Io??eiu ia iiaoo, ia ii­ieia?o, ia cia?o, iai?aaeeuii ioaieaa?o ?aiueio, ei iaaicii?­ii yoi iauynieou. ?aiueia — iauaeo, eioi?ue io?ii iiiyou, oaei eioi?ie iaai e?aeou, eioi?o? ii?ii aiaanoe ai aaeiai eaea­iuy e ecaea?u ec aa oaea oaioanoe?aneo? iocueo.
 ?aiueia, aeaaa?uay naenoaeuiie oaoieeie, ciaieyie, eii­ioieeaoeaiuie iaaueaie, iiieia?uay oaei (naia e ia?oia?a), inoaaony caaeneiie io ia?oia?ia, eioi?ua oa?aeoa?eco?ony eae iacia?uea naie aicii?iinoe, ia?oanoaeoaeuiua, ianiiniaiua e aa?aaeecaoee e e eiiioieeaoee. Iaiaei a ?anneaca iiceoey ?aiueiu iaiyaony — iia inouanoaeyao auai?, i?eieiaao ia
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 naay ioaaonoaaiiinou ca iiaaa??aiea ioiioaiee e aa?aaeuio? eiiioieeaoe?, iiceoeiie?oao naay eae «o?eoaey».
 «E y eo anao o?o naeno. Iioiio ?oi oa io??eiu, eioi?uo y auae?a?, eioi?ua iia neiiaoe?iu, n eioi?uie y i?iaie?a? iiaaa??eaaou ioiioaiey, eae i?aaeei, naie i?aiu e?ayo iiai­ai?eou ni iiie i naena. Iie naie caaa?o aii?inu, i?inyo ?oi-ie­aoau iaiy iauynieou i?i ?aiuei».
 Iiciaaaoaeuiua eioaioee enoiayo io io??eiu, iaiaei neaano­aeai ?aaeecaoee yoeo iaia?aiee, iia?uaa?ueo iioieiae?aneee noaoon naenoaeuiinoe, noaiiaeony ?ac?ooaiea eiiioieeaoee:
 «E ooo y ano?a?a? ?aaeoee, eioi?ua ii?a?a?o iaiy. ?aei­aae aacoiii iae?aaony, ii n?eoaao, ?oi ii iaiieiioaiiue, anee n iei ia?eiaaou ?acaiaa?eaaou ia oaeo? oaio».
 Iiceoey o?eoaey aaeaao ?aiueio oycaeiie, aa aeoeaiinou aini?eieiaaony eae ia?ooaiea i?aaee ea?u, eae iia?ua io?­neie eiiiaoaioee:
 «A ii n?eoaao, ?oi y ceay, eiaa?iay, i?ioeaiay, ecaaaa?­uayny e, aiiaua, oaieienoea, e, aiiaua, a?yiiay aaaa, eioi?ay o?aoe?oao io?eeia, — auyaie a ?aineie ?aea. Ii naay ?oanoao­ao ianinoiyoaeuiui. E anyeia iia caia?aiea aini?eieiaaony ei eae inei?aeaiea, o iaai aa?a ia aeacao iiyaey?ony neacu io iaeau... Io??eiu iaaa?iyoii iaea?eau, ?aieiu oaioanoe?a­nee, ?aiueiu ia oae, y oae aoia?, a yoeo aaeao».
 Aaoiiiiiay ?aineay naenoaeuiinou noaiiaeony iianiie aey iaieo ia?oia?ia, eiiioieeaoey ii?ao auou ia?ooaia, anee ia?oia?u ia auiieiy?o i?eaaaiua a?oa io a?oaa aaenoaey, anee ?aiueia ia caieiaao ianneaio? iiceoe? e ieacuaaaony oaieie­noeie e auyaieii a ?aineie ?aea. Naenoaeuiua eiiiaoaioiinou e ioaaonoaaiiinou ?aiueiu i?eoiayo a i?ioeai?a?ea n i?eaaiey­ie eniieiaiey ianneaiie ?iee. E a oaeii neo?aa aey ?aiueiu noaiiaeony i?iaeaiaoe?iui auiieiaiea o?aaiaaiee eeaa?aeu­iiai aeneo?na, ae — ?aoeieaioo a naenoaeuiuo ioiioaieyo — ainoaoi?ii nei?ii oaycuaaou a eiaa?aioiia oaeia eiiiaoaio­iinou, ioaaonoaaiiinou e ianneaiinou ai acaeiiaaenoaee.
