Курсовая: Технический проект на производство топографо-геодезических работ (RTF&Autocad)

16

Oaaea?aeueiay neoaeaa aaiaeacee e ea?oia?aoee ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee

Iineianeee Eieeaaeae Aaiaeacee e Ea?oia?aoee

Eo?niaie i?iaeo

Oaoie/aneee i?iaeo ia i?iecaiaenoai

oiiia?aoi-aaiaeace/aneeo ?aaio

ia iauaeoa E?eooneee

Niaea?aeaiea.

Aaaaeaiea
........................................................................
......................................................... 3

1. Iauea naaaeaiey
........................................................................
......................................... 4

2. Oa?aeoa?enoeea iauaeoa
........................................................................
........................... 6

3. Iaci? oiiia?aoi - aaiaeace/aneie iaania/aiiinoe iauaeoa e noaiaie

aa eniieueciaaiey aeey ?aaio
........................................................................
.......................... 7

4. I?iaeoe?oaiua ?aaiou.

4.1 Iieeaiiiiao?ey 1 e 2 ?ac?yaea
........................................................................
............... 8

4.2 Ieaaee?iaaiea IV eeanna
........................................................................
...................... 10

4.3 Iieaaua ?aaiou i?e noa?aioiiia?aoe/aneie nuaiea ianooaaa 1:2000 n

na/aieai ?aeueaoa /a?ac 0,5 iao?a
........................................................................
.............. 12

5. I?aaiecaoeey ?aaio ia iauaeoa
........................................................................
................ 16

6. Iainiiaaiea niaoiie noieiinoe e niaoa ia auiieiaiea ?aaio
................................ 17

7. I?eeiaeaiey.

Aaaaeaiea.

Ia caaeaiiii o/anoea no?ieoaeuenoaa i?aaeeaaaaony ?ac?aaioaoue
oaoie/aneee i?iaeo ia i?iecaiaenoai oiiia?aoi-aaiaeace/aneeo ?aaio e
auiieieoue ?an/ao niaoiie noieiinoe.

I?aaeeaaaaony nicaeaoue ieaiiai-aunioioth iniiao aeey iineaaeothuae
noa?aioiiia?aoe/aneie nuaiee ianooaaa 1:2000 n na/aieai ?aeueaoa /a?ac
0,5 iao?a. Ieaiiaoth iniiao i?aaeeaaaaony nicaeaoue iaoiaeii
iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2 ?ac?yaeia. Aunioioth - iaoiaeii ieaaee?iaaiey 4
eeanna.

1. Iauea naaaeaiey.

O/anoie , ia eioi?ii aoaeoo i?iecaiaeeoueny ?aaiou ?aniieiaeai a a.
E?eoone.

Caeac/eeii yaeyaony III ?Naioe??, ca n/ao eioi?iai e aoaeoo
i?iecaiaeeoueny ana cai?iaeoe?iaaiiua ?aaiou.

Oeaeaaia iacia/aiea ?aaio : nicaeaoue ieaiiai - aunioioth
aaiaeace/aneoth iniiao aeey iineaaeothuae noa?aioiiia?aoe/aneie nuaiee
ianooaaa 1:2000 n na/aieai ?aeueaoa /a?ac 0,5 iao?a.

Aeaeu ?aaio ii eioi?ui auiieiyaony i?iaeoe?iaaiea :

1. ?aeiaiinoee?iaea ioieoia iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2 ?ac?yaeia.

2. Caeeaaeea oeaio?ia.

3. Ecia?aiea oaeia e aeeei noi?ii ia ioieoao iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2
?ac?yaeia.

4. Ieaaee?iaaiea 4 eeanna ii ioieoai iieeaiiiiao?ee.

5. Iieaaua ?aaiou i?e noa?aioiiia?aoe/aneie nuaiea ianooaaa 1:2000.

A?aoee auiieiaiey ?aaio.

