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Naiui i?aaeeuiui auei au ioianoenu e ianniaie eoeuoo?a a naaoa aa eoeuoo?ii-aio?iiieiae?aneeo ii?aaaeaiee e n niioaaonoaaiiui eioa?anii e iaoa?eaeuiie eoeuoo?a, eioi?ay aieaia a?aiy caieiaea i?aiu ne?iiiia iiei?aiea a oaie aunieie aooiaiie eoeuoo?u, ii e?aeiae ia?a ia o?iaia oai?ee. Enoaoe, Oeeuyia, Oiaaa?o, Oiee e a?oaea oai?aoeee aiaei-naeniineie ia?aaeaiu Cultural Studies a naia a?aiy i?eei?eee iaiaei oneeee, ?oiau eciaieou "yeeoenoneo?" eoeuoo?ieiae? e n iaiia?enenoneeo iiceoee enneaaiaaou iaano?ia?iua yaeaiey iia eicoiaii Ana anou ianniaay eoeuoo?a. Iaoa?eaeenoe?aneie yoa ia?aaeaia yaeyaony iioiio, ?oi iniiaiia aieiaiea iia oaaeyao eco?aie? iaoa?eaeuiie eoeuoo?u — ia eco?aie? ?iee yeiiiie?aneiai aacena ii ioiioaie? e iaano?ieea, a eiaiii iaoa?eaeuiie, iianaaiaaiie eoeuoo?u, eioi?ay aunooiaao eae iin?aaiee ia?ao aunieie eoeuoo?ie e eneonnoaii e nianoaaiii iaoa?eaeuiui i?iecaianoaii.48
?oi ?a eanaaony oa?ieia eoeuoo?a, Yei neeiiyaony e iunee i oii, ?oi iiaeeiiay eoeuoo?a — yoi anaaaa eiio?eoeuoo?a, oi anou "aeoeaiay e?eoeea e i?aia?aciaaiea nouanoao?uae nioeaeuiie, iao?iie eee ynoaoe?aneie ia?aaeaiu"12. Ion?aa auoaeaao e ii?aaaeaiea eioaeeaeooaea — ?aeiaaea, inouanoaey?uaai yoo e?eoe?aneo? ooieoe? (ia yoi iai?aaeai aai eioaeeaeo i?a?aa anaai) aia caaeneiinoe io aai nioeaeuiiai noaoona, ?iaa aayoaeuiinoe e ia?aciaaiey. Inaaaiia?eneci o?aieoo?oneeo oai?aoeeia eaii?e?oao iio?eoaeuiue iiuo Ia?ena e Yiaaeuna, naycuaaaoeo e?eoeeo ni niiniaiinou? e?eoe?aneiai ?anno?aaiey, naiaiaiiai io naioeiaioia e no?anoae. Iaeaaaou ?a "cai?ao" ia ianniao? eoeuoo?o ?aaiineeuii aaaaaie? aioeaaiie?aoe?aneie oaico?u.
Yei oi?aeaao e aiieaeeioe?aneeo, e eioaa?e?iaaiiuo eioaeeaeooaeia a ionoonoaee eiie?aoiie ?aaiou, aiaeeoe?aneiai enneaaiaaiey aayoaeuiinoe e yooaeoia ianniauo eiiioieeaoee, eo no?oeoo?iuo e ooieoeiiaeuiuo oa?aeoa?enoee, iineieueo, n iaiie noi?iiu, ianniaay eoeuoo?a ioaa?aaaony en bloc, n a?oaie noi?iiu, iia i?eieiaaony oae?a en bloc. Iniaaiii yoi iieacaoaeuii ia i?eia?a aiaeeca eeo?a. Yei n?aaieaaao ioiioaiea e?eoeeia e yoiio oaiiiaio n ?aaeoeae aiaa?a, eioi?iai niouaao aea iii?ioaeee, e ii aiai?eo: "Oaa?eoa aai n iieo aeac. Ii ?ac?uaaao iia na?aoa!"13.
Iaia ec ?anoi oiio?aaeyaiuo oi?i e?eoeee ianniaie eoeuoo?u iniiaaia ia oacena i ia?aoiaa ?aeiaa?anoaa ia noaae? "oeaeeecaoee aeaaiey". Ia?auaynu e i?ioeiio, Yei ooaa??aaao, ?oi nai ii naaa niinia "i?inaauaou" iannu n iiiiuu? ea?oeiie, a ia eiea e oai naiui oi?iuaou niaa??aiea niiauaiey nouanoaiaae o?a a yiioo N?aaiaaaeiauy. Iieacaoaeuia iai?eie?eiinou N??a?a e Aa?ia?a Eea?ainneiai ii aii?ino i "aecoaeecaoee" aioe?aneeo niai?ia. Nayoie Aa?ia?, iianaynu niaeaciia, eioi?ua oaeee a naaa neoeuioo?u, aa?aeuaou e iicaeee n ecia?a?aieai, iai?eia?, aa?iee e i?i?eo iiino?ia, oai naiui aacaaoe?iaae nianoaaiio? icaai?aiiinou ia?aa ia?niaeoeaie auou niaeaciaiiui. Oai ia iaiaa eiaiii niai? n aai aecoaeuiie eiaeeie caiaiye ouny?ai o?enoeai nayuaiiua eieae e i?aanoaaeye niaie oieaa?naeuio? iiaaeu ie?a. E aiiaua, a?oeoaeoo?a anaaaa yaeyeanu n?aanoaii ianniaie eii-
12 Eco U. Apocalypse Postponed. P. 124.
13 Ibid. P. 26.
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ioieeaoee e iaeaaaea niiniaiinou? e oaa?aaie? e i?iiaaaiaa a ie?oou ia iaiuoae noaiaie, ?ai nia?aiaiiua iann-iaaea14.
