История развития вычислительной техники в России и её применение в железодорожном транспорте

История развития вычислительной техники в России и её применение в железодорожном транспорте

Московский Государственный Университет Сообщения

МИИТ

РЕФЕРАТ

по предмету:

История вычислительной техники

на тему:

История развития электронно-вычислительной

и её применение на железной дороге

Выполнил: Копылов Сергей

Москва, 2007г.

Содержание.

Введение……………………………………………………………………….3

ПЕРВЫЙ РАЗДЕЛ

ЭВМ первого поколения……………………………………………………...4

ЭВМ второго поколения………………………………………………………7

ЭВМ третьего поколения……………………………………………………..9

ЭВМ четвёртого поколения………………………………………………….11

ЭВМ пятого поколения……………………………………………………….12

ВТОРОЙ РАЗДЕЛ

Использование ЭВМ в автоматизированных системах

управления на железных дорогах………………………………………….14

Применение ЭВМ для управления перевозочными процессами…………..16

Заключение……………………………………………………………………...18

Список литературы……………………………………………………………………………19

Введение.

Слово «компьютер» означает «вычислитель», т.е. устройство для вычислений.

Потребность в автоматизации обработки данных, в том числе вычислений,

возникла очень давно. Более 1500 лет тому назад для счета использовались

счетные палочки, камешки и т.д.

В наше время трудно представить себе, что без компьютеров можно обойтись.

А ведь не так давно, до начала 70-х годов вычислительные машины были

доступны весьма ограниченному кругу специалистов, а их применение, как

правило, оставалось окутанным завесой секретности и мало известным широкой

публике. Однако в 1971 году произошло событие, которое в корне изменило

ситуацию и с фантастической скоростью превратило компьютер в повседневный

рабочий инструмент десятков миллионов людей. В том, вне всякого сомнения

знаменательном году еще почти никому не известная фирма Intel из

небольшого американского городка с красивым названием Санта-Клара (шт.

Калифорния), выпустила первый микропроцессор. Именно ему мы обязаны

появлением нового класса вычислительных систем - персональных компьютеров,

которыми теперь пользуются, по существу, все, от учащихся начальных

классов до ученых и инженеров.

В наше время невозможно представить себе жизнь без персонального

компьютера. Компьютер прочно вошел в нашу жизнь, став главным помощником

человека. На сегодняшний день в мире существует множество компьютеров

различных фирм, различных групп сложности, назначения и поколений.

В данном реферате я расскажу об основных моментах развития истории

вычислительной техники, а также её применение в железнодорожном транспорте

в России.

ПЕРВЫЙ РАЗДЕЛ.

ЭВМ первого поколения.

Начиная с 1943 года группа специалистов под руководством Говарда Эйкена,

Дж. Моучли и П. Эккерта в США начала конструировать вычислительную машину

на основе электронных ламп, а не на электромагнитных реле. Эта машина была

названа ENIAC (Electronic Numeral Integrator And Computer) и работала она

в тысячу раз быстрее, чем «Марк-1». ENIAC содержал 18 тысяч вакуумных

ламп, занимал площадь 9 *15 метров, весил 30 тонн и потреблял мощность 150

киловатт. ENIAC имел и существенный недостаток - управление им

осуществлялось с помощью коммутационной панели, у него отсутствовала

память, и для того чтобы задать программу приходилось в течение нескольких

часов или даже дней подсоединять нужным образом провода. Худшим из всех

недостатков была ужасающая ненадежность компьютера, так как за день работы

успевало выйти из строя около десятка вакуумных ламп.

Чтобы упростить процесс задания программ, Моучли и Эккерт стали

конструировать новую машину, которая могла бы хранить программу в своей

памяти. В 1945 году к работе был привлечен знаменитый математик Джон фон

Нейман, который подготовил доклад об этой машине. В этом докладе фон

Нейман ясно и просто сформулировал общие принципы функционирования

универсальных вычислительных устройств, т.е. компьютеров. Это первая

действующая машина, построенная на вакуумных лампах, официально была

введена в эксплуатацию 15 февраля 1946 года. Эту машину пытались

использовать для решения некоторых задач, подготовленных фон Нейманом и

связанных с проектом атомной бомбы. Затем она была перевезена на

Абердинский полигон, где работала до 1955 года.