?I?iaeoe?oaiua ?aaiouA?aiy auiieiaiey ?aaio1.?aeiaiinoee?iaea ioieoia
iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2 ?ac?yaeia.10.04.97 - 09.05.972.Caeeaaeea oeaio?ia.
10.05.97 - 10.10.973.Ecia?aiea oaeia e aeeei noi?ii ia ioieoao
iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2 ?ac?yaeia. 10.05.98 - 09.08.984.Ieaaee?iaaiea 4
eeanna ii ioieoai iieeaiiiiao?ee.10.08.98 - 10.10.985.Iieaaua ?aaiou i?e
noa?aioiiia?aoe/aneie nuaiea ianooaaa 1:2000. 10.05.99 - 10.10.99

Ea?oa iauaeoa:

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
yyyyyyyyyyyyyy0/O

2. Oa?aeoa?enoeea iauaeoa.

Eeeiao.

Eeeiao eiioeiaioaeueiue. N?aaeiyy oaiia?aoo?a yiaa?y -210N. Niaaeiue
iie?ia aea?aeeony 160-170 aeiae. N?aaeiyy oaiia?aoo?a ethey 170N - 190N.
Iauay noiia inaaeeia 350-430 ii a aiae, aeaaiay eo /anoue auiaaeaao ai
2-e iieiaeia eaoa e ia/aea inaie.

?anoeoaeueiinoue.

?ani?ino?aiaiu naaoeioaieiua eenoaaiie/iua e niniiaua oaiiioaieiua
eana. Noaiiay e eaninoaiiay ?anoeoaeueiinoue nio?aieeanue ia iaaieueoeo
ia?aniaoaiiuo o/anoeao.

A?oiou.

Ia aieueoae /anoe oa??eoi?ee ?ani?ino?aiaiu aea?iiai-iiaecieenoua,
iiaecieenoua, oaiii-ei?e/iaaua e oaiii-na?ua eaniua neaaiiiaecieaiiua
ii/au.

Aeae?ia?aoey.

Ai?iae ?aniieiaeai a aannaeia ?. Aienay o aiaaeaiey ?. E?eoo a Aiaa?o.

Yeiiiie/aneay oa?aeoa?enoeea ?aeiia.

Eiathueany iooe niiauaiey - aeaeaciiaei?iaeiua (E?eoone - Nethaeyiea,
Aaaeai - Oaeoao, Oaeoao - Eaia, O?aaoiaay - Ono-Eeei ); aaoiiiaeeueiua (
Iineianeee o?aeo, E?eoone - Ea/oa, Ooeoi - A?aone ); aiaeiua (
noaeioiaeiua ?aee - Aiaa?a, Aeoei, Eaia ); aicaeooiue.

N?aaenoaa nayce : ii/oa, oaeaa?ao, oaeaoii.

3. Iaci? oiiia?aoi-aaiaeace/aneie iaania/aiiinoe iauaeoa e noaiaie aa
eniieueciaaiey a i?iaeoe?oaiuo ?aaioao.

Eiathueany ia iauaeoa ioieou aoaeoo eniieueciaaiu eae enoiaeiua aeey
i?iaeoe?oaiuo oiaeia iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2 ?ac?yaea e ieaaee?iaaiey IV
eeanna.

Oaaeeoea ?1. Ia?a/aiue ?aiaa auiieiaiiuo o?eaiaoeyoeeiiiuo ?aaio.

Iaeiaiiaaiea i?aaiecaoeee, auiieieaoae ?aaioo, aiae.Eeann
o?eaiaoeyoeeeN?aaeiyy eaaae?aoe/aneay iia?aoiinoue ecia?aiey
oaea.Eiee/anoai ioieoia.AOAE. I?aaei?eyoea ?Ay?iaaiaeacey?. a.E?eoone,
1991 a.

4

1,7?

2

Oaaeeoea ?2. Ia?a/aiue ?aiaa auiieiaiiuo ieaaee?iuo ?aaio.

Iaeiaiiaaiea i?aaiecaoeee, auiieieaoae ?aaioo, aiae.Eeann
ieaaee?iaaiey.N?aaeiyy eaaae?aoe/aneay iia?aoiinoue ia 1 ei oiaea.*enei
ieaaee?iuo ciaeia ia o/anoea.AOAE. I?aaei?eyoea ?Ay?iaaiaeacey?.
a.E?eoone, 1991 a.

