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 update 26.09.01
 
 OIAA?OI YEI: ia?aaienu eioa?i?aoaoee
  AA?IIAENEEE AOIAIEOA?IUE OIEAA?NEOAO
 A. ?. Oniaiiaa
 Ieine
 Ecaaoaeunoai AAO "I?IIEEAE" 2000
 HUMANITIES
 ENNEAAIAAIE? A IAEANOE AOIAIEOA?IUO IAOE
 ?AAAEOEIIIUE NIAAO:
 A. A. Ieoaeeia (i?aanaaaoaeu)
 A. A. Aaeaiia
 E. A. Aonaeianeay
 A. A. Aoiaaa
 A. I. Eo?eineee
 E. I. Eiaaeiia
 A. ?. Ieiaieia
 A. A. Nieieiaa
 
 
 OAE 003 AAE 81
 O 74
 ?aoaicaiou: i?ioanni? Oiian Ooaoaa? (Oieaa?neoao a. Y?eaiaaia, Aa?iaiey),
 aieoi? oeeieiae?aneeo iaoe, i?ioanni? A. A. Ia?ouiia (Aa?iiaeneee aoiaieoa?iue oieaa?neoao, Ieine)
 O 74 Oniaiiaa A. ?. Oiaa?oi Yei: ia?aaienu eioa?i?aoaoee. — Ii.: "I?iieeae", 2000. - 200 n. ISBN 985-6329-29-9.
 Oiaa?oi Yei (?ia. a 1932 a.) — eoaeuyineee naieioee, oeeinio, iaaeaaeno, ienaoaeu, i?ioanni? e caaaao?uee eaoaa?ie naieioeee Aieiineiai oieaa?neoaoa. A aaiiie iiiia?aoee aia?aua a ioa?anoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?a i?iaiaeony enneaaiaaiea iao?iiai oai??anoaa Oiaa?oi Yei a eiioaenoa aeneonnee i nouiinoe naieioeee, aa ia?niaeoeaao eae ia­o?iie aenoeieeiu e ?iee a nia?aiaiiie aoiaieoa?enoeea. A oaio?a aieiaiey — i?iaeaiu ioiioaiee ia?ao oaenoii e aai ?eoaoaeai, ei­oa?i?aoaoee e aeia?eioa?i?aoaoee, eeiie?aneeie eiaaie e aecoaeu­iie eiiioieeaoeae.
 Eieaa aa?aniaaia eoeuoo?ieiaai, oeeinioai, eeiaaenoai, ynoaoe­eai e anai, eioa?ano?ueiny i?iaeaiaie naieioeee, oai?ee eiiioie­eaoee e eeoa?aoo?iaaaaiey.
 ISBN 985-6329-29-9
 © A. ?. Oniaiiaa, 2000
 © AAO, 2000
 © I?iieeae, 2000
 
 Niaa??aiea. 2
 Aianoi i?aaeneiaey: "eo?oa iicaii, ?ai ieeiaaa". 3
 A iieneao aeuoa?iaoeaiie Yei-eiaee. 4
 "Io?aaeaiiue ?eoaoaeu' Oiaa?oi Yei. 6
 Iaeaiueea e aieuoea n?aaiaaaeiauy Oiaa?oi Yei. 7
 Aeaeaeoeea ie?a e oaenoa a n?aaiaaaeiaie oeeinioee. 9
 Co?oeoo?aeeci n oi?ee c?aiey noieanoeee. 10
 ?aii?oa?e ec aeiaaeuiie aa?aaie. 11
 Aiieiaey ynoaoeee na?eeiuo oi?i.. 15
 Iooaoanoaoy ii aeia??aaeuiinoe n Oiaa?oi Yei. 17
 Ia?aaienu aecoaeuiie naieioeee. 21
 Iiyoeea ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey. 26
 Oeeinioey oaina: "iioieiaey" Oiaa?oi Yei e anoanoaaiiiiao?iay ea?oeia ie?a. 29
 Aooaiaa?aiaa aaeaeoeea — a yiioo eioa?iaoa. 30
 Naieieiaey eae i?eee??aiea?. 31
 Iaia?aie?aiiue naieicen e i?aaaeu eioa?i?aoaoee. 34
 Aaiaaeiaey "i?aneiaooiai ?eoaoaey". 36
 Ca?aaue niune i?ioea aeia?eioa?i?aoaoee. 40
 Ia?acoiaue ?eoaoaeu e ia?acoiaue aaoi?: ano?a?a a "ia??aoeaiuo eanao". 46
 Eaio e ooeiiin... a yienoaiieiae?aneeo aaa?yo. 49
 Caee??aiea. 52
 Aeaeeia?aoey iniiaiuo ?aaio Oiaa?oi Yei1 53
 Ecaaiey, auiouaiiua a niaaoi?noaa e iia ?aaaeoeae Oiaa?oi Yei. 54
 Umberto Eco: the paradoxes of interpretation. 54
 Summary. 54
 oeacaoaeu. 55
 Aiiieiaiey WWW... 59
 A Conversation on Information. 59
 Traveling Through Hyperreality With Umberto Eco. 70
 From Internet to Gutenberg. 71
 Part II 72
 Part III 73
 Part IV.. 74
 Part V.. 76
 Part VI 77
 
 Niaa??aiea
 Aianoi i?aaeneiaey: "eo?oa iicaii, ?ai ieeiaaa" ....... 7
 A iieneao aeuoa?iaoeaiie "Yei-eiaee" ....................... 13
 "Io?aaeaiiue ?eoaoaeu" Oiaa?oi Yei......................... 19
 Iaeaiueea e aieuoea N?aaiaaaeiauy Oiaa?oi Yei ...... 24
 Aeaeaeoeea ie?a e oaenoa a n?aaiaaaeiaie oeeinioee. 29
 No?oeoo?aeeci n oi?ee c?aiey noieanoeee .................. 36
 ?aii?oa?e ec aeiaaeuiie aa?aaie .............................. 39
 Aiieiaey ynoaoeee na?eeiuo oi?i ............................. 53
 Iooaoanoaoy ii aeia??aaeuiinoe n Oiaa?oi Yei.......... 62
 Ia?aaienu aecoaeuiie naieioeee............................... 76
 Iiyoeea ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey ...............................93
 Oeeinioey Oaina: "iioieiaey" Oiaa?oi Yei e anoanoaaiiiiao?iay ea?oeia ie?a .......... 102
 Aooaiaa?aiaa Aaeaeoeea a yiioo Eioa?iaoa ............... 106
 Naieieiaey eae i?eee??aiea? ................................. 112
 Iaia?aie?aiiue naieicen e i?aaaeu eioa?i?aoaoee . 121
 Aaiaaeiaey "i?aneiaooiai ?eoaoaey" ......................... 129
 Ca?aaue niune i?ioea aeia?eioa?i?aoaoee............... 144
 Ia?acoiaue ?eoaoaeu e ia?acoiaue aaoi?: ano?a?a a "ia??aoeaiuo eanao"...................... 163
 Eaio e ooeiiin... a yienoaiieiae?aneeo aaa?yo.......... 173
 Caee??aiea.............................................................. 185
 Aeaeeia?aoey iniiaiuo ?aaio O. Yei ...................... 190
 ?ac?ia ia aiaeeeneii ycuea .................................... 193
 Oeacaoaeu ................................................................ 195
 Aaoi? au?a?aao aeoaieo? aeaaiaa?iinou aieoi?o oeeinioneeo iaoe, i?ioanni?o
 Iaoooeiaie Aaaaiee Aaneeuaaia ca iao?iia ?oeiaianoai a ia?eia iaienaiey
 eaiaeaaoneie aenna?oaoee, a oae?a ?aio Iaoeoi e Iaiei Oaa?e —
 i?aaiecaoi?ai eieeieaeoia "Oiaa?oi Yei: ai eiy niunea" (Na?ece-ey-Naeeu, 1996), e Aa?iiaeneiio oieaa?­neoaoneiio einoeoooo (Oei?aioey) ca i?aain­oaaeaiio? a 1997—98 aa. enneaaiaaoaeuneo? noeiaiae? aey i?iaaaaiey iao?iie noa?e?iaee ia oaeoeuoaoa enoi?ee e oeaeeecaoee, eioi?ay naaeaea aicii?iui iaienaiea yoie eieae.
 Aianoi i?aaeneiaey: "eo?oa iicaii, ?ai ieeiaaa"
 ?aoaioeaiua onoaiiaee ?onneiycu?iiai ?eoaoaey ii ioiioa­ie? e oaenoai Oiaa?oi Yei — naeaaoaeunoai ia noieuei caiic­aaeiai ciaeiinoaa, neieuei ?aoaioeaiie aaa??aoee: a aeacao ?onneiycu?iuo ?eoaoaeae Yei ia naieioee, ia oeeinio, ia o?a­iue, a ienaoaeu par excellence. I?e?eia i?inoa e ninoieo a oii, ?oi eeoa?aoo?iua i?iecaaaaiey eoaeuyineiai aaoi?a auee ia­?aaaaaiu e iioaeeeiaaiu a iaoae no?aia i?a?aa, ?ai yoi i?i­ecioei n aeaaaie?aneeie oaenoaie1. Oiaaa eae a caiaaiuo no?a­iao "oaiiiai Yei" nicaaee aai iao?iua ?aaiou, e eeou ai?ac-
 1 Oai ia iaiaa n ia?aea 70-o aa. a ioa?anoaaiiuo aeaaaie?aneeo ecaa­ieyo noaee iiyaeyouny ioaeeeaoee aeaaiui ia?acii a ?ai?a ?aoai­cee, iinayuaiiua Oiaa?oi Yei, a oae?a ioaaeuiua ia?aaiau aai noaoae. Iineieueo aeaeeia?aoey yoeo ?aaio aanuia ia?aie?aiia, ii­noieueo ii?ii i?eaanoe aa caanu oaeeeii (oioy e ia enee??aii, ?oi eaeea-eeai ioaeeeaoee iiaee auou ia caia?aiu aaeao i?ieeoa?aoee aoiaieoa?iie eeoa?aoo?u e ia?eiae?aneeo ?o?iaeia, eiaaoae ian­oi a iineaaiea aiau).
 ?aaiou Yei, ia?aaaaaiiua ia ?onneee ycue: I ?eaiaieyo eeiaiaoi­a?aoe?aneiai eiaa // No?iaiea oeeuia. I.: ?aaoaa, 1984; Caiaoee ia iieyo "Eiaie ?icu" // Iacuaaou aaue naieie eiaiaie. I.: I?i­a?ann, 1986; a oae?a iieiay aa?ney a a?oaii ia?aaiaa ?iiaia Eiy ?icu. I.: Eie?iay iaeaoa, 1989; Iio?aaeaiea, iiene e ia?acoiaue ?eoaoaeu // Homo Ludens. ?aeiaae ?eoa?uee. I., 1990; I ycuea ?ay // Aaaaoaou aaa. 1989/1990 (?o?iae, ecaaaaaiue a Ec?aeea ia ?onn­eii ycuea); N?aaiaaaeiauy Oiaa?oi Yei // Eiino?aiiay eeoa?aoo?a. 1994. ? 1; Eiiiaaoey e iiaoi?aiea. Ia?ao ynoaoeeie iiaa?ia e iinoiiaa?ia // Oeeinioey yiioe iinoiiaa?ia / Iia ?aa. A. ?. Oniaiiaie. Ieine, 1996; I?aaeneiaea e aiaeeeneiio ecaaie? // Eioiai ?. Aioo?e iuneyueo ie?ia. I.: ?cuee ?onneie eoeuoo?u, 1996; Iyou ynna ia oaiu yoeee. NIa.: Symposium, 1998; Iiiuneeou aieio // Ooai?anoaaiiue ?o?iae. 1998. ? 19; Ca?eaea // Iaoaoece?aneea ennea­aiaaiey. NIa., 1999. ? 11. Naiui cia?eoaeuiui niauoeai n?aae ioa­eeeaoee Oiaa?oi Yei ia ?onneii ycuea ii?ii aac i?aoaaee?aiey n?eoaou ecaaiea Ionoonoao?uae no?oeoo?u (Ionoonoao?uay no?oe­oo?a. Aaaaaiea a naieieiae?. NIa.: OII OE Iao?iiieen, 1998). ?a?u eaao a iniiaiii i aeaeeia?aoee ?aaio Yei ia ?onneii ycuea, ii, aa?iyoii, ii?ii auei au oae?a aniiiieou i a?oaeo ioaeeeaoeyo, iiyaeaoeony ia oa??eoi?ee NIA ia iaoeiiaeuiuo ycueao: iai?e­ia?, a aaei?onneiycu?iii ?o?iaea "ARCHE" (? 1/1998 e 1/1999) ioaeeeiaaeenu ia?aaiau ioaaeuiuo ynna Oiaa?oi Yei ec Secondo diario minimo e o?aaiaio ia?aaiaa Ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey. Noaoue e ?aoaicee, iinayuaiiua O. Yei: ?ieeianeee A. Oiaa?oi Yei. Ionoonoao?uay no?oeoo?a // Aii?inu oeeinioee. 1970. ? 2; Eiceia N. Oiaa?oi Yei. Lector in fabula. Eioa?i?aoaoeaiia ni­o?oaie?anoai a iiaanoaiaaoaeuiuo oaenoao // Nia?aiaiiay ooai­?anoaaiiay eeoa?aoo?a ca ?oaa?ii. 1982. ? 1; Eino?eiae? A. Oi­aa?oi Yei. Eiy ?icu II Nia?aiaiiay ooai?anoaaiiay eeoa?aoo?a ca ?oaa?ii. 1982. ? 5; Nieiooeia I. A. Eiioaioee "?eoaoaey" a ni­a?aiaiiii caiaaiii eeoa?aoo?iaaaaiee // Ooai?anoaaiiay ?aoai­oey e aa?iaiaaoeea / Iia ?aa. ?. A. Ai?aaa. I., 1985; Eiceia N. Noaoue ia "Eiaie ?icu" // Nia?aiaiiay ooai?anoaaiiay eeoa?aoo?a ca ?oaa?ii. 1987. ? 6; Eaaiia A. A. Iaiiu e ?ica. Aaaaaiea e "Eiaie ?icu" // Eiino?aiiay eeoa?aoo?a. 1988. ? 8; ?aeaeia E. I?iecaaaaiea eneonnoaa a oai?ee eoeuoo?u Oiaa?oi Yei // Eneonnoai. 1988. ? 5; Eiceia N. Oiaa?oi Yei. Iayoiee Ooei // Nia?aiaiiay ooai?a­noaaiiay eeoa?aoo?a ca ?oaa?ii. 1989. ? 2; Eioiai ?. I. Auoia ec eaae?eioa // Yei O. Eiy ?icu. I., 1989; Eino?eiae? A. Iayoiee Ooei — iayoiee Yei... // Eiino?aiiay eeoa?aoo?a. 1989. ? 10; Oniaiiaa A. ?. Naieioe?aneay iiaaeu oieaa?noia eoeuoo?u a eiioai­oee Oiaa?oi Yei // Aanoiee Aaei?onneiai ainoaa?noaaiiiai oie­aa?neoaoa. Na?ey 3. ? 3. 1993; Oniaiiaa A. ?. Oiaa?oi Yei // Ii­aaeoee oeeinioneee neiaa?u. Ieine: Eca-ai A. I. Neaeoi, 1998.
 7
 ai iic?a i?eoei i?eciaiea aai eeoa?aoo?iiai oaeaioa. Eioae­eaeooaeu, ?anno?aay i iinono?oeoo?aeecia, naieioeea, oaie­iecia, ineoiaiaeeca e a?oaeo aeeyoaeuiuo eiioaioeyo, ia?a­oeee aieiaiea ia Yei, ii caeioa?aniaaeenu ei eiaiii eae ie­naoaeai. Iaiaei a aieuoeinoaa naiai, ia ?eneoy ia?anooiaou yoaia?io? a?aieoo ia?ao aunieie e ianniaie eoeuoo?ie (?oi a aaiiii neo?aa yaeyaony iaiaeiaa?iui oneiaeai aey iiieia­iey), naaeaee aea, ?oi ie?aai iniaaiiiai ca oaiiiaiii Yei ia noieo — a nayce n ?ai aai eiy ii?oe ia aini?eieiaeinu ana?uac e ia iiaei auou iinoaaeaii a iaei ?ya n eiaiaie Ooei, Aa?oa, Eeioa?a, E?enoaaie eee Aa??eaa. Iieacaoaeuii, ?oi ia?aue e aaeinoaaiiue ai naiuo iaaaaieo ii? aeceo Yei a ?inne? i?i­oae ii?oe iacaiaoii, "iia e?uoae" Ni?ca ienaoaeae. Aeceo eoaeuyineiai oai?aoeea a Iineao a 1998 aiao oae?a ia "nei­?eeny" — a oii niunea, ?oi i?iaeaia nouanoaiaaiey "naiae" aoaeoi?ee, naiaai ?eoaoaey, aey Yei a iinoniaaoneii i?ino?ai­noaa iiea ia niyoa.
 ?ao?iniaeoeaii neaaoao ioiaoeou, ?oi neo?ae "ianinoiya­oaainy ?eoaoaey" i?iecaaaaiee Yei o?a eiaee ianoi a iaaaea­eii i?ioeii. ? eia? a aeao caaaaiue eacon, naycaiiue n ?i­iaiii Eiy ?icu, — iieacaoaeuiue a naiai ?iaa i?eia?. He-
 8
 neieuei eao iacaa ?iiai Eiy ?icu aue ia?aecaai a Ieinea — aac eiiiaioa?eaa, aac Caiaoie ia iieyo, aac aeaaaie?aneeo eee eaeeo-eeai a?oaeo aaaaaiee e iineaneiaee, — iaiei nei­aii, "iaia?aiiue" oaeno, i?aainoaaeaiiue naiiio naaa. Ai?i­?ai, ia nianai oae. Eiioaenooaeuiui oaeoi?ii ?aoaioee ?iia­ia, ii caiuneo eneooaiiuo a ?aciiaeaiinoyo aoeuaa?iiai ?oe­aa ecaaoaeae, aie?ia auea aunooiaou iaei?ea. A aeaca a?inaeanu ianaienoaaiiay aeaaaie?aneei ecaaieyi aa?anneaiay iano?ioa e?anie, neeaauaa?uayny a ecia?a?aiea iioioeeaiai iiiaoa n iaia?aiiie e?anioeie, iaeee eioi?ie aiieia niioaaonoaoao on­oie?eaie eeiiia?aoe?aneie o?aaeoee femme fatale. "Iaeaiiio ?eoaoae?", ?ieu eioi?iai a aaiiii neo?aa ioaiaeeanu aieuoei­noao ?aaeuiuo ?eoaoaeae, anoanoaaiii auei au i?aaiiei?eou, ?oi Eiy ?icu ia ?oi eiia, eae aioe?aneee ?iiai n yeaiaioaie ienoeee, naaecia e y?ioeee, ii o? ieeae ia iinoiiaa?ieno­neee yiin n naieioe?aneei n??aoii e oeeinioneeie aee?ce­yie ia Ie?na, Oeeuyia Ieeaia, Ai?oana e iiiaeo a?oaeo. Naia aicii?iinou oaeie "eioa?i?aoaoee" Yei (oi anou a eiiiaiee n aaoaauie aoeuaa?iuie ecaaieyie) icia?aao eeou oi, ?oi ai­?eciio i?eaaiee ?onneiycu?iiai ?eoaoaey a ioiioaiee Yei aua ia noi?ie?iaaeny, a aai eiy ooieoeiie?oao a iaoae eoeuoo?a iiea ia i?aaao ionoiai icia?a?uaai.