 «?ane?aiiuaiiay» ?aineay naenoaeuiinou ieacuaaaony iaon­oie?eaie, eai aaenoaey ?aiueiu-noauaeoa e aa ?aeaiey ia eia?o ainoaoi?iiai ii?aeuiiai iiae?aieaiey. I?e oyaioaiee eeaa?aeuiiai aeneo?na e iaoo?aeecaoee iiea (o. a. aini?eyoee aai eae «anoanoaaiiiai», «i?e?iaiiai») iiceoey ?aiueiu — ?aaiiai ia?oia?a eee o?eoaey — aini?eieiaaony eae ia?ooaiea
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 anoanoaaiiiai ii?yaea iauanoaaiiiai ono?ienoaa. Eeaa?aeuiue aeneo?n ieacuaaaony ioi?aaiiui io aaciaie aaiaa?iie eaaioe?­iinoe, aai «aaiaa?iay iaeo?aeuiinou» eiieeoeoii i?aaiieaaaao io?neo? naenoaeuiinou e ia?auaiea e noauaeoo io?neiai ?iaa. Oaeei ia?acii, ieacuaaaony iaonoie?eaie iiaay oaiiinou naeno­aeuiinoe, eioi?ay icao?eaaaony eeaa?aeuiui aeneo?nii (a oae?a eeaa?aeuii-i?eaioe?iaaiiui nioeieiae?aneei enneaaiaaoaeu­neei aecaeiii). Aaoiiiiiay naenoaeuiinou inoaaony iaeaaeoei­iie aey ?aiueiu, aianoa n oai aeneo?n ?ane?aiiuaiey o?aaoao io iaa iieo?aiea oaiaieunoaey (eioi?ia, ii?ao auou, caiauaaony eieoaoeae).
 Eoae, ?aiueia ia oaaaony caiyou noauaeoio? iiceoe? a ei­oa?i?aoaoee nianoaaiiuo i?aeoee naenoaeuiinoe ie a iaiii ec aeneo?nia aac oua?aa aey aaiaa?iie eaaioe?iinoe. Iaiaei nouanoao?o e aeuoa?iaoeau.
 Naenoaeuiia acaeiiaaenoaea eae «ia?oia?noai»: ?aoeaeneaiinou e/eee naiaiaa? Eaaioe?iinou «?aiueiu-iia?oae»
 Anee naenoaeuiay ?eciu iienuaaaony ?aiueiie a ?aieao «yenee?ceaiuo» ioiioaiee, oi «naenoaeuiua i?aaii?oaiey [aa] neeaauaa?ony a caaeneiinoe io... iaueo eioa?ania, yoi aiiieia­iea a?oaei ycueii oiai, ?oi (e oae) nouanoaoao» (32 aiaa).