III

3.2 ii

2

Ia oa??eoi?ee iauaeoa iaoiaeeony aeaa ioieoa o?eaiaoeyoeee 4 eeanna,
eioi?ua eiatho ioiaoeo ec ieaaee?iaaiey III eeanna. Yoe ioieou yaeythony
enoiaeiuie aeey i?iaeoe?iaaiey aoaeouae ieaiiai-aunioiie aaiaeace/aneie
iniiau aeey i?iecaiaenoaa iineaaeothuae nuaiee.

Eniieuecoy yoe ioieou ninoaaeyaony noaia i?iaeoe?oaiuo ?aaio. (ni.
i?eeiaeaiea)4. I?iaeoe?oaiua ?aaiou.

4.1 Iieeaiiiiao?ey 1 e 2 ?ac?yaea.

I?iaeoe?iaaiea aaiaeace/aneeo naoae naouaiey ia oa??eoi?ee
i?iiieiuaaeee inouanoaeyaony iaoiaeii i?ieiaeaiey oiaeia iieeaiiiiao?ee
1 e 2 ?ac?yaeia.

A niioaaonoaee n i.2.22 ?Eino?oeoeee ii oiiia?aoe/aneie nuaiea a
ianooaaao 1:5000 - 1:500? ieioiinoue aaiaeace/aneie iniiau aeieaeia
auoue aeiaaaeaia ?acaeoeai naoae naouaiey ia i?iiieiuaaeea ia iaiaa /ai
aei 4-o ioieoia ia 1 ei2 a cano?iaiiie oa??eoi?ee. Aeey iaania/aiey
eiaeaia?iuo ecuneaiee ia i?iiieiuaaeea ieioiinoue nuaii/iiai iainiiaaiey
iiaeao auoue aeiaaaeaia aei 8-ie ioieoia ia 1 ei2.

A niioaaonoaee n o?aaiaaieai eino?oeoeee (i.2.22) ia oa??eoi?ee iauaeoa
ieioiinoue ninoaaeyao 6 ioieoia ia 1 ei2 , o.a. 6 ioieoia x 35 ei2 = 210
ioieoia. Iieiaeaiea iieiaeiu ioieoia aoaeao ii?aaeaeaii i?ieiaeaieai
oiaeia iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 ?ac?yaea, a iieiaeia - iaoiaeii iieeaiiiiao?ee 2
?ac?yaea, oiaaea i?ioyaeaiiinoue oiaeia aoaeao ?aaia:

105 ioieoia o 0,3 ei = 31,5 ( I ?ac?yae);

105 ioieoia o 0,2 ei = 21,0 ( II ?ac?yae);

Iauay aeeeia oiaeia - 52,5 ei.

? (0,3 e 0,2 - noi?iiu iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2 ?ac?yaeia a niioaaonoaee n
eino?oeoeeae ii oiiia?aoe/aneie nuaiea a ianooaaao 1:5000 - 1:500).

Ioieou iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2 ?ac?yaeia cae?aieythony iinoiyiiuie
oeaio?aie oeia 2 e 6, a oaeaea noaiiuie ciaeaie. Oceiaua oi/ee
cae?aieythony oeaio?aie aeoaieiai caeiaeaiey oeia 2. Ia iniiaaiee
enoiaeiuo aeaiiuo e auiieiaiiuo ?an/aoia i?aaeeaaaaony noaia
i?iaeoe?oaiuo ?aaio:

Oaaeeoea ?3. Aaaeiiinoue iauaiia ?aaio ii iieeaiiiiao?ee.