 Iiaiaiue ?aoaioeaiue aaeooi aie?oa "aeaaaie?aneiai" Oi­aa?oi Yei ii?ao auou iauyniai oaeui ?yaii ianoiyoaeunoa. ?ai? oeeinioneie eee naieioe?aneie ynnaenoeee ciaeii iai aeaaiui ia?acii ii ?aaioai ?ieaia Aa?oa — e yoa ieoa, ea­?aony, caiyoa. "Eeanne?aneay" naieioeea (no?oeoo?aeenoneiai oeia) n i?enouae ae aiaoiae iaoeiia?aciinou?, ianeieuei ii­ceoeaenoneie i?eaioe?iaaiiinou? e niaoeoe?aneei a?ai2 eaai­oeoeoe?iaaeanu a aeacao ?eoa?uae ioaeeee a iniiaiii n eia­iaie oai?aoeeia Iineianei-Oa?ooneie oeieu. ?aaiou caiaa­iuo naieioeeia ioaeeeiaaeenu e?aeia ?aaei3 e i?aaiacia?aeenu aeaaiui ia?acii eeiaaenoai. Oio eiioaeno, a eioi?ii oi?ie-
 2 Neiioiiaoe?iui a yoii ieaia auaeyaeo ia?aaia eiaiii Ionoonoao­?uae no?oeoo?u (1968), niaoeoe?aneee iaoin eioi?ie, ianiio?y ia oo e?eoeeo, eioi?o? Yei aa?anoao no?oeoo?aeecio, aiaeece?oy aai oeeinioneee aacen, ana ?a eiooeoeaii iuouaaony eae ia?oi a?oae­?aneia.
 3 Ai neo ii? iaeaieaa ?ai?acaioaoeaiie naieioe?aneie aioieiaeae ii?ao ii i?aao n?eoaouny Naieioeea (iia ?aa. ?. N. Noaiaiiaa). I.: ?aaoaa, 1983. E ?eneo a?oaeo yiioaeuiuo a iaeioi?ii ?iaa ecaa­iee iiaoo auou i?e?eneaiu: No?oeoo?aeeci: "ca" e "i?ioea" (iia ?aa. A. ?. Aaneia e I. ?. Iieyeiaa). I.: I?ia?ann, 1975, a oae?a ia?aaiau ioaaeuiuo eiea e noaoae E. Eaae-No?inna, ?. Aa?oa, ?. ?eia­niia, Y. Aaiaaienoa, O. Oiai?iaa, ?. E?enoaaie e a?oaeo.
 9
 ?iaaeenu eaae Oiaa?oi Yei e ?acaeaaeny aai aeaeia n aa?iiae­neie e aia?eeaineie o?aaeoeyie naieioeee, oieuei nae?an ia­?eiaao aeooaeece?iaaouny a nayce n oai, ?oi iu eiaai aicii?­iinou aee?a iiciaeiieouny ia oieuei n ?aiiei Yei aeaaiaa?y auoiao a naao Ionoonoao?uae no?oeoo?u, ii e n oaenoaie aai "ia?oia?ia" ii aeaeiao — ?. Aa?oa, ?. Eaeaia, ?. Aa??eaa, ?. ?aiaooa, O. Oiai?iaa, E. Iaooa, ?. Eioiaia, A. ?ieeianei­ai e a?oaeo! E ni?aeaie?, n iiiaioa auoiaa yoie eieae a naao i?ioei o?a aieaa 30 eao, e ca yoi a?aiy eciaieeny ia oieuei eioaeeaeooaeuiue eeeiao, ii e acaeyau naiiai Yei. "E ni?a­eaie?" aua e iioiio, ?oi, ioee??aiiua io eiioaenoa (naieioe­ea eeoa?aoo?u, ?aoaioeaiay ynoaoeea e ia??aoeaiua oai?ee eiioa 70-o aa.), iu ?eneoai ieacaouny a ?iee ?iaeiciia E?oci, auo­aeaoaai ec ieaaia aooueeo n iaecaanoiui oaenoii (i?eia?, ?anoi eniieucoaiue Yei), e, i?i?eoaa oaeno, ni?ineou: "A aaa ?a oeae?.." (i eioi?uo eaao ?a?u a ienuia). I?aneiaooue "ianin­oiyaoeeny ?eoaoaeu" (lecteur manque) ii?ao iieacaouny a yoie neooaoee ?ai-oi aieuoei, ?ai oeeoey ia??aoeaiiai aiaeeca. Iiyoiio iia i?aanoaaeyaony aanuia aa?iui inoaiiaeouny ai­eaa iia?iaii ia oii eiioaenoa, a eioi?ii ?acaeaaeenu naieioe­?aneea eaae Oiaa?oi Yei.
 Aaconeiaii, naieioeea ea?aao caanu iaeaieaa caiaoio? ?ieu: yoi oa iaeanou aoiaieoa?enoeee, aia eioi?ie "oaiiiai" Yei ia ii?ao auou iniuneai e aiiaua o?oaiii?aanoaaei. A iuiaoiaa aa ninoiyiea ii aian aanuia nouanoaaiiue aeeaa, a naia aeaaiea iauae naieioeee Oiaa?oi Yei (eae e anyeee a?o­aie naieioee, ?aii eee iicaii iaieaaaaiue niaeaciii nenoa­iaoece?iaaou, iaiaueou e i-iao?eou yoo aenoeieeio4) o?a i?aa­noaaee a oaeeo oaenoao, eae Ionoonoao?uay no?oeoo?a, Oai-
 4 Ia ieiiaaea yoa o?anou e ?ieaia Aa?oa. Naeaaoaeunoaii ?aio, iaaa?­iia, iiaoo neo?eou aai ?aaiou na?aaeiu 60-o aa.: Nenoaia iiau (1967) e Iniiau naieieiaee (1965). A noaoua Naieieiaey eae i?eee??aiea ii ?ao?iniaeoeaii ioia?aao, ?oi eniuouaae iaiaeia oaiaieunoaea a caiy­oeyo nenoaiaoeeie (aoau oi en?a?iuaa?uay ?aeiino?oeoey a?aiiaoe­ee iiau eee a?aiiaoeee naiie naieieiaee), eai "a eeanneoeeaoeii­iie aayoaeuiinoe anou naia oai??aneia oiiaiea, ecaanoiia oaeei aaee­eei eeanneoeeaoi?ai, eaeeie auee Naa e Oo?ua..." (Aa?o ?. Naieiei­aey eae i?eee??aiea // Ie?iaia a?aai. 1993. ? 2. N. 81). Eae au ie auee neo?iu yoe eeanneoeeaoi?neea oaenou, a eo iniiaa ea?aei oi yeoi?e?aneia oiiaiea naieioeeie, eioi?ia ioe?ueinu Aa?oo a ia?eia ?aaiou iaa Ieoieiaeyie (a Oiaa?oi Yei — a i?ioanna iaienaiey Ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey), eioi?ia "i?eaaaaei oaa?aiiinou aiaa?e­?iaaiiiio eioaeeeaaioo, niaa?ay aai i?oaeai aey aiaeeca, e i?eaaaa­ei ioaaonoaaiiinou enneaaiaaie? niunea, iaaaeyy aai iieeoe?aneei cia?aieai" (Oai ?a. N. 80), e eioi?ia n aiaaie i?eaaei e ?aci?a?iaa­ie? a i?aoaicee naieioeee ia noaoon aanie?oiie iaoee (eee "eiaeee anao iaoe"), ii iaiia?aiaiii oe?aieei aa?o a oi, ?oi oieuei naieioe­ea niiniaia auiieieou ooieoee "eaaieiae?aneie e?eoeee". Ana yoi a iieiie ia?a ii?ao auou ioianaii e ia n?ao Oiaa?oi Yei.
 10
 ?ey naieioeee, Naieioeea e oeeinioey ycuea. Naieioeea, n oi?ee c?aiey iaiiai ec aa iooia-iniiaaoaeae (e aaconeiaiiai aaoi?eoaoa aey Oiaa?oi Yei) — ?a?eca Niiaa?na Ie?na, en­neaaoy i?iaeaio ?ai?acaioaoee, ai aeaao oaea noaaeo eaa? ia­ia?aie?aiiiai naieicena, eee i?ioanna eioa?i?aoaoee ciaea (a eioi?ii iao ie ia?ae?iie, ie eiia?iie eioa?i?aoaiou). Aiae­eyoey e Ie?no e aai i?aanoaaeaie? i nouiinoe naieioe?aneiai ciaiey caanu ia neo?aeia. N iaiie noi?iiu, Ie?n aue e inoaao­ny ee??aaie oeao?ie a nia?aiaiiie naieioeea, eiaiii aai oa­i?ey iiiiaea Yei ?acaeou nianoaaiio? naieioe?aneo? eiioai­oe? a eiioa 60-o aa. a i?ioanna aai iieaieee n eeiaaenoe?aneei no?oeoo?aeeciii. N a?oaie noi?iiu, anee e nouanoaoao iaeay eiinoaioiay i?iaeaia, naycuaa?uay a aaeiue niuneiaie ocae oeeinioneea, naieioe?aneea e eeoa?aoo?iua oaenou Yei, oi yoi, nei?aa anaai, eiaiii i?iaeaia eioa?i?aoaoee (iiieiaa­iie e a ocei naieioe?aneii, e aieaa oe?ieii niuneao) — aan­eiia?ii eioa?aniiai i?ioanna-niauoey, naa?oa?uaainy ia?ao "oaenoii" (ia oieuei eeoa?aoo?iui) e aai eioa?i?aoaoi?ii. Ii­yoiio eiaiii oaiiiai eioa?i?aoaoee e oa oaenooaeuiua no?a­oaaee, eioi?ua ieacuaa?ony aiaea?aiiuie a yoo naieioe?an­eo? ea?o, nicaa?o oi i?iaeaiiia iiea, ia eioi?ii aoaao ?ac­ai?a?eaaouny aaiiia enneaaiaaiea, iinayuaiiia aiaeeco eiioaiooaeuiuo eiiiaaoee eoaeuyineiai oai?aoeea. Neaaoao oae­?a ooi?ieou, ?oi iia "eiioaenoii" a aaiiii neo?aa eiaaony a aeao ia iauee nioeieoeuoo?iue oii eee oeeinioneay neooa­oey ii?aaaeaiiiai ia?eiaa e a ii?aaaeaiiii ianoa e aa?a ia noieuei the state of the art — ninoiyiea i?iaeaiu ?aoaioee ooai?anoaaiiiai oaenoa a naieioeea e oai?ee eeoa?aoo?u a 1970—80-o aa., neieuei yaie?oey acaeyaia naiiai Oiaa?oi Yei ia i?iaeaiu ?eoaoaey, oaenoa e eioa?i?aoaoee.
 Eaeiau oa ?ai?iaua eiiaaioee, eioi?uo i?eaa??eaaeny aaoi? aaiiiai oaenoa? Aii?in ia i?acaiue aey aeaaaie?aneiai
 11
 ie?a, aaoiy iie?naie eioi?iai yaey?ony aenna?oaoee e ynnaenoeea — noieu ioee?iua ii naiae i?e?iaa ?ai?u. I?iua ana­ai auei au ioaaoeou ia yoio aii?in a iaaaoeaiuo oa?ieiao: aaiiue oaeno ia i?aoaiaoao ia no?iao? iao?iinou, ii ia ii?ao auou ii?aaaeai eae oeeinioneia eee nianoaaiii naieioe?an­eia enneaaiaaiea, ii ia nianai aienuaaaony a ?ai? eioaeeae­ooaeuiie aeia?aoee (eee, oai aieaa, aaeia?aoee), ii ia ii?ao auou eaaeeoeoe?iaai eae "caiaoee ia iieyo" eee ?a eae nia­noaaiii ynnaenoeea. N ii?aaaeaiiinou? ii?ii neacaou eeou i oii, ?oi o?oaiaa anaai auei ai?iouny n niaeaciii ieiaoe?aneiai ienuia — noeeu Yei i?iaioe?oao ia iiaiaiue ?ano e?ai­ai aaoi?a, ieoouaai i iai e aai oaenoao. Aii?in i ?ai?a aiie­ia ii?ii auei au aa?aniaaou e naiiio Oiaa?oi Yei.
 12
 A iieneao aeuoa?iaoeaiie Yei-eiaee
 Oieeaeuiinou neooaoee Oiaa?oi Yei ninoieo i?a?aa anaai a oii, ?oi ii aai i?iecaaaaieyi ii?ii auei au ainnoaiiaeou iauo? ea?oeio yaie?oee caiaaiie aoiaieoa?enoeee iineaaieo o?eaoaoe eao, iineieueo ii anaaaa ieacuaaeny a yieoaio?a ei­oaeeaeooaeuiuo niauoee e ieacuaaeny a iai, eae i?aaeei, ia­neieuei ?aiuoa a?oaeo. N a?oaie noi?iiu, ii — iaei ec oao iaiiiaeo oai?aoeeia, eoi ?aoeeny ia oieuei a oai?ee, ii e a ?aaeuiinoe i?aiaieaou oaaoe?iaaiio? a?aieoo, ?acaaey?uo? noa?o aeaaaie?aneeo enneaaiaaiee e eoeuoo?iie i?aeoeee. A nayce n ?ai oaia?u o?a nei?ii neacaou, yaeyaony ee Oiaa?oi Yei o?aiui n ie?iaui eiaiai, ienaoaeai eee eai-oi aua. Enoa­oe, ?o?iaeenou i?aiu e?ayo ni?aoeaaou Yei i oii, ia eniuou­aaao ee ii i?iaeai n nianoaaiiie eaaioe?iinou? ec-ca oaeiai ?aciiia?acey caiyoee. Iaiaei ii anaaaa ioaa?aao, ?oi aey iaai iiaiaiie i?iaeaiu ia aicieeaao, eai i?a?aa anaai ii o?aiue, caieia?ueeny noaoai na?uaciuie i?iaeaiaie: ?iiaiu, ii aiea noauau ieacaaoeany a nienea aanonaeea?ia, ia naiii aaea ya­ey?ony aeaaaie?aneeie oaenoaie (aicii?ii, yoi noaiiaeaiea iiaiai ?ai?a — aeaaaie?aneee ?iiai); noaoue, ioaeeeoaiua a ianniaie ia?aoe e eana?ueany naiuo ?acee?iuo i?iaeai ii­anaaiaaiie ?ecie, eiio-oi iiaoo iieacaouny "aacioaaonoaai­iuie cooked-and-eaten or wash-and-wear ?aciuoeaieyie", ii, eae i?aaeei, eiaiii yoa ia?ae?iay oi?ia ?aoeaenee iiiiaaao aio niae?aou iaoa?eae, eioi?ue caoai iaeaao naia ianoi a aea­aaie?aneeo ?aaioao a aieaa i?aaie?iie e aeoaieie oi?ia1.
 ?oi anaaaa ioee?aei Yei — yoi e?iiey, yioeeeiiaaeci e oe?ioa iao?iuo eioa?ania. N?aae aai ?aaio — nianoaaiii naieioe?aneea e oeeinioneea oaenou: Ciae (1971), Oai?ey naieioeee (1975), Naieioeea e oeeinioey ycuea (1984); A ii­eneao niaa?oaiiiai ycuea (1993), Eaio e ooeiiin (1997); ?aai­ou ii ynoaoeea e oai?ee ianniaie eiiioieeaoee: Aiieaeeioe­?aneea e eioaa?e?iaaiiua (1964), Ioe?uoia i?iecaaaaiea (1962),
 1 Ni.: A Conversation on Information. An Interview with Umberto Eco, by Patrick Coppock, February 1995. ?. 6. (Source: http://www.cudenver.edu/~mryder/itc_data/eco/eco.html 1 e)
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 Ionoonoao?uay no?oeoo?a (1968), Iooaoanoaey a aeia??a­aeuiinoe (1986); ii iaaeaaenoeea: Ynoaoeea Oiiu Aeaeineiai (1956), Eneonnoai e e?anioa a n?aaiea aaea (1959), I n?aaia­aaeiaie oai?ee ciaea (1989); ii oai?ee eeoa?aoo?u e iiyoeea: Iiyoeea A?. A?iena (1965), ?ieu ?eoaoaey (1979), I?aaaeu eioa?i?aoaoee (1990), Eioa?i?aoaoey e aeia?eioa?i?aoaoey (1992), Oanou i?iaoeie a ia??aoeaiuo eanao (1994); oaenou a ?ai?a ynnaenoeee: Diario Minima (1963), Ianoeoe e iinoeoe (1988), Eae iooaoanoaiaaou n eininai (1992), eoaeuyineia ec­aaiea — Il secondo diario minimo (1992); ?aaiou, iaienaiiua a ece?aeaiiii ?ai?a n?aaiaaaeiauo eioa?i?aoaoi?ia — eiiiai­oa?ee eiiiaioa?ey: Caiaoee ia iieyo "Eiaie ?icu" (1984); "o?aaiia" iiniaea aey nooaaioia, eioi?ia ai neo ii? iieucoao­ny aieuoie iiioey?iinou? n?aae eoaeuyineeo aeieiiieeia, Eae ieoaony aenna?oaoey (1977) e aa?a ianeieuei aaoneeo eie?ae, iaienaiiuo a niaaoi?noaa n Y. Ea?ie, — Aiiaa e aaia?ae (1966), O?e einiiiaaoa (1966), ia aiai?y o? i ?iiaiao — Eiy ?icu (1980), Iayoiee Ooei (1988), Ino?ia iaeaioia (1994). Inoaao­ny oieuei ni?aeaou, ?oi iaeioi?ua ec eiea ia auee caaa?oaiu (anee yoi aiiaua i?aaiieaaaeinu eoeaaui aaoi?ii), oioy e auee iioaeeeiaaiu eae iaa?inee: iai?eia?, i?iaeo ooiaaiaioaeu­iie Eaeiiaaee (iaaicii?iie yioeeeiiaaee "iaiai?io"), eee Oeeiniou ia naiaiaa (oooi?iay enoi?ey oeeinioee a noeoao e n ea?eeaoo?aie), eee Chansons a boire aey iao?iuo eiia?annia.
 Eioaeeaeooaeuiay y?oaeoey Yei a ni?aoaiee n ii?aceoaeu­iie eioaineaiinou? aai aeaaaie?aneie aayoaeuiinoe, aeaeei­oeeunoaii (i aai ee?iie aeaeeioaea oiayo eaaaiau, aiai?yo, ?oi iia ian?eouaaao aieaa 30 000 oiiia, n?aae eioi?uo iaiaei niaa?oaiii oieeaeuiuo noa?eiiuo ecaaiee), no?anou e ?eniaa­ie? e ea?a ia oeaeoa, iaeiiao, aai iaia?aaaaaaiia ?oanoai ?ii?a — ana yoe ea?anoaa iiaee au ninoaaeou ii?o?ao iiaeei­ii ?aiannainiie ee?iinoe, anee au ?a?u oea ia ia Yei, a i eii-ieaoau a?oaii (aicii?ii, ia iaiaa auaa?uainy). N?aaiaiea n ee?iinou? yiioe Aic?i?aaiey, o?a e oae ainoaoi?ii iio?a­iaiiia io ?anoiai oiio?aaeaiey e iioiio noaaoaa ia aieaa ?ai o?eaeaeuiui ?anoii ii?oaiey, a?ya ee ono?ieei au Oiaa?oi Yei, oai aieaa ?oi a aai oaenoao eiaiii Aic?i?aaiea ieacuaa­aony ia i?aaao "oeao?u oiie?aiey".
 Ii?aeoe, aeaaaie?aneay ne?oioeaciinou eoaeuyineiai i?i­oanni?a (iniaaiii iieacaoaeuiu a yoii ieaia aai niaaou ?iui aenna?oaioai ii iaienaie? aeaaaie?aneeo oaenoia) — ia ?oi
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 eiia, eae neaanoaea aai i?eaycaiiinoe e N?aaiaaaeiau? e ainoe­uaiey aai eioaeeaeooaeuiuie i?aeoeeaie. Ia?aaienaeuiinou iuoeaiey e niiniaiinou e naiui iai?eaaiiui aiaeiaeyi (Eaio, ooeiiin, Ia?ei Iiei, n?aaiaaaeiaue Eeoae, aaeii?ia e "aeiaie?aneee iauaeo" Ie?na a iaiii oaenoa ii aiinaieiae?an­eie i?iaeaiaoeea) ?ai-oi iaiiieia?o eai?eciia aa?ieei eee "eiaeeo" n???aaeecia, ii aieaa anaai iaoaeeeaa?o ian ia iuneu ia ioa?aneie oeao?a Ai?oana, i?ec?ae eioi?iai a?aiy io a?a­iaie iaoa?eaeecoaony, eae a Eiaie ?icu, e anaaaa iia?acoia­aaaony a oaenoao Yei. Iaeiiao, e?iiey, ioiioaiea e enoi?ee, ynoaoeci noeey e eioaineaiinou ienuia — ana yoi neeoeii ni­a?aiaiii. Iao?a?ea, oieeaiii nica?oa?uee eieae, iaienai­iua ia iaaaaiiii aio a?a?aneii ycuea e o?a iiyoiio caneo­?eaa?uea ainoeuaiey, a?ya ee niia au iiiyou oaenooaeuiue aaaiieci Aa?oa, i?enouee oae?a e Oiaa?oi Yei. Enoaoe, n?aa­ieaay eiaiii n ?ieaiii Aa?oii, Yei ?anoi iacuaa?o ee?iin­ou? yiioe iaiaa?ieei, n ?ai ii aiieia niaeanai. Iniaaiii, anee i?eiyou ai aieiaiea aai eoeuoo?iua i?aaii?oaiey2.