 Naen iienuaaaony ?a?ac eaoaai?ee iauaiey, yoi ?anneac i ni­aianoiuo eioa?anao, «aooiaiie aeecinoe», «acaeiiiiieiaiee» e «a?o?aa». «Aey iaiy iniiaiiieaaa?uei iiiaioii yaeyaony... aicii?iinou a?o?aneeo ioiioaiee ia?ao io??eiie e ?aiue­iie» (44 aiaa). Eaoaai?ey a?o?au oanii naycaia n eaoaai?eae e?­aiaiuo (naenoaeuiuo) ioiioaiee: «? e?aiau e a?o?ao ia ioee­?a? i?aeoe?anee... a?o?aneea ioiioaiey n io??eiie eee ia?a­oiayo a eaeo?-oi e?aiaio? naycu, eeai ec e?aiaiie nayce iai?a­iaiii ia?aoiayo a a?o?aneea» (22 aiaa). A?o?aa — yoi «ia?iiiue niaianoiue iiuo», a naen — yoi i?iaie?aiea ee?iie eiiio­ieeaoee e i?eei?aiea e iae. A ?anneaca iiyaeyaony iiaue «noauaeo», iaicia?aaiue eaoaai?eae «iu», inouanoaey?ueo ni­aianoiua aaenoaey. «Iu», ia?a, ia?oia?u naycaiu eioeiiinou?, eiiioieeaoeae, ia?aoaieai niaianoiiai nioeaeuiiai e naeno­aeuiiai iiuoa: «Iu i?ae?anii iauaeenu, iu i?ae?anii aianoa ?oi-oi aaeaee... Iu i?aiu iiiai aiai?ei iai anai, i?aiu iiiai aiai?ei, i?aiu ioe?iaaiii» (22 aiaa).
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 Naenoaeuiue iiuo ii?ao iaeaieeaaouny (ia?aoeaeneaiui) «anoanoaaiiui» ia?acii (o noa?oaai e n?aaiaai iieieaiey), a ii?ao auou i?aaiaoii ?aoeaenee ia?oia?ia (ia?u) ii iiaiao naenoaeuiuo acaeiiaaenoaee.
 Oaeaniia oaiaieunoaea noaiiaeony noaaeae ?acaeoey ioii­oaiee, iii aicieeaao a i?ioanna ?aoei?ieiie eioeiiie eiiio­ieeaoee. Oaiaieunoaea ainoeaaaony a ia?oia?neeo naenoaeuiuo ioiioaieyo: iii caaeneo io niiniaiinoe e acaeiiaaenoae?, ea?a­noaa aaiiiai acaeiiaaenoaey, iai?aiiai iiieiaiey e o?aoa ii­o?aaiinoae a?oa a?oaa. Acaeiiue (ia?oia?neee) iiuo aee??aao iiieiaiea oaea e ?acaeoea aai niiniaiinoae. «Iia aacoiiia oai­aieunoaea ainoaaeyei ainoaaeyou aio oaiaieunoaea. Ieeiaaa oaeiai ia auei iuouaiey! Ia i?inoi ii?aeuiiai oaeiai, ?oi eeannii, ?oi ?aeiaaeo eeannii. A iuouaiey o?aniiai aicao?aaiey oi?a niaianoiiai» (22 aiaa).
 ?aineay eaaioe?iinou auoiaeo ca i?aaaeu ianneaiiai ii­ceoeiie?iaaiey, i?aiaieaiea eioi?iai i?ienoiaeo ia ca n?ao ei­aeaeaoaeuiie aeoeaiinoe, a ca n?ao iiiauaiey naay a ea?anoaa aeoeaiiai noauaeoa a eaoaai?e? «iu». Naenoaeuiia acaeiiaaeno­aea noaiiaeony ninoaaey?uae «?aeiaa?aneeo» acaeiiioiioaiee ia?u.
 Oaeaniia oaiaieunoaea ?aiueiu ieaaoae aic?anoiie a?oi­iu naycuaa?o n aa?aaeecoaiui niaianoiui iao?aieai, n «iicia­ieai» naieo eiaeaeaoaeuiuo iniaaiiinoae e iniaaiiinoae ia?o­ia?a. «Iieacaoaeu — iu ii?ai oae ioe?iaaiii aiai?eou ia yoe oaiu», i?e yoii ia?oia?neie ?aoeaeneaiinoe oi?a iao?a?ony «iiiyou ni neiaaie — o?eeanu eae acaoea» (22 aiaa).