?Iaeiaiiaaiea i?ioeannia a ii?yaeea oaoiieiae/aneie
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe.Aaeeieoea ecia?aiey.Iauai ?aaio ii oaoie/aneiio
i?iaeoo.1.?aeiaiinoee?iaea ioieoia iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2
?ac?yaeia.ioieo2102.Caeeaaeea oeaio?ia:

a) aeoaieia caeiaeaiea (o.2)

a) iaaeoaieia caeiaeaiea (o.6)

a) noaiiie ciaeoeaio? (ioieo)

55

77

783.Ecia?aiea oaeia e noi?ii ia ioieoao iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2
?ac?yaeia.210

Oaoie/aneea oneiaey ecia?aiey oaeia e noi?ii iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2
?ac?yaea i?eaiaeyony ieaea (a niioaaonoaee n eino?oeoeeae ii
oiiinuaiea).

Iieacaoaee1 ?ac?yae2 ?ac?yaeI?aaeaeueiay aeeeia oiaea, ei:

ioaeaeueiiai

iaaeaeo enoiaeiie e oceiaie oi/eie

iaaeaeo oceiauie oi/eaie

5

3

2

3

2

1,5I?aaeaeueiue ia?eiao? iieeaiia, ei159Aeeeiu noi?ii oiaea, ei:

iaeaieueoay

iaeiaiueoay

n?aaeiyy ?an/aoiay

0,80

0,12

0,30

0,35

0,08

0,20*enei noi?ii a oiaea, ia aieaa1515Ioiineoaeueiay iia?aoiinoue oiaea,
ia aieaa1:100001:5000N?aaeiyy eaaae?aoe/aneay iia?aoiinoue ecia?aiey
oaea (ii iaayceai a oiaeao e iieeaiiao), oaeiaua naeoiaeu, ia aieaa

5

10Oaeiaay iaaycea oiaea eee iieeaiia, oaeiaua naeoiaeu, ia aieaa, aaea n
- /enei oaeia a oiaea1020

Ecia?aiea oaeia ia ioieoao iieeaiiiiao?ee i?iecaiaeeony niiniaii
ecia?aiey ioaeaeueiiai oaea eee niiniaii e?oaiauo i?eaiia, eae i?aaeei,
ii o?ao-

ooaoeaiie nenoaia iioe/aneeie oaiaeieeoaie O1, O2, O5 e ae?oaeie, ei
?aaiioi/iuie, n oi/iinoueth oeaio?e?iaaiey 1 ii.

Niinia e?oaiauo i?eaiia i?eiaiyaony, eiaaea /enei iaaethaeaaiuo
iai?aaeaiee ia ioieoa ia aieaa aeaoo.

Ia?aae ia/aeii ?aaio i?eai?u i?iaa?ythony e enneaaeothony a i?ia?aiia.

Oeiu i?eai?ia*enei i?eaiia a

iieeaiiiiao?ee1 ?ac?yae2 ?ac?yaeO2 e aio ?aaiioi/iua22O5 e aio
?aaiioi/iua32

I?e ia?aoiaea io iaeiiai i?eaia e ae?oaiio eeia ia?anoaaeyaony ia oaie
1800/n+, aaea n - /enei i?eaiia, a = 10 eee 5.

4.2 Ieaaee?iaaiea IV eeanna.

Aeey iaania/aiey aunioiie aaiaeace/aneie iniiau aeey iineaaeothuae
oiiia?aoe/aneie nuaiee i?iaeo i?aaeoniao?eaaao auiieiaiea ieaaee?iaaiey
IV eeanna ii oiaeai iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2 ?ac?yaeia. Oiaeu ieaaee?iaaiey
cae?aieythony oeaio?aie aeoaieiai caeiaeaiey, eniieuecoaiuie a
iieeaiiiiao?ee (55 ioieoia) e noaiiuie ciaeaie (78 ciaeia).

Ec ?an/aoia, i?eaaaeaiiuo auoa, cae?aieaiea ioieoia i?iaiaeeony 133-iy
iinoiyiiuie ieaaee?iuie ciaeaie.

Oaaeeoea ?4. Aaaeiiinoue iauaiia ?aaio ii ieaaee?iaaieth IV eeanna.

Iaeiaiiaaiea i?ioeanniaAaeeieoea ecia?aieyIauai ?aaio ii oaoie/aneiio
i?iaeooIeaaee?iaaiea IV eeannaei210 ei + 2 ei i?eayci/iuo a caaeneiinoe
io noaiu = 212 ei.