 Yei ioiineony e ?eneo oao oai?aoeeia, eioi?ua a cia?e­oaeuiie noaiaie niinianoaiaaee eciaiaie? eioaeeaeooaeuiiai eeeiaoa nia?aiaiiie aoiaieoa?enoeee — yoi aa?ii ia oieuei a ioiioaiee naieioeee, ii e oai?ee ianniauo eiiioieeaoee, eeoa?aoo?iaaaaiey, iaaeaaenoeee, ynoaoeee, oeeinioee. Iaei-
 2 Oae, iineaaiee ?iiai Ino?ia iaeaioia ia oieuei ii niaa??aie?, ii e ii oi?ia — iaieoanoaoey "no?anoae ii aa?ieei" (niaoeoeea eoaeuyi­neiai ycuea aaiiie yiioe, aini?iecaaaaiiay a yoii ?iiaia, ea?aao ia iineaai?? ?ieu a "aeaaeoe?aneeo e neaaea naaenoneeo ea?ao" Yei n aai ia?aaia?eeaie). Ii aai nianoaaiiui neiaai, "caanu anou ana, ?oi aie­?ai eiaou ?iiai: naaa i Oa??aioa, iai?eaaiii aicieea?uee a?ao, ?iiai-a-?iiaia, iuoee, iaiaa?u Iaca?eie, aioiaiai iieoe ia ana ?oi oaiaii, ?oiau caiieo?eou nae?ao punto filo — inoaiiaee a?aiaie, ?oi a eiia?iii n?aoa iicaieeei au ?iiio ?iaa?oi iiciaou aa?iinou. Iaei­iao, caanu anou "ino?ia i?aaoanoao?uaai aiy", ?aniiei?aiiue ia 180-i a?aaona ii ia?eaeaio, aaa niaeanii n??aoo ?aniiei?aia eeiey iiai?i­oa a?aiaie [...] Oaioanoe?aneee iiaia aey ?aciuoeaiey i a?aiaie ia oiia aaneiia?iuo oeeinioneeo eiiiaioa?eaa iooa Eania?a Aaiaa?a?innaey". (Oeo. ii: Umberto Eco, le Pavarotti de I'ecriture // L'evenement du jeudi. 1996. 22—28 fevrier.) ?eoaoaeu ii?ao iieo?eou anaaicii?iua naaaaiey i ?acaeoee iaoee e oaoieee a XVII aaea, eioi?ue Yei eca?ae aaeao aai "ac?uaiiai" oa?aeoa?a. Ei?i?a aiai?y, yoi ai anao niuneao "yeianeay" eieaa, ni anae i?enouae aio y?oaeoeae e eioaeeaeoii, eioi­?ie, oai ia iaiaa, ii iiaie? e?eoeeia, iaainoaao naiie iaeinoe — iaaee Eiaie ?icu. (Oeo. ii: Umberto Eco, le Pavarotti de I'ecriture II L'evenement du jeudi. 1996. 22—28 fevrier.)
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 oi?ua oa?ieiu, aaaaaiiua Yei aia?aua eee iaiieiaiiua ii­aui niaa??aieai, eae, iai?eia?, aiieaeeioe?aneea e eioaa­?e?iaaiiua, ioe?uoia i?iecaaaaiea, iaeaiue/e?eoe?aneee ?eoaoaeu, noaia?ee, yioeeeiiaaey, aeia?eioa?i?aoaoey, ia i?inoi noaee ecaanoiuie, ii o?a aini?eieia?ony eae aiiiei­iua, eeoaiiua aaoi?neie iiaee. Aaconeiaii, caaaaoenu ii?a­aaeaiiie oaeu?, a eiaiii: ?aeiino?oe?iaaou oai?aoe?aneee eii­oaeno, aeaaiaa?y eioi?iio eaae Yei ieacaeenu noieu naiaa?a­iaiiuie, ii?ii auei au, iaaa?iia, onoaiiaeou aaiaaeiae? iaeioi?uo ec yoeo eaae, oioy eo eioa?oaenooaeuiue noaoon a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo a cia?eoaeuiie noaiaie cao?oaiyao ii­aiaiia enneaaiaaiea. Ia iuoaynu ?ac?aoeou noieu nei?io? ca­aa?o, oai ia iaiaa ii?ii iii?iaiaaou ?anniio?aou eo iee?i­yaie?oe? a ?aieao eiioaioee naiiai Oiaa?oi Yei.
 Oa?aeoa?ecoy a oaeii oai?aoe?aneea acaeyau Yei, ii?ii aiai?eou ia ii?aaaeaiiie eiinoaioiinoe aai iaoiaieiae?aneie no?aoaaee e oai?aoe?aneeo eioa?ania (n?aaiaaaeiaay oeeini­oey, ianniaay eoeuoo?a, i?iaeaiu eioa?i?aoaoee, nia?aiai­iia eneonnoai, A?ien, Ai?oan e o. a.). Iaeioi?ua ec aai eaae ianouanoaaiii eciaieeenu, a?oaea, noi?ioee?iaaiiua a iauai aeaa aua a 60-o aa., iiaaa?aeenu aani?eno?anoiie ?aaecee ni noi?iiu naiiai aaoi?a (aa?a anee iinoi?iiiaio iaae?aaoae? yoa ia?anoaiiaea aeoaioia ia i?aiu caiaoia).
 Aeia?aoai Yei i?eaaony e o?a i?eoiaeony i?aiu iaeaaei i?e ninoaaeaiee iieiie aeaeeia?aoee aai ?aaio. Iiiuoea aaou en?a?iuaa?uo? aeaeeia?aoe? anao aeaaaie?aneeo, iieoaeaaa­ie?aneeo, eeoa?aoo?iuo, aacaoiuo e i?i?eo o?oaia Yei ecia?aeu­ii auea au ia?a?aia ia iaoaa?o aaeao oiai, ?oi eo i?ieeoa?a­oey o?a ia iiaaaaony noaoenoe?aneie ia?aaioea (aaa, ia eaeii ycuea, a eaeii aa?eaioa e ?oi eiaiii ec aai oaenoia auei ecaa­ii). Aaa oaeoi?a aua aieuoa inei?iy?o neooaoe?: ai-ia?auo, iaeioi?ua oaenou auee iaienaiu Yei a i?eaeiaea ia ia ?ia­iii ycuea (eeou iicaiaa auee ia?aaaaaiu ia eoaeuyineee) e, ai-aoi?uo, ea?aia ia?aecaaiea i?aauaoueo oaenoia nii?iai?­aaeinu ai?aaioeaie aaoi?a, a ?acoeuoaoa ?aai ia?aaia, eae i?a­aeei, eiaao iaei iauaai n i?eaeiaeuiui oaenoii e ia oieuei ii iacaaie?. Yoo neooaoe? Yei iienae a iaiii ec naieo ynna: ea?aia oo?i au i?inuiaaoanu e ?oanoaoaoa, ?oi ana eciaie­einu, a cia?eo, e oaeno aie?ai auou ia?aienai3.
 3 Ni.: Eco U. Apocalypse Postponed. Indiana University Press, 1994. ?. 45.
 16
 Aaconeiaii, "caacaiue" noaoon Yei i?aaiieaaaao aanuia iii­ai?eneaiio? a?ie? eioa?i?aoaoi?ia — noblesse oblige, — ca?aaaouaa?ueo naaa oai naiui ia ?eciu: i?aai?eiyoay ei a Caiaoeao ia iieyo (1984) iiiuoea eioa?i?aoaoee naieo e?eoe­eia eiaea aieuoie oniao — a oii niunea, ?oi oaia?u ca iaai yoo ooieoe? inouanoaey?o naie e?eoeee, no?aiynu iia?aaeou eiieo?aioia e iioaeeeiaaou nai?iee ?aoaicee eee i?aaieci­aaou i?a?aaio? eiioa?aioe? (oaiu iiaoo auou naiua ?aciiia­?aciua: Oiaa?oi Yei, Eeaoaei Iaa?en: aaoi?u e eo ia?aaia­?eee (Eoaeey, 1989), Oiaa?oi Yei: ai eiy niunea (O?aioey, 1996), Yei e Ai?oan (Eniaiey, 1997), A iieneao ?icu Yei (NOA, 1984)) ii?oe iaiia?aiaiii n auoiaii a naao naiiai oaenoa4. Ii?ii oae?a aniiiieou ia yeaeo?iiiuo eiioa?aioeyo — ae?­ooaeuiuo aeneonneyo oaea?aiiuo Eioa?iaoii iieeiiieeia Yei5. Ia Yei iaienaii o?a iaiaei (ieiei 60 eiea ia ?aciuo ycueao e a ianeieuei ?ac i?aauoa?uaa yoo oeo?o eiee?anoai noaoae), iiyoiio e?aay iiiuoea aaou i?eaeiaeuio? e/eee en?a?iuaa?­uo? eioa?i?aoaoe? aai oai??anoaa ??aaaoa iiaoi?aie e oeoa­oaie, oi anou a priori iaaicii?ia.
 Eo?uaciinou neooaoee ninoieo a oii, ?oi a oneiaeyo iia­eeiiie aeia?eioa?i?aoaoee i?iecaaaaiee Yei aai oaenou oai ia iaiaa ii?oe iaoycaeiu aey e?eoeee. Aa?a naiui i?aaoaa?-
 4 N?aae iaaaaieo eieeaeoeaiuo ioaeeeaoee, a oii ?enea e iaoa?eaeia ia?aoia?iaiuo eiioa?aioee, iinayuaiiuo ?iiaiai e aeaaaie?an­eei oaenoai Yei, ii?ii oiiiyioou neaao?uea: Bachorski H. J. (ed.) Lecturen, Aufsatze, zu Umberto Eco "Der Name der Rose" (Goppingen: Kummerle, 1985); Giovannoli R. (ed.) Saggi su "Il Nome della Rosa" (Milano: Bompiani, 1985); Haverkamp A., Heit A. (ed.) Ecos Rosenroman. Ein Kolloquium (Munchen: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1987); Magli ?. (ed.) Semiotics: Storia Theoria Interpretaziune. Saggi intorno a Umberto Eco (Milano: Bompiani, 1982); Burkhardt A., Rohse E. (eds.) Umberto Eco. Zwischen Literatur und Semiotik (Braunschweig: Ars et Scientia, 1991); Stauder Th. (ed.) "Staunen uber das Sein". Internationale Beitrage zu Umberto Ecos "Insel des vorigen Tages" (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1997); Bouchard N., Pravadelli V. (eds.) The Politics of Culture and the Ambiguities of Interpretation: Eco's Alternative (New York: Peter Lang Publishers, 1998); Petitot J., Fabbri ?. (eds.) Umberto Eco: Au nom de sens. Les actes du Colloque a Cerisy-la-Salle, 1996 (a ia?aoe), Eco in fabula: Umberto Eco dans les sciences humaines (Leuven, 1999, eiioa?aioey) e a?.
 5 E neiao ia Eioa?iaoa: o Oiaa?oi Yei anou naiy no?aieoa a Eioa?ia­oa (Eco's Home Page), aaa ii?ii iciaeiieouny n aai aeia?aoeae, ii?eoaou eioa?au?, iaeioi?ua ec eaeoee, ?aoaicee ia aai eieae, a oae?a i?eiyou o?anoea a yeaeo?iiiuo eiioa?aioeyo ii Yei.
 17
 aaiiui i?ioeaieeai oaaaony iaia?o?eou eeou iaaa?iyoio? iea­noe?iinou no?aaiee, aaneiia?io? iiaae?iinou niuneia a aai oaenoao, "iaaci?o?eaa?uo? ea?eainou" e iieiia ionoonoaea oiai, ?oi ii?ii iacaaou eiina?aaoeciii, oioy, ea?aony, a nai­eo iineaaieo ?aaioao Yei oioae au auaeyaaou aieaa eiina?aa­oeaiui, eae e iiei?aii eeanneeo. Eoaeuyineee e?eoee Iuao?i ?eoaoe ie?anoee Yei "oooii nae?aeuiiai ie?a", niiniaiui nia­youny ia?aa ca?eaeii, aeyay ia nianoaaiiia a?ioaneiia io?a­?aiea6. Nai Yei ioiineony e naiei e?eoeeai n aieuoei oaa?a­ieai, a iniaaiiinoe e ?eoaoaeyi aai ?iiaiia, iieaaay, ?oi eae yiie?e?aneee aaoi? ii oo?aoee i?aai ia aiieie?o?uo? eioa?i?aoaoe?, iiyoiio ie?oi oae ia ii?ao ia?aaiaaou ni?e­ieoaey, eae "iiaua i?i?oaiey, i eioi?uo ii e ia aoiae e eioi­?ua aicieea?o o ?eoaoaey"7. ?oi ?a eanaaony e?eoeee iao?iie, oi ii?ii auei au aniiiieou, eae, caaa?oay iieaieeo n ?i?oe, Eaeea?ii e A?oe-?ioc, ii ia?ao?ace?iaae oeoaoo I?oyeea ec aai ciaiaieoie Animal Farm, caiaoea: "Ionou ana eioa?i?aoa­oi?u ?aaiu, ii iaeioi?ua ec ieo aieaa ?aaiu, ?ai a?oaea"8.
 Oeo. ii: Eino?eiae? A. Iayoiee Ooei — iayoiee Yei... // Eiino­?aiiay eeoa?aoo?a. 1989. ? 10. N. 225.
 7 Yei O. Caiaoee ia iieyo // Eiy ?icu. I., 1989. N. 429.
 8 Eco U. "Reply", in Eco U. Interpretation and overinterpretation (Cam­bridge University Press, 1992). ?. 139.
 18
 "Io?aaeaiiue ?eoaoaeu' Oiaa?oi Yei
 ?eoaoaeu, o?a oi?ioi ciaeiiue n e?iie?aneei e neaioe?aneei oiiii Oiaa?oi Yei, ?oanoaoao naay niaeaciaiiui eee, nei?aa, aa?a io?aaeaiiui, — iiaiaii ecaanoiiio ia?niia?o ec Eia­ie ?icu, — ianoieuei, ?oi iaaieuii no?aieony noaou aai eaa­aeuiui ?eoaoaeai, ecaaaay iiaoi?you ?o?ea ioeaee eee aia­aaou a caaeo?aaiey, eioi?ua aaoi? oae ino?ioiii e?eoeeoao. Iaiie ec oaeeo eiaooae aey anao aai eioa?i?aoaoi?ia yaeyao­ny, ianiiiaiii, aiyciu aianou a a?ao ??acia?iie eioa?i?aoa­oee — e oai ia iaiaa yoi iinoiyiii i?ienoiaeo1. A iiiuoea ioneaaeou ana eiau e ?aoa?aioee e?eoeee n iaieaeaeuiui oii?-
 1 Iai?eia?, ii?ii caaaouny aii?inii: ianeieuei "??acia?iie" yaey­aony oaieienoneay eioa?i?aoaoey i?iecaaaaiee Oiaa?oi Yei? Ii­eeiiieee Yei ia inoaaey?o a iieia i?iaeaio ionoonoaey eee aao­niuneaiiiai i?enoonoaey ?aineeo ia?niia?ae a ?iiaiao Yei, aen­eooe?oy a Eioa?iaoa i oii, ia yaeyaony ee Yei naenenoii. Ec ?enea oaieienoneeo oai?aoeeia Oa?aca aa Eao?aoen i?aaei?eea, ia iie acaeya, ianeieuei aanuia eioa?aniuo auaiaia a ?acoeuoaoa aiaeeca Eiaie ?icu e a?oaeo i?iecaaaaiee Yei. Oae, iia iieaaaao, ?oi aaei­noaaiiue ?aineee ia?niia? a ?iiaia — aacuiyiiia e aaciieaiia oaei — neiaieece?oao natura naturans, aineiaiee?aneia eee ainaieioe?aneia ninoiyiea eee, eae neacaea au ?eey E?enoaaa, iaoa?ein­eo? chora. A oaeii ?a annioeaoeaiay oaii?ea "?aiueia—iaou— oa?eiau—enoeia—nia?ou" auno?iaia, ii aa iiaie?, i?aiu oi?ii. Ia iaiaa e?aiiuoiia oaieienonei-naieioe?aneia i?i?oaiea ii?ao auou inouanoaeaii a ioiioaiee ynna I ycuea ?ay: Aaai ioe?uaaao, aneaa ca ?eianiiii, iiyoe?aneo? ooieoe? ycuea e eniuouaaao aa?­?eaeaineo? e oaeaaaaa?eaineo? no?anou e ei?iui yoeiieiaeyi. Ia­oiaynu aee?a e Aiao, ?ai Aaa, ii ?oanoaoao, ?oi ?acee?ea nouanoao­ao. O Aau eia?ony naie i?e?eiu caieiaouny eeiaaenoeeie e iiyoe­eie: ciaeiinoai ni cieai ioe?uei ia?aa iae nouanoaiaaiea aieeiaaenoe?aneeo oaeoi?ia a naieioe?aneie noa?a, e oaia?u iia aeoaiei oaea?aia naiaiaeecii. O. aa Eao?aoen caee??aao, ?oi Aaai e Aaa iieeioee ?ae, eae oieuei iie ia?aee ea?aou n ycueii e ?ane?uee, ?oi iaiicia?iiai niioaaonoaey ia?ao icia?aaiui e icia?a?uei, i?aaoniio?aiiiai yaaineei eiaii, ia nouanoaoao, oae ?a eae ia nouanoaoao e ia?eoaoa a ioiioaieyo iieia, ?oi e io?a?aao ?aeiaa­?aneee ycue. Oae ia?aeanu enoi?ey. (Ni.: T. de Lauretis "Gaudy rose: Eco and narcissism", in Technologies of Gender (Indiana University Press, 1987). ?. 51-69.)
 19
 noaii aueneeaa?o neaau eioa?oaenooaeuiinoe, eioi?uie eci­aeeo?o aai ?iiaiu. Yei i?aiu e?aeo eniieuciaaou iiaiaiua i?eia?u aeia?eioa?i?aoaoee a ea?anoaa iieacaoaeuiuo neo­?aaa oiai, eae ia io?ii iaoiaeouny n oaenoii, any?anee iia­?a?eeaay, ?oi eae aaoi? ii yoiai a aeao ia eiae, iaiaei o?a­aeci neooaoee caee??aaony a oii, ?oi yoiai "ia eiae a aeao" e aai oaeno — aaeinoaaiiue aa?aio eioa?i?aoaoee. Oi anou a iiaiaiuo neo?ayo ii ai?aaa iiaaa??aou naie noaoon ia eae aaoi?a (a nayce n aieaa ?ai ne?iiiie ?ieu? iineaaiaai a ni­a?aiaiiie e?eoe?aneie ia?aaeaia), ii eae ia?acoiaiai ?eoa­oaey naieo oaenoia.