Eiia aaei, ?oi aioe?aneee niai? au?a?ae eaaieiae? ainiianoao?uaai eeanna, a iannu auee iono?aiaiu io o?anoey a i?iecaianoaa eoeuoo?u aey naieo naay. Yoa oa?aeoa?enoeea oae?a aanuia nouanoaaiia aey iiieiaiey nia?aiaiiie neooaoee: i?iaeaia ianniaie eoeuoo?u caee??aaony i?a?aa anaai a oii, ?oi yenieoaoe?oaiua eeannu, iio?aaeyy yoio i?iaoeo, ene?aiia aa?yo, ?oi ii niioaaonoaoao eo io?aai e i?aanoaaeaieyi i ie?a. Anou ?oi-oi iiino?oiciia a iauanoaa, a eioi?ii i?aanoaaeoaee ?aai?aai eeanna aini?eieia?o no?anoe e i?aau a?enoie?aoee eee ao??oacee eiioa XIX aaea ec oaeana?eaeia eae naie nianoaaiiua, i?iaoe?oy eo ia naay e eaaioeoeoe?oy naay n ieie, anaoaei ioaaaaynu yneaienoneei iano?iaieyi fin de siecle15. Yoi, eiia?ii, e?aeiee i?eia?, ii ii?ii iaeoe e a?oaea, aanuia iioi?ea neooaoee. Ainoaoi?ii aniiiieou, nea?ai, i oaeaaeceiiiie ?aeeaia, a eioi?ie iieiaay ecuneaiiay iniaa iieoiaao ai?iaie iueanin, ?oiau ia enii?oeou naie iaiee??. Aey e?aae, aaeaeeo io yoie i?iaeaiu, oaeie ia?ac annioee?oaony n oaioiiii ec a?oaiai ie?a. E n?anou?, naie c?eoaee a oaeeo neo?ayo niiniaiu i?iyaeou naay eae iiuoiua e aac?aeinoiua e?eoeee.
Aiieaeeioe?aneea e?eoeee ia i?aau oae?a oiaaa, eiaaa iuoa?ony i?aanoaaeou ianniao? eoeuoo?o eae ia?oi oieoi?iiia e iiiieeoiia, iaiaei a aaenoaeoaeuiinoe oaenooaeuiua eiiaaioee ianniaie eoeuoo?u, eae e niiniau aa ?aoaioee, i?aiu ?aciiia?aciu e aa?ue?o?o io ?ai?a e ?ai?o, io ia?eiaa e ia?eiao, io ianoa e ianoo. Iii?anoai niiauaiee eioa?i?aoe?oaony c?eoaeyie ii-?aciiio, n iiiiuu? ?acee?iuo eiaia aini?eyoey. A ii?iaeuiie, iianaaiaaiie eiiioieeaoee aaoniuneaiiinou ii?oe enee??aaony, iineieueo eiau onoaiiaeaiu ca?aiaa, ii a ooai?anoaaiiie eiiioieeaoee niiauaiea iaia?aiii aaoniuneaiii. A ianniaie eiiioieeaoee aaoniuneaiiinou anaaaa i?enoonoaoao, aa?a anee yoi ianoiyoaeunoai e eaii?e?oaony16. Iaiaei iu ia ii?ai n?aaieaaou yoe niiauaiey n "ionoui aeaieii", eioi?ue ii?ao iaiieiyouny ?acee?iui niaa??aieai a caaeneiinoe io eiaia aai ?anoeo?iaee.
14 Ni.: Yei O. Ionoonoao?uay no?oeoo?a. N. 236—238.
15 Eco U. Apocalypse Postponed. P. 30.
16 Ni.: Eco U. Travels in Hyperreality (London: Picador, 1987). ?. 140.
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Aaaii o?a ia nae?ao, ?oi aeanou a aaenoaeoaeuiinoe i?eiaaea?eo oiio, eoi eiio?iee?oao iaaea17. Eaeie ?a yeaiaio a oaie eiiioieeaoee aie?ai auou eiio?iee?oaiui, anee ?a?u eaao i caoaaoa eee iiaaa??aiee aeanoe? Iau?ii aoia?o, ?oi yoi eaiae e/eee enoi?iee. Iaiaei ia naiii aaea yoi i?iaeaia ia enoi?ieea niiauaiey, a aa?anaoa, — oaa?aai Yei18. Aa?eaoeaiinou eioa?i?aoaoee aunooiaao eae naiaai ?iaa caeii ianniaie eiiioieeaoee. Niiauaiey, iineaiiua ec iaiiai enoi?ieea e ainoeaoea naiaai aa?anaoa a ?acee?iuo nioeaeuiuo a?oiiao, iaecaa?ii aoaoo "i?i?eoaiu" n iiiiuu? ?acee?iuo eiaia. Aey eea?ea ec ieeaineiai aaiea ?aeeaia oieiaeeuieea ia OA aunooiaao eae noeioe e iieoiea, a aey aac?aaioiiai e?anouyieia ec Eaeaa?ee oa ?a ?aeeaia, ieeoaoai?y?uay ie? aeaaiiieo?ey, iineo?eo noeioeii aey aiciouaiey. Oaeei ia?acii, oaeaaeceiiiay ?aeeaia a no?aiao n ieceei o?iaiai aioiaa ii?ao nua?aou ?ieiao? ?ieu ?aaie?oeiiiiai niiauaiey19.
Oai ia iaiaa iiceoey aiieaeeioe?aneeo oai?aoeeia eiaao oi ainoieinoai, ?oi iia o?aaiiaaoeaaao iioeienoe?aneo? eaaieiae? eioaa?e?iaaiiuo eioaeeaeooaeia. E oiio ?a, n?eoaao Yei, aac eo "iani?aaaaeeaie, iaiinoi?iiiae, iaa?ioe?aneie, aac?aeinoiie oaico?u" iu ieeiaaa ia iniciaee au, eae aa?ia i?iaeaia ianniaie eoeuoo?u, eioi?ay noaea iaiouaieaiie ?anou? iaoaai iianaaiaaiiai nouanoaiaaiey e e?eoe?aneiai iniuneaiey20. Aac i?aoaaee?aiey ii?ii neacaou, ?oi Aeaeaeoeea i?inaauaiey ai iiiaii ii?aaaeeea iai?aaeaiea oai?aoe?aneeo iieneia Oiaa?oi Yei e noi?ie?iaaea aai eioa?an e nia?aiaiiie ianniaie eoeuoo?a.