Ieaaee?iaaiea IV eeanna auiieiyaony a niioaaonoaee n ioieoii ?9
?Eino?oeoeee ii oiiinuaiea?.

Iniiaiua o?aaiaaiey:

- ieaaee?iua oiaeu IV eeanna i?ieeaaeuaathony a iaeiii iai?aaeaiee.
Aeeeia eeiee ieaaee?iaaiey IV eeanna ia aeieaeia i?aauoaoue 50 ei;

- ieaaee?iaaiea IV eeanna auiieiyaony ieaaee?aie, eiathueie oaaee/aiea
o?oau ia iaiaa 25o, oeaio aeaeaiey o?iaiy ia aieaa 25? ia 2 ii;

- ia?aae ia/aeii iieaauo ?aaio aeieaeiu auiieiyoueny iieaaua iiaa?ee e
enneaaeiaaiey ieaaee?ia, a oaeaea eiiia?e?iaaiea ?aae;

- ?aeee aeey ieaaee?iaaiey IV eeanna i?eiaiythony aeaonoi?iiiea
oaoa/iua, ion/aou ii /a?iui e e?aniui noi?iiai ?aae i?iecaiaeyo ii
n?aaeiae ieoe. Aeey ii?aaeaeaiey ?annoiyiee io ieaaee?a aei ?aae
i?iecaiaeyony ion/aou ii aeaeueiiia?iui ieoyi ii /a?iui noi?iiai ?aae;

- ?anoiaeaeaiea cia/aiee i?aauoaiey ia noaioeee, ii?aaeaeaiiiai ii
/a?iui e e?aniui noi?iiai ?aae, aeiioneaaony aei 5 ii;

- iaaycee a oiaeao iaaeaeo enoiaeiuie ioieoaie e a iieeaiiao aeieaeiu
auoue ia aieaa 20 (ii) i?e /enea noaioeee iaiaa 15 ia 1 ei oiaea e 5
(ii) i?e /enea noaioeee aieaa 15 ia 1 ei oiaea, aaea L - aeeeia oiaea
(iieeaiia) a ei; n - /enei noaioeee a oiaea (iieeaiia).

4.3 Iieaaua ?aaiou i?e noa?aioiiia?aoe/aneie nuaiea ianooaaa 1:2000 n
na/aieai ?aeueaoa /a?ac 0,5 iao?a.

Noa?aioiiia?aoe/aneay nuaiea auiieiyaony ii iaeiie ec neaaeothueo
oaoiieiae/aneeo noai:

1 aa?eaio:

- eiioo?iay /anoue ieaia nicaeaaony ia iniiaa oioiieaiia, a nuaiea
?aeueaoa auiieiyaony ia oieaa?naeueiuo noa?aioioia?aiiao?e/aneeo
i?eai?ao; aeaoeo?e?iaaiea auiieiyaony iooai ni/aoaiey iieaaiai e
eaia?aeueiiai aeaoeo?e?iaaiey.

2 aa?eaio:

- ninoaaeaiea eiioo?iie /anoe ieaia e nuaiea ?aeueaoa auiieiythony ia
oieaa?naeueiuo noa?aioioia?aiiao?e/aneeo i?eai?ao; aeaoeo?e?iaaiea
auiieiyaony eaia?aeueii e a iiea ia ay?ioioinieieao eee oioinoaiao.

?? I/IIaeiaiiaaiea i?ioeannia ?aaioAaeeieoea ecia?aieyIauai
?aaio1.Iieaaua ?aaiou i?e noa?aioiiia?aoe/aneie nuaiea ianooaaa 1:2000 n
na/aieai ?aeueaoa /a?ac 0,5 i

ei.ea.

35

Aeaeu e oaoiieiaey cai?iaeoe?iaaiiuo ?aaio :

A). Ia?ee?iaea iiiciaeia.