 Iai?eia?, a ?yaa naieo iaaaaieo eiea e aunooieaiee Yei aiaeece?oao eioa?i?aoaoeaiia ?aoaiea ?iiaia Eiy ?icu, i?aa­ei?aiiia Aeaiie Eino?eiae?2. Eino?eiae?, ni?aaaaeeai ii­eaaay, ?oi "niune ?acaa?iooiai "auneacuaaiey" Yei ia en?a?­iuaaaony iiaa?oiinoiui i?i?oaieai (eae "aioe?aneiai" aaoae­oeaa), i?aai?eieiaao iiiuoeo oeao?aeuiiai neaaiaaiey oaceno i iaia?aie?aiiii naieicena, iieaaay, ?oi oai naiui ?aaeeco­aony e aiaeeoa?aoo?iay iiceoey Yei eae o?aiiai-naieioeea ("any­eee ciae yaeyaony eioa?i?aoaioii a?oaeo ciaeia, e anyeee eioa?i?aoaio eioa?i?aoe?oaony a nai? i?a?aau a?oaeie ciaea­ie", — niaeanii ie?nianeiio ii?aaaeaie? naieicena). A iieneao ?acaaaee "eeoa?aoo?iiai oaioiia", iiieii ia?auaiey e a?o­aei iii?anoaaiiui aee?ceyi e ?aieienoaioeyi (Eioaioey aaoi?a? Eee eioaioey oaenoa?), iia oiiieiaao iaeee "iai?e­aaiiue enoi?iee, ciaiea eioi?iai i?eaaao a iaoeo aeacao ini­ao? noa?aineiie?iinou caiuneo anae eieae": a 1946 aiao auea iioaeeeiaaia eieaa Yieey Ai?ei A?aoeneaaneay ?ica, a eioi­?ie ?a?u oea oae?a i iieneao oaeinoaaiiiai iaione?eioa, e caaa?oaeny ?iiai oae?a ii?a?ii a aeaeeioaea. Yoa enoi?ey ia?eiaaony a I?aaa: Yei oae?a a ia?aea naiaai ?iiaia oiiie­iaao I?aao. Aieaa oiai, iaei ec o?aieoaeae aeaeeioaee o Yei iineo eiy Aa?aiaa?, iaiiai ec aeaeeioaea?ae Ai?ei ciaoo Aa?i-aa?a Ia??. Eae yiie?e?aneiio aaoi?o Yei inoaaony oieuei ?ac­aiaeou ?oeaie, aiai?y i?e yoii a naia ii?aaaaiea, ?oi ii ia oieuei ia ?eoae ?iiaia Ai?ei, ii aa?a ia ciae i aai nouanoai­aaiee. Iiaiaiui ia?acii a?oaea e?eoeee i?eienuaaee Yei aieu-
 2 Ni.: Eino?eiae? A. Oiaa?oi Yei. Eiy ?icu // Nia?aiaiiay ooai?a­noaaiiay eeoa?aoo?a ca ?oaa?ii. 1982. ? 5. N. 40—46. Ia Caiaaa yoa noaouy auea ia?aaaaaia e iioaeeeiaaia a nai?ieea Saggi su "Il Nome della Rosa" (Milano: Bompiani, 1985).
 20
 iia eee iaaieuiia ia?auaiea n ?aciuie oaenoaie, nnueee ia eioi?ua yeiau caoeo?iaaiu a aai ?iiaia (oi ?a naiia eiaei ianoi e iinea ioaeeeaoee Iayoieea Ooei). N a?oaie noi?iiu, ii aue iieuuai ne?oioeaciinou? iaeioi?uo e?eoeeia, eioi­?ua ni?ee, ?oi iaiei ec i?iia?acia Aaniia e Aeeuaaeuia ii­?ao auou ia?a Na?aion Oaeoaeii e Aa?eai ec Aieoi?a Oaon­oona Oiiana Iaiia3.
 Aii?in ninoieo a oii, ianeieuei ieiaioai?ia aeiioaca Aeaiu Eino?eiae? aey eioa?i?aoaoee ?iiaia. Yei aiai?eo, ?oi yoio a?aoiaio ie?aai iniaaiii eioa?aniiai iai ia niiauaao, eai iiene oaeinoaaiiiai iaione?eioa e ii?a? a aeaeeioaea i?aa­noaaey?o niaie ??acau?aeii ?ani?ino?aiaiiua oiiinu aa?i­iaeneie eeoa?aoo?u e n ?aaiui oniaoii eo ii?ii iaia?o?eou ai iii?anoaa a?oaeo ?iiaiia. Aianoi I?aae ii?ii auei ia?a­ianoe ia?aei ?iiaia a Aoaaiaoo, anee au yoi auei nouanoaai­ii aa?ii. Aa?aiaa? e Aa?iaa?a — ?enoia niaiaaaiea. Caanu ia?acoiaue ?eoaoaeu ii?ao n?anou, ?oi ?aou?a niaiaaaiey — yoi o?a eia-?oi, e a yoii neo?aa yiie?e?aneee aaoi? eeoai i?aaa aieina. Iaiaei aaeaa Aeaia Eino?eiae? i?iaiaeo aua oaeue ?ya aiaeiaee ia?ao Yei e Ai?ei, ?anno?aay, iai?eia?, i oii, ?oi a ?iiaia Ai?ei eneiiue iaione?eio yaeyeny i?eae­iaeii Iaioa?ia Eacaeiau, a iaiiai ec ia?niia?ae Yei ciaoo Aoai ec Iu?eanea (Hugh of Newcastle, a eoaeuyineie aa?nee — Ugo di Novocastro). A eoiaa neaaoao caee??aiea Eino?eiae?, ?oi, eeou "eay io eiaie e eiaie, ii?ii oynieou eiy ?icu"4. Aiiau aunooiay io eeoa yiie?e?aneiai aaoi?a, Yei aiai?eo, ?oi aaiiue ia?niia? ia yaeyaony aaoi?neei auiuneii, a yoi — enoi?e?aneee ia?niia?, oiiieiaaiue a n?aaiaaaeiauo o?iie­eao. E?iia oiai, o? anee neaaiaaou aoeaaeuiiio ia?aaiao, Iu?­eane (new castle — "iiaue caiie") — ia oi ?a naiia, ?oi Eaca­eiaa (casa nova — "iiaue aii"). N oaeei ?a oniaoii ii?ii i?iaanoe aiaeiaee n Iu?oiiii. Ii anou e a?oaea iiiaiou, ai­eacuaa?uea, ?oi eioa?i?aoaoeaiia ?aoaiea Eino?eiae? iayei­iiie?ii. Iie eana?ony ia oieuei niiinoaaeaiey yoeo aaoo ia?­niia?ae, ii oae?a iaaicii?iinoe i?iaaaaiey aiaeiaee ia?ao aiaaieeaie Eacaeiau e ?oeiienu? A?enoioaey. A eoiaa ?an­e?o?eaaiea oaii?ee n Eacaiiaie i?eaiaeo e ooieeiaie neooa-
 3 Eco U. Interpretation and overinlerpretation (Cambridge University Press, 1992). ?. 75.
 4 Eino?eiae? A. Oiaa?oi Yei. Eiy ?icu II Nia?aiaiiay ooai?anoaai­iay eeoa?aoo?a ca ?oaa?ii. 1982. ? 5. N. 46.
 21
 oee, e ia oieuei eae yiie?e?aneee aaoi?, ii e eae ia?acoiaue ?eoaoaeu nianoaaiiiai oaenoa Yei oeacuaaao ia yoi5.
 Ana yoi iaaiaeo ia iuneu i aeia?o?ioe?iaaiiie cia?eiin­oe iiiyoey eioa?oaenooaeuiinoe a nia?aiaiiie ia?aaeaia eioa?i?aoaoee, ia inoaaey?uae ianoa eiaeaeaoaeuiinoe aaoi­?a e eeoa?uae oaeno aaoiiiiiinoe e o? oai aieaa i?aoaicee ia i?eaeiaeuiinou. Neaaoao, iaiaei, caiaoeou, ?oi oaeea eneo­oaiiua aaoi?u, eae Yei, ie?oou io yoiai ia no?aaa?o, oi e aaei caiaieaay naieo ?eoaoaeae ia e???ie ei?iuo ?aoa?ai­oee, ?oiau aiineaanoaee eiaou aicii?iinou iie?eoeeiaaou eo ca oaeo? aiaa??eainou. Iaia?au (a Na?ece a 1996 a.) i?e ii­iuoea enneaaiaaoaeae iaicia?eou aeia?aoe?aneo? aiieiaioo eae aicii?iue niinia eioa?i?aoaoee aai ?iiaiia Yei i?aaei­?ee iaei ec oaeeo ei?iuo oiaia: eieu nei?i a aai ?iiaiao anaaaa i?enoonoaoao iioea ii?a?a, neaaiaaoaeuii, ca yoei ?oi-oi e?iaony, a eiaiii: a aaonoaa aai ninaaii ii aiio aue ia­?aeuiee ii?a?iie eiiaiau, ?oi inoaaeei aeoaieee neaa a ia­iyoe ienaoaey (e eae neacae au ia?niia? Aoae Aeeaia: "Aeae­ii, iia io?ii iiaeaaou iiaai ineoiaiaeeoeea..."). Ia enee??aii, ?oi ?a?ac iaeioi?ia a?aiy iu aaenoaeoaeuii iae­aai a iaiii ec aeia?aoe?aneeo i?a?eia ia Oiaa?oi Yei yoo ieeo? aaoaeu eaaceineoiaiaeeoe?aneiai oa?aeoa?a.
 Eae au oi ie auei, eeanne?aneay e?eoeea, ceioiio?aaeya­oay ia?aeeaeyie ia?ao aeia?aoeae aaoi?a e aai i?iecaaaaie­ai (iaaa?ii, i?ienoiaeei ee yoi a ?aieao oeieuiie e?eoeee a aooa aoeuaa?iiai nioeieiae?aneiai aaoa?ieiecia eee iia aee­yieai ineoiaiaeeca), aunooiaao aey Yei a ea?anoaa aanie?oii iai?eaieaiie no?aoaaee eioa?i?aoaoee. Oieuei iaeaiue oaie­oaeu eneonnoaa ii?ao n caaeaiui iinoiyinoaii ?anno?aaou i aa?iao?iaecia Iiiu Eecu, enoi?iee eioi?iai e?iaony a nae­noaeuiuo i?eau?eao Eaiia?ai aa Aei?e6, i eioi?uo iai niia­uee O?aea.
 Iaiaei n?aaieoaeuii iaaaaii a ?aieao aeneonnee i aeia?­eioa?i?aoaoee (n ?i?oe, A?oe-?ioc e Eaeea?ii, 1990) Yei iiaa­aae i naiai "ioe?uoee", naycaiiii n enoi?eae iaienaiey Eia­ie ?icu, eioi?ay iaaaoniuneaiiui ia?acii ?aaaeeeoe?oao ?ieu aanniciaoaeuiuo iaoaieciia a eeoa?aoo?iii iiuoa. ?a?u eaao i oaeinoaaiiii iaione?eioa oo?a?aiiie ?anoe Iiyoeee A?en-
 5 Eco U. Interpretation and overinterpretation. ?. 77.
 6 Ni.: Eco U. Six walks in the fictional woods (Harvard University Press,
 1994). ?. 11.
 22
 oioaey, aie?oa eioi?iai ?acai?a?eaaaony aaenoaea a ?iiaia. Eae ecaanoii, neeaaiiua no?aieou ?oeiiene auee io?aaeaiu yaii, e iioiio neeoeii e?aiiuoiiai ?eoaoaey ii ia?a ?oaiey eieae i?eaaea nia?ou. Anei?a iinea iioaeeeiaaiey ?iiaia, a oi a?a­iy eiaaa Yei o?a caiyeny na?uaciui eieeaeoeiie?iaaieai ?aa­eeo ecaaiee, ii iaia?o?ee ia aa?oieo noaeea?ao naiae aea­eeioaee eoieaiiue ii neo?a? e i?aiu aaaii aoeeienoe?aneee yecaiiey? Iiyoeee A?enoioaey, i eioi?ii ii nai o?a caaue. A eiiiaioa?eyo Aioiiei ?eeeiaiie e yoiio ecaaie? niaa?­?aeinu oiiieiaiea i oii, ?oi ii iuoaeny ainnoaiiaeou oo?a­?aiio? aoi?o? eieao Iiyoeee. Ii ?oi aua aieaa i?eia?aoaeu­ii, oae yoi oece?aneia ninoiyiea eieae — ni no?aieou 120, oai, aaa ia?eiaaony 'Ars Comica', ie?iea no?aieou eieae auee na?uacii iia?a?aaiu e neeieenu, eae anee au iie auee niaoe­aeuii i?iieoaiu eaeei-oi eeaeeei ninoaaii. Aia?aea Yei ii­aoiae, ?oi yoi i?inoi niaiaaaiea, caoai — ?oi yoi ?oai, e, iaeiiao, ii ?aoee: wo Es war, soll Ich werden. Caauoay eieaa auea neiaii noioia?aoe?iaaia a iaiyoe (eiiaaine?iaaiiue ia­?ac io?aaeaiiiai e neeaeaoaainy iaione?eioa) e caoai anieu­ea a ?iiaia. Ana yoi iaiiiieei aio neo?ae n iaaacucaanoiui iaoeaioii Eo?ee — Caoaoeei, iioa?yaoei iaiyou e niinia­iinou ?acaiaa?eaaou ec-ca iia?a?aaiey iicaa, ii ia eeoeaoeiny iaaueia ienuia: oaeei ia?acii, aaoiiaoe?anee iienuaay ni­auoey naiae ?ecie, ii ainnoaiiaee nai? eaaioe?iinou, ia?a­?eoaa iaienaiiia7.
 7 Ni.: Eco U. Interpretation and overinterpretation. ?. 88.
 23
 Iaeaiueea e aieuoea n?aaiaaaeiauy Oiaa?oi Yei
 Yei ia?eiae nai? aeaaaie?aneo? ea?ua?o eae ynoaoee e oeei­nio, iniiaiui ?aianeii eioi?iai auea iaaeaaenoeea. Aai aea­noyuay aenna?oaoey, iaienaiiay a 1954 a., ianeieuei ?ac ia?a­ecaaaaaoayny a Eoaeee e ca ?oaa?ii, auea iinayuaia ynoaoe­ea Oiiu Aeaeineiai. Yei eae-oi caiaoee, ?oi iaeaieuoaa oaiaeaoai?aiea aio ainoaaee oio oaeo (eioi?ue iaeioi?uie NIE aue eioa?i?aoe?iaai eae eieaonoai ciaiaieoinoe), ?oi nionoy o?eaoaou eao iinea iaienaiey aai aieoi?neay aenna?oa­oey ii ynoaoeea Oiiu Aeaeineiai auea ia?aaaaaia e iioaee­eiaaia a Aa?aa?aa.
 Ia oaeaeoaeuii, ?oi nae?an yoa ?aaioa i?aanoaaeyaony Yei anaai eeou ?iioaneei i?iecaaaaieai ni anaie naienoaaiiuie aio iaainoaoeaie, iaiaei aieaa aa?ii oi, ?oi ii ieeiaaa, ii nouanoao, ia inoaaeye caiyoee iaaeaaenoeeie, ia aiai?y o? i oii, ?oi yoi auea oi?ioay oeiea aey ia?eia?uaai enneaaiaa­oaey (eeou iiaoaa??aa?uay i?aaeei: i?a?aa ?ai niaa?oaou eioaeeaeooaeuio? ?aaie?oe?, aieuoeinoai ecaanoiuo oeei­nioia i?eea?ii eco?aee eaouiu e a?a?aneee, ?aaioay iaa aen­na?oaoeyie ii Yieeo?o, A?enoioae?, Oiia Aeaeineiio, Nie­iica, Eaeaieoo). A eieaa, eioi?o? Yei iaienae aey naieo noo­aaioia, Eae ieoaony aenna?oaoey (1977) ii ioia?aao, ?oi aa?a ia?ao? iao?io? ?aaioo io?ii ienaou ia i?inoi ouaoaeuii, ne?oioeacii, ni ciaieai eeoa?aoo?u e n "iao?iui nie?aieai", ii oae?a e i?a?aa anaai ni aeonii — oieuei yoi ii?ao aa?ai­oe?iaaou iieaciinou nooaai?aneie ?aaiou iiiaea aiau nionoy1.
 Yei i?eciaaony, ?oi ia?eiae ii yoo ?aaioo a 1952 a., iuo­uay naay ?anou? ?aeeaeiciiai ie?a Aeaeiaoa. Nae?an, eiaaa n oiienoneie iaoaoeceeie e ?aeeaeiciui ie?iaicc?aieai aai naycuaaao oieuei aani?eno?anoiue aeaaaie?aneee eioa?an, ii?­ii i?aaiiei?eou, ?oi yoie o?ainoi?iaoee ai iiiaii niinia­noaiaaea ?aaioa iaa oaenoaie A?iena: ii?ii auei au i?iaan­oe ii?aaaeaiio? aiaeiae? ia?ao "ynoaoeeie Oainiina" A?iena
 1 Ni.: Eco U. Come si fa una tesi di laurea. Le materie umanistiche (Milano: Bompiani, 1977). ?. 247.
 24
 e N?aaiaaaeiauai Oiaa?oi Yei. Ii iaa??ei naiae no?anou? e n?aaiaaaeiau?, eioi?ia i?enoonoaoao oae eee eia?a ii?oe ai anao aai i?iecaaaaieyo, aoau oi ?iiaiu, enneaaiaaiea iiyoeee A?iena, e?eoe?aneea ?aciuoeaiey i no?oeoo?aeecia (a aia?e­eaineia ecaaiea Ynoaoeee Oiiu Aeaeineiai Yei aee??ee aea­ao, ionoonoaiaaaoo? a aenna?oaoee, — ia eioaeeaeooaeuiii ?ianoaa no?oeoo?aeenoneie e noieanoe?aneie iaoiaieiaee) eee naieioe?aneee aiaeec i?iaeai eioa?i?aoaoee.
 Iiuo "iauaiey" n aaeeeei ?aoeiiaeenoii N?aaiaaaeiauy a cia?eoaeuiie noaiaie noi?ie?iaae iaoia e noeeu Oiaa?oi Yei eae oai?aoeea. Ia?ac iuoeaiey Aeaeiaoa n i?enoueie aio no?iainou? a?aoiaioaoee, yniinou? ecei?aiey, eiae?ii­nou? e iao?iie ne?oioeaciinou? ieeoaoai?yao aa?oeio e, aicii?ii, aeaaiia ainoe?aiea n?aaiaaaeiaie oeeinioee2. A eaeie-oi ia?a iinoaeuaey Yei ii oii?yai?aiiiio ie?o n?aa­iaaaeiaie iunee i?iyaeeanu a aai eioa?ana e naieioeea, ei­oi?ie, ii aai iiaie?, oae?a i?enou aeoaiei oii?yai?aiiue, ?aoeiiaeuii-a?oeoaeoiie?aneee oa?aeoa?. Iaiaei "?aeaiea nenoaiu e ii?yaea auei auianaii ec noa?u auoey a iaeanou iaoiaa"3 a ioee?ea io noieanoe?aneie iaoaoeceee.
 Aey eoaeuyineie eoeuoo?u 50-o aiaia XX aaea Oiia Aeaei­neee aue oeao?ie aiieia nia?aiaiiie, anee o?anou cia?aiea iaioiiecia aey iaiiaeaiey eaoiee?aneie oaieiaee, a oae?a anieane eioa?ana e yoie oeao?a aeaaiaa?y ?aaioai ?eeuniia e Ia?eoaia. A i?acaiiaaiea 700-eaoiae aiaiaueiu ni aiy ?i?aa­iey "Aiaaeuneiai aieoi?a" (1274—1974) Yei ioa?aeoa?eciaae Aeaeiaoa eae "?aaie?oeiia?a", "iia?eaaoaey" aa?iiaeneie eoeuoo?u, eiay a aeao aica?auaiea A?enoioaey ec a?aaneiai ie?a a eiii aa?iiaeneie eoeuoo?u e noaiiaeaiea ?aoeiiaeec­ia. Ii ooaa??aaao, ?oi Aeaeiao eiiiaioe?oao ia "A?enoioaey, ii Ia?ena e O?aeaa"4.
 A nia?aiaiiinou Oiiu Aeaeineiai, eae e N?aaiaaaeiauy a oaeii, ia?eiaaou aa?eou, ?aciuoeyy aianoa n Yei i oii, ?oi aaieianeay yeiiiieea, iaoeiiaeuiua iiia?oee e ?anioaeeee, naiinoiyoaeuiua ai?iaa, i?e?iaa eaaiai e i?aaiai yeno?aiec­ia, nia?aiaiiua aa?iiaeneea ycuee, ineoieiaey iuoee, ?aae-
 2 Ni.: Eco U. The Aesthetics of Thomas Aquinas (Harvard University Press, 1988). ?. vii.
 3 Robey D. "Introduction", in Eco U. The Open Work (Harvard University Press, 1989). ?. xvi.
 4 Oeo. ii: Gritti J. Umberto Eco (Paris: Editions Universitaires, 1991). ?. 12.
 25
 oey ia aiiinaenoaeeci — ana, aac ?aai iaiuneeii nia?aiaiiia iauanoai, ooiaeo naieie ei?iyie a N?aaiaaaeiaua. N?aaiea aaea — ee?? e iiieiaie? naaiaiyoieo i?iaeai: "yoi iaoa aao­noai, e eioi?iio iaai aica?auaouny iinoiyiii, aica?auaouny ca aiaiiacii"5.