ENIAC стал первым представителем 1-го поколения компьютеров. Любая

классификация условна, но большинство специалистов согласилось с тем, что

различать поколения следует исходя из той элементной базы, на основе

которой строятся машины. Таким образом, первое поколение представляется

ламповыми машинами.

Необходимо отметить огромную роль американского математика фон Неймана в

становлении техники первого поколения. Нужно было осмыслить сильные и

слабые стороны ENIAC и дать рекомендации для последующих разработок. В

отчете фон Неймана и его коллег Г. Голдстайна и А.Беркса (июнь 1946 года)

были четко сформулированы требования к структуре компьютеров. Важнейшие из

них:

1) Машины на электронных элементах должны работать не в десятичной, а в

двоичной системе счисления.

2) Программа, как и исходные данные, должна размещаться в памяти машины.

3) Программа, как и числа, должна записываться в двоичном коде.

4) Трудности физической реализации запоминающего устройства,

быстродействие которого соответствует скорости работы логических схем,

требуют иерархической организации памяти (то есть выделения оперативной,

промежуточной и долговременной памяти).

5) Арифметическое устройство (процессор) конструируется на основе схем,

выполняющих операцию сложения; создание специальных устройств для

выполнения других арифметических и иных операций нецелесообразно.

6) В машине используется параллельный принцип организации вычислительного

процесса (операции над числами производятся одновременно по всем

разрядам).

Практически все рекомендации фон Неймана впоследствии использовались в

машинах первых трех поколений, их совокупность получила название

«архитектура фон Неймана». Первый компьютер, в котором были воплощены

принципы фон Неймана, был построен в 1949 году английским исследователем

Морисом Уилксом. С той поры компьютеры стали гораздо более мощными, но

подавляющее большинство из них сделано в соответствии с теми принципами,

которые изложил в своем докладе в 1945 года Джон фон Нейман.

Новые машины первого поколения сменяли друг друга довольно быстро. В 1951

году заработала первая советская электронная вычислительная машина МЭСМ,

площадью около 50 квадратных метров. МЭСМ имела 2 вида памяти: оперативное

запоминающее устройство, в виде 4 панелей высотой в 3 метра и шириной 1

метр; и долговременная память в виде магнитного барабана объемом 5000

чисел. Всего в МЭСМ было 6000 электронных ламп, а работать с ними можно

было только после 1,5-2 часов после включения машины. Ввод данных

осуществлялся с помощью магнитной ленты, а вывод - цифропечатающим

устройством сопряженным с памятью. МЭСМ могла выполнять 50 математических

операций в секунду, запоминать в оперативной памяти 31 число и 63 команды

(всего было 12 различных команд), и потребляла мощность равную 25

киловаттам.

В 1952 году на свет появилась американская машина EDWAC. Стоит также

отметить построенный ранее, в 1949 году, английский компьютер EDSAC

(Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) - первую машину с хранимой

программой. В 1952 году советские конструкторы ввели в эксплуатацию БЭСМ -

самую быстродействующую машину в Европе, а в следующем году в СССР начала

работать «Стрела» - первая в Европе серийная машина высокого класса. Среди

создателей отечественных машин в первую очередь следует назвать имена С.А.

Лебедева, Б.Я. Базилевского, И.С. Брука, Б.И. Рамеева, В.А. Мельникова,

М.А. Карцева, А.Н. Мямлина. В 50-х годах появились и другие ЭВМ: «Урал»,

М-2, М-3, БЭСМ-2, «Минск-1», которые воплощали в себе все более

прогрессивные инженерные решения.

Проекты и реализация машин «Марк-1», EDSAC и EDVAC в Англии и США, МЭСМ в

СССР заложили основу для развёртывания работ по созданию ЭВМ

вакуумноламповой технологии - серийных ЭВМ первого поколения. Разработка

первой электронной серийной машины UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

была начата примерно в 1947 г. Эккертом и Маучли. Первый образец машины

(UNIVAC-1) был построен для бюро переписи США и пущен в эксплуатацию

весной 1951 г. Синхронная, последовательного действия вычислительная

машина UNIVAC-1 создана на базе ЭВМ ENIAC и EDVAC. Работала она с тактовой

частотой 2,25 МГц и содержала около 5000 электронных ламп.

По сравнению с США, СССР и Англией развитие электронной вычислительной

техники в Японии, ФРГ и Италии задержалось. Первая японская машина

\"Фуджик\" была введена в эксплуатацию в 1956 году, серийное производство

ЭВМ в ФРГ началось лишь в 1958 году.