A 1977 aiao, aica?auaynu e yoie oaia e aniiieiay i oii, eae ienaeanu eieaa, Yei ioia?aao, eae iiiaia eciaieeinu n oiai a?aiaie, eiaaa caieiaouny oai?eae ianniauo eiiioieeaoee auei ?aaiicia?ii nicaaie? oai?ee "neaao?uaai ?aoaa?aa". Naie enneaaiaaiey oniaoii einoeoooeaeece?iaaeenu a oieaa?neoaoao, a niaeo? e?eoe?aneie ?aaiou ioaaouaaao eae noa?o ia?aciaaiey, oae e iieeoeee, i?e yoii naieioeea aiaeeanu, ii?aeoe, aieaa aia?aoey?ueo ?acoeuoaoia a yoie iaeanoe, ?ai iiiaieaoiee eeaa? oai?ee ianniauo eiiioieeaoee — nioeieiaey. Aicii?ii, eaay eieae auea io?anoe ooiie?aneie, io?a?ay i?inaa-
17 Eco U. Travels in Hyperreality. ?. 135.
18 Ibid. ?. 142.
19 Ibid. ?. 141.
20 Eco U. Apocalypse Postponed. ?. 25.
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oeoaeuneo? iaaa?ao aa aaoi?a ia oi, ?oi oiaeay e oiieay e?eoeea aoaao "ecioo?e" niinianoaiaaou niaa?oainoaiaaie? niiauaiee iann-iaaea21. Iaiaaa?eaaao eeou oi, ?oi yoa e?eoe?aneay eioa?aaioey iaania?eea ?anou c?eoaeae iaaa?iui i?ioeaiyaeai i?ioea aiieie?o?uae eaaieiaee, oa?yuae a n?aanoaao ianniaie eiiioieeaoee.
Eoeuoo?iay eiaono?ey, iiiyoay eae niaieoiiinou enoi?e?aneeo oneiaee, eciaieea naii niaa??aiea iiiyoey "eoeuoo?a", a oii ?enea e a naiii niiaenoneii aa iiieiaiee (oi anou eae "aunieay eoeuoo?a"). Ia iuoaynu aieuoa aa?ioou ?aeiaa?anoai "iacaa e i?e?iaa", iu aie?iu i?eaueioou e iiaie ?iee ?aeiaaea: ia naiaiaiiai io iaoei, ii naiaiaiiai a naiai ioiioaiee e iei. Anee iaaicii?ii inaiaiaeouny io aeanoe iann-iaaea, oi nouanoaoao, ii e?aeiae ia?a, aicii?iinou naiaiau eioa?i?aoaoee: aicii?iinou i?i?eoaou niiauaiea ii-a?oaiio22.
21 Eco U. Apocalypse Postponed. P. 54.
22 Ni.: Eco U. Travels in Hyperreality. ?. 138.
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Aiieiaey ynoaoeee na?eeiuo oi?i
Aey Yei, eae a naia a?aiy e aey o?aioocneiai oai?aoeea Yaaa?a Ii?aia, iao ie?aai i?anooiiiai a oii, ?oi e?eoee aoaeia ianea?aaaony iauaeoii nianoaaiiiai aiaeeca e ainoeuaaony oai, eae ae?ooicii ii naaeai. Ii eaeia ioiioaiea eia?o iann-iaaea e ynoaoeea?
Naaiaiy c?eoaee ?aaie?oeiiiiai a naia a?aiy oeeuia N. Eoa?eea Einie?aneay Iaennay: 2001 ?aua anaai ieacuaa?ony ?aci?a?iaaiiuie — i?e?eia a oii, ?oi iinea yoiai oeeuia auee naaeaiu a?oaea, aieaa eciu?aiiua oeeuiu, auoanieaoea ec eoeuoo?iie iaiyoe enoi?iee. "Iann-iaaea aaiaaeiae?iu, ii iie ia eia?o iaiyoe, iineieueo, eiaaa iiyaeyaony oaeue ?ya eieoaoee i?eaeiaea, ieeoi o?a ia iiiieo, n ?aai ana ia?aeinu, a ?acoeuoaoa aeaao ?iaa iiaoo i?eiyou ca ieaaoaai aioea"1. Iaiaei ii?aio iiaiaiiai auoaniaiey e caauaaiey ia i?ienoiaeo n eeanne?aneeie eneonnoaaie oeia eeoa?aoo?u eee ?eaiiene (aaau iu, ea?aony, ana aua niiniaiu ioee?eou Ea?aaaa?i io ea?aaaa?enoia)? Aeaeii, iioiio, ?oi iann-iaaea ia ecia?aoa?o, iie iniiaaiu ia oaoie?aneii, a ia eioaeeaeooaeuiii niaa?oainoaa. E oiio ?a eo auno?ia ?acaeoea aea?ao ca niaie e eciaiaiea ai?eciioa i?eaaiee c?eoaeae e ia?aiao?ia ioaiee.
A 60-o aa. Yei aue oaa?ai a oii, ?oi eeo? — yoi ia eneonnoai, a anaai eeou "eaaaeuiay ieua aey eaieaie aoaeoi?ee", eioi?ay ?aeaao iieo?aou oaiaieunoaea, ia i?eeaaay e oiio ieeaeeo oneeee, aoao?e oaa?aiiie, ?oi ianea?aaaony iiaeeiiie ?ai?acaioaoeae ie?a, oiaaa eae ia naiii aaea iia a ninoiyiee aini?eieiaou eeou "aoi?e?io? eieoaoe? ia?ae?iie aeanoe ia?acia"2. A yoio ia?eia ii neeiiai nei?aa ioi?aanoaeyou eeo? n ianniaie eoeuoo?ie a oaeii, ?oi ana aua i?aaiieaaaao iaee?ea iaeiaai ia?acoa, ynoaoe?aneiai eaiiia (aaaiaa?aiia eneonnoai, iai?eia?). Iaiei ec e?eoa?eaa oaeiai ?acaaeaiey aunooiaao "anayaiinou" e eiiu?ieoo?iinou eeo?a, n iaiie noi?iiu, a n a?oaie — iai?eaieaiinou niiauaiey a ea?anoaa e?eoa?ey
