Comparative Analysis of the Compound Words
MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL EDUCATION
OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
GULISTAN STATE UNIVERSITY
The English and Literature Department
Qualification work on speciality English philology
on the theme:
тАЬComparative Analysis of the Compound WordsтАЭ
Supervisor: ___________
Gulistan 2008
I. Introduction
1.1 Theme actuality
After the Independence was proclaimed the Republic was faced with the necessity of creating new legislation corresponding with new realities, with the conditions of Independence and the Parliament coped with this task, there have been adopted new Laws and new Resolutions
For the first time in the history of our country, there adopted тАЬThe Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on EducationтАЭ and тАЬThe Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the National Programme of Personnel Training SystemтАЭ. The main objective of all reforms in the field of economic policy is the individual. Therefore the task of education, the task of rising up a new generation capable of national renaissance will remain the prerogative of the state and constitute a priority. At present great importance is attached to the study and teaching of foreign language. In our recent past, in most cases the Russian language but not the mother tongue served as mediator in the study of foreign languages. That is why in particular until the present, English-Uzbek and Uzbek-English Dictionaries had not been available.
ThatтАЩs why it is necessary to learn and compare English, German and Uzbek lexicology, grammar and phonetics.
2.The main goal of the work is to study, compare and analyze the compound words of Uzbek, English and German, to classify the compounds according to morphological and lexical point of view.
3.The scientific decision of set aims and purposes will maintain the easiest way for better learning and understanding Uzbek, English and German.
4.The scientific novelty of the work. As we know, there arenтАЩt enough manuals which compared the Uzbek and the English languages. The novelty of the work is that in the work one can find new approaches of comparing and classifying the compounds.
5. The practical value
Work can be useful for all who interested in English. At the university information which taken from the work can be used as a ready тАУ materials at the lectures of Lexicology, Stylistics, Comparative Typology.
6. Literature overview
Basic information of the qualification work is given from the manuals, articles, researches of great scholars such as: by I.V. Arnold A Course in modern English Lexicology by R.S. Ginzburg, The English Word and others. The information which is taken from Internet sites, World Book Encyclopedia and many other dictionaries also served as a source of information.
7. The structure of the work
Work consists of Introduction, Main part, Conclusion and the list of used literatures.
Compound words are words consisting of at least two stems which occur in the language as free forms. In a compound word the immediate constituents obtain integrity and structural cohesion that make them function in a sentence as a separate lexical unit.
The structural cohesion and integrity of a compound may depend upon unity of stress, solid or hyphenated spelling, semantic unity, unity of morphological and syntactic functioning or, more often, upon the combined effect of several of these or similar phonetic, graphic, semantic, morphological or syntactic factors.
The integrity of a compound is manifested in its indivisibility, i.e. the impossibility of inserting another word or word group between its elements. If, for example, speaking about a тАЬsunbeamтАЭ (English) кСЮкйСЮтал we can insert some other word between the article and the article and the noun, e.g. a bright sunbeam, a bright and unexpected sunbeam, because the article a is a separate word, no such insertion is possible between the stems sun & beam қора & кСЮл, for they are not words but morphemes.
In describing the structure of a compound one should examine three types of relations, namely the relation of the members to each other the relation of the whole to its members, and correlation with equivalent free phrases.
Some compounds are made up of a determining and a determined part, which may be called the determinant and me determinate group. Thus, a blackboard, томорқа is very different from a blackboard, том орқа (сида). Its essential feature is being a teaching aid → ховли атрофида экин экиладиган Майдон →: not every board of a black color is a blackboard.
A blackboard may be not a board at all but a piece of linoleum or some other suitable material. Its color is not necessarily black: it may be brown or something else. Thus, blackboard → a board which is black. A chatterbox тАУ оташқалб is not a box, it is a person who talks a great deal without saying anything important: the combination is used only figuratively. The same metaphorical character is observed in the compound slowcoach хомсемиз. It is also idiomatic as it does not name a vehicle but a person who acts and thinks slowly. A fuss тАУ pot is a person easily excited and nervous about trifles. Thus for the original motivation of the idiomatic compound could be easily recreated. The following examples illustrate idiomatic compounds where it is not so obvious: тАЬblacklegтАЭ, тАЬstrike breakerтАЭ, тАЬblackmailтАЭ getting money or some other profit from a person by threats bluestocking тАЬa woman affecting literary tastes and learningтАЭ
The analysis of the semantic relationship existing between the constituents of a compound presents many difficulties. Some authors have attempted a purely logical interpretation distinguishing copulative, existential, spatial and other connections. This scheme, however, failed to show the linguistic essence of compounds and was cumbersome and artificial.
A mistake common with many authors is treating semantic connections within compounds in terms of syntactic relations. Marchand, For instance, when analyzing the type house тАУ keeping, backbiting, housewarming, book тАУ keeping, sightseeing, etc. Writes: тАЬIn most cases the first word is the object. A subject/predicate relation underlies earth quaking, cock тАУ crowing, cock тАУ fighting, sun burning тАж. The first word is the predicate compliment in well тАУ being and short тАУ coming.тАЭ
N. G. Guterman very convincingly showed that such syntactic treatment should be avoided because syntactic ties are ties between words, whereas in dealing with compounds one studies relations within a word, the relations between the morphemes, its significant constituents. These two series of relations belong to different levels of abstraction and should not be mixed. In the compound spacecraft space тАУ is not an attribute to тАУ craft. It cannot possess syntactic functions, being not a word but a stem, So it is more convenient to consider it a determinant restricting the meaning of the determinate by expressing the purpose for which тАУ craft тАУ is designed or the medium in which it will travel. Surely, one could combine these two points of view using a more careful. Wording, and formulate it as follows: phrases correlated with compounds by means of transformational analysis may show objective, subject/predicate, attributive and adverbial relations. E.g. house тАУ keeping: to keep house, well тАУ being: to be well. In the majority of cases compounds manifest some restrictive relationship between the constituents; types of restrictions show great variety.
Some examples of determinative compound nouns with restrictive qualitative relations are given below.
The list is not meant to be exhaustive and serves only to illustrate the manifold possibilities.
Purpose of functional relations underlies such compounds as bathrobe, raincoat, ёмғирпСЮш, classroom тАУ синфхона, notice тАУ board, and suitcase.
Different place or local relations are expressed in dockland, garden тАУ party, sea тАУ front. Comparison is the basis of blockhead, butter тАУ fingers, floodlight, and goldfish. The material or elements the thing is made of is pointed out silver wear, tin тАУ hat, clay тАУ pipe. Temporal relations underlie such compounds as night тАУ club, night тАУ duty, summer тАУ house and day тАУ train. Sex тАУ denoting compounds are rather numerous: she тАУ dog, he тАУ goat.
II. Main part
Chapter I
2.1.1 Specific features of English, Uzbek and German Compounds
A compound is a word composed of more than one free morpheme. English compounds may be classified in several ways, such as the word classes or the semantic relationship of their components.
Examples by word class
| Modifier | Head | Compound |
| noun | noun | wall paper |
| adjective | noun | black board |
| verb | noun | break water |
| preposition | noun | under world |
| noun | adjective | snow white |
| adjective | adjective | blue тАУ green |
| verb | adjective | tumbledown |
| preposition | adjective | over тАУ ripe |
| noun | verb | browbeat |
| adjective | verb | highlight |
| verb | verb | freeze тАУ dry |
| preposition | verb | undercut |
| noun | preposition | love тАУ in |
| adjective | preposition | forth with |
| verb | preposition | take out |
| preposition | preposition | without |
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