Возможности машин первого поколения были достаточно скромны. Так,

быстродействие их по нынешним понятиям было малым: от 100 («Урал-1») до

20 000 операций в секунду (М-20 в 1959 году). Эти цифры определялись в

первую очередь инерционностью вакуумных ламп и несовершенством

запоминающих устройств. Объем оперативной памяти был крайне мал - в

среднем 2 048 чисел (слов), этого не хватало даже для размещения сложных

программ, не говоря уже о данных. Промежуточная память организовывалась на

громоздких и тихоходных магнитных барабанах сравнительно небольшой емкости

(5 120 слов у БЭСМ-1). Медленно работали и печатающие устройства, а также

блоки ввода данных. Если же остановиться подробнее на устройствах

ввода-вывода, то можно сказать, что с начала появления первых компьютеров

выявилось противоречие между высоким быстродействием центральных устройств

и низкой скоростью работы внешних устройств. Кроме того, выявилось

несовершенство и неудобство этих устройств. Первым носителем данных в

компьютерах, как известно, была перфокарта. Затем появились перфорационные

бумажные ленты или просто перфоленты. Они пришли из телеграфной техники

после того, как в начале XIX в. отец и сын из Чикаго Чарлз и Говард Крамы

изобрели телетайп.

ЭВМ первого поколения, эти жесткие и тихоходные вычислители, были

пионерами компьютерной техники. Они довольно быстро сошли со сцены, так

как не нашли широкого коммерческого применения из-за ненадежности, высокой

стоимости, трудности программирования.

ЭВМ второго поколения.

Элементной базой второго поколения стали полупроводники. Без сомнения,

транзисторы можно считать одним из наиболее впечатляющих чудес XX века.

Патент на открытие транзистора был выдан в 1948 году американцам Д.

Бардину и У.Браттейну, а через восемь лет они вместе с теоретиком В. Шокли

стали лауреатами Нобелевской премии. Скорости переключения уже первых

транзисторных элементов оказались в сотни раз выше, чем ламповых,

надежность и экономичность - тоже. Впервые стала широко применяться память

на ферритовых сердечниках и тонких магнитных пленках, были опробованы

индуктивные элементы - параметроны.

Первая бортовая ЭВМ для установки на межконтинентальной ракете - «Атлас» -

была введена в эксплуатацию в США в 1955 году. В машине использовалось 20

тысяч транзисторов и диодов, она потребляла 4 киловатта. В 1961 году

наземные компьютеры «стретч» фирмы «Бэрроуз» управляли космическими

полетами ракет «Атлас», а машины фирмы IBM контролировали полет астронавта

Гордона Купера. Под контролем ЭВМ проходили полеты беспилотных кораблей

типа «Рейнджер» к Луне в 1964 году, а также корабля «Маринер» к Марсу.

Аналогичные функции выполняли и советские компьютеры.

В 1956 г. фирмой IBM были разработаны плавающие магнитные головки на

воздушной подушке. Изобретение их позволило создать новый тип памяти -

дисковые запоминающие устройства, значимость которых была в полной мере

оценена в последующие десятилетия развития вычислительной техники. Первые

запоминающие устройства на дисках появились в машинах IBM-305 и RAMAC.

Последняя имела пакет, состоявший из 50 металлических дисков с магнитным

покрытием, которые вращались со скоростью 12000 об/мин. НА поверхности

диска размещалось 100 дорожек для записи данных, по 10000 знаков каждая.

Первые серийные универсальные ЭВМ на транзисторах были выпущены в 1958

году одновременно в США, ФРГ и Японии.

В Советском Союзе первые безламповые машины «Сетунь», «Раздан» и

«Раздан-2» были созданы в 1959-1961 годах. В 60-х годах советские

конструкторы разработали около 30 моделей транзисторных компьютеров,

большинство которых стали выпускаться серийно. Наиболее мощный из них -

«Минск-32» выполнял 65 тысяч операций в секунду. Появились целые семейства

машин: «Урал», «Минск», БЭСМ.

Рекордсменом среди ЭВМ второго поколения стала БЭСМ-6, имевшая

быстродействие около миллиона операций в секунду - одна из самых

производительных в мире. Архитектура и многие технические решения в этом

компьютере были настолько прогрессивными и опережающими свое время, что он

успешно использовался почти до нашего времени.

