Нэйтивизм в общественно-политической жизни США на исходе XIX столетия

Страница 13

Преступность и неграмотность, гетто и трущобы, большой процент психически больных, отсутствие гражданской активности—все это убеждало Холла в том, что иммигранты—«плохое сырье для производства граждан».[185] Отсюда следовал вывод: как можно скорее предотвратить сползание американской нации в расовый хаос и вырождение. Лозунгом дня становилось сохранение чистоты американской расы.

[1] Кислова А.Я. Религия и церковь в общественно-политической жизни США первой половины XIX века. М. 1979. С.112.

[2] Шлепаков А.Н., Смирнова Л.А. “Похищение умов” в прошлом и настоящем. Москва, 1983. С. 13.

[3] Dictionary of America History, ed. James T. Adams, 2nd ed. V.4. NY, 1940. S.v. Nativism; Webster’s Third New Dictionary of the English Language. V.2. Chicago, 1981. P.1506; The Oxford English Dictionary. V.7. Oxford, 1978. P.34; The Short Oxford English Dictionary of Historical Principles, ed. C.T. Onions, 3d ed. Oxford, 1973. P.1386.

[4] И в дальнейшем в работе под словами “коренное население”, “коренные американцы” и т.д. понимаются родившиеся в стране, а не индейское население США.

[5] Katenberg W. H. The Irony of Identity: An Essay on Nationalism, Liberal Democracy, and Parochial Identities in Canada and the United States // American Quarterly. V. 47 (September 1995). P. 495.

[6] Higham J. Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925. N.Y., 1977. P.4.

[7] Cordasco F. Dictionary of American Immigration History. Metuchen, N.J., 1990. P.551.

[8] Higham J. Strangers in the Land. P.4; Idem. The Strange Career of 'Strangers in the Land' // American Jewish History. V. 76 (1986). P. 224.

[9] Kraut A. M. The Huddled Masses: The Immigrant in American Society, 1880-1921. Arlington Heights (Ill.), 1982. P.150.

[10] Богина Ш.А. Иммигрантское население США. Л. 1971. С.231.

[11] Tyler A. F. Freedom's Ferment: Phases of American Social History to 1860. Minneapolis, 1944. P. 351; См. также: Billington R.A. The Protestant Crusade, 1800-1860. N.Y., 1939.

[12] Higham J. The Strange Career of ‘Strangers in the Land’. P. 217.

[13] Higham J. Strangers in the Land. P. 4.

[14] Higham J. The Construction of American History // The Reconstruction of American History. N.Y., 1962. P. 22-24.

[15] Glazer N., Moynihan D. Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto-Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City. Cambridge (Mass.), 1963.

[16] Gordon M. Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion and National Origin. N.Y., 1964. P. 132-154.

[17] Murray R. Red Scare: A Study of National Hysteria, 1919-1920. Minneapolis, 1955. Hofstadter R. The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR. N.Y., 1955. P. 82-93.

[18] Coben S. A Study of Nativism: The American Red Scare, 1919-1920 // Political Science Quarterly. V. 79 (1964). P. 35-75.

[19] Holt M. F. The Politics of Impatience: The Origins of Know-Nothingism // Journal of American History. V. 60 (1973). P. 309-331.

[20] Hayes S. P. The Social Analysis of American Political History, 1880-1920 // Political Science Quarterly. V. 80 (1965); Hayes S. P. History as Human Behavior // Iowa Journal of History. V. 58 (1960). P. 193-206; Kousser J. M. The New Political History: A Methodological Critique // Reviews in American History. V. 4 (1976). P. 1‑14; Lichtman A. Political Realignment and 'Ethnocultural' Voting in Late Nineteenth-Century America // Journal of Social History. V. 16 (1983). P. 55-82; Benson L. The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case. Princeton, 1961; Jensen R. The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896. Chicago, 1971; McSeveny S. T. The Politics of Depression: Political Behavior in the Northeast, 1893-1896. N.Y., 1972; Luebcke F. Immigrants and Politics: The Germans of Nebraska, 1880-1900. Lincoln, 1969; McCormick R. L. Ethno-Cultural Interpretation of American Voting Behavior // Political Science Quarterly. V. 89 (1974). P. 351-377; Swierenga R. D. Ethno-Cultural Political Analysis: A New Approach to American Ethnic Studies // Jewish American Studies. V. 5 (1971). P. 59-79; McSeveny S. T. Ethnic Groups, Ethnic Conflict, and Recent Quantitative Research in American Political History // International Migration Review. V. 7 (1973). P. 14-23, etc.