I?e nuaiea a ianooaaao 1:2000, 1:1000 e 1:500 ia?ee?othony ioieou
aaiaeace/aneiai iainiiaaiey, ieaiiaua (ieaiiai-aunioiua) iiiciaee,
aoiaeiua e auoiaeiua i?eaioe?u ia inyo ia?o?ooia ay?ioioinuaiee.

Ia?ee?oaiua ieaiiaua (ieaiiai-aunioiua) iiiciaee aeieaeiu
?aniieaaaoueny oaeei ia?acii, /oiau ia ay?ioioinieieao eo ecia?aaeaiey
ia cae?uaaeenue ecia?aaeaieyie ae?oaeo iauaeoia eee eo oaiyie.

Anee ioieou aaiaeace/aneiai iainiiaaiey cae?aieaiu noaiiuie ciaeaie, oi
aianoi ieo ia?ee?othony ?aniieiaeaiiua aaeece ianoiua i?aaeiaou,
eii?aeeiaou eioi?uo aeieaeiu auoue ii?aaeaeaiu aeiiieieoaeueii.

Aeey ia?ee?iaee, eae i?aaeei, aeieaeiu i?eiaiyoueny aeaoaaua iaoa?eaeu.
Iaycaoaeueiui oneiaeai auai?a iaoa?eaeia e e?anyueo aauanoa aeey
ia?ee?iaee yaeyaony iaania/aiea iaeneiaeueiiai eiio?anoa iaaeaeo
ia?ee?iai/iui ciaeii e oiiii.

Ia?ee?iai/iua ciaee aeieaeiu eiaoue, eae i?aaeei, oi?io e?anoa,
ninoiyuaai ec /aou?ao eo/ae ni naiaiaeiui i?ino?ainoaii a oeaio?a,
eaaae?aoa eee e?oaa.

Ia eaaeaeue ia?ee?iai/iue ciae ninoaaeyaony niaoeeaeueiay ea?oi/ea, a
eioi?ie oeacuaaaony ianoiiaoiaeaeaiea caia?ee?iaaiiie oi/ee, /oi
caia?ee?iaaii, aa?en, ?acia?u e oi?ia ia?ee?iai/iiai ciaea, aunioa iaae
iiaa?oiinoueth caiee a naioeiao?ao, iaoa?eae, eniieueciaaiiue aeey
ia?ee?iaee.

A). Ieaiiai- aunioiay i?eaycea ay?ioioinieieia.

I?iaeoe?oaiua ieaiiaua iiiciaee aeieaeiu ii aiciiaeiinoe niaiauaoueny n
?aia?aie ieaaee?iaaiey.

Ia/aei e eiiaoe eaaeaeiai ia?o?ooa ay?ioioinuaiee aeieaeiu auoue
iaania/aiu aeaoiy ieaiiauie iii?iuie oi/eaie, iaeia ec eioi?uo aeieaeia
iaoiaeeony ca a?aieoeae o/anoea nuaiee. A?aieoeu, niaiaaeathuea n
iai?aaeaieai ia?o?ooia ay?ioioinuaiee, iaania/eaathony aeiiieieoaeueiuie
ieaiiauie oi/eaie iina?aaeeia (/a?ac 40-50 ni), anee /enei ia?o?ooia ia
o/anoea aieueoa o?ao.

Aeey eiio?iey oioia?aiiao?e/aneiai naouaiey a eaaeaeii aeiea, ninoiyuai
ec 4-6 o?aiaoeee nicaeaaaaiiai ieaia, ii?aaeaeythony 1-2 eiio?ieueiua
ieaiiaua oi/ee. Eiio?ieueiuie oi/eaie iiaoo neoaeeoue oaeaea iiiciaiiua
oi/ee aaiaeace/aneiai iainiiaaiey (ioieou o?eaiaoeyoeee e
iieeaiiiiao?ee).

A ea/anoaa ieaiiauo iiiciaeia auae?athony eiioo?iua oi/ee, eioi?ua
iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue ia ay?ioioinieiea n oi/iinoueth 0,1 ii a ianooaaa
ieaia.