Специально для автоматизации инженерных расчетов в Институте кибернетики

Академии наук СССР под руководством академика В.М. Глушкова были

разработаны компьютеры МИР (1966) и МИР-2 (1969). Важной особенностью

машины МИР-2 явилось использование телевизионного экрана для визуального

контроля информации и светового пера, с помощью которого можно было

корректировать данные прямо на экране.

Построение таких систем, имевших в своем составе около 100 тысяч

переключательных элементов, было бы просто невозможным на основе ламповой

техники. Таким образом второе поколение рождалось в недрах первого,

перенимая многие его черты. Однако к середине 60-х годов бум в области

транзисторного производства достиг максимума - произошло насыщение рынка.

Дело в том, что сборка электронного оборудования представляла собой весьма

трудоемкий и медленный процесс, который плохо поддавался механизации и

автоматизации. Таким образом, созрели условия для перехода к новой

технологии, которая позволила бы приспособиться к растущей сложности схем

путем исключения традиционных соединений между их элементами.

ЭВМ третьего поколения.

Приоритет в изобретении интегральных схем, ставших элементной базой ЭВМ

третьего поколения, принадлежит американским ученым Д. Килби и Р. Нойсу,

сделавшим это открытие независимо друг от друга. Массовый выпуск

интегральных схем начался в 1962 году, а в 1964 начал быстро

осуществляться переход от дискретных элементов к интегральным.

Упоминавшийся выше ЭНИАК размерами 9 *15 метров в 1971 году мог бы быть

собран на пластине в 1,5 квадратных сантиметра. Началось перевоплощение

электроники в микроэлектронику.

Несмотря на успехи интегральной техники и появление мини-ЭВМ, в 60-х годах

продолжали доминировать большие машины. Таким образом, третье поколение

компьютеров, зарождаясь внутри второго, постепенно вырастало из него.

Первая массовая серия машин на интегральных элементах стала выпускаться в

1964 году фирмой IBM. Эта серия, известная под названием IBM-360, оказала

значительное влияние на развитие вычислительной техники второй половины

60-х годов. Она объединила целое семейство ЭВМ с широким диапазоном

производительности, причем совместимых друг с другом. Последнее означало,

что машины стало возможно связывать в комплексы, а также без всяких

переделок переносить программы, написанные для одной ЭВМ, на любую другую

из этой серии. Таким образом, впервые было выявлено коммерчески выгодное

требование стандартизации аппаратного и программного обеспечения ЭВМ.

В СССР первой серийной ЭВМ на интегральных схемах была машина «Наири-3»,

появившаяся в 1970 году. Со второй половины 60-х годов Советский Союз

совместно со странами СЭВ приступил к разработке семейства универсальных

машин, аналогичного системе ibm-360. В 1972 году началось серийное

производство стартовой, наименее мощной модели Единой Системы - ЭВМ

ЕС-1010, а еще через год - пяти других моделей. Их быстродействие

находилась в пределах от десяти тысяч (ЕС-1010) до двух миллионов

(ЕС-1060) операций в секунду.

В рамках третьего поколения в США была построена уникальная машина

«ИЛЛИАК-4», в составе которой в первоначальном варианте планировалось

использовать 256 устройств обработки данных, выполненных на монолитных

интегральных схемах. Позднее проект был изменен, из-за довольно высокой

стоимости (более 16 миллионов долларов). Число процессоров пришлось

сократить до 64, а также перейти к интегральным схемам с малой степенью

интеграции. Сокращенный вариант проекта был завершен в 1972 году,

номинальное быстродействие «ИЛЛИАК-4» составило 200 миллионов операций в

секунду. Почти год этот компьютер был рекордсменом в скорости вычислений.

Именно в период развития третьего поколения возникла чрезвычайно мощная

индустрия вычислительной техники, которая начала выпускать в больших

количествах ЭВМ для массового коммерческого применения. Компьютеры все

чаще стали включаться в информационные системы или системы управления

производствами. Они выступили в качестве очевидного рычага современной

промышленной революции.

ЭВМ четвёртого поколения.

Начало 70-х годов знаменует переход к компьютерам четвертого поколения -

на сверхбольших интегральных схемах (СБИС). Другим признаком ЭВМ нового

поколения являются резкие изменения в архитектуре.