 Oi, ?oi aieaa anaai ?iaieo n?aaiea aaea n eoeuoo?ie XX aaea, — yoi iiiuoea i?aiaieaou ?ac?ua ia?ao o?aiie (yeeoa?­iie) eoeuoo?ie e ianniaie (oi?iaa, iiioey?iie — popular) ii­n?aanoaii aecoaeuiie eiiioieeaoee: ooieoe? nia?aiaiiuo iaaea a oo yiioo ia iaiaa oniaoii auiieiyee a?oeoaeoo?a, ?eaiienu, ea?iaaaeuiua aaenoaa, inouanoaeyy "ia?aaia" o?a­iuo oaenoia e a?oaie eioi?iaoee a ecia?a?aiea. Iaa oeaeee­caoee aaiiino?e?o?o oo ?a no?anou e oeoe?iaaie?, eiiiaioe­?iaaie?, eioa?oaenooaeuiinoe, oio ?a aeon e eieeaeoeiie?i­aaie? e eaoaeiaecaoee.
 Eiaiii a XX aaea i?iecioei ianoiyuaa "ioe?uoea" n?aa­ieo aaeia — aiana ia ?iiaioeee e ia i?a?aoayeeou, a iann-iaaea aa?ioee N?aaiaaaeiaua a nia?aiaiio? eoeuoo?o, n?eoaao Oiaa?oi Yei. Oaeaaeaaiea e eeiaiaoia?ao i?iaie?a?o yeni­eoaoe?iaaou ia?ac i?a?iiai e caaaai?iiai N?aaiaaaeiauy, i?e­aaaay e ?ai?iaui eeeoa aioe?aneiai ?iiaia eee oeeuia o?a­nia. Aiaeece?oy niaieoiiinou i?aanoaaeaiee ia yoie yiioa, Yei i?aaeaaaao nai? oeiieiae? "aanyoe iaeaiueeo N?aaiaaaeiaee"6, io?a?a?uo? eae niaieoiiinou iaoeo i?aa?annoaeia e oeieu­iuo ciaiee a ioiioaiee yoiai ia?eiaa, oae e ?aciiia?acea eiioaiooaeuiuo iiaaeae n?aaiaaaeiaie eoeuoo?u, i?aaei?ai­iuo enoi?eeaie, oeeieiaaie e oeeinioaie, i?ioanneiiaeuii caieia?ueieny iaaeaaenoeeie. Oae, aoeuaa?iay eeoa?aoo?a, ainoiayuay e ?iiaiai "ieaua e oiaae" Aeaenaia?a A?ia, en­iieucoao N?aaiaaaeiaua eae i?aaeia eee, oi?iaa, eae ieoiei­ae?aneo? noaio, ia iiaiinoeao eioi?ie ?aoa?ony noauau ni­a?aiaiiuo ia?niia?ae7. Caanu i?ioeia ia iiciaaony — a eo?­oai neo?aa iii ieacuaaaony a?aiaoe?aneie aaei?aoeae. N?aaiea aaea iiaoo iineo?eou iiaiaii aey e?iie?aneiai ia?ainiunea­iey — n oai, ?oiau iaiiiieou iai i "n?anoeeaii" aaonoaa eee
 5 Yei O. Caiaoee ia iieyo // Yei O. Eiy ?icu. I., 1989. N. 464.
 6 Ni.: Eco U. Travels in Hyperreality (London: Picador, 1987). ?. 68—72.
 7 Aa?iyoii, iu iiaee au a aaiiii eiioaenoa ioaea?uny io oao ?acee­?ee, eioi?ua aoaoi au nouanoao?o ia?ao aaaio??iui ?iiaiii "iea­ua e oiaae" e ?ai?ii "enoi?e?aneiai ?iiaia", oioy yoa i?iaeaia aoaao cao?iiooa a aaeuiaeoai.
 26
 nicaaou eee?ce? a?yoeaiey iaoae oeaeeecaoee. A?einoi e Na?­aaioan ia?auaeenu ni N?aaiaaaeiauai i?eia?ii oae, eae Na?a?ei Eaiia o?aoe?iaae aia?eeaineee Aeeee Caiaa, nicaaaay naie "iaea?iiiua" aanoa?iu. Aey iiiaeo ec ian n?aaiea aaea aunoo­ia?o eae aa?aa?neay yiioa, oaiiia a?aiy iaiaocaaiiuo no?an­oae e i?eieoeaiuo ciaiee. Ia iaii iieieaiea ieoioai?oaa niaeoee?iaaei ia yoie "naaie" noa?eia, eoeuoeae?oy ia?acu "enoeiiuo a?eeoaa", a?oao? ?oanoaaiiinou e ?anoieinou. No?ai­iui ia?acii yoi oae?a e N?aaiaaaeiaua Eiaia?a Aa?aiaia n aai Naauiie ia?aou?. Aioe?aneea caiee, no?ainoao?uea ?uoa­?e e aiiaoiea i?eaeaaiey — oaeiai N?aaiaaaeiaua ?iiaioe­eia. Aey oeeinioia e oaieiaia yoa yiioa i?aanoaao eae ianii­iaiiay aa?oeia a aa?iiaeneie oeeinioee, aaaoay ie?o Aaao­noeia Aea?aiiiai, Oiio Aeaeineiai, Aaaey?a, Ainaeuia Eaioa?aa?eeneiai — nienie ii?ii i?iaie?aou ai aaneiia?­iinoe. A iieeoe?aneii aeneo?na N?aaiaaaeiaua ?aua anaai oii­ieiaaony eae eieuaaeu nia?aiaiiuo iaoee. N?aaiaaaeiaua ii­aaee ainoaa?noaaiiiai ono?ienoaa eiiaaa aa?oony (ii e?aeiae ia?a, oae auei aua a i?ioeii aaea) eae ia?acoiaua nenoaiu, eae ?aaeeciaaiiua ooiiee niaa?oaiiiai ainoaa?noaa. I?a?a­oayeeou (a oii ?enea ?aneei), A?eniain e a?oaea aaeaaaiou, iaa??eiua eoaeuyineei N?aaiaaaeiauai, i?a?aa anaai iiiu­oaeenu ia?eniaaou a naiai aiia?a?aiee (eiiaaa ia aiooaynu e iaoa?eaeuiuie eieoaoeyie) naie ia?ac yiioe. Ecaanoiu oae­?a oeeieiae?aneia, "ieeoeuoiia" (eee aeoeie?aneia) e iaei­oi?ua a?oaea "N?aaiaaaeiauy" — aaei ia a oii, eae iie iiaoo auou eaaioeoeoe?iaaiu e iacaaiu, a a oii, eaeo? ?ieu iie ea?a?o a iaoai eieeaeoeaiii aiia?a?aiee e ?aaeuiie ?ec­ie, — n?eoaao Yei.
 E ii ia iaeiie, iia?a?eeaay niaa?oaiii iniaue noaoon n?aa­iaaaeiaie eoeuoo?u e oo ?ieu, eioi?o? iia nua?aea a ?acaeoee aa?iiaeneie oeaeeecaoee. Ainoaoi?ii aniiiieou i oai?aoeeao oeieu "Aiiaeia", eciaieaoeo, ii nouanoao, ia?aaeaio eioa?­i?aoaoee N?aaiaaaeiauy, caaaiio? aoiaienoaie, eioi?ay ii­?oe ia iaiyeanu ia i?ioy?aiee ianeieueeo noieaoee. Ia oieu­ei E. Oaa?, I. Aeie, ?. Ea Aioo, ii e A. Aaneein, E. A?oe, ?. Naca?i, I. Ayaen, Y. Iaiioneee, A. ?. Ao?aae?, a o?oaao ei­oi?uo aiaeece?oaony "oeoay ?aaie?oey" XI—XIII aa. e ioe?u­aaaony iiaay ia?niaeoeaa aey enoi?eia?aoia, enneaao?o ca?i?­aaiea e oi?ie?iaaiea oie eioaeeaeooaeuiie o?aaeoee, eioi­?ay ac?anoeea noieanoeeo e aanu iiaiaa?iiaeneee ?aoeiiaeeci.
 27
 Aaconeiaii, ?a?u eaao i aanuia ?acee?iuo iaoiaao enneaaiaa­iey yoie eoeuoo?u, ?acaeaaaiuo enoi?eeaie oeieu "Aiiaeia", n iaiie noi?iiu, Yei eae naieioeeii, n a?oaie, Iaiioneei eae oai?aoeeii eneonnoaa, n o?aouae, Y. Eo?oeonii eae eeoa?a­oo?iaaaii, n ?aoaa?oie e o. a., ii a iauae ia?niaeoeaa ?a?u eaao i aieaa eee iaiaa aiaeiae?iuo caaa?ao enneaaiaaiey.
 Oaa?, Aeie, A?ae, A?ean, Ea Aioo a ?aieao eca?aiiie eie iaoiaieiae?aneie no?aoaaee i?aai?eiyee iiiuoeo iaia­?o?eou e i?iaiaeece?iaaou oa niiniau ie?iaini?eyoey, ei­oi?ua auee i?enoue e?ayi aaiiie yiioe, ?aeiino?oe?iaaou oaeinoiinou oie ea?oeiu ie?a, oiai oeia iaioaeuiinoe, eioi­?ua iaoneiaeee no?oeoo?e?iaaiea eiaeaeaoaeuiiai niciaiey ?aeiaaea N?aaiaaaeiauy, iooaeeeaaynu io eaae aioo?aiiae ai­iiaaiiinoe eoeuoo?u (?oi, ai?i?ai, oa?aeoa?ii aey e?aie iiiuoee eoeuoo?ieiae?aneiai aiaeeca ii?aaaeaiiie yiioe — aoau oi iiaaeu ia?aiauoiiai iuoeaiey Eaae-No?inna eee eean­ne?aneay yienoaia Ooei). Inouanoaeaiea iiaiaiie caaa?e i?aaiieaaaao aiaeec a?oaoeie?aneeo iniiaaiee nia?aiaiiie eoeuoo?u, eioi?ay, ianiiiaiii, oianeaaiaaea io i?aaoanoao­?ueo yiio ii?aaaeaiiua niiniau iuneeoaeuiuo i?aeoee.
 Yei oae?a iieaaaao iieaciui ?aeiino?oe?iaaou aano?aeo­io? iiaaeu n?aaiaaaeiaiai niiniaa iuoeaiey, ii eioa?anoao aai ia noieuei iaioaeuiinou, aeaeaeoeea niioiioaiey ee?iin­oae e iann, eaoaai?ee i?ino?ainoaa e a?aiaie, eioi?uie iia­?e?iaaee e?ae oiai a?aiaie, neieuei oa eioaeeaeooaeuiue iiuo, eiaeea e i?iaeaiaoeea, eioi?ua auee inaiaiu n?aaiaaaeiaie oeeinioeae e eioi?ua auyaey?o oieeaeuiinou n?aaiaaaeiauo naieioe?aneeo i?aeoee (yioeeeiiaaee, aa?aeuaeea, aioe?aneea niai?u, eeoo?aee, aeoeiey, iaaey). I?e yoii, eae ii n?eoaao, oiienoneea Noiiu aunooiaee a ea?anoaa naiaai ?iaa einoeoo­oeiiaeuiiai eiaa, caaa?uaai a eiia?iii n?aoa ii?aaaeaiio? aiiiaaiiinou n?aaiaaaeiaie eoeuoo?u. Eiaiii noieanoeea aaea aa?iiaeneie eoeuoo?a ?aoeiiaeuio? iiaaeu ii?yaea eae nii­nia eioa?i?aoaoee e ie?a e oaenoa, iniiaiua i?eioeiu eioi­?ie ana aua aeooaeuiu. Oaeei ia?acii, "N?aaiaaaeiaua" Yei — yoi N?aaiaaaeiaua oeeinioneia par excellence.
 28
 Aeaeaeoeea ie?a e oaenoa a n?aaiaaaeiaie oeeinioee
 Oain / ii?yaie yaeyaony, ianiiiaiii, iaiie ec iaeaieaa ooi­aaiaioaeuiuo e a?oae?iuo iiiiceoee e?aie einiieiae?aneie iiaaee. Aey a?aaiaa?a?aneie eoeuoo?u i?aanoaaeaiea i ie?i­aii auoee a i?ino?ainoaa auei naycaii i?a?aa anaai n eaaae "ii?yaea", eee oi?aanoaaiiiai aio "einiina", eioi?ay iieo­?eea oeeinioneia iainiiaaiea n iiiiuu? oaeeo iiiyoee, eae "aa?iiiey", "i?e?eiiinou", "a?aiy", "oioaeuiinou", "aaeiia", "ea?a?oey". N?aaiaaaeiaia niciaiea ia i?inoi onaieei, ii aicaa­ei eaa? anaiauaie?uae e iniuneaiiie oii?yai?aiiinoe aa­uae a naiaai ?iaa iacuaeaiue i?eioei ie?icaaiey. A o?en­oeaineie ?aeeaee ooieoey oii?yai?eaaiey ie?a ia?aoea e aanie?oii o?ainoaiaaioaeuiie einoaioee — Aiao. Iiiyoea einiina i?aoa?iaei nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey, ii oaa??aei aeaa­iia cia?aiea — "ii?yaie". Eaae "ea?a?oe?aneiai aieoi?a" Inaaai-Aeiieney A?aiiaaeoa niinianoaiaaee ?acaeoe? i?aa­noaaeaiee i ai?anoaaiiie e caiiie ea?a?oee. Aanu ie? i?aa­noaaae eae ea?a?oe?anee i?aaieciaaiiia oaeia, ono?iaiiia Oai?­oii oaeei ia?acii, ?oi ianoi ea?aiai nouanoaa ii?aaaeaii noaiaiu? aai niaa?oainoaa. Iinoaiaiii ea?a?oece?o?ony e ein­ie?aneia, e nioeaeuiia, e eaaieiae?aneia i?ino?ainoaa1.
 Eaae ea?a?oee e ii?yaea ianoieuei i?aaie?iu aey eiioai­oee Oiiu Aeaeineiai, ?oi Yei iacuaaao aai ynoaoe?aneo? eii­oaioe? "oeeinioeae einie?aneiai ii?yaea". Nianoaaiii ia yoii e oea ?a?u a aai aieoi?neie aenna?oaoee.
 Iuneu ia Ordo — ie?icaaiee, onoaiiaeaiiii Aiaii, — ea?aea a iniiaa n?aaiaaaeiaiai ie?iaicc?aiey eae iaeee ia­i?aei?iue caeii. Yoi iiiyoea ii?aaaeyei e?eoa?ee niaa?oai­noaa anao oai?aiee, nicaaiiuo Aiaii (Aunoae E?anioie). Oiia Aeaeineee naycuaae ynoaoe?aneo? oaiiinou n oi?iaeuiie i?e­?eiiinou?: i?iecaaaaiea eneonnoaa i?ae?anii, anee iii iino­?iaii niaeanii i?aaeeai oi?iaeuiie aa?iiiee e niioaaonoao­ao eiia?iui oaeyi. A oiienoneie ea?a?oee oaeae e n?aanoa
 1 Ni.: Ao?aae? A. ?. Eaoaai?ee n?aaiaaaeiaie eoeuoo?u. I., 1972. N. 64.
 29
 oaiiinou i?aaiaoa onoaiaaeeaaaony ?a?ac eo niioiioaiea: aauu ioaieaaaony niaeanii naa?oi?e?iaiui oaeyi, E?anioa, Aeaai e Enoeia acaeiii iaoneiaeeaa?o a?oa a?oaa2. E?anioa i?aaiaoa ii?aaaeyaony oaeuiinou? (integritas), i?iii?oeyie, eee nicao­?eai (consonantia) e yniinou? (claritas), iia eioi?ie iiieia­einu eaaaeuiia eceo?aiea naiie eaae eee oi?iu3. E?anioa i?i­yaeyaony ii ia?a oiai, eae iii?anoaaiiua i?aaiaou (nei?iininoaaiinou iauaeoa yaeyaony iaiei ec oneiaee I?ae?aniiai) i?aiaieaaa?o nai? iiiai?anoio? nei?iinou e i?iyaey?o a iae aaeinoai e oaeuiinou. Niioaaonoaaiii, aacia?aciia aunooiaao eae iaainoaoie aie?iie e?aniou, oaeuiinoe e i?iii?oeiiaeu­iinoe. Aeaai e E?anioa yaey?ony oi?iie, e eiaiii yoa oi?ia, aoao?e i?aaiaoii ?aeaiey a Aeaaa, yaeyaony i?aaiaoii iicia­iey a E?anioa. A ?ac?aaaouaaaiii Oiiie Aeaeineei o?aiee ia oieaa?naeuiie ea?a?oee, ainiianoao?uae a ie?a iaaaniii, caiiii e ?aeiaa?aneii, ana aaue ?aniiei?aiu niia?acii ?ac­ee?iui noaiaiyi e?aniou e aeaai?ianoaa, ?oi yaeyaony naeaa­oaeunoaii ia?ooeiinoe ie?iaiai ii?yaea. Enoeio Aeaeiao, aneaa ca A?enoioaeai, ii?aaaeye eae niaeaniaaiiinou, ni?ac­ia?iinou ia?ao ?acoiii e aauu?. Oi, ?oi ii iacuaae enoei­iui ciaieai aaue, i?aanoaaeyeinu aio aaaeaaoiui eioaeeae­ooaeuiui au?a?aieai yoie aaue a oaeii aeaa, a eaeii iia yaeyaony naia ii naaa.
 Nenoaia Aeaeiaoa, ioaa?aaoay anai e?eoa?eyi niaa?oai­noaa — ia?a, nouiinou eee iniaaiiinou e ii?yaie, — eacaeanu aai nia?aiaiieeai ia?acoii no?ieiinoe e oaeuiinoe, eaaaeii en?a?iuaa?uaai ciaiey i ie?a. "Ii?yaie a oiienoneie oaiei­ae?aneie nenoaia io?a?ae a?oeoaeoiie?aneee einiin niai?ia, e iaa yaeyeenu io?a?aieyie ii?yaea a oaie?aoe?aneie eiia?­neie nenoaia"4. No?anou e aaneiia?iiio oii?yai?eaaie? i?a­a?aoeeanu a oinoaaiio? i?eau?eo. Y?aei Iaiioneee, aiaeece­?oy aioo?aiiaa aaeinoai noieanoeee e aioe?aneie a?oeoaeoo­?u, ioia?aao, ?oi noieanoe?aneay eaaieiaey iaia?o?eaaaony i?aeoe?anee a e?aii oaiiiaia n?aaiaaaeiaie eoeuoo?u: aoau oi "o?aeoao ii iaaeoeia, ni?aai?iee ii eeanne?aneie ieoiei­aee [...] eenoiaea iieeoe?aneie i?iiaaaiau, ainoaaeaiea i?a-
 2 Eco U. The Aesthetics of Chaosmos. The Middle Ages of James Joyce (Harvard University Press, 1989). ?. 3.
 3 Ni.: Einaa A. O. Ynoaoeea Aic?i?aaiey. I., 1978. N. 151.
 4 Eco U. The Aesthetics of Thomas Aquinas (Harvard University Press, 1988). ?. 213.
 30
 aeoaey, aeia?aoey Iaeaey, Ai?anoaaiiay eiiaaey Aaioa, i?aa­iecaoey a?oeoaeoo?iuo ainaiaeae eee iaico?aeuiay iioaoey a
 iocuea"5.