1 Eco U. Travels in Hyperreality. ?. 145.
2 Eco U. The Open Work (Harvard University Press, 1989). ?. 183.
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ea?anoaa, yeeoa?iinou ooai?ieea a aaaiaa?aenoneii eneonnoaa. I?iaeaia, iaiaei, caee??aeanu a oii — e ni a?aiaiai yoi noaei i?aaeaii, ai anyeii neo?aa aey naiiai Yei, — ?oi eeo? ia?aceoe?iaae ia oniaoao aaaiaa?aa, iaiiaeyeny e i?ioaaoae ia aai oai??aneeo iaoiaeao. I?eie?aiea eeo?a n aaaiaa?aii ninoiyeinu a iinoiiaa?ienoneie eoeuoo?a. Iinoiiaa?ieci o?eeny o ianniaie eoeuoo?u ?aciiia?aciui oaoieeai noeioee?iaaiey aini?eyoey, o?eouaa?uei ?acee?ey ia?ao "eioa?i?aoaoeaiuie niiauanoaaie". Iia ac?anoeea aai, noi?ie?iaaea aai ycue e caoai iiaaa?aeanu naiie aaniiuaaiie e?eoeea n aai noi?iiu.
Oiaaa Yei, a?ya ee iiaic?aaay i aicii?iinoe oaeiai nei?iiai neiaeica, ?acaiaee eo ii ?aciua noi?iiu aa?ua?a: a oi a?aiy eae aaaiaa?a iiai?a?eaaaony e iauaeoo naiaai aeneo?na, eeo? nin?aaioi?ai ia ?aaeoeyo, eioi?ua i?iecaaaaiea aie?ii i?iao?aaou a naiae aoaeoi?ee, e ?anniao?eaaao yoi eae niune naiaai nouanoaiaaiey. Caanu iaia?o?eaa?ony enoiee aiaeaaeaioiinoe iinoiiaa?iecia, caeioa?aniaaiiiai a ii?i?aaiee cia?aiee, ii noaayuaai eo a caaeneiinou io ?aaeoee aoaeoi?ee. Ii aiaoiei i?eciaeai iinoiiaa?ieci ii?ii eaaei ia?aiooaou n eeo?ai, iaiaei anee eeo?o ia oaaaaeinu niaeacieou eioaeeaeooaeuio? ioaeeeo (eeo? ia niiniaai "?acaeaeaou, ia ioaeaeaynu io i?iaeai"3), oi iinoiiaa?ieci, iai?ioea, ?ann?eouaaao eiaiii ia oaeo? aoaeoi?e?, eioi?ay niiniaia ioaieou e?iie?, "naaeaiiinou" i?iecaaaaiey, ioneaaeou a iai eioa?oaenooaeuiua eiau, oi anou ?acaeaeaouny e iaiia?aiaiii iieo?aou iiaia ciaiea. Aey oiai ?oiau oaeie eiioaeo noae aicii?ai, ?oiau oaeno aue i?i?eoai aa?anaoii, iinoiiaa?ieci au?aaaouaaao ii?aaaeaiiua i?eioeiu i?aaiecaoee niiauaiey. A aieaa iicaieo ?aaioao Yei ia?auaaony e aiaeeco acaeiiioiioaiee ia?ao ?acee?iuie oi?iaie aaaiaa?aenoneiai eneonnoaa e eo eioa?i?aoaoeaiui niiauanoaii, a caoai — e o?ainoi?iaoee naieo yoeo oi?i e niioaaonoaaiii ioiioaiee i?iecaaaaiey n aoaeoi?eae a iinoiiaa?ienoneie eoeuoo?a4.
?oiau iainiiaaou naie oacen i naee?aiee ianniaie eoeuoo?u n aaaiaa?aiui (eioaeeaeooaeuiui) eneonnoaii, iieacaou,
3 Yei O. Caiaoee ia iieyo. N. 456.
4 ?onneiycu?iiio ?eoaoae? ecaanoiu iaeioi?ua oaenou Oiaa?oi Yei, iinayuaiiua iinoiiaa?ienoneie ynoaoeea: Ni.: Yei O. Eiiiaaoey e iiaoi?aiea: Ia?ao ynoaoeeie iiaa?ia e iinoiiaa?ia // Oeeinioey yiioe iinoiiaa?ia. Ieine, 1996; Yei O. Caiaoee ia iieyo.
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?oi a yiioo iann-iaaea eeanne?aneea e?eoa?ee ynoaoe?aneiai niiauaiey ieacuaa?ony ia aeooaeuiu, Yei i?aaeaaaao ii?aciuoeyou iaa iiiiceoeae "iiaoi?aiea — eiiiaaoey" a iiaie eoeuoo?iie neooaoee (ioee?iie io oie, a eioi?ie Aaeuoa? Aaiuyiei aia?aua yenieeoeoii noi?ioee?iaae naio i?iaeaio iiaoi?aiey-?ai?iaooe?iaaiey eae ee??aao? aey nia?aiaiiie ynoaoeee).