Техника четвертого поколения породила качественно новый элемент ЭВМ -

микропроцессор. В 1971 году пришли к идее ограничить возможности

процессора, заложив в него небольшой набор операций, микропрограммы

которых должны быть заранее введены в постоянную память. Оценки показали,

что применение постоянного запоминающего устройства в 16 килобит позволит

исключить 100-200 обычных интегральных схем. Так возникла идея

микропроцессора, который можно реализовать даже на одном кристалле, а

программу в его память записать навсегда. В то время в рядовом

микропроцессоре уровень интеграции соответствовал плотности, равной

примерно 500 транзисторам на один квадратный миллиметр, при этом

достигалась очень хорошая надежность.

К середине 70-х годов положение на компьютерном рынке резко и

непредвиденно стало изменяться. Четко выделились две концепции развития

ЭВМ. Воплощением первой концепции стали суперкомпьютеры, а второй -

персональные ЭВМ.

Из больших компьютеров четвертого поколения на сверхбольших интегральных

схемах особенно выделялись американские машины «Крей-1» и «Крей-2», а

также советские модели «Эльбрус-1» и «Эльбрус-2». Первые их образцы

появились примерно в одно и то же время - в 1976 году. Все они относятся к

категории суперкомпьютеров, так как имеют предельно достижимые для своего

времени характеристики и очень высокую стоимость.

В машинах четвертого поколения сделан отход от архитектуры фон Неймана,

которая была ведущим признаком подавляющего большинства всех предыдущих

компьютеров.

Многопроцессорные ЭВМ, в связи с громадным быстродействием и особенностями

архитектуры, используются для решения ряда уникальных задач гидродинамики,

аэродинамики, долгосрочного прогноза погоды и т.п. Наряду с

суперкомпьютерами в состав четвертого поколения входят многие типы

мини-ЭВМ, также опирающиеся на элементную базу из сверхбольших

интегральных схем.

ЭВМ пятого поколения.

ЭВМ пятого поколения - это ЭВМ будущего. Программа разработки, так

называемого, пятого поколения ЭВМ была принята в Японии в 1982 г.

Предполагалось, что к 1991 г. будут созданы принципиально новые

компьютеры, ориентированные на решение задач искусственного интеллекта. С

помощью языка Пролог и новшеств в конструкции компьютеров планировалось

вплотную подойти к решению одной из основных задач этой ветви компьютерной

науки - задачи хранения и обработки знаний. Коротко говоря, для

компьютеров пятого поколения не пришлось бы писать программ, а достаточно

было бы объяснить на \"почти естественном\" языке, что от них требуется.

Предполагается, что их элементной базой будут служить не СБИС, а созданные

на их базе устройства с элементами искусственного интеллекта. Для

увеличения памяти и быстродействия будут использоваться достижения

оптоэлектроники и биопроцессоры.

На ЭВМ пятого поколения ставятся совершенно другие задачи, нежели при

разработки всех прежних ЭВМ. Если перед разработчиками ЭВМ с I по IV

поколений стояли такие задачи, как увеличение производительности в области

числовых расчётов, достижение большой ёмкости памяти, то основной задачей

разработчиков ЭВМ V поколения является создание искусственного интеллекта

машины (возможность делать логические выводы из представленных фактов),

развитие \"интеллектуализации\" компьютеров - устранения барьера между

человеком и компьютером.

К сожалению, японский проект ЭВМ пятого поколения повторил трагическую

судьбу ранних исследований в области искусственного интеллекта. Более

50-ти миллиардов йен инвестиций были потрачены впустую, проект прекращен,

а разработанные устройства по производительности оказались не выше

массовых систем того времени. Однако, проведенные в ходе проекта

исследования и накопленный опыт по методам представления знаний и

параллельного логического вывода сильно помогли прогрессу в области систем

искусственного интеллекта в целом.

Уже сейчас компьютеры способны воспринимать информацию с рукописного или

печатного текста, с бланков, с человеческого голоса, узнавать пользователя

по голосу, осуществлять перевод с одного языка на другой. Это позволяет

общаться с компьютерами всем пользователям, даже тем, кто не имеет

специальных знаний в этой области.