 N oi?ee c?aiey naieioe?aneeo eiieeeaoee, Yei iniaaiii eioa?anoao aii?in i oii, eaeei ia?acii noieanoe?aneay iaoi­aieiaey iiaeeyea ia neiaiee?aneo? i?aeoeeo N?aaiaaaeiauy. Eae a naia a?aiy ienae Oaeceiaa, neiaieeci onoaiiaee a i?e­?iaa e enoi?ee "ia?ooeiue ii?yaie, a?oeoaeoiie?aneia ?ea­iaiea, ea?a?oe?aneo? noai?aeiaoe?"6, ia?acoy i?ino?ainoai aey iaen?eneeiiai iiiaiia?acey ioiioaiee ia?ao aauaie eae iniaue oei aecoaeuiiai iuoeaiey: neiaieeci aiioneae ia?a­uaiea e?aie annioeaoee ia iniiaa eaeiai au oi ie auei noia­noaa a i?aanoaaeaiea i nouiinoiie ienoe?aneie nayce. Ienoe­?aneay naycu, naeaaoaeunoao?uay i niaoeoe?iinoe niaaeiaiey ?acee?iuo aauae ia iniiaa ii?aaaeaiiiai oii?yai?eaa?uaai i?eioeia, eacaeanu "ya?ii auoey aauae". Neiaiee?aneia oaai­aiea aaenoaeoaeuiinoe onei?iyei aini?eyoea ?aaeuiiai ie?a. Ea?aia yaeaiea i?aaiieaaaei iaee?ea iaeiaai oaeiiai niun­ea, eioi?ue iiaea?ae eioa?i?aoaoee, a ia?ao oai, iiieii i?aaee aano?aeoiie eiaeee, a?oaeo e?eoa?eaa "aa?eoeoe?oaiinoe", niiniaiuo oeacaou ia iia?aoiinoe a aiia?a?aaiuo eean­neoeeaoeyo, ia nouanoaiaaei. Neiaieeci iinoaiaiii au?i?­aaeny a aieaciu oia, euouaai iia c?eiie iaiei?eie aua e nouiinou, ne?uoo? io oece?aneiai aci?a, e iauoiuaa?uaai ia?ao? iiiaaoo?ny naycu ia?ao ioaaeuiuie iuneyie.
 ?anno?aay i i?aaaeao eioa?i?aoaoee eae i?iaeaia nia?a­iaiiie e?eoeee, Yei iaiaiie?aoii iia?a?eeaaao i?aainoaai­iinou nia?aiaiiuo oai?ee aeia?eioa?i?aoaoee n neiaiee?an­eeie i?aeoeeaie N?aaiaaaeiauy e ?aiannaina, ioia?ay, ?oi i?ioeaiyaea auei i?aaei?aii aua noieanoaie, eioi?ua ii­iuoaeenu onoaiiaeou i?aaeea, niinianoao?uea eiioaenooaeu­iiio no?aie? ??acia?ii oe?iei eioa?i?aoe?oaiuo niuneia, iieaaaaiuo neiaieaie. Oaeno yaeyaony ianoii, aaa ianaiae­iay iieenaiey niuneia ii nooe ?aaooe?iaaia, iineieueo a oaenoa neiaieu i?eaycaiu e eo eiioaenoo. Iiiaea nia?aiai­iua oai?ee, ii iiaie? Yei, ia niiniaiu i?eciaou, ?oi nei­aieu i?aaiaoe?anee ioe?uou aaneiia?iui cia?aieyi, ii nei­oaaiaoe?anee, eee oaenooaeuii, ioe?uou eeou aey iaii?aaa-
 5 Iaiioneee Y. Aioe?aneay a?oeoaeoo?a e noieanoeea // Aiaineiaea a eoeuoo?a N?aaiaaaeiauy. Eeaa, 1992. N. 66—67.
 6 Oaeceiaa E. Inaiu N?aaiaaaeiauy. I., 1988. N. 225.
 31
 ee ianoiyuo? yioeeeiiaae? ?aeiaa?aneiai ciaiey. Ca enee?­?aieai iaaeoeiu e iaoaiaoeee, a ieo niaa??aeinu ana, ?oi eiaei ia?ainoaiaiiia cia?aiea: eiaeea, oeceea, ano?iiiiey, iaoaoeceea, ineoieiaey, yoeea, iieeoeea, ?eoi?eea. A?enoi­oaey iano?aaee, eco?aee, eiiiaioe?iaaee. Oiaa?oi Yei ia­?auaao aieiaiea ia oi, ?oi o?aaeoey Eieae ni a?aiai Aaaon­oeia iaycuaaea enoieeiaaoaey aieacuaaou ia?oi Eiia ia oieu­ei in verbis (ia neiaao), ii oae?a e in factis (n iiiiuu? oaeoia). I?aaiieaaaeinu, ?oi enoieeiaaoaeu aie?ai ciaou oeceeo, aai­a?aoe?, ieia?aeiae? e a?oaea iaoee. A yoii ieaia a?enoioaeeci aue i?a?aa anaai iiceoeaiui ciaieai, a ia oeeinioeae. O?enoeaiece?iaaiiue n iiiiuu? Oiiu Aeaeineiai, A?en­oioaeu noae aeaaiie oeao?ie oieaa?neoaoneiai ia?aciaaiey n?aaiaaaeiaie Aa?iiu. Oaeei ia?acii, o?enoeaineay oeae­eecaoey n?aaiaaaeiaiai Caiaaa aaaea eioa?i?aoaoeaiue oeee e aiineaanoaee oniaa?oainoaiaaea ana ciaiea eeanne?aneiai ie?a a oi?ia neie?aoe?iie yioeeeiiaaee. E i?e yoii aanei­ia?iay oaiu caaeneiinoae niauoee e eo nicaaoaeae (Nicaaoa­ey) iiaaa??eaaeanu i?aaei?aiiui noieanoe?aneie oeeini­oeae ea?eanii Ii?yaea.
 Aey n?aaiaaaeiaiai iuneeoaey iauaeou e niauoey auee oioy e ia?aie?aiiuie, ii aanuia iiiai?eneaiiuie. Eo oii­?yai?eaaiea o?aaiaaei ii?aaaeaiiuo i?aaee. Yioeeeiiaae­?aneee iiaoia iie?aeny ia oaoieeo eiaaioa?ecaoee, ia?a?­iy, eaoaeiaa eee, a eeanne?aneie oa?ieiieiaee, enumeratio. Oae, n oaeu? iienaiey ianoa niauoey eee oaeoa ?aiiea ii­you eaoeineiai N?aaiaaaeiauy ia?aui aaeii iaania?eaaee iia?iaiue ia?a?aiu anao aaoaeae.
 Neaaoao caiaoeou, ?oi n?aaiaaaeiaay yecaaaca a oneiaeyo ?anoeie ?aaeaiaioaoee (eiaaa e?aua eioa?i?aoaoee oaenoa ?a­aoee?iaaeenu caeiiaie "aaoi?eoa?iiai ?a?eia") iiaea ?acae­aaouny aeaaiui ia?acii a oi?ia eiiiaioa?ey e oaenoai a?o­aeo aaoi?ia. I?aaeea "oi?ioae eioa?i?aoaoee" iaania?eaaeenu "noi?i?aie" i?oiaienee. Ea?aony ianeieuei ia?aaienaeuiui, ?oi a eiia?iii n?aoa aaoi?eoao nai ieacuaaeny ii?i?aaieai eioa?i?aoaoee, eae ioia?aao Yei. Niinia au?a?aiey aaoi?ii nianoaaiiuo iuneae i?e iiiiue oeoao, caeinoaiaaiee, oi?io­ey?ia, eeeoa, yaeyaoeony iauai?eiyouie i?eaiaie auneacu­aaiey, nnueie ia aaoi?eoaou e eniieuciaaiey oiiinia, n iaiie noi?iiu, nouanoaaiii ia?aie?eaae, iiaaaeye eiaeaeaoaeuiinou aaoi?a, ii, n a?oaie noi?iiu, iaeioi?ui ia?acii "ioe?uaae"
 34
 oaeno: eiio?aaaiaa Eiiai aaiaeeanu iin?aanoaii oao ?a oiii­nia nnueie ia aaoi?eoaou ("Eae aiai?ee A?enoioaeu..."), eii­iaioa?eaa12. "Ioe?uoinou" noieanoe?aneiai oaenoa icia?aea nii­niaiinou "ia?aoeo?eou" caaaaaiiue ii?yaie aauae.
 Cae?uoay aaeiay eiioaioey i?iecaaaaiey auea i?ecaaia io?aceou i?aanoaaeaiea i einiina eae ea?a?oee oeene?iaai­iuo i?aaienaiiuo ii?yaeia. I?iecaaaaiea eae iiiioaio?e?an­eee eino?oiaio, iniiaaiiue ia ?anoeii ia?acoa iiaaee ?ac­ia?a e ?eoiu, io?a?aei neeeiae?aneo? nenoaio, eiaeeo iaia­oiaeiinoe, aaaoeoeaiia niciaiea13. Aaeao niaoeoe?iinoe ea?­oeiu ie?a, o?aaiaaaoae iaaaeyou ea?ao? aeaeio? oaeinoiinou aeeaai?e?aneei cia?aieai, oai?aiey Aiaa iienuaaeenu ia ni­aeanii eo yiie?e?aneei ea?anoaai, a a niioaaonoaee n oaie naie­noaaie, eioi?ua iie aie?iu auee ?ai?acaioe?iaaou. A yoeo oneiaeyo aue iaiaoiaei niinia eiio?iey naiaiaiuo eioa?i?aoa­oee — aeeaai?e?aneee eia, — eioi?ue iaania?eaaea o?aaeoe­iiiay oai?ey ?aou?ao o?iaiae yecaaacu (aoeaaeuiue, aeeaai?e­?aneee, ii?aeuiue e aiaaiae?aneee o?iaie)14. Yoa i?iaeaia ?ac­?aaaouaaeanu, a ?anoiinoe, Aaaonoeiii, Y?eoaaiie, Aiiaaaioo?ie, Aoai e ?eoa?ii Nai-Aeeoi?neeie e a?. Eiaiii yoi o?aaiaaiea caee??aei a naaa aicii?iinou "ioe?uoey" oaenoa. ?ieai Aa?o iieaaae, ?oi oai?ey ?aou?ao niuneia naeaaoaeu­noaoao i oii, ?oi naiaiaa eioa?i?aoaoee a N?aaiaaaeiaua auea ia oieuei ocaeiiaia, ii e a ecaanoiii niunea eiae?iaaeanu15. ?eoaoaeu a i?ioanna eioa?i?aoaoee iaaaeye ea?aia i?aaei?a­iea e ea?aue o?ii iii?anoaii cia?aiee, a oii ?enea e iaecaa­noiuo, iao?eaeaeuiuo. Eiia?ii, yoio oei "ioe?uoinoe" aaeae io iiiyoey iaia?aie?aiiie eioa?i?aoaoee, aaneiia?iuo aicii?iinoae oi?iu e iieiie naiaiau aini?eyoey, eai ana-oaee ii aue iia?eiai "iiyoeea iaiaoiaeiinoe"16.
 12 Eco U. The Aesthetics of Chaosmos. The Middle Ages of James Joyce (Harvard University Press, 1989). ?. 10.
 13 Eco U. The Open Work (Harvard University Press, 1989). ?. 13.
 14 Ni.: Eco U. Semiotics and Philosophy of Language (Indiana University Press, 1984). ?. 104.
 15 Aa?o ?. E?eoeea e enoeia // Ca?oaa?iay ynoaoeea e oai?ey eeoa?a­oo?u XIX—XX aa. I., 1987. N. 370.
 16 Eco U. The Open Work. ?. 5-6.
 35
 Co?oeoo?aeeci n oi?ee c?aiey noieanoeee
 Eaaieiaey noieanoeee ii?aaaeeea a?aieou, "ca eioi?ua ia?a­oiaeou iaeucy", e i?enoonoaea yoeo a?aieo ii?ii iaia?o?eou ai anai iineaao?uai ?acaeoee aa?iiaeneie eoeuoo?u. Yei, ?an­no?aay i cia?aiee noieanoe?aneie iiaaee ie?a e iuoeaiey, i?iaiaeo aiaeiaee ia?ao oiieciii e no?oeoo?aeeciii (a nay­ce n ?ai ii aiaaaee aua iaio aeaao a aia?eeaineia ecaaiea naiae aenna?oaoee, ii aua ?aiuoa ii iiaieiae yoo i?iaeaio, ?anno?aay ia yienoaiieiae?aneeo iniiaaieyo no?oeoo?aeeno­neiai aeneo?na (eee aeneo?nia) a Ionoonoao?uae no?oeoo­?a1). Iiaiaiia n?aaiaiea iniiaaii ia oieuei ia ii?aaaeaiiie aeecinoe i?ioaao? oaenoiaiai aiaeeca, eioi?ue a no?oeoo?a­eecia i?aaiieaaaao iia?aoee ii naaiaioaoee e eeanneoeeaoee, ?acaaeaiea auneacuaaiey ia eaenaiu, ii?oaiu, oiiaiu, naiu e o. a., ii?aaaeaiea o?iaiae ecioiiee e a?oaea iia?aoee, ia­i?aaeaiiua ia yenieeeaoe? ii?i?aa?ueo cia?aiea no?oeoo?. Iiiaea aniaeou no?oeoo?aeenoneiai iaoiaa auee ai?iae?iaa­iu noieanoeeie (aeia?iua iiiiceoee — enoeia e ei?u, sic et iii, aoaeuiay no?oeoo?a quaestio e distinctio). I?eaaaay iniaia cia?aiea eiaeoeeaoee e nenoaiaoecaoee, no?oeoo?aeeci oo?a­?eaae i?iaicaeaoaiiue ei iauaeoeaeci: iuoaynu iiiyou, ea­eei ia?acii aicieeaao niune, a eiia?iii n?aoa ii nai iaaycu­aaao niune eco?aaiiio oaiiiaio. Yei n?eoaao, ?oi e no?oeoo­?aeeci, e noieanoeea — yoi neio?iienoneea iaoiaieiaee, iie aioeenoi?e?iu ii naiie naiae nooe. Ane?uaay a enoi?e?aneii i?ioanna aiaa?aiaiio? inu iuneeoaeuiuo eiinoaio, iie eaii-
 1 Yoa ?aaioa a naia a?aiy eiaea ia?iiiue ?aciiain, eai n?aae e?eoe­eia no?oeoo?aeecia Yei — aa?iyoii, iaeaieaa aioioiue e aieia­oaeuiue e?eoee, enneaao?uee naiiaae?aiea no?oeoo?aeecia io ia­oiaa (iiieiaiey no?oeoo?u eae iia?aoeaiie iiaaee) e iino?iaie? niaoeoe?aneie iioieiaee (e i?aanoaaeaie? ia iauaeoeaiie no?oe­oo?a eee no?oeoo?ao eae "aa?iuo caeiiao aooa"). Naii ii naaa caya­eaiea i oii, ?oi "no?oeoo?a ionoonoaoao", aie?ii auei neaiaaeece­?iaaou ioaeeeo, eai a eiioa 60-o aiaia "yoa naiay no?oeoo?a caiiei­ieea niaie an? eoeuoo?io? noaio nia?aiaiiinoe" (Yei O. Ionoo­noao?uay no?oeoo?a. NIa., 1998. N. 29).
 36
 ie?o?o enoi?e?aneo? aaenoaeoaeuiinou, i?enouo? aauai e yaeaieyi eciai?eainou, ioi?aanoaeyy no?oeoo?ii-oii?yai?e­aa?uo? ?aoaoeo n ?aaeuiinou?, ia eioi?o? iia i?iaoe?oao­ny-. A oaeie neooaoee enoi?e?aneia ciaiea iaaicii?ii. Nenoa­ia, eeoaiiay i?ioeai?a?ee, aey eioi?ie ?aaeuiinou aanie?o­ii eioaeeeaeaaeuia, oa?ieo e?ao, anee iia ia noeioee?oao iinoiyiiiai niiiaiey a naiae yienoaiieiaee.
 Iniaie e?eoeea Yei iiaaa?aaao iiiyoea no?oeoo?u, eioi­?ui, ii aai iiaie?, ceioiio?aaeyee a oa?aiea ianeieueeo aa­nyoeeaoee, oae ?oi a eiioa eiioia iii noaei iiiyoeai-oaoe­oai, ii?oe oo?aoea naie ia?aiia?aeuiue ooieoeiiaeuiue niune3. Yei e?eoeeoao yoio oa?iei ai eiy nianaiey aai iaoiai­eiae?aneie cia?eiinoe e no?aieony iainiiaaou aai eaaeoeiiinou, ii o?a ia "ie?aeiie oa??eoi?ee".
 Aey Eaae-No?inna, ?eianiia, A?aeiana no?oeoo?a yeaeaaeaio­ia oieaa?naeuiie iiaaee, eaaei ia?aiineiie n iaiiai iauaeoa ia a?oaie, ?oi aaaao e oieoeeaoee e oi?iaeecaoee ciaiey. I?e yoii iaecaa?ii eaii?e?oaony iaoa?eaeuiay i?e?iaa eco?aaii­ai iauaeoa: ii i?aanoaao oaeei, eaeei aai oioyo aeaaou. A eoiaa iu eiaai aaei n iinoaiaiiie iiaiaiie, ia?aoiaii io "iia?a­oeaiie iiaaee e iauaeoeaiie no?oeoo?a"4. Iiaiaiia ?anoe?ai­iia oieeiaaiea e eniieuciaaiea oa?ieia (e iaoiaeee) i?aa­noaaeyaony Yei iai?aaiia?iui. No?oeoo?a o?aeooaony ei eae eiie?aoiue iaoia eco?aiey iauaeoa, ia iaeaaa?uee noaoonii oieaa?naeuiinoe. Naie no?oeoo?u "iaoiaieiae?iu": iie i?aa­noaaey?o niaie aeiioaoe?aneea i?iaoeou ?acoia e eeou ?an­oe?ii io?a?a?o nouiinou aauae. "Iiaeeiiay no?oeoo?a" iaec­iaiii ionoonoaoao (yiie?e?anee iia ia iaae?aaaia — elle se situe au dela) e iaainooiia eioaeeaeooaeuiiio iinoe?aie?, — oaeia aeaaiue iaoin Ionoonoao?uae no?oeoo?u (1968).
 A yoii ioiioaiee no?oeoo?aeeci oae?a oaeaeoaeuii iaii­ieiaao noieanoeeo, iniaaiii oiienoneo? forma mentis. Iiaia­ii noieanoeea aio naienoaaiii no?aieaiea auou ?ai-oi a?iaa iaoee iaoe, oieaa?naeuiie eiaeee. Cae?uoinou ?a nenoaiu ?aii eee iicaii i?aa?auaao aa a eiina?aaoeaio? eaaieiae?, iiaia­iy?uo? ?aaeuiinou noaiie. Noieanoeea e no?oeoo?aeeci i?aa-
 2 Eco U. The Open Work. ?. 232.
 5 Ni.: Eco U. La struttura assente (Milano: Bompiani Tascabili, 1983). ?. 253.
 4 Ibid. ?. 288.
 5 Eco U. The Aesthetics of Thomas Aquinas. ?. 217.
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 noaaey?ony Yei "aiiieiae?iuie iiaaeyie a aaenoaee"5 a neeo oiai niaoeoe?aneiai niioiioaiey oai?ee e ?aaeuiinoe, eioi­?ia oa?aeoa?ecoao eo eae "oeeinioe? Ii?yaea".
 Iiuo enneaaiaaiey noieanoeee e no?oeoo?aeecia niinia­noaiaae oi?ie?iaaie? acaeyaia Yei ia niaoeoeeo e niiniau iino?iaiey naieioe?aneie oai?ee6. Aeaaiia — i?aiaieaou ee­e?ce?, aoaoi ie? iiaaaaony aeiaaeuiie o?aeoiaea. Oeeinioey ia ii?ao ooaa??aaou "aio eae aaue nouanoao?o a ?aaeuiinoe", ia niaa?oay i?e yoii aeoa ienoeoeeaoee. Ia?niia? Eiaie ?icu Aeeuaaeui Aanea?aeeuneee au?a?aao ii nooe oi?eo c?a­iey aaoi?a ?iiaia ia i?iaeaio "enoeiiinoe" eniieucoaiuo a i?ioanna iiciaiey iaoiaia: "Enoiaiue ii?yaie — yoi eae naou eee eae eanoieoa, eioi?o? eniieuco?o, ?oia eoaa-ieaoau iia­iyouny. Iaiaei iinea yoiai eanoieoo iaiaoiaeii ioa?anuaaou, iioiio ?oi iaia?o?eaaaony, ?oi, oioy iia i?eaiaeeanu, a iae naiie ia auei ieeaeiai niunea... Aaeinoaaiiua iieaciua en­oeiu — yoi i?oaey, eioi?ua iioii ioa?anuaa?o"7.
