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The economic means of state regulation are subdivided into means of money credit and budget politics.

The independent complex tool of state regulation of economy (and simultaneously by its object) is the public sector in economy. The maximum form of state regulation of economy is a state economic programming covering the numerous purposes and all tooling of state regulation of economy. About public sector and economic programming the speech will go below.

The basic economic means are:

1) Regulation of the registration rate (discount politics which is carried out by the central bank);

2) Establishment and change of the sizes of the minimal reserves, which financial institutions of the country are obliged to keep in the central bank;

3) Operation of official bodies in the market of valuable papers, such as issue of the state obligations, trade by them and repayment.

Through these tools the state aspires to change a parity of a supply and demand in the financial market (market of the loan capitals) in a desirable direction. In process of relative decrease of a role of the markets of the free capitals in financing capital investments and especially in connection with reduction of a role of a share stock exchange and growth of self-maintenance of the large companies by financial assets the effectiveness of these tools in the most advanced countries has weakened a little.

The direct state economic regulation is carried out by means of budget politics. The state budget is an annual plan of the state charges and sources of the incomes of their financial covering. The project of the budget annually is discussed and is accepted by a legislative body - parliament of the country, state or government by assembly. After the end of financial the year the proxy representatives of the executive authority report about the activity on mobilisation of the incomes and realisation of the charges in conformity with accepted in the previous year by the law on the budget.

The state budget always represents the compromise reflecting a parity of forces of the basic groups of carriers of various social economic interests. The charges of the state budget carry out functions of political, social and economic regulation.

The first place in the budget charges is occupied with social clauses: the special grants, education, public health services etc. In it the overall objective of budget politics, as well as all state economic politics in general - stabilisation, strengthening and adaptation existing social economic building to varying conditions is shown. These charges are called to soften differentiation of social groups, it is inevitable peculiar to market character.

In expenses for economic needs the budget grants to agriculture are usually allocated. Any state can not be interested in ruin the peasantry, farmers. And though in the external economic politics of government sometimes temporarily endow interests of the domestic manufacturers of the agrarian goods, supposing foreign agricultural production on a home market in reply to concession of the trade partners, as a rule governments support average and large farmers land.

The charges on arms and material maintenance of external politics, and also administrative charge influence demand for consumer goods and services.

To the tactical purposes of budget regulation the charges on an internal state duty (for example, prescheduled repayment of a part of the debt), sizes of the charges on the credits both grants to the private and state enterprises, agriculture, on creation and perfection of objects of an infrastructure, on purchase of arms and military construction serve.

The sizes of these charges essentially influence scales of demand and size of the investments. During crises and depressions the charges of the state budget on the economic purposes, as a rule, grow, and in time when of slowing conjuncture - are reduced.

The charges on crediting of export, insurance of the export credits and taken out capital financed from the budget, stimulate export and in the long-term plan improve payment balance, open for a national economy the new foreign markets, promote strengthening of national currency, maintenance of deliveries on a home market of the necessary goods because of a boundary. It is the external economic aspect of politics of the budget charges.

The effectiveness of state regulation of economy with the help of the budget charges depends, first, on the relative sizes of the spent sums; secondly, from structure of these charges; thirdly, from efficiency of use of each unit of spent means.

The main tools of mobilisation of financial assets for a covering of the state charges are the taxes. They also are widely used for influence on activity of the subjects of economy. It is a special role of the taxes. But main role of the taxes - regulating. The state regulation through the taxes depends in a decisive degree on a choice of tax system, and also from kinds and sizes of tax privileges.

The taxes in state regulation of economy play a double role: on the one hand, it is the main source of financing of the state charges, the material basis of budget politics, on the other hand, is the tool of regulation. A task of state budget bodies - not simply to impose with the taxes those or other sources of receipt of means and to create the adjusted mechanism of influence on economic behaviour of the legal and physical persons is thin. For this purpose temporarily or selectively given tax discounts, delay of payment of the taxes are used.

The special place among means of state regulation of economy which is carried out through the taxes, plays accelerated amortisation of a fixed capital and connected with it(him) formation(education) and realisation of the latent reserves carried out within the framework of the sanctions of the ministries of the finance.

Accelerated amortisation of a fixed capital in modern conditions is by the main means of stimulation of accumulation, structural changes in economy and important tool of influence on an economic cycle - the employment. Essence it in a separation of physical process amortisation of machines, equipment, buildings and structures from the production costs of carry of cost of material carriers of a fixed capital on the made goods and services. Changing the rates and order amortisation, the state regulating bodies determine that part of the clean profit, which can be released from the taxes by inclusion in production costs and then is listed in amortisation fund for financing in the further new capital investments.

At check of correctness of payment of the tax from the profit the tax inspectors agree with accounting of production costs or services only if the amortisation deductions were made in conformity with norms solved by the ministry of the finance. The size of the balance profit, rate and size of the tax, and also paid dividends depends on it.

The variation of norms accelerated amortisation of a fixed capital is widely used in all advanced countries as a means of state tactical and structural politics, and also for stimulation of scientific researches and introduction of their results, for financing nature protection of measures. The effect of a variation of norms of amortisation deductions is swept up within a favourable conjuncture, i.e. in the periods of slowing and crises the effectiveness of amortisation politics weakens. The worse conjuncture, the more difficult & is to realise profit, it is less than opportunities for self-financing, and the amortisation privileges given by the state, becomes less attractive stimulus for the private investments. The privileges on accelerated amortisation are equivalent to reduction of receipts from the taxes from profits in the state budget. Result can be increase of other taxes or growth state duty.

The state capital investments are carried out substantially in public sector of economy playing a major role in state regulation of economy. It is simultaneously object and tool of influence on a private enterprise.