Многие успехи, которых достиг искусственный интеллект, используют в

промышленности и деловом мире. Экспертные системы и нейронные сети

эффективно используются для задач классификации (фильтрация СПАМа,

категоризация текста и т.д.). Добросовестно служат человеку генетические

алгоритмы (используются, например, для оптимизации портфелей в

инвестиционной деятельности), робототехника (промышленность, производство,

быт - везде она приложила свою кибернетическую руку), а также

многоагентные системы. Не дремлют и другие направления искусственного

интеллекта, например распределенное представление знаний и решение задач в

интернете: благодаря им в ближайшие несколько лет можно ждать революции в

целом ряде областей человеческой деятельности.

РАЗДЕЛ 2.

Использование ЭВМ в автоматизированных

системах управления на железных дорогах.

Прежде чем приступить к использованию ЭВМ в информационно-управляющих

системах на железнодорожном транспорте, предварительно проводят

исследования в области совершенствования методов планирования и

управления.

Основными целями совершенствования системы управления являются повышение

производительности труда и снижение себестоимости перевозок, разработка

эффективных способов регулирования эксплуатационной работы при изменении

объёмов перевозок.

При внедрении ЭВМ для информационно-управляющих автоматизированных систем

важно не только определение основных направлений совершенствования

транспортного обслуживания, но и выделение наиболее перспективных и

экономически эффективных сфер капиталовложений.

Совершенствование транспортной политики делает необходимой разработку

перспективных программ для реорганизации всей системы транспортного

обслуживания. В первую очередь это относится к обслуживанию клиентов. Одна

из основных проблем в этой области, стоящих перед руководством железных

дорог, - сбор необходимого объёма информации о потребностях различных

предприятий и отраслей производства в перевозках.

Важным условием оптимизации процессов управления внутри каждой

железнодорожной компании является научная организация разработки и

использование проектов и программ развития, рассчитанных на различные

сроки. Например, разработка долгосрочных и перспективных планов должна

быть сконцентрирована на верхнем уровне управления, тогда как на нижнем

уровне основное внимание уделяется решению оперативных задач управления и

планирования работы низовых подразделений.

Перспективные методы совершенствования управления деятельностью

железнодорожных компаний включают также координацию по разработке планов

работы каждого подразделения компании на базе единых критериев

эффективности.

Организация операционного слежения за перевозками непосредственно на

погрузочно-выгрузочных фронтах грузовых станций позволяет планировать

работу автомобильного транспорта, принадлежащего железнодорожным

компаниям, при комплексном обслуживании перевозок до складов

грузополучателей. Такой подход к планированию перевозочного процесса

повышает скорость доставки грузов, улучшает качественные показатели

выполнения сроков их доставки, что в итоге также повышает

конкурентоспособность железнодорожного транспорта в сфере доставки мелких

партий грузов.

Мероприятия по совершенствованию информационного обеспечения системы с

использованием ЭВМ заключались в организации сбора первичных данных о

поездах, вагонах и грузах на уровне отдельных грузовых и сортировочных

станций, в то время как на более ранних этапах разработки и внедрения

системы основной объём исходной информации поступал концентрированными

потоками из транспортных контор. Кроме того, для ввода заявок

грузополучатель на погрузку стали применять абонентские пункты с экранными

пультами, непосредственно подключенные к центральной ЭВМ вычислительного

комплекса системы.

Для оперативного управления материально-техническим снабжением компании

используется ЭВМ в специальной информационно-управляющей системе. Эта

система обеспечивает учёт наличия на складах и пунктах технического

обслуживания подвижного состава различного рода инструментов, запасных

деталей, горюче-смазочных материалов и различных технических средств. На

базе оперативного учёта система выдаёт отчётные данные, планирует закупки

и даёт возможность автоматизировать составление различных документов, в

том числе финансовых, для взаиморасчетов железнодорожной компании

поставщиками. После поступления с систему информационного сообщения о

закупке тех или иных материально-технических средств между складами, депо,

станциями и службами. Аналогичным образом учитывается перераспределение

средств между отдельными складами и пунктами потребления. Сбор исходной

информации осуществляется с помощью разветвлённой системы передачи данных

с использованием ЭВМ из пунктов, непосредственно подключённых к

центральной ЭВМ.

Долгосрочные планы компании предусматриваю изучение перспективных видов

перевозок, объём которых должен увеличиваться, разработку программы

увеличения объёма погрузки в соответствии с планами строительства новых и

расширения производства на существующих придприятиях.

Применение ЭВМ для управления

перевозочными процессами.