Aunioiua iiiciaee neaaeoao ii aiciiaeiinoe niaiauaoue n
caia?ee?iaaiiuie oi/eaie. Iiiciaee, ia niaiauaiiua n caia?ee?iaaiiuie
oi/eaie, auae?athony ia iaaeaaeii iiiciaaaaiuo eiioo?ao. Ioeaee a
iiiciaaaiee oi/ee ia ianoiinoe e ioiaeaeanoaeaiee aa ia ay?ioioinieiea
ia aeieaeiu i?eaiaeeoue e ioeaea a aunioa oi/ee aieaa 1/10 auniou
na/aiey ?aeueaoa. Cai?auaaony auae?aoue a ea/anoaa aunioiuo iiiciaeia
oi/ee, ?aniieiaeaiiua ia e?oouo neeiiao.

Ia niaiauaiiua n caia?ee?iaaiiuie oi/eaie aunioiua iiiciaee i?e
?ac?aaeaiiie aunioiie iiaeaioiaea iiaeeaaeao iieiiio iieaaiio
eiio?ieueiiio iiiciaaaieth.

I?e aunioiie iiaeaioiaea ii?aaeaeytho ioiaoee o?acia aiaeu a ?aeao e
aiaeiaiao, a oaeaea ioiaoee oa?aeoa?iuo e /aoeeo eiioo?iuo oi/ae a
i?iiaaeooeao iaaeaeo iiiciaeaie.

Auniou iiiciaeia ii?aaeaeytho oaoie/aneei ieaaee?iaaieai i?e nuaiea n
aunioie na/aiey 0,5 i.

Ia eaaeaeoth nuaii/ioth o?aiaoeeth i?e auiieiaiee aunioiie iiaeaioiaee
aeieaeii auoue ii?aaeaeaii ia iaiaa 5 aunioiuo oi/ae aeey eiio?iey
noa?ai?eniaee ?aeueaoa.

A). Aeaoeo?e?iaaiea ay?ioioinieieia.

Aeaoeo?e?iaaiea ia ianoiinoe ianaeaiiuo ioieoia e iauaeoia n aunieie
eiioo?iie iaa?oceie iiaeao i?iecaiaeeoueny ia oaaee/aiiuo
ay?ioioinieieao, oioinoaiao, oioiieaiao eee ay?ioioinieieao a eiiieaeoa
n a?aoe/aneei i?eaeiaeii. Iaoa?eae, ia eioi?ii oeene?othony ?acoeueoaou
aeaoeo?e?iaaiey, aeieaeai auoue a ianooaaa nicaeaaaaiiai ieaia eee
aeecie e iaio.

Iieiioa e aeaoaeueiinoue aeaoeo?e?iaaiey ii?aaeaeythony aeaenoaothueie
Oneiaiuie ciaeaie e aeiiieieoaeueiuie oaoie/aneeie o?aaiaaieyie e ieaiai
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiiai iacia/aiey.

Oneiaiua ciaee iauaeoia aeieaeiu ?aciauaoueny n i?inaaoaie iaaeaeo ieie
0,3 ii.

I?e i?iecaiaenoaa aeaoeo?e?iaaiey a i?aaeaeao cano?iaiiuo oa??eoi?ee
eiee/anoai i?aaeiaoia ianoiinoe iiaeao ieacaoueny ianoieueei
cia/eoaeueiui, /oi iaianoe eo ana ia naieo ianoao ia i?aaenoaaeyaony
aiciiaeiui. A yoeo neo/ayo iaeaieaa aaaeiua ii naiaio cia/aieth
i?aaeiaou iieacuaatho oi/ii ia naieo ianoao, a iaiaa aaaeiua iiaoo auoue
iaiiiai naeaeioou eee iiouaiu.

Aeaoeo?e?iaaiea iacaaeneii io oaoiieiae/aneeo aa?eaioia nuaiee, eae
i?aaeei, aeieaeii eiio?iee?iaaoueny e i?eieiaoueny iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia
ianoiinoe.5. I?aaiecaoeey ?aaio ia iauaeoa.