 6 A eiioa 60-o aiaia i?iaeaia naiieaaioeoeeaoee naieieiaee (eae iaoiaa e/eee eae aenoeieeiu) noiyea iniaaiii ino?i. Eae ioia?aao Oiaa?oi Yei, a oa aiau "ia oae eaaei auei iiiyou, ?ai ioee?aaony naieieiaey io no?oeoo?aeecia", iaiaei o?a oiaaa iuouaeanu aieu­oay aeaeinou naieioeee, "iicaieyaoay aaiaeou a naieioe?aneee aen­eo?n iano?oeoo?aeenoneea yeaiaiou, iai?eia? yeaiaiou oai?ee Ie?na". Ioeacuaaynu io iieneia iaeiaai Eiaa eiaia eee I?a-nenoaiu eae iineaaiaai iniiaaiey eoeuoo?u e eiiioieeaoee, ii aaeaao auaia i oii, ?oi "iioieiaey ycuea oia?uaeyao anyeo? naieioeeo", eioi?ay a naiai enneaaiaaiee no?oeoo? eiiioieeaoee auyaeyao "ia eaeo?-oi caeaaa?uo? a aeoaeia no?oeoo?o, a ionoonoaea no?oeoo?u, eieon iai?anoaiiie "ea?u". "Naieioeea ia ii?ao auou iaiia?aiai­ii iia?aoeaiie oaoieeie e i?eciaieai Aanie?oa" (Yei O. Ionoo­noao?uay no?oeoo?a. N. 6, 23). 7 Yei O. Eiy ?icu. I., 1989. N. 420-421.
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 ?aii?oa?e ec aeiaaeuiie aa?aaie
 Eiiao 50-o — ia?aei 60-o aa. — a?aiy aeoeaiiai nio?oaie?a­noaa Oiaa?oi Yei n eoaeuyineeie iann-iaaea: n 1955 aiaa ii ?aaioaao a ?aaaeoee eoeuoo?iuo i?ia?aii ia oaeaaeaaiee RAI, ?aaoey?ii ioaeeeoaony a ?o?iaeao Corriere della Sera, II Ma­nifesto, I'Espresso, I Verri, Rivista di Estetica. N 1959 aiaa ?aai­oaao a ea?anoaa ?aaaeoi?a ioaaea oeeinioee, nioeieiaee e eeoa?aoo?u a ecaaoaeunoaa Bompiani. Ioiioaiey Yei ni n?aa­noaaie ianniaie eiiioieeaoee inoa?ony e ii nae aaiu aanuia oaieuie: ii i?iaie?aao a?aiaaaeuii ienaou naie "neo?aeiua caiaoee" aey A Espresso, aaa o iaai anou naiy eieiiea, e yoi a iaiaeie noaiaie niinianoaiaaei-iiyaeaie? iaeioi?uo aai eiea (iai?eia?, Aiieaeeinen ioei?ai eee Diario minima). I?aaaa, oaia?u ii ?aua ieacuaaaony a ?iee eioa?au?e?oaiiai, eioi­?ue, ea?aony, eo?oa ?o?iaeenoia ciaao i?aaeea ea?u, eco?ai­iua ei aieaa ?ai ca o?eaoaou eao oai?aoe?aneeo ?aciuoeaiee, a oii ?enea e ii i?iaeaiai ianniauo eiiioieeaoee. Aai ei­oa?au? iieiu anaaicii?iuo "nainaoee" e "i?eciaiee", eioi­?ua iiaoo eiaou iaeioi?ia ioiioaiea e ?aaeuiinoe, ii a aieu­oeinoaa neo?aaa yaey?ony aaeeeieaiiuie ianoeoaie e iaii­a?aiaiii aanuia yooaeoiie naii?aeeaiie.
 Iai?eia?, a iaiii ec oaeeo eioa?au? (icaaeaaeaiiii Oi­aa?oi Yei — Iaaa?iooe ienuia) ii iiaaeeeny naiei iaaaa­iei ioe?uoeai. "Yoi neeoeii oi?ioi, ?oiau auou i?aaaie". A aic?anoa 63 eao Yei iaia?o?ee, ?oi aai oaieeey — yoi aaa?a­aeaoo?a, eioi?ay ?anoeo?iauaaaony eae Ao Caelis Oblatus, eee a ia?aaiaa "ai?ee aa?". "Iauyniaiea" yoiio oaiiiaio ninoi­eo a oii, ?oi aaaooea Yei aue iiaeeauoai, a a eiioa i?ioei­ai aaea eoaeuyineea ?eiiaieee ii iaueiiaaie? caienuaaee oaeeo aaoae iia ae?iieiaie niaeanii nieneo, ninoaaeaiiiio
 eacoeoaie1.
 Enoi?ee aey aacao, ?icua?uo e ienoeoeeaoey: Yei ciaao, a ?ai aieuoa anaai io?aa?ony aey naiae ?aiooaoee nia?aiai-
 1 Ni.: Umberto Eco le Pavarotti de I'ecriture // L'evenement du jeudi, 1996. Du 22 au 28 fevrier.
 39
 iua iaaea, e i?aaeaaaao ei eo?uacu, aicii?ii, ia nianai i?e­ee?iua, ii caoi auneacaiiua eioaeeaeooaeii n ie?iaui eia­iai. Oae, ii iiaaaae, ?oi iaia?au auoae ec aiia n oaeu? eoieou oaaou ii i?inuaa ?aiu, aa?ioeny ?a aiiie n... niaa­?ueie oanoeeoeaie, eoieaiiuie ia "aeioeiii ?uiea" aianoa n aacie, a eioi?ie iie iaoiaeeenu. Yoa enoi?ey — a iiiaio auoiaa a naao aai iineaaiaai ?iiaia — aie?ia auea eioa?­i?aoe?iaaouny eae i?eoiou aaoi?a, iaienaaoaai ?iiai a aooa aa?ieei.
 Eae ienaea ia Oiaa?oi Yei ecaanoiay oaieienoneay ennea­aiaaoaeuieoa e naieioee Oa?aca aa Eao?aoen, "aeon e aiie?e­oe?aneiio, iiaaaeuiiio, aiao?iie?aneiio, inaaaiaeeaai?e?an­eiio, e iai?eaaiiui aiaeiaeyi e ia?iaeeiiio eniieuciaa­ie? aeia?aie e aa?i?iuo ia?acia eae niiniaia i?o?aaiey — ana yoi noeeenoe?aneea eiinoaiou a iaienaiiuo Yei ii ?aciui neo?ayi oaenoao, ia?eiay n i?aiu iiioey?iuo e niaoiuo ei­?ioeeo ?anneacia ec aai Diario oiiioi"2. Ai?i?ai, i?iaeaia aiie?eoe?aneiai e iiaaaeuiiai o?aaoao ioaaeuiiai ?anniio?a­iey aaeao iniaiai naieioe?aneiai e eoeuoo?ieiae?aneiai eioa­?ana Yei e yoie oaia.
 Ia naiii ?a aaea ?aiooaoey Oiaa?oi Yei eae oai?aoeea nei?eeanu eiaiii aeaaiaa?y aai na?uaciiio ioiioaie? e oa­iiiaio iann-iaaea. A oi aanyoeeaoea (n eiioa 50-o aa.) Yei iea­cuaaaony a yieoaio?a aeneonnee, ?acaa?ioaoaeny a Eoaeee, i ianniaie eoeuoo?a e i ?iee iann-iaaea. Aai ?aaiou, iioaeeei­aaiiua a oi a?aiy e noaaoea a naiai ?iaa eeanne?aneeie, aa?o i?aanoaaeaiea ia oieuei i oa?aeoa?a nii?a e a?aoiaioao, en­iieucoaiuo iaaeie noi?iiaie, ii, a ia?ao? i?a?aau, i iice­oee — eae ynoaoe?aneie, oae e nioeaeuiie — naiiai Yei.
 Naaiaiy nii?eou i nouiinoe, ii?ieao eee i?aeiouanoaao ianniaie eoeuoo?u (a aianoa n iae e oiai, ?oi n eaaeie ?oee oai?aoeeia O?aieoo?oneie oeieu iieo?eei iacaaiea "eoeu­oo?iay eiaono?ey") iieacaeinu au iai?inoeoaeuiui aiao?i­ieciii. Ia oi ?oiau aaiiue oaiiiai inoaeny a i?ioeii, nei­?aa eciaieeanu ia?aaeaia eioa?i?aoaoee, e i?a?aa anaai a oii, ?oi eanaaony aeneo?na e eaaieiaee e?eoeee ianniaie eoeuoo?u. A oii, ?oi oaeiaay nouanoaoao, niiiaaaouny ia i?eoiaeony (anee iioieiae?anee yoi ia i?aaeaii, oi ia o?iaia ianeo?eaa?uaai
 2 De Lauretis O. "Gaudy Rose. Eco and Narcissism", in Technologies of Gender (Indiana University Press, 1985). ?. 58
 40
 aa oai?aoe?aneiai aeneo?na aaiiia ooaa??aaiea ii?ao iiea­caouny iaaanii?aaiiui), iaae?aay ca i?ieeoa?aoeae eiioai­oee e iaoiaia aa enneaaiaaiey aeaaiui ia?acii a ?aieao ai­eaa iauae oai?ee ianniauo eiiioieeaoee.
 Nouanoaoao aieuoia eiee?anoai oeiieiaee e eeanneoeea­oee yoeo iiaoiaia, oae eae a oa?aiea iineaaieo aanyoeeaoee niaoeaeecaoey a yoie iaeanoe ?acaeaaeanu ia oieuei e ia noieuei ii i?eciaeo aenoeieeia?iuo ioee?ee (nioeieiaey, naieioeea, eeiaaenoeea, oaieieci), neieuei ii oa?aeoa?o ?aoaaiuo i?ia­eai (aia?eeaiecaoey, noaeoeuoo?u, eiio?eoeuoo?a, aeiaaeeca­oey, iinoeieiieaeeci, eaaioe?iinou). ?anneieaoenu e ia?aia­noeaoenu n aaainoaiu oai?aoe?aneeo aeneonnee, oa?iei "ian­niaay eoeuoo?a" aieuoa ia yaeyaony eiioaioii-oaoeoai. Ia aiai?y o? i oii, ?oi a eiioaenoa iinoiiaa?ienoneie oai?ee ii oo?aoee aa?a nai? iaeiciinou.
 Iaiaei, iaeyauaaynu iacaa, a oaia?u o?a "ai-enoi?e?aneia" i?ioeia — 50-a aa., ii?ii caiaoeou, ?oi, ai-ia?auo, iacaaeneii io ?aciiia?acey iiaoiaia e eiioaioee eaae Oi?eoaeia?a e Aai?ii, Aaiuyieia, Aa?oa, Iaee?yia, a oae?a Oiaa?oi Yei auee e inoa?ony aanuia aaoi?eoaoiuie, eai iie eaaee a iniiao naiaai ?iaa "oeeinioee" ianniaie eoeuoo?u; ai-aoi?uo, ia?ao oae­oii "iaia?o?aiey" e iiiaioii i?eciaiey eioaeeaeooaeaie oa­i?aoe?aneie oaiiinoe aaiiiai yaeaiey ea?eo oaeay yiioa (yii­oa nii?a "noa?uo" e "iiauo", eee, a oa?ieiieiaee Yei, aiiea­eeioe?aneeo e eioaa?e?iaaiiuo); a-o?aoueo, n naiiai ia?aea nouanoaiaaea e ii nae aaiu inoaaony aeooaeuiie aenoaioey ia?­ao oi?iaie "?aoaioee" ianniaie eoeuoo?u n?aae eioaeeaeooa­eia: ?a?u eaao i i?aneiaooie "iaoeiiaeuiie niaoeoeea".
 Aicii?ii, yiioeiiaeuiay ?aaeoey c?eoaeae ia Oeoaiee eee iaauee ia?aee??aiey oaeaaeceiiiuo eaiaeia o ?eoaeae Aia?eee, ?innee eee O?aioee a ?ai-oi i?eioeieaeuii ?acee?­iu, iaiaei a oaeii ii?ii auei au eiinoaoe?iaaou ii?aaaeai­iia aeaaiaooea aieuoeinoaa c?eoaeae a ioiioaiee i?aaeaaaa­iuo ei c?aeeu, ec?aaea aiciouaaiia ecauoi?iinou? ?aeea­iu. Aicii?ii oae?a, ?oi aieuoeinoai ii eia?oee i?iaie?aao n?eoaou, ?oi nouanoaoao iai?aiaieeiay a?aieoa ia?ao "auni­eie" e "ianniaie" eoeuoo?aie, e oieuei ii yoie i?e?eia ana aua nouanoao?o oeea?iiiee (eiooeoeaii annioee?oaiua n ia­noii iaeoaiey "aunieie eoeuoo?u") e "yeeoa?iia eeii" (naia i?aeoeea iinauaiey eioi?iai i?ecaaia iiaaa??eaaou ao?o aunieiai eneonnoaa).
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 A oii, ?oi eanaaony eioaeeaeooaeia, oi caanu ii?ii auei au aiai?eou ia oieuei e ia noieuei ia aiaeaaeaioiinoe ?aoai­oeaiuo onoaiiaie (iai?eia?, naycaiiuo n eiiieaenii aeiu, ?anoouei ii ia?a iieo?aaiiai, neiiioeee?aneiai ii naiae i?e?iaa oaiaieunoaey i?e i?iniio?a eaaeie aieeeaoaneie ei­iaaee), neieuei i oi?iao iaieoanoaoee eiaeaeaoaeuiie ?a­aeoee, i niiniaiinoe e?eoe?aneiai aenoaioe?iaaiey, i nei­aeica iieeoe?aneiai ?anoa e eioaeeaeooaeuiie ?aoeaenee, eioi?ua a aaenoaeoaeuiinoe eia?o aiieia au?a?aiio? iaoe­iiaeuio? niaoeoeeo. "Aia?eeaiou ioe?uee, iienaee e ec­ia?eee, [eiioeiaioaeuiua e?eoeee] — iniaaiii o?aioocu e eoaeuyiou — oai?aoece?iaaee, a?eoaiou ii?aeece?iaaee" ianniao? eoeuoo?o e aa iineaanoaey3.
 I?eia?aoaeuii, ?oi n iiiaioa ioaeeeaoee Aeaeaeoeee i?i­naauaiey Oi?eoaeia?a e Aai?ii e niioaaonoaaiii n ia?aea nii­?ia i ianniaie eoeuoo?a iiaiey caiaaiuo oai?aoeeia ?acio­eenu ia ii aii?ino i eoeuoo?a e aa iooaoeyo, a ii i?iaeaia naiiii?aaaeaiey — oi anou anee "eioaeeaeooaeii" ii?ao n?e­oaouny eeou oio, eoi niiniaai e inouanoaeaie? iniiaiie ooi­eoee — e?eoe?aneie — ii ioiioaie? e nioeaeuiie e eoeuoo?­iie ?aaeuiinoe, e anee iaeoi i?aoaiaoao ia yoio noaoon, oi ii­ei?aiea iaycuaaao aai ia oieuei oai?aoece?iaaou ianniao? eoeuoo?o, ii e eniieuciaaou aa aey au?a?aiey naieo acaeyaia.
 Ii aieuoiio n?aoo, e?eoeea ianniaie eoeuoo?u, inouano­aeyaiay a ii?yaea aioo?aiiae aa eioa?aaioee, aua aieaa ii­auneea i?anoe? eioaeeaeooaea a ao??oaciii iauanoaa. I?e­?ai, n iaiie noi?iiu, ii?ii auei au neacaou (e ia yoii o?a ienaee iiiaea, iai?eia? ?aia Ynea?ie), ?oi aac yoie (iaaieu­iie?) ?aeeaiu e aac oaoiieiaee iann-iaaea iiei?aiea ei­oaeeaeooaea naaiaiy auei au i?aiu oaoeei, ?oi eeoiee ?ac iiaoaa??aaao ?ani?ino?aiaiiia iiaiea i aaca?aie?iuo nii­niaiinoyo ao??oaciiai iauanoaa e iio?aaeaie? e ia?aaa?e­aaie? e?aie oi?iu i?ioanoa.
 N a?oaie noi?iiu, ii?ii ioianoenu e yoiio eae e aaei­noaaiii aicii?iie no?aoaaee nii?ioeaeaiey eioaeeaeooaea i?i­oannai eiiiiaeoeeaoee, aiieie?o?uae eaaieiaee, iaeiiao, ao??oaciie aaiaaiaee a eciaiy?uainy eoeuoo?iii eiioaenoa. Ianeieuei aa?ii oi, ?oi o?aaeoey iieeoe?aneie aiaa?e?iaai-
 3 Lumley R. "Introduction", in Eco U. Apocalypse Postponed (BFI & Indiana University Press, 1994). ?. 2.
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 iinoe (aeaaiui ia?acii eaaiai oieea) e ioaee?iuo aunooiea­iee (a i?anna, ia oaeaaeaaiee, ia ?aaei) yaeyaony aiieia iau­aaiiui oaeoii ?ecie eioaeeaeooaeia ai O?aioee e Eoaeee, ianoieuei ?a ni?aaaaeeai e oi, ?oi a eiioaenoa niaaoneie e aa?a iinoniaaoneie aaenoaeoaeuiinoe ii?iie yaeyaony, nei?aa, aaiiino?aoey aiieeoe?iinoe (aa?a anee eioaeeaeooae ia ee­oai iaeioi?uo eaaieiae?aneeo i?aaii?oaiee) e "aunieieiaiai" i?ac?aiey e n?aanoaai ianniaie eiiioieeaoee. ?onneea e?eoeee XIX aaea iuouaee naay ai?acai aieaa eiioi?oii, auneacuaaynu ia no?aieoao ianniaie ia?aoe a aanuia iieaie­?aneie iaia?a, ?ai naaiaiyoiee i?ioanni?, i?eaeaoaiiue ia oaeaaeaaiea aey oai?aoe?aneie aeneonnee. A eo?oai neo?aa yoi iiiieia ia oaiu, aanuia aaeaeea io naaiaiyoiaai aiy e iau­aaiiie ?ooeiu (a aooa Eioiaiianeeo Aanaa i ?onneie eoeuoo­?a), ii ia eioa?au? a i?ia?aiia "Iiainoae" eee o? oai aieaa ia ?aoeaeney ii iiaiao "ianniaie eoeuoo?u". Anee Ieoieiaee Aa?oa eiiiie?o?o iai a ieaia niaa??aoaeuiii, oi eo ?ai? e ianoiyoaeunoaa iaienaiey ana ?a i?aanoaaey?o iaeioi?o? i?i­aeaio aey iiieiaiey ?onneiai eioaeeaeooaea, i?eaueoaai ae­noaioe?iaaou naie aeaaaie?aneea oooaee io noaou, oa?yuae a espace publique4.
 4 N. I. Caieei ai anooieoaeuiie noaoua, i?aaaa?y?uae ianeieuei oae­noia ?ieaia Aa?oa, o?a ienae i oii, ?oi iaie "ai neo ii? aini?eie­ia?ony eae ia?oi "eiii?oiia" oa niuneiaua iaoaieciu, eioi?ua eniieuco?ony a ?aeeaia e ianniaie eoeuoo?a" (aiaeece?oaiua Aa?­oii a Ieoieiaeyo). "Iai aeecei ciaeii ainoaa?noaaiiue oioaeeoa­?eci, ii aua iaeiaeooaeuiuie ea?oony ?aciaea?aaiua Aa?oii oi­oaeeoa?iua oaiaaioee, ii?i?aaaiua ioe?uoui iauanoaii, aaa ni­aa?oaaony naiaiaiue iaiai oiaa?ia e ciaeia". Iu ana aua aini?e­ieiaai ?aaeeaeuio? aioeao??oacio? e?eoeeo Aa?oa a eiioaenoa no?oeoo?aeenoneie ia?aaeaiu, eioi?ay a nai? i?a?aau i?aanoaao ia?aa iaie eae "nieeaiay, iiceoeaiay ioa?inou". O?iee ?a, eioi­?ua iu aie?iu auee au ecaea?u ec ?oaiey Ieoieiaee Aa?oa (ii oae?a e "aacioaaonoaaiiuo" iiioey?iuo ynna Oiaa?oi Yei), ninoiyo a oii, ?oiau: 1) oaeaaou "niiniaiinou caiaaiie oeaeeecaoee e iiu­iie e aeoaieie naiie?eoeea"; 2) i?eiyou iuneu i iaiaoiaeiinoe i?aiaieaiey aenoeieeia?iuo a?aieo e caieiooinoe eoeuoo?iuo ycu­eia. (Ni.: Caieei N. I. ?ieai Aa?o — ia?ooeoaeu a?aieo // Ie?i­aia a?aai. 1993. ? 2. N. 78.) Ii aieuoiio n?aoo, eiaiii ianiinia­iinou e naiaa?aiaiiiio onaiaie? yoeo aaoo o?ieia aa?iiaeneie naieioeee (eae oi?iu eioaeeaeooaeuiie e?eoeee, eae e?eoeee eaa­ieiaee) neacaeanu a iaoiaieiae?aneii e?ecena Iineianei-Oa?oon­eie naieioe?aneie oeieu, oae e ia iieeioaoae e aa?a, iai?ioea, niciaoaeuii oe?uaoaeny ca noaiaie "aaoie ec neiiiaie einoe".