В условиях интенсификации работы железнодорожного транспорта

совершенствование управления перевозочным процессом на основе применения

ЭВМ является в настоящее время одной из важнейших задач. В этой связи

созданы различные автоматизированные системы оперативного управления,

которые способствую, например, на сортировочных станциях и в целом на

железнодорожных дорогах совершенствованию технологии их работы, улучшению

внутристанционных связей, повышению уровня организации и

производительности труда, упразднению ряда профессий, связанных с

малоквалифицированным ручным трудом. Введение динамической повагонной

модели и модели подъездной обстановки на станции позволило

автоматизировать составление всех технологических документов, создать

более благоприятные условия руководителям станций и отделений для принятия

решений на базе высококачественной и полной информатизации.

Рассмотрим применение ЭВМ на примере Горьковской железной дороги. На

станциях Горький-Сортировочный, Лянгасово, Владимир и других работают

системы реального времени. ЭВМ позволяют работникам железной дороги

непосредственно на рабочих местах получать необходимую информацию и

документацию.

Несмотря на то, что ЭВМ установлены на сортировочных станциях, доступ к

ним по прямым коммутируемым линиям связи имеют работники всех станций

отделения. Обратиться к станционной ЭВМ могут и работники аппарата

отделения. Прямым каналом связи станционная ЭВМ связана с дорожным

вычислительным центром. Таким образом, ЭВМ сортировочных станций выполняют

роль пунктов концентрации информации на полигоне отделения дороги.

В любой момент времени ЭВМ может ответить на вопрос о положении с

поездами, вагонами, грузами на станции с точностью до каждого пути. При

отправлении поезда ЭВМ в автоматическом режиме передаёт в отделение дороги

для поездного диспетчера информацию о поезде.

Одновременно в автоматизированную систему соседей сортировочной станции и

в дорожный вычислительный центр передают телеграмму - натуральный лист.

При этом впервые на сети использован способ межмашинного обмена

информацией между ЭВМ сортировочных станций.

На станциях полностью автоматизировано ведение приложения к графику

движения поездов. Диспетчер может по запросу получить натурный лист на

любой поезд и определить порядок своих действий. Передача этой информации

в дорожный вычислительный центр создаёт возможность составления поездного

положения на дороге, автоматизации информации о подходе поездов и решения

многих других задач в пределах железной дороги.

Автоматизированные системы оказывают огромную помощь оперативным

работникам и руководителям станций. Использование ЭВМ наряду с другими

мерами позволило ускорить подготовку документов для управления

перевозочным процессом без использования дополнительных трудовых ресурсов

при возросшем объёме работы сортировочных станций.

Заключение.

Главной тенденцией развития вычислительной техники в настоящее время

является дальнейшее расширение сфер применения ЭВМ и, как следствие,

переход от отдельных машин к их системам - вычислительным системам и

комплексам разнообразных конфигураций и широким диапазоном функциональных

возможностей и характеристик. Наиболее перспективные, создаваемые на

основе персональных ЭВМ, территориально распределенные вычислительные

системы ориентируются не столько на вычислительную обработку информации,

сколько на коммуникационные информационные услуги: электронную почту,

системы телеконференций и информационно-справочные системы.

Широкое развитие электронно-вычислительной техники и кибернетики создало

новые условия для внедрения ЭВМ и совершенствования системы управления

работой железнодорожного транспорта. С внедрением ЭВМ улучшились методы

управления перевозочным процессом, усовершенствовалась система

эксплуатационной работы, появилась централизация управления. В целях

оперативного управления эксплуатационной работой на железной дороге

применяются современнейшие ЭВМ.

Сфера применения ЭВМ на железной дороге безгранична. От автоматизированной

продажи билетов и переработки багажа до моделирования железнодорожной

транспортной системы и автоматической установки маршрутов самими поездами.

Список литературы.

1) Ю.Л.Полунов, «От абака до компьютера: судьбы людей и машин», 1 том,

издательство «РУССКАЯ РЕДАКЦИЯ», Москва 2004.

2) А.П.Пятибратов, А.С.Касаткин, Р.В.Можаров, «Электронно-вычислительные

машины в управлении», издательство «Профессия», Москва 2002г.

3) В.Т.Осипов, «Применение ЭВМ на железных дорогах», издательство «НАУКА»,

Москва 2001г.

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