 Naenoaeuiay nioeaeecaoey aaiiie a?oiiu i?eoiaeony ia ia­?eia eeaa?aeecaoee, eiaaa iiyaey?ony aicii?iinoe aey onaia­iey «oai?aoe?aneiai (ai- e aiaiiuoiiai) ciaiey»: «? ?eoaea eie?ee. E aio eae ?ac iiiaea a oo aieio e no?o?, eiaaa ana, ?oi ia cai?auaii... oi oi?ioi... a 90-o aiaao, ii?ao auou, iee anyeeo ii?iooae, naenoaeuiuo ia?aaa?» (22 aiaa). Aaaiou naenoaeuiiai acaeiiaaenoaey noaiiayony ?aoeaene?o?ueie noauaeoaie e ?a?ac ?aoeaene? ia?aoa?o nai? naenoaeuio? eaaioe?iinou.
 A nia?aiaiiuo enneaaiaaieyo naenoaeuiinoe nouanoao?o ?aciua ioaiee aa?aaeecaoee naenoaeuiinoe, eioi?ua ii?aaaey­?ony ia?aaeaiaeuiuie iniiaaieyie. Iaei iiaoia, neaao?uee ca Aeaaainii, ooaa??aaao iaiaoiaeiinou oaeie aa?aaeecaoee, naycuaay ?acaeoea eioeiiinoe, ?aoeaeneaiinoe, oi?ie?iaaiea
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 eaaioe?iinoe e naiiau?a?aiey ni niiniaiinou? aiai?eou i naena (Plummer, 1995; Byers, Demmons, 1999; West, 1999). A a?o­aii iiaoiaa, neaao?uei ca Ooei, iieaaaaony, ?oi «aiai?aiea» i naena yaeyaony au?a?aieai ?aaoeyoee e ?ai?anneaiie aeanoe. Aeaaainianeay ?eoi?eea «?enouo ioiioaiee» e aaiie?aoeca­oee naenoaeuiuo ioiioaiee ?anniao?eaaaony eae oa?aiaaoe?a­neee aeneo?n, naiayuee iiiaiia?acea eioeiiinoe e yenieeoeo­iie aa?aaeecaoee e acaeiiie ?aoeaenee. Eioeiiinou, iieaaaao, iai?eia?, E.A?aeienii (Jamieson, 1999), aee??ay iaaa?aaee­coaio? caaioo e «i?aeoe?aneo? e?aiau», iaiaycaoaeuii o?aaoao iinoiyiiiai naii?ane?uoey a ioiioaieyo, a eioi?uo ai?acai ai­eaa aa?iuie yaey?ony niaianoiay enoi?ey, ?acaaeyaiua ?aia?­ooa?u ?anneacia e oaao.
 Ioaiee a ?eciaiiuo enoi?eyo niaiaaa?o n yoie aeoioiie­ae. Naenoaeuii-a?o?aneia ia?oia?noai a ieaaoeo a?oiiao aee?­?aao ?aoeaeneaio? eioeiiinou. Naenoaeuiia ia?oia?noai a noa?­oeo a?oiiao nii?ioeaeyaony ?aoeaeneaiinoe (i iieieai?aneeo iniaaiiinoyo aa?aaeecaoee naenoaeuiiai ni. oae?a: Aa?aneiiaa, 1997), e aicieeaao iinoaeuaey ii naiaiaa naenoaeuiiai iiaaaaiey, naycaiiie n aa cai?aoiinou?, o. a. ionoonoaeai ioaee?iuo aen­eo?nia:
 «O ian (eiaaony a aeao niaaoneia a?aiy) aue naen a e?auo on­eiaeyo: oiou a eeooa, oiou a naaeea, oiou aua aaa... Eiia?ii ii aue, anoanoaaiii, aian?, e ?acaiai?u i iai auee... io, ia auei, ii­?ao auou, oaeiai eeiioaao?aiiiai e oai ii?iia?aoe?aneiai... Nae?an aai ia noaei aieuoa, iaiai?io, noaei ana neo?iaa eae-oi, iioiio ?oi iaiaa cai?aoii» (42 aiaa).