 43
 Oiaa?oi Yei a naieo a?aiaaaeuiuo caiaoeao aey aanuia iiioey?iie eoaeuyineie aacaou oae?a ii?ao iieacaouny oeao­?ie ianeieuei no?aiiie, ?anno?aay i "oeeinioee" eoaeuyi­neiai aa?a, eeoaeneeo eiieenao eee i eoeuoo?ii-aio?iiieiae­?aneii cia?aiee aecaeia (eaao ee ?a?u i aunoaaea aecaeia a Iu?-Ei?eneii iocaa nia?aiaiiiai eneonnoaa (IIIA) eee i aaiaeuiie aeeea aey niaaaooe). Ia?ao oai yoe oaenou, ii nia­noaaiiiio i?eciaie? Yei, yaey?ony aey iaai ia oieuei oi?­iie aai iieeoe?aneie aiaa?e?iaaiiinoe (aniiiiei i ia?niia­?a Eoaei Eaeuaeii — o?aioocneii a?enoie?aoa, iaae?aaa­oai ca oiaii ?aaie?oee n aa?oooee aa?aaa), ii aeaaiui ia?acii ia?ae?iie ?aoeaeneae, eioi?ay caoai iaycaoaeuii iaeaao naia ianoi a aai iao?iuo eieaao.
 ?aciuoeyy ia ioiioaieyo Yei n ianniaie eoeuoo?ie, ia­iaoiaeii eiaou a aeao aaa aniaeoa: aai ee?io? aiaa?e?iaai­iinou a i?aeoeea iann-iaaea e aai oai?aoe?aneee aeeaa a in­iuneaiea yoie i?aeoeee. O?iiieiae?anee e niaa??aoaeuii iaa aniaeoa iaioaaeeiu.
 Iaia ec iaeaieaa ia?auo e a oi ?a a?aiy iaeaieaa ecaano­iuo ?aaio Yei i i?iaeaiao ianniaie eoeuoo?u, iinayuaiiuo ioiioaie? "aiieaeeioe?aneeo e eioaa?e?iaaiiuo eioaeeaeoo­aeia"5 e ianniaui eiiioieeaoeyi e ianniaie eoeuoo?a, auea iioaeeeiaaia a 1964 aiao (a 1977 aiao Yei iaienae e iae "iino­ne?eiooi" — "?aaeoee aiieaeeioe?aneeo e eioaa?e?iaaiiuo eioaeeaeooaeia: "iinea" e "?aaeoee aaoi?a"6).
 Aa?iiaeneeie eioaeeaeooaeaie ianniaay eoeuoo?a auea ain­i?eiyoa i?a?aa anaai eae ?acoeuoao aia?eeaineie "eoeuoo?­iie" aa?annee (ia?aaoaeny aianoa n inouanoaeaieai ciaiaie­oiai "ieaia Ia?oaeea"), i?eaaaoae ia oieuei e i?iiaaaiaa aia?eeaineiai ia?aca ?ecie e oaiiinoae, ii oae?a e noaiaa?­oecaoee e aiiiaaiecaoee aa?iiaeneeo iaoeiiaeuiuo eoeuoo?7.
 5 Ni.: Eco U. Apocalittici e integrati (Milano: Bompiani, 1964).
 6 Ni.: Eco U. Apocalittici e integrati; a ia?aaiaa ia aiae.: Eco U. Apoca­lypse Postponed (BFI & Indiana University Press, 1994).
 7 Oai?aoeee Ae?ieiaaineiai Oaio?a eoeuoo?iuo enneaaiaaiee iaiaiie­?aoii ioia?aee, ?oi aeaaiui noeioeii a eco?aiee nia?aiaiiie a?eoai­neie eoeuoo?u, aiaeeca i?iaeai iaoeiiaeuiie, eoeuoo?iie, aaiaa?iie e a?oaeo eaaioe?iinoae aia?aea ieacaeinu oi ninoiyiea ?anoa?yiiinoe, a eaeii iaia?o?eee naay aiaeeeneea eioaeeaeooaeu a ia?eia ao?iie aia?eeaiecaoee. Ia?aui iaooaoeoaeuiui auaiaii i ninoiyiee "ia?a­oiaiiai iauanoaa" (eaeiaui i?aanoaaeyeanu ia eiiao 40-o aa. Aiaeey) noaei caee??aiea i oii, ?oi "ana anou ianniaay eoeuoo?a".
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 Iieieaiea 50-o aaniiiiuii iaae?aaei ca i?ioannii yeniai­nee aia?eeaineiai ia?aca ?ecie, iinoaiaiii i?eaueay e "ye­cioe?aneie ao?a cai?aoiiai ieiaa". Ianneieci o?aieoo?oneeo oai?aoeeia eacaeny iiia?aeo aaeinoaaiii aicii?iie no?aoaae­ae nii?ioeaeaiey8. ?anoi?aaiea Yei n "aiieaeeioe?aneeie" oai?aoeeaie e iai?eyoea iaaaoeaenoneiai iaoina Aeaeaeoeee i?inaauaiey io?anoe iauyniy?ony oai, ?oi a yoi a?aiy ii nai ieacuaaaony aiaea?aiiui a "eoeuoo?io? eiaono?e?".
 Ii iiaie? Yei, i?e?eia iai?eyoey eioaeeaeooaeaie ian­niaie eoeuoo?u e?iaony a yeeoenoneeo i?aoaiceyo, a naaoa ei­oi?uo eoeuoo?a iiieiaaony eae noaoai a?enoie?aoe?aneee oa­iiiai — oaaeiaiiia e ?aaieaia eoeuoeae?iaaiea ?ecie aooa, i?ioeaiiinoaaeyaiia aoeuaa?iinoe oieiu. Oai?aoe?aneia iniun­eaiea oaiiiaia iann n naiiai ia?aea eiaei ynoaoieiae?aneee oa?aeoa? (ainoaoi?ii aniiiieou ?aaiou Ea Aiia, I?oaae-e-Aanaoa eee Eaiaooe). A yoii eiioaenoa ianniaay eoeuoo?a iaec­aa?ii aie?ia auea i?aanoaou a ea?anoaa aioeeoeuoo?u. Aia­eeeneee eoeuoo?ieia ?aeiiia Oeeuyia ioia?ae, ?oi iu ana aua i?iaie?aai niio?aou ia eoeuoo?o aeacaie o?aiuo XVIII aaea, eniuouaaaoeo ne?uoia eee yaiia i?ac?aiea ei anai a?oaei
 8 Iao?oaii i?aanoaaeou, ?oi a eiioa 50-o aa. ainoaoi?ii iioeienoe?­iue aiein Yei cao?ae eae aiein eiioi?ienoa, eai a ?aieao ia?ene­noneie eiioaioee Oi?eoaeia?a e Aai?ii a nei?eaoaeny eoeuoo?­iie neooaoee "ana, ?oi niiniaii ieacuaaou nii?ioeaeaiea, eiaao oain au?eou oieuei i?eniinaaeeaaynu. Aoao?e oiou aaeii?au ca­?aaeno?e?iaaiiui a naiai ioee?ee io eoeuoo?eiaono?ee, iii o?a noaiiaeony ninoaaiie ?anou? aa iiaiaii oiio, eae ninoaaiie ?an­ou? eaieoaeecia noaiiaeony ca?eiaoaeu aa?a?iie ?aoi?iu" (Oi?e­oaeia? I., Aai?ii O. Aeaeaeoeea i?inaauaiey. I.—NIa.: "Iaae­oi" — "?aaioa", 1997. N. 164), e?aay eoeuoo?iay eieoeaoeaa a ei­ia?iii n?aoa aoaao ia?auaia ia e?oae eaieoaea, iio?aaeaia e iia­?eiaia eaaieiaee eiinu?ia?ecia. Oioaeuiue ioeac io nio?anoey a yoii i?ioanna, aanie?oiue iiieiioi?ieci ea?aony aiieia eiae?­iui ?anoii a naaoa yoie eiioaioee. Ii e?iiee noauau ia oieuei ?aaeeaeuiue ooai?anoaaiiue aaaiaa?a eee iieeoe?aneee ?aaeea­eeci 60-o aa., ii e, eacaeinu au, iaeaieaa e?eoe?iua a ioiioaiee iicaiaai eaieoaeecia aaoi?u — o?aieoo?oou, Aa?o, Aeuo?nna?, Eanoi?eaaen e a?oaea oai?aoeee, eioi?ui oaaeinu "niaaaeou i?iec­aianoai iiauie eaayie" (oai ?a), — a eiia?iii n?aoa i?aa?aoeeenu a iaeaieaa auaiaiua eiiia??aneea i?iaoeou, eaao ee ?a?u ia a?o-?uiea eee aeaaaie?aneie noa?a. Aicii?ii, Aeaeaeoeea i?inaaua­iey, ianiio?y ia an? ai?a?u e ianneieci, ?acaaeyaiua aa aaoi?aie, aua aieaia a?aiy aoaao inoaaaouny aeooaeuiui iiniaeai ii eoeuoo­?a eaieoaeenoe?aneiai iauanoaa.
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 aeaai aayoaeuiinoe, ca enee??aieai eioaeeaeooaeuiuo. Ii?a­aaeaiey eoeuoo?u, eioi?uie iu iieucoainy, aiieiua?o ao?­?oaciia (ainiianoao?uaa) iiieiaiea eoeuoo?u, niaeanii ei­oi?iio eoeuoo?a iaeciaiii annioee?iaaeanu n oeeinioeae, en­eonnoaii, eeoa?aoo?ie, iaoeie — oaie noa?aie aayoaeuiinoe, aaa o?aaeoeiiii aeaaio? ?ieu ea?aee i?aanoaaeoaee ainiia­noao?uaai eeanna9. A ?onea yoie no?aoaaee i?ieaoa?neay eoeu­oo?a ia aienuaaaony a iiiyoea eoeuoo?u (eae eoeuoo?u auni­eie), iineieueo iia ia ?ai?iaooe?oao e ia eoeuoeae?oao auoa­icia?aiiua aeau aayoaeuiinoe; oi?ii oae ?a ia aienuaaaony a yoio eaiii e ianniaay eoeuoo?a. Oai?aoeee, caieiaaoeany en­oi?eae iianaaiaaiinoe, "eoeuoo?iuie enneaaiaaieyie", oai?eae eiiioieeaoee n i?iia?enenoneeo iiceoee aua a 50—60-o ai­aao, aiai?eee i oii, ?oi iaiaoiaeii ioeacaouny io ?yaa noa­?uo noa?aioeiia iuoeaiey, oaaeiiiuo aaeaiee eneonnoaa ia aunieia e ieceia, oaoiieiae? e eoeuoo?o, io iiiiceoee eioae­eaeooaea e iannu (?a?u aie?ia eaoe ia i aaciaiai?i?ii i?eie­iaaiii ia aa?o nouanoaiaaiee oaiiiaia "iann", a i iiiyoee "ianna", eia?uai nai? enoi?e? e auiieiy?uai nai? eaaiei­ae?aneo? ooieoe? a eeanniaii iauanoaa). Iauanoai io?ii eco­?aou a oaeinoiinoe niiniaa ?eciaaayoaeuiinoe anao aai eiae­aeaia, eae aiai?ee Ia?en.
 Yei i?aaeaaae ia aini?eieiaou ianniaecaoe? eoeuoo?u eae iaecaa?iia cei, ii e ia aiaaaou a ?ecia?aainoio? aiieiaaoe­eo: iann-iaaea — yoi iaiouaieaiay ?anou ?ecie iauanoaa, e caaa?a eioaeeaeooaeia ninoieo a oii, ?oiau aiaeece?iaaou aa e aeoeaii o?anoaiaaou a i?aia?aciaaiee, a ia ianneaii iaae?­aaou. Naiiai Yei eioa?anoao a oaiiiaia "eoeuoo?iie eiaono­?ee" ii?oe ana: io i?ioanna i?iecaianoaa ai eiia?iie noaaee — iio?aaeaiey.
 Yei ioia?aao, ?oi ia?ac Aiieaeeinena iiyaeyaony a oae­noao i ianniaie eoeuoo?a, oiaaa eae eaay eioaa?aoee ionoaeaa­aony a oaenoao, i?eiaaea?aueo yoie eoeuoo?a10. Yei n?aaieaa­ao aiieaeeioe?aneeo eioaeeaeooaeia n ia?niia?ai ianniaie eoeuoo?u — Noia?iaiii (a naaoa oie e?eoeee, eioi?ay auea inouanoaeaia Ia?enii, Ieooa, a caoai A?aioe), ia?acii aa­?iy, eioi?ue aaiiino?e?oao naie iaiaueiiaaiiua aicii?iin­oe a nioeaeuii aaciaeaiuo neooaoeyo (oi anou ii ia noieuei
 9 Ni.: Williams R. Culture and Society, 1780—1950 (Penguin, 1963).
 10 Eco U. Apocalypse Postponed (BFI & Indiana University Press, 1994). ?. 18.
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 ?aaie?oeiia?, neieuei "iaeeee ?aoi?iaoi?") e, ii nooe, ni­caaao eaaae aanie?oiie ianneaiinoe. Aiieaeeioe?aneee Noia?­iai iono?aiyaony io oa?noaa aaiaeuiinoe, o?aiy ai?aia iie?a­iea e ia i?aai?eieiay ie?aai, ?oiau eciaieou nouanoao?uaa iiei?aiea aauae. Yeeoenoneay iiceoey eioaeeaeooaeia oae?a ia ?oi eiia, eae i?eaeaoaiea e ianneaiinoe.
 Ianeieuei no?iau aie?iu auou iu ii ioiioaie? e eoeu­oo?a, eioi?o? io?eoaao Noia?iai, i?eoaeao n a?oaie ieaiaou, ii a eioi?ie ?eaai iu ana? — ni?aoeaaao Yei. ?acaa ia n Aooaiaa?aa ia?aeinu no?aieoaeuiia ?acaeoea oie naiie eoeuoo?­iie eiaono?ee, eioi?ay oae ia ieea aiieaeeioe?aneei oai?a­oeeai, ii ?aaeeaeuiui ia?acii eciaieea oneiaey iaoaai au­oey, aieuoa iaiuneeiua aac aacao, ?aaei, oaeaoiia, oaeaaeaa­iey, iaaieoioiiia e o. a.? Aa?a Noia?iai ni anaie aai auaa?ueieny niiniaiinoyie auio?aai eniieuciaaou nia?aiai­iua eaiaeu eiiioieeaoee, ?oiau auou aaaniiniaiui.
 Naiua ae?ooiciua aiieaeeioeee aaaee oaeue ?ya eoeuoi­auo oa?ieiia, eioi?ua aeiee?o?o cai?iaue e?eoeoeci, ioy­aiuay aai iaaaoeaiuie yiioeyie. Iai?eia?, ?oi ii?ao auou aieaa ii?eoa?uaai, ?ai nia?eaaiea iiiyoey "eoeuoo?a", an­nioee?o?uaainy n oaaeiaiiuie ?aciuoeaieyie aaiey i aic­auoaiiii, n iiiyoeai "eiaono?ee", aucuaa?uei a iaiyoe ia?ac eiiaaea?a, aacaooiuo iaoei e iaeeea oeao?ee ?aai­?eo a oieoi?ia? Iaiaei oa ?a Aeaeey eee oaaaa?u eeanne­?aneie iocuee noaee ainooiiuie iiiaei aeaaiaa?y na?eeii­io i?iecaianoao n iiiiuu? ia?aoiuo noaieia e auioneo cao­eicaienuaa?ueo ono?ienoa.
 "Eoeuoo?iay eiaono?ey" ea?aony oa?ieiii-ien?ii?iiii oieuei a naaoa iaoeo (ana aua i?inaaoeoaeuneeo e eaaieiae?an­ee aaoa?ieie?iaaiiuo) i?aanoaaeaiee i oii, ?oi oaeia eoeu­oo?a11. Iaia?au Yei iiiuoaeny auynieou yoi n iiiiuu? a?-
 11 Enoaoe, iaaaoeaeci o?aieoo?oneeo oai?aoeeia ai iiiaii niinia­noaiaae noaiiaeaie? iiaie eoeuoo?ieiae?aneie ia?aaeaiu: eaay ioeuoeeoeuoo?aeecia, eee ie??aeecia, iii?anoaaiiinoe eoeuoo?, ain­oiaeo a naieo enoieao eiaiii e Aeaeaeoeea i?inaauaiey. I- Oi?e­oaeia? e O. Aai?ii ia?auie ia?aoeee aieiaiea ia aeneo?neaio? aiaeaaeaioiinou oa?ieia "eoeuoo?a" a aaeinoaaiiii ?enea. Iaiaei iuneu i oioaeeoa?iii oa?aeoa?a Aaeiie eoeuoo?u (eae ?aaeuiinoe auoey e eae eiioaiooaeuiie oaeinoiinoe) a aaiiii neo?aa oaeeeii iia?eiaia iauae eiaeea eoeuoo?e?eoeoecia iaiaoeeo oai?aoeeia. "Aiai?eou i eoeuoo?a anaaaa auei aaeii, eoeuoo?a i?ioeaiii. A ea­?anoaa iauaai ciaiaiaoaey oa?iei "eoeuoo?a" ae?ooaeuii o?a aee??aao a naay i?ioaao?u noaiaoecaoee, eaoaeiaecaoee e eeanneoeea­oee, i?eiaua?uea eoeuoo?o e noa?a aaieieno?e?iaaiey". Ion?aa auoaeaao auaia i anoanoaaiiinoe iieiiai ioi?aanoaeaiey eoeuoo?u ia nia?aiaiiii aa yoaia n eoeuoo?iie eiaono?eae. (Ni.: Oi?eoae­ia? I., Aai?ii O. A. Aeaeaeoeea i?inaauaiey. N. 163.)
 47
 ?eiu yioeeeiiaae?aneeo neiaa?ae. ?acoeuoao aai ii?acee. Ia oieuei iioiio, ?oi ana ii?aaaeaiey auee ?acee?iu, ii e ii­oiio, ?oi iie auee aaeaee io eiioaiooaeuiie yniinoe. Aaei­noaaiiia, ?oi iauaaeiyei ana yioeeeiiaaee, — yoi aeoaio ia ynoaoe?aneii aniaeoa eoeuoo?u e ?iee a iae ia?aciaaiiuo e?aae. Niaeanii yoei e nouanoaiaaaoei n aaaieo ii? ii?aaa­eaieyi, ?aeiaae, eia?uee aaei n oece?aneei o?oaii, a?ya ee ii?ao auou ioianai e nicaaoaeyi eoeuoo?u. Iiiyoii, ?oi i?e oaeii oneiaee aieuoeinoai auaa?ueony ooai?ieeia e neoeuioi?ia aaoiiaoe?anee ia?aoiaeo a eaoaai?e? ia-eioaeeaeooaeia. Oi?ii oae ?a aacaoiua ?oa?eee ianoie?eai auaa­ey?o "eoeuoo?o" a ioaaeuiue eeann yaeaiee, ioee?iue io ii­eeoeee, yeiiiieee, iaoee, nii?oa (a eae iiniio?aee au ia yoi a?aaiea a?aee?). A yoie neooaoee, eiaaa enoiaiue oa?iei noieu i?ioeai?a?ea e niooai, e?aua iiiuoee iaeoe i?ioeai­noiyuee aio oa?iei ia?a?aiu ia iaoaa?o. Iiyoiio, aiai?eo Yei, iu e ia ii?ai iauynieou, ?oi oaeia, iai?eia?, eiio?­eoeuoo?a. A yoii naaoa ana, ?oi ia aienuaaaony a yeeoenoneia ii?aaaeaiea "eoeuoo?u", aie?ii auou ia?aioaiaii a oa?ie­iao eiuo eoeuoo?iuo iiaaeae.

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