[21] Formisano R The Birth of Mass Political Parties: Michigan, 1827-1861. Princeton, 1971. P. 166.

[22] См. также: Holt M. Forging a Majority: The Formation of a Republican Party in Pittsburgh, 1848-1860. Princeton, 1971.

[23] Gleason P. American Identity and Americanization // Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, ed. S. Thernstrom. Cambridge (Mass.), 1990. P. 31-58.

[24] Ibid. P. 35.

[25] Benson L. The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case. Princeton, 1961. P. 214.

[26] Подробнее об этом, например, см.: Elson R. M. Guardians of Tradition: American Schoolbooks of the 19th Century. Lincoln, 1964.

[27] Berquist J. M. The Concept of Nativism in Historical Study since 'Strangers in the Land' // American Jewish History. V. 76 (1986). P. 139.

[28] Higham J. Current Trends in the Study of Ethnicity in the United States // Journal of American Ethnic History. V. 2 (1982). P.9.

[29] См. вступление к сборнику эссе: Ignatieff M. Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism. N.Y., 1993.

[30] Katerberg W. H. Op. Cit. P. 497.

[31] Ibid. P. 514.

[32] Wiebe R. H. The Search for Order, 1877-1920. N.Y., 1967. P. 12.

[33] Kirkland E. Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor, and Pulic Policy, 1860-1897. N.Y., 1961. P. 325-26.

[34] Brody D. Steelworkers in America: The Nonunion Era. Cambridge (Mass.), 1960. Preface.

[35] См., например: Clark V. C. History of Manufacturers in the United States. 3 vols. N.Y., 1929. Vol. 2. P. 447-48.

[36] Brody D. Op.Cit. P. 2-26.

[37] Brody D. Op.Cit. P. 27.

[38] Об этом см.: Boulding K. The Organizational Revolution: A Study in the Ethics of Economic Organization. N.Y., 1953.

[39] Hofstadter R. The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR. N.Y., 1955. P. 214.

[40] Hays S. P. The Response to Industrialism: 1885-1914. Chicago, 1957. P. 48-71

[41] Ibid. P. 44.

[42] Hofstadter R. The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR. N.Y., 1955. P. 38-56.

[43] Jaher F. C. The Boston Brahmins in the Age of Industrial Capitalism // The Age of Industrialism in America: Essays in Social Structure and Cultural Values. Ed. by F.C. Jaher. N.Y., 1968. P. 209-211.

* The Historical Statistics of the United States. Part 1. Series C 91-101. Immigrants by Country: 1820 to 1970. P. 105-106.

[44] Briggs V. M. Immigration Policy and American Labor Force. Baltimore, 1984. P. 32.

* The Historical Statistics of the United States. Part 1. Series C 91-101. Immigrants by Country: 1820 to 1970. P. 105-106.

* The Historical Statistics of the United States. Part 1. Series C 130-136. Immigrants by Major Occupation Group: 1820 to 1970. P. 111.

[45] Brody D. Op.Cit. P. 120.

[46] Об истории американского города в этот период см. обзорную работу: Mohl R. A. The New City: Urban America in the Industrial Age, 1860-1920. Arlington Heights (Ill.), 1985.

[47] Twelfth Census of the United States. 1900. Vol. 1. Population. Part 1. Washington, D.C., 1901. P. cx.

[48] Подробнее об этом см. в книге Аллана Краута.

[49] Mann A. Gompers and the Irony of Racism // Antioch Review. V. 13 (June 1953). P. 208-12.

[50] Ibid. P. 213-14.

[51] Hofstadter R. The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR. N.Y., 1955. P. 61-88.

[52] Ibid. P. 88.

[53] The Cyclopedia of Fraternities. 2nd ed. N.Y., 1907. P. 290-309.

[54] Ibid. P. 311.

[55] Ibid. P. 313-315.

[56] Ibid. P. 301, 316.

[57] Lipset S.M., Rabb E. The Politics of Unreason: Right Wing Extremism in America, 1790-1970. N. Y., 1970. P. 82.

[58] Curran T. J., Xenophobia and Immigration, 1820-1930. Boston, 1975. P. 94; Davies W. E. Patriotism on Parade: The Story of Veterans’ and Hereditary Organizations in America. Cambridge (Mass.), 1955. P. 295; Dearing M. R. Veterans in Politics: The Story of the GAR. Baton Rouge, 1952. P. 408.