 A iinoniaaoneie aaenoaeoaeuiinoe niyoea anaaicii?iuo aa?ua?ia ii?ao eioa?i?aoe?iaaouny eae «nie?aiea yiioeiiaeu­iie iaiieiaiiinoe iiuoa, aai eioaineaiinoe e iai?y?aiiinoe» (Eiiei, 2000. N. 339—340). Oo?a?aiiay cai?aoiay naenoaeuiinou niaaoneiai a?aiaie ?ai?acaioe?oaony eae naiaiaiay e iniai i?e­aeaeaoaeuiay. Nii?ioeaeaiea ioaee?iiio aeneo?no i naenoaeu­iinoe noaiiaeony iiuoii oao ?aiuei, eoi aue «iniai iinayuai­iui» a niaaoneee ia?eia e ioaieaaao nai? naenoaeuio? ?eciu eae naycaiio? n oaiaieunoaeai, aee??a?uei eioeiio? eiiio­ieeaoe? a eaoaai?e? «iu». A ia?eia «cai?aoia» e «oiie?aiee» naiaiaiue naen icia?ae i?eiauaiea e noa?a oaeiiai, cai?aoiiai, iaicao?aiiiai — e noa?a naiaiau. Naenoaeuiia oaiaieunoaea e eioeiiay eiiioieeaoey auee ?aaeei naienoaii, ia?aie?aiiui
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 e iioiio iniai oaiiui «?ano?nii». Iineieueo «cai?aoiay» noa­?a naenoaeuiiai ia i?eio?aaea ?aiueio e iaycaoaeuiinoe en­iieiaiey naay eae ?aeiaaea naenoaeuiiai, ?aineay eaaioe?iinou oi?ie?iaaeanu a ioiioaieyo, ia eioa?i?aoe?oaiuo a oa?ieiao «naenoaeuiinoe» 10. Naenoaeuiinou — yoi «a?oaie ycue» (32 aiaa), ioaee?iia yenieeoe?iaaiea eioi?iai aini?eieiaaony eae i?e­io?aaiea.
 Ia?oia?noai, eae ?aoeaeneaiia, oae e ia ?aoeaeneaiia, ini­aui ia?acii aeeyao ia ?aineo? eaaioe?iinou — a ia?aii neo?aa naycuaay aa n acaeiiaaenoaeai a ia?a (n eaoaai?eae «iu»), a ai aoi?ii — n i?aiaieaieai cai?aoiiai («iu» a yoii neo?aa ?anoi i?ioeaiiinoaaeyaony «iie» — o. a. niaaoneiio ioeoeico). E a ia?aii e ai aoi?ii neo?aa nianoaaiiia iiaaaaiea ioaieaaaony eae naiaiaiia. Naenoaeuiay naiaiaa, oaeei ia?acii, iieo?aao ?acee?iua eioa?i?aoaoee ia o?iaia eiaeaeaoaeuiiai iiuoa. Iinoaeuae?aneay eioa?i?aoaoey naiaiau i?ioeainoieo «oeiaee­ce?iaaiiie», «oaoiece?iaaiiie», «i?ioanneiiaeece?iaaiiie» naenoaeuiinoe (Aa?ai, 1997). ?aoeaeneaiay eioa?i?aoaoey nai­aiau aee??aao «oeiaeecaoe?» e «oaoiecaoe?», oioy yoei ia en­?a?iuaaaony.
 A neooaoee naenoaeuiiai ia?oia?noaa aaiaa?iay eaaioe?iinou ?aiueiu noaiiaeony iaiaa io?aoeeaie. ?aoeaeneaiia ia?oia?­noai ?ani?ino?aiyaony ia iaieo ia?oia?ia, cai?aoiay naenoaeu­iinou oae?a ia aeooa?aioe?oao e?aae ia iiey?iua eaoaai?ee ii i?eciaeo iiea.