Iiaa?ienoneei e?eoa?eai ioaiee ooai?anoaaiiie cia?eiinoe yaeyeenu iiaecia e aunieay noaiaiu eioi?iaoeaiinoe. Niioaaonoaaiii aey iiaa?iecia iiaoi?aiea annioee?iaaeinu n ?aianeaiie?anoaii (eee n i?iiuoeaiiinou?), eieu nei?i ?a?u oea i aini?iecaaaaiee ?aai-eeai ai iii?anoaa yecaiiey?ia niaeanii iaeiae iiaaee. Aey iiaa?ienoneiai ooai?ieea nouanoaoao eeou i?eaeiae — e a oii niunea, ?oi ii ia eiaao "aeeciaoia" a yiiii eiee?anoaa, ii o iaai oae?a iao e "?iaeoaeae", — oi anou i?eaeiae, ii ii?aaaeaie?, ia yaeyaony iiaoi?aieai ?aai-oi a?oaiai. E oiio ?a aa?ia oaoieea — enoeiii ooai?anoaaiiay oaoieea, eioi?ay a ioee?ea io i?iiuoeaiiiai niiniaa aini?iecaianoaa oae?a aie?ia auou oieeaeuiie. Ia yoii i?eioeia iniiaaia any iiaiaa?iiaeneay ynoaoeea, ?acee?a?uay eneonnoai e ?aianeaiie?anoai, oioy eeanne?aneie oai?ee — io aioe?iinoe ai n?aaiaaaeiauy — yoi aaeaiea ia ecaanoii. "Iaiei e oai ?a oa?ieiii (tekhne) iieuciaaeenu aey iaicia?aiey o?oaa ia?eeiaoa?a eee noaino?ieoaey, ooai?ieea eee iiyoa. Eeanne?aneay ynoaoeea ia no?aieeanu e eiiiaaoeyi e?aie oaiie: iaiai?io, iia ?anoi ?anniao?eaaea eae "i?ae?aniua" aia?ioiua eiiee aa?iiai ia?acoa"5, a oi a?aiy eae iiaa?ieci aue n naiiai ia?aea iano?iai ia io?eoaiea i?aaoanoao?ueo ia?acoia.
Yoi iauyniyao, "ii?aio iiaa?ienoneay ynoaoeea auaeyaeo noieu no?iaie ii ioiioaie? e i?iaoeoee iann-iaaea. Iiioey?iay ianaiea, ?aeeaiiue ?ieee, eiieen, aaoaeoeaiue ?iiai, aanoa?i caaoiuaaeenu eae aieaa eee iaiaa oniaoiua aini?iecaaaaiey iaeiaai ia?acoa eee iiaaee. A ea?anoaa oaeiauo eo iaoiaeee caaaaiuie, ii ia ooai?anoaaiiuie. E oiio ?a yoio ecauoie ?acaeaeaoaeuiinoe, iiaoi?yaiinou, iaainoaoie iiaeciu aini?eieiaeenu eae naiaai ?iaa eiiia??aneay oeiaea (i?iaoeo aie?ai oaiaeaoai?you cai?inu iio?aaeoaey), a ia eae
5 Yei O. Eiiiaaoey e iiaoi?aiea. Ia?ao ynoaoeeie iiaa?ia e iinoiiaa?ia. N. 52.
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i?iaieaoeiiiay i?acaioaoey iiaiai (e nei?iiai aey aini?eyoey) ie?iaeaaiey"6. I?iaoeou iann-iaaea anneieee?iaaeenu i?iiuoeaiiinou? a oie ia?a, a eaeie iie yaeyeenu na?eeiuie i?iaoeoaie, a yoio oei "na?eeiiai" i?iecaianoaa n?eoaeny ?o?aui ooai?anoaaiiiio ecia?aoaie?.
Yei i?aaeaaaao i?iaiaeece?iaaou iiaoi?aiea, eiie?iaaiea, ecauoi?iinou e iia?eiaiea i?aaonoaiiaeaiiie noaia a ea?anoaa iniiaiuo oa?aeoa?enoee iann-iaaeeiie "ynoaoeee". Aaenoaeoaeuii, oaeaaeceiiiay ?aeeaia, aaoaeoea, e?aie na?eae eoeuoeae?o?o i?eaiu iiaoi?aiey (i ?ai ienaee oae?a e o?aieoo?oneea oai?aoeee), aac eioi?uo iie, a i?eioeia, iaiuneeiu. C?eoae? eee ?eoaoae?, eae yoi ie iiea?aony no?aiiui, ciaiea eio?eae e i?aaneacoaiinou iiaanoaiaaiey ainoaaey?o iaiaei oaiaieunoaey. Ii, aiai?eo Yei, yoi noa?ue i?eai, eioi?ue ecia?aee ioi?au ia iann-iaaea e o? oai aieaa ia a XX aaea. Aieuoeinoai ?iiaiia XIX aaea auee "iiaoi?y?ueieny" e "na?eeiuie" (aniiiiei, iai?eia?, i A?ia n aai iooeaoa?aie), Ianiu i ?ieaiaa — i?aaiieaaaea, ?oi ana aai ?eoaoaee i?ae?anii inaaaiieaiu i oii, ?oi i?eee??eeinu n ?ieaiaii (A?einoi inoaaaeinu eeou iiaoiaou i niiniaa ia??aoee), oi ?a naiia ii?ii auei au neacaou i O?enoaia e Ecieuaa — iaia e oa ?a enoi?ey n iaaieuoeie aa?eaoeyie eceaaaeanu ?acee?iuie aaoi?aie. Iaeiiao, Oaenie? n aai Aaieaoii, eioi?ue i?aanoaaeyao niaie ?acoeuoao niaoaiey ianeieueeo aieaa ?aiieo aa?nee oie ?a enoi?ee. Aieaa oiai, Yei iieaaaao, ?oi eiaiii yoa, ii aieuoiio n?aoo, ia-i?eaeiaeuiinou eiiaaa yaeyeanu i?e?eiie "eoeuoiainoe" oiai eee eiiai i?iecaaaaiey7.