Niaeanii caaeaiey, eiaeaia?iua aaiaeace/aneea ecuneaiey aoaeoo
i?iaiaeeoueny a E?eooneie iaeanoe neeaie ecuneaoaeueneie ia?oee.

Aaca ecuneaoaeueneie ia?oee aua?aia a ?aniieiaeaiiii a iaiin?aaenoaaiiie
aeecinoe io iauaeoa ?aaio ianaeaiiii ioieoa, eiathuai ioaeaeaiea nayce,
aaeece io aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie noaioeee. Oaeia ianoi?aniieiaeaiea
ecuneaoaeueneie ia?oee iicaieyao iaeaa/eoue niaaaeaiea iieaauo
iiae?acaeaeaiee iaoa?eaeaie, eino?oiaioaie, i?iaeoeoaie e aeaiaaeiuie
n?aaenoaaie, a oaeaea iaeaa/aao inouanoaeaiea nayce e oi?aaeaiey. Ianoi
?aniieiaeaiey iieaauo io?yaeia e a?eaaae oaeaea aoaeao aua?aii eae
iiaeii aeeaea e ?aeiio ?aaio, /oi cia/eoaeueii iiauneo
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea. I?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi ?aniieiaeaiea
io?yaeia aoaeao inouanoaeyoueny a ianaeaiiuo ioieoao.

Iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneia niaaaeaiea (aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa, eino?oiaiou,
iai?oaeiaaiea, ai?th/a-niaci/iua iaoa?eaeu e caianiua /anoe)
ecuneaoaeueneie ia?oee i?aaeiieaaaaony inouanoaeyoue neeaie auoanoiyuae
i?aaiecaoeee (yeniaaeeoeee), a i?iaeoeoaie ieoaiey - /a?ac ianoiua I?Nu
e O?Nu. Niaaaeaiea iieaauo iiae?acaeaeaiee i?aaeoniao?eaaaony neeaie
ecuneaoaeueneie ia?oee aaoiiiaeeueiui o?ainii?oii ii ca?aiaa
ninoaaeaiiiio a?aoeeo eee ii aeiaiai?aiiinoe iaaeaeo ?oeiaiaeeoaeyie
iiae?acaeaeaiee.

Iieaaua iiae?acaeaeaiey (io?yaeu e a?eaaaeu) i?aaeiieaaaaony niaaaeeoue
aaoio?ainii?oii (oeia OAC-469), a io?yaeu, aei?iae aei ianoa i?iaaaeaiey
?aaio o eioi?uo ionoonoaotho - aaoio?ainii?oii oeia AAC-71.

7. Iainiiaaiea niaoiie noieiinoe e niaoa ia auiieiaiea ?aaio.

Niaoiay noieiinoue ?aaio ii?aaeaeaia ii ?Niaoiui oe?oiiaiiui ?anoeaieai
(NO?) ia oiiia?aoi-aaiaeace/aneea ?aaiou?.

Niaoiua ?anoeaiee niaea?aeao cao?aou i?iecaiaenoaa ii noaoueyi iniiaiuo
?anoiaeia:

- iniiaioth ca?aaioioth ieaoo (EO? e ?aai/eo);

- aeiiieieoaeueioth ca?aaioioth ieaoo;

- io/eneaiea ia nioeeaeueiia no?aoiaaiea;

- iieaaia aeiaieuenoaea ia iieaauo ?aaioao;

- noieiinoue iaoa?eaeia, eniieuecoaiuo i?e auiieiaiee ?aaio;

- aii?oecaoeeth iniiaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia;

- eciin iaeioeaiiiai eiouanoaa, nia?yaeaiey e eiaaioa?y;

- noieiinoue o?ainii?oa.

?anoiaeu ia i?aaiecaoeeiiii-eeeaeaeaoeeiiiua ?aaiou ?ann/eouaathony a
i?ioeaioiii ioiioaiee io noieiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa ?aaio.

Iaeeaaeiua ?anoiaeu ii?aaeaeythony a i?ioeaioiii ioiioaiee io iniiaiuo
?anoiaeia.