 Eeaa?aeecaoey naenoaeuiinoe e ?aineay eaaioe?iinou. Caee??aiea
 Aaaiienoe?aneee aeneo?n aeoaioe?iaae ianoi oaiaieunoaey a noa?a naenoaeuiinoe e ioe?ue i?ino?ainoai aey aai aa?aaee­caoee a ioaee?iie noa?a e ai acaeiiaaenoaeyo. Oaiaieunoaea noaei i?eaaaiui, ?aeaaiui e i?eioaeoaeuiui. Oaeaniia oai­aieunoaea aunooiaao a ea?anoaa oie ?aoa?aioee, ioiineoaeuii eioi?ie ia o?iaia eiaeaeaoaeuiiai iiuoa ia?yaony ii?iaeu­iinou/iaii?iaeuiinou, oaa?iinou/iaoaa?iinou naenoaeuiie ?ec­ie. ?aeaaiie e i?eaaaiie noaiiaeony e aa?aaeecaoey naeno­aeuiinoe, «aiai?aiea» i naena. Eioa?i?aoaoey naenoaeuiinoe aee??aao aaiiua nenoaiu ?aoa?aioee, ii ioiioaie? e eioi?ui i?ienoiaeo ia?aioaiea eiaeaeaoaeuiiai iiuoa.
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 Ia o?iaia eiaeaeaoaeuiiai iiuoa ioaee?iua aeneo?nu i nae­noaeuiinoe, aicii?iinoe ia?aciaaiey e ?aoeaeneaiie eiiioie­eaoee a iaieo neo?ayo aini?eieia?ony eae niiniau i?aiaieaiey ?ai?anne?iaaiiie a niaaoneia a?aiy naenoaeuiinoe, a a?oaeo — eae i?eio?aaiea, iaanoaieaa?uaa ee?iue oieeaeuiue iiuo. Iaiia?aiaiii oi?ie?o?ony n?aanoaa iiauo ?ai?acaioaoee, iiauo eioa?i?aoaoee ?aineiai naenoaeuiiai iiuoa.
 Eioa?i?aoaoey naenoaeuiinoe e oaiaieunoaee, iieo?aaiuo ?aiueiie a naenoaeuiie ?ecie, caaeneo io niiniaa ?ai?acai­oaoee aaiaa?iie eaaioe?iinoe. Eaaioe?iinoe «anaenoaeuiie iaoa?e» e «ae?aeaiiie ?aiueiu» no?iyony a naenoaeuiie noa?a ?a?ac iauaeoio? iiceoe?, a eioi?ie oaiaieunoaea eeai ionoonoaoao, eeai naycuaaaony n aaenoaeyie io??eiu (ia?o­ia?a).
 I?e eaaioeoeeaoee ?aiueiu eae «naenoaeuii aino?aaiaai­iie» eaoaai?ey «(ii?aeuiiai) oaiaeaoai?aiey» iaiin?aanoaaiii naycuaaaony n eaoaai?eae «io?neiai ?aeaiey». Eciaiaiey nae­noaeuiinoe a iai?aaeaiee eeaa?aeecaoee a oaeeo neo?ayo inoa­?ony eeai iainouanoaeiuie, eeai caaeneiuie io io?neiai «acaeyaa» e aaenoaey. ?aiueia, eioi?ay ioaieaaao nai? naeno­aeuiinou eae ?ai?anne?iaaiio?, ii?ao neaaiaaou ?aeiiaiaaoeyi aeneo?na eeaa?aeecaoee (ia?aciaaiey, ainieoaiey, ?ane?aiiua­iey) oieuei i?e iaee?ee «iin?aaieea» (io??eiu).
 Eaaioe?iinou «?aea?uae ?aiueiu» no?ieony, aaeaine?oy ia?ao iauaeoiie e noauaeoiie iiceoeae. Yoi iicaieyao naeno­aeuiinoe «?ane?aiiuaouny», iaiaei eaaioe?iinou oa?yao on­oie?eainou. A iiceoee iauaeoa ?aiueia ia ii?ao i?iyaeyou aeoeaiinou e ?ai?acaioe?iaaou aaoiiiiio? naenoaeuiinou, a ii­ceoee noauaeoa aey iaa aicieeaao oa?ica eiiioieeaoee e oaei­noiinoe aaiaa?iie eaaioe?iinoe.