I?eaeiaeuiinou iann-iaaea caee??aaony a oii, ?oiau ?anneacaou iaio e oo ?a enoi?e? ?aciuie niiniaaie, ii yoe niiniau ioee?iu io oao i?eaiia, eioi?ua eniieuciaaeenu aaoi?aie "na?eeiuo" ?iiaiia a XIX aaea: iu eiaai aaei n ?acee?iuie i?eaiaie aa?eaoee. Aa?eaoee enoi?e?iu, e aeaaiaa?y ei
6 Yei O. Eiiiaaoey e iiaoi?aiea. Ia?ao ynoaoeeie iiaa?ia e iinoiiaa?ia. N. 53.
7 Eae yoi neo?eeinu, iai?eia?, n Aaieaoii. O. N. Yeeio ooaa??aae, ?oi Aaieao yaeyaony iiaoi?aieai ?aiieo aa?nee, iicaeinoaiaaiiuo Oaenie?ii o a?oaeo aaoi?ia, ?oi neacuaaaony a ianiaa?oainoaa aai eiiiiceoee. Yei iieaaaao, ?oi aaoniuneaiiinou e "i?eaeiaeuiinou" yoiai i?iecaaaaiey yaey?ony ?acoeuoaoii oao i?iaeai, eioi?ua eniuouaae aai aaoi?, iuoaynu niaianoeou ?acee?iua oiiinu a iaiii oaenoa (Eco U. "Casablanca: Cult Movies and Intertextual Collage", in Faith in Fakes. Travels in Hyperreality (Minerva, 1995). ?. 201).
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ie iaia "eiiey ia yaeyaony ia naiii aaea oaeiaie — "ana aaei a yoeo iaeaiueeo ioee?eyo", eae aiai?ee iaaacucaanoiue ia?niia? Eaaioeia Oa?aioeii.
Ca eiie?aoiuie i?eia?aie Yei ia?auaaony e oiio enoi?e?aneiio ia?eiao (iaoaio), "a eioi?ii aini?iecaaaaiea e iiaoi?aiea ea?oony aiieie?o?ueie ai anao aeaao ooai?anoaaiiiai oai??anoaa e aaa noaiiaeony o?oaii ?aca?aie?eou iiaoi?aiea a iann-iaaea e, nea?ai, a aunieii eneonnoaa"8. Aey ynoaoeee iinoiiaa?ia, ioee?ea eioi?ie io e?aie a?oaie ynoaoe?aneie nenoaiu ninoieo i?a?aa anaai a niaoeoeea aa aaceniuo eaoaai?ee, ee??aauie yaey?ony iiiyoey iiaoi?aiey e aini?iecaaaaiey. A Eoaeee yoa aeneonney iaaaaii ?anoaaea iia ciaiaiai "iiaie ynoaoeee na?eeiinoe" (Yei i?aaeaaaao a aaiiii neo?aa eniieuciaaou "na?eeiinou" eae i?aiu oe?ieia iiiyoea eee, anee oaiaii, eae neiiiei "iiaoi?eoaeuiiai eneonnoaa").
Iinoiiaa?ienoneay ynoaoeea iaiuneeia oae?a aia eaoaai?ee ?aoaioee, ?oi a ?aieao iinoiiaa?ienoneie ia?aaeaiu ai?acai aieaa aa?ii, ?ai iioieiaey ooai?anoaaiiiai oaenoa. E caanu ee??aauie iiiyoeyie, n eaaeie ?oee Yei, noaiiayony eaoaai?ee iaeaiiai e e?eoe?aneiai c?eoaeae. Iinoiiaa?ienoneea oai?aoeee niaeaniu a oii, ?oi aaoi? niye n naay anyeo? ioaaonoaaiiinou (eee aai ianeeuii aa eeoeee?) ca eiia?iue ?acoeuoao aini?eyoey oaenoa, ia?aaaa ooieoe? neiaiee?aneiai oaio?a naiaio ?eoaoae?-c?eoae?, eioi?iio i?eoiaeony auae?aou nianoaaiio? no?aoaae? ii oii?yai?eaaie? oaenooaeuiiai oieaa?noia, a ?acoeuoaoa ?aai oaeno au?a?aao aai aeaaiea ie?a. Ecaanoiu ?acee?iua niiniau i?i?oaiey, eioi?ua naienoaaiiu ?acee?iui "eioa?i?aoaoeaiui niiauanoaai" (N. Oeo). Auaaey?o eae ieieioi aaa oeia aoaeoi?ee ?eoaoaeae (aaa "noaeoeuoo?u", a oa?ieiieiaee ?. A?aiena) — a oa?ieiieiaee Yei yoi iaeaiue e e?eoe?aneee ?aoeieaiou. Ia?aue yaeyaony "ca?aiaa oaioiaaiiie ?a?oaie nianoaaiiie no?aoaaee auneacuaaiey" e iieucoaony i?iecaaaaieai eae "naiaioe?aneie iaoeiie"; aoi?ie i?aanoaaeyao niaie e?eoe?aneiai, eneooaiiiai ?eoaoaey, eioi?ue aioia o?anoaiaaou a ea?a, i?aaei?aiiie aaoi?ii, e niciaoaeuii iai?aaeyaony a ?annoaaeaiiua aey iaai eiaooee9.
Iaiei ec i?eaiia ?aniiciaaaiey yoeo aaoo oeiia ?aoeieaioia yaeyaony oa?aeoa?iue aey iinoiiaa?ienoneie ia??aoee
8 Yei O. Eiiiaaoey e iiaoi?aiea. Ia?ao ynoaoeeie iiaa?ia e iinoiiaa?ia. N. 56.
9 Ni.: Yei O. Caiaoee ia iieyo. N. 437.
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i?eai: ?a?u eaao ia e?iie?aneii oeoe?iaaiee "iauaai ianoa" — oiiina, eioi?ue ?ani?ino?aieeny a noa?a ianniaie eiiioieeaoee n?aaieoaeuii iaaaaii. Aniiiiei eaa?u nia?oe a?aaneiai aaeeeaia a Eneaoaeyo iioa?yiiiai eia?aaa e iiyaeaiea iaanneie eanoieou a Aaiaiao Aoae Aeeaia. Eaeay naycu ia?ao yoeie aaoiy oeoaoaie? Eae a iaiii neo?aa, oae e a a?oaii c?eoaeu, ?oiau oeiaeou iaiae, aie?ai ciaou enoiaiua oiiinu. A neo?aa n aaeeeaiii iu eiaai aaei n oeie?iie aey yoiai ?ai?a neooaoeae; oiiin, eniieucoaiue a Aaiaiao, iiyaeyaony a ia?aue e iineaaiee ?ac a aaeinoaaiiii i?iecaaaaiee (a A?iiaiinoa Iioaieeia). Noaiiaynu aiineaanoaee oeoaoie, ii i?aa?auaaony a ianoiyuee ia?ieu aey eeiie?eoeeia e eeiie?aeoaeae.