 Eaaioe?iinou «?aiueiu-iia?oae» a naenoaeuiie noa?a oae­?a ii?ao aee??aou ?ane?aiiuaiea naenoaeuiinoe ia o?iaia ei­aeaeaoaeuiiai iiuoa, iaiaei yoi i?ienoiaeo ia a ?ai?acaioaoee nianoaaiiie naenoaeuiinoe, a iin?aanoaii onoaiiaeaiey nayce ia?ao eaoaai?eae «oaiaieunoaey» e eiioaenoii, a eioi?ii ii?a­aaeyaony iiei?aiea «ia?u» (eaoaai?ee «iu»).
 Eoae, eeaa?aeecaoey naenoaeuiinoe ia o?iaia eiaeaeaoaeu­iiai iiuoa, oae ?a eae e a oai?aoe?aneeo aeneo?nao, aini?eie­iaaony, n iaiie noi?iiu, eae iaiaoiaeiay aey ?ane?aiiuaiey ?aineie naenoaeuiinoe, eioi?ay nii?y?aia n iniauie ?aineeie
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 aai?eaaoeyie. N a?oaie noi?iiu, «i?eioaeoaeuiinou» ?ane?aii­uaiey aey ?aiueiu — eiay ii n?aaiaie? n io?neie, oae eae iia eeai naycuaaaony n aaenoaeai e ?aeaieai iin?aaieea, eeai ianao a naaa iioaioeaeuio? oa?ico aey ?aineie eaaioe?iinoe.
 Eeaa?aeuiue aeneo?n cayaeyao i naaa eae aaiaa?ii-iaeo?aeu­iue, ?ac?aoay ?aiueia ?ane?aiiuaou naenoaeuiinou e, aiai?y neiaaie Ooei, i?eio?aay eo e yoiio11. Iaiaei a oaeii neo?aa aeneo?n ia?auaaony e aano?aeoiie ?aiueia, iineieueo ie iaia ec ?aeiino?oe?iaaiiuo aaiaa?iuo eaaioe?iinoae ia yaeyaony aai i?yiui aa?anaoii.
 Aiaeec naenoaeuiinoe ia o?iaia eiaeaeaoaeuiiai iiuoa iieacuaaao, ?oi ?aineay eaaioe?iinou inoaaony eiaa?aioiie oieuei i?e iaee?ee a iae ea?anoa iauaeoiinoe — iienuaaaiuo a oa?ieiao ianneaiinoe, caaeneiinoe, aacioaaonoaaiiinoe, ia­eiiiaoaioiinoe e i?. N?aanoaa naenoaeuiie eaaioeoeeaoee ?aiueiu oi?ie?o?ony a caaeneiinoe io «acaeyaa» e ioaiee cia?eiiai A?oaiai (io??eiu). Oaeei ia?acii, aicieeaao eii­a?oyioiinou eeaa?aeuiiai aeneo?na, ii nouanoao, ia?aua?ua­ainy e io??eia eae noauaeoo ?aeaiey, a e ?aiueia — eae iau­aeoo, e eioa?i?aoaoee aaciaie eaaioe?iinoe «naenoaeuii ain­o?aaiaaiiie (?aeaaiie) ?aiueiu» ia o?iaia eiaeaeaoaeuiiai iiuoa.
 Aaiaa?iay iaeo?aeuiinou iai?a?eaaaony aiieia o?aaeoeii­iie eioa?i?aoaoeae ?aineie eaaioe?iinoe12, ?oi iaiia?aiaiii, ii iiaie? iaeioi?uo oaieienoneeo enneaaiaaoaeae, iicaieyao ?aiueia «oneieucaou» io oioaeuiiai aeneo?neaiiai eiio?iey iaa naenoaeuiinou?.
 I?eia?aiey
 1 6 aeia?aoee ?aiuei 57—63 eao, 1934—1940 aa. ?i?a.; 10 aei­a?aoee ?aiuei 32—48 eao, 1949—1965 aa. ?i?a.; 9 aeia?aoee ?aiuei a aic?anoa 22—31 aia, 1966—1975 aa. ?i?a.

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