A iaieo neo?ayo oiiinu caia?aoeaiu a "yioeeeiiaaee" c?eoaey; iie yaey?ony ?anou? nie?iaeuieou eieeaeoeaiiai aiia?a?aaiiai, e eiaiii a yoii ea?anoaa eo eniieuco?o. N oie eeou ?acieoae, ?oi a Eneaoaeyo iioa?yiiiai eia?aaa oiiin oeoe?oaony aey oiai, ?oiau ii?iaa?aioou (oi, ?aai ?aao c?eoaeu enoiay ec naiaai iiuoa, ia i?ienoiaeo), a oi a?aiy eae a Aaiaiao oiiin aaiaeony ec-ca aai iaoianoiinoe (eanoieoa ia eiaao ieeaeiai ioiioaiey e inoaeuiiio niaa??aie? oeeuia).
Ia?aue neo?ae iaiiieiaao Yei na?e? eiieenia, iioaeeeiaaiiuo eiaaa-oi a ?o?iaea Mad iia caaieiaeii "Oeeui, eioi?ue iu oioei iiniio?aou": aaenoaea i?ienoiaeo aaa-oi ia aeeii Caiaaa; aaiaeou naycuaa?o aa?iei? e inoaaey?o aa ia ?aeaciiai?i?iuo ?aeunao. A ?a?aaiaaiee e?oiiuo ieaiia iu aeaei oi i?eaee?a?ueeny iiaca, oi aaoaii i?aueony nianaoaeae, eioi?ua no?aiyony iia?aaeou eieiiioea. A eiioa eiioia, aii?aee anai i?eaaieyi, ni?iaioe?iaaiiui oiiinii, aaaooea iiaeaaao iia eieanaie iiacaa. ?a?u eaao ia eio?eao?uai i?eaia, eioi?ue aace?oaony ia aiiouaiee, ?oi ioaeeea ociaao enoiaiue oiiin e i?eiaieo e oeoaoa nenoaio anoanoaaiiuo i?eaaiee (oi anou i?aaaeaaiee, eioi?ua ii ii?aaaeaie? aie?ai nicaaaaou yoio o?aaiaio yioeeeiiaae?aneie eioi?iaoee), a caoai ?acaea?aony oai, ?oi aai i?eaaiey ia ii?aaaaeenu. Ia yoie noaaee i?inoiaooiue c?eoaeu nia?aea, aoao?e iaiaioo, ia?a?eaaao naia ?aci?a?iaaiea, ?oiau caoai i?aia?aceouny a e?eoe?aneiai c?eoaey, eioi?ue ioaieo i?eai, iin?aanoaii eioi?iai aai "i?iaaee"10.
10 Ni.: Yei O. Eiiiaaoey e iiaoi?aiea. Ia?ao ynoaoeeie iiaa?ia e iinoiiaa?ia. N. 61.
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I?eia? n Aaiaiaie i?aanoaaeyao niaie o?iaaiu niaa?oaiii eiiai ii?yaea: c?eoaeu, n eioi?ui oaeno onoaiiaee eiieeoeoiia niaeaoaiea, — ia iaeaiue (eioi?ue, naiia aieuoaa, ii?ao auou ii?a?ai iano?aciui ?acaeoeai niauoee), yoi c?eoaeu e?eoe?aneee, eioi?iio i?aaeony e?iie?aneee o??e n oeoaoie e eioi?ue iuouaao aeon e i?aaiaia?aiiie iaeaiinoe. A iaieo neo?ayo, iaiaei, eiaao ianoi aoi?e?iue e?eoe?aneee ?acoeuoao: iniciaaoee oeoaoo c?eoaeu ia?eiaao e?iie?anee ia?ainiuneeaaou nouiinou i?eaia e iiieiaao, ?oi aai i?eaeaneee iiea?aou n aai nianoaaiiie yioeeeiiaae?aneie eiiiaoaioeae.
Neaaoao caiaoeou, ?oi oaiiiai "eioa?oaenooaeuiiai aeaeiaa" ?acaeaaeny a naia a?aiy a yenia?eiaioaeuiii eneonnoaa e i?aaiieaaae "ia?acoiaiai ?eoaoaey", a eoeuoo?iii ioiioaiee aanuia eciu?aiiiai. Oio oaeo, ?oi iiaiaiua i?eaiu iic?a iieo?eee oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea a noa?a iann-iaaea, naeaaoaeunoaoao i oii, ?oi iaaea i?aaiieaaa?o aeaaaiea eioi?iaoeae, ?aiaa o?a ia?aaaiiie a?oaeie iaaea.
Oaeno Eiiieaiaoyieia "ciaao", ?oi ioaeeea aeaaiaa?y n?aanoaai ianniaie eioi?iaoee ecaanoii i?aeoe?anee ana i ?aiaaeuae, Eoeana e Nieeaa?aa. A ea?a ia?oaenoiauo oeoao iaaea, ea?aony, ionuea?o e ie?o, ii a aaenoaeoaeuiinoe iie ionuea?o e niaa??aie? a?oaeo niiauaiee, ia?aaaiiuo a?oaeie iaaea. Ea?a no?ieony, oae neacaou, ia "?anoe?y?uaeny" eioa?oaenooaeuiinoe. Anyeia ?acee?ea ia?ao ciaieai i ie?a (iaeaii iiieiaaiui eae ciaiea, iieo?aaiia ec aiaoaenooaeuiiai iiuoa) e ciaieai eioa?oaenooaeuiui oaeoe?anee en?acaao.
Iinono?oeoo?aeenoneay iaoaoi?a ie?a eae oaenoa caanu aanuia enoaoe. Eae iieacuaaao Yei, a?aieou ?aaeuiiai e auiuoeaiiiai ie?ia aanuia i?ec?a?iu. Eiaaa iu noaeeeaaainy n eaeie-eeai ?eciaiiie neooaoeae (eaoano?ioa eee ia?aaeaiea), aianoi oiai ?oiau i?eaea?u iiuo ec iianaaiaaiie ?ecie, iu caeinoaoao aai ec naiae ?a eioa?oaenooaeuiie eiiiaoaioee, oi anou eniieucoai oa "iiaanoaiaaoaeuiua noaiu" (oa?iei I. ?eooaoa?a), eioi?ua iai ciaeiiu ec eeoa?aoo?u eee a?oaeo iaaea. (Iai?eia?, "ia?aaeaiea iiacaa" — neooaoey, "caea?aiiay" aeaaiaa?y aanoa?iai, a ia aaenoaeyi ?aaeuiuo ia?ooeoaeae caeiia11.) Yei aneaa ca eeiaaenoaie eniieucoao iiiyoea o?aeia aey iaicia?aiey oaeeo eoeuoo?iuo eeeoa: iaoiayueeny a
11 Ni.: Nieiooeia I. A Eiioaioee "?eoaoaey" a nia?aiaiiii caiaaiii eeoa?aoo?iaaaaiee // Ooai?anoaaiiay ?aoaioey e aa?iaiaaoeea. I., 1985. N. 219.
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?eoaoaeuneii niciaiee noa?aioei aini?eyoey e iienaiey oiai eee eiiai i?aaiaoa12. E?aay eoeuoo?iay ?aaeey eiaao naie noaia?ee: aicii?iu noaia?ee "aa?a?eiea", "noia?ia?eao", ?oi niioaaonoaoao iaeioi?ui iauei i?aanoaaeaieyi, ii eniieuco?ony oae?a e aiieia ii?aaaeaiiua eioa?oaenooaeuiua "noaia?ee", i eioi?uo caanu eaao ?a?u. Iai?eia?, inoaaony i?aiu aieuoay aa?iyoiinou oiai, ?oi ia oieuei ?aoeieaio, ii e nai oaeno niciaoaeuii "eniieucoao" noaia?ee ia?aaeaiey iiacaa — ia niaeanii yoei iauei i?aanoaaeaieyi, a niaeanii oie eeanne?aneie iiaaee, eioi?o? iu ii?ai iaeoe a aanoa?iao (ia?eiay n naiiai ia?aiai — Aieuoiai ia?aaeaiey iiacaa Y. Ii?oa?a (1902 a.))13. E ?eneo oaeeo eioa?oaenooaeuiuo o?aeiia ioiineony, iai?eia?, e Yaeiia o?aoaieuiee a eioa?i?aoaoee O?aeaa14. Eoae, iu ia ii?ai aiai?eou i "nia?oe eneonnoaa" a yiioo iann-iaaea. Ii?ii ooaa??aaou iaaa?iyea eeou oi, ?oi eeiey aaia?eaoee ia?ao "eneonnoaii eioaeeaeooaeuiui" e "eneonnoaii iiioey?iui", ea?aony, nianai en?acea. E anee ia?aniio?aou iia yoei oaeii c?aiey an? enoi?e? eoeuoo?u, ii eioa?i?aoe?iaaou aa a nia?aiaiiuo oa?ieiao, oi auynieony, ?oi "yeeoenoneie" e?eoeea ii?ii iiaaa?aioou e iiiaea, ia ia?aue acaeya aannii?iua, i?iecaaaaiey. Yei i?aaeaaaao nai? eeanneoeeaoe? "iiaoi?eoaeuiiai" eneonnoaa, a eiaiii: retake, remake, na?ey, naaa, eioa?oaenooaeuiue aeaeia15. Enneaaoy eo aaiaaeiae?, ii iieacuaaao, ?oi, iai?eia?, Iaenoiaue ?ieaia A?e-
12 O. A. aai Aaee ii?aaaeyao "o?aeiu" eae iauaa "ciaiea", eioi?ia i?aaieciaaii a eiioaiooaeuiua nenoaiu. O?aeiu eia?o, eae i?aaeei, eiiaaioeiiaeuio? i?e?iao e iienuaa?o oi, ?oi a aaiiii iauanoaa yaeyaony "oa?aeoa?iui" eee "oeie?iui". Eiioaiooaeuiua o?aeiu, eee "noaia?ee", ii?aaaeaiiui ia?acii i?aaieco?o iaoa iiaaaaiea e iicaiey?o aieaa eee iaiaa i?aaeeuii eioa?i?aoe?iaaou iiaaaaiea a?oaeo e?aae. (Ni.: Aai Aaee O. A. ?cue. Iiciaiea. Eiiioieeaoey. I., 1989. N. 16—17).
13 Eee, eae iieacuaaao, iai?eia?, ?. Oeauyi, ?aiiea ?onneea oeeuiu ii ?iiaio E. Oienoiai Aiia Ea?aieia aini?iecaiaeee noaio naiioaeenoaa Aiiu ia "ii Oienoiio", a "ii E?iua?ai" (I?eauoea iiacaa ia aiecae Ea Neioa). Oieuei a yoo yiioo ?a?u oea ia ia oiuoeaiiie ?aieienoaioee, a, nei?aa, i aanniciaoaeuiii eiie?iaaiee ia?acoa, inoaaeaoai iaecaeaaeiia aia?aoeaiea o?ana io iaaaeaa?uaainy ia c?eoaey iiacaa. (Ni.: Oeauyi ?. Enoi?e?aneay ?aoaioey eeii. Eeiaiaoia?ao a ?innee (1896—1930). ?eaa, 1991. N. 165—167.)
14 Ni.: Eco U. The Role of the Reader (Indiana University Press, 1979). ?. 21—22.
15 Ni. aieaa iia?iaii: Yei O. Eiiiaaoey e iiaoi?aiea. Ia?ao ynoaoeeie iiaa?ia e iinoiiaa?ia. N. 57—63.
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inoi yaeyeny retake a?oaiai oaenoa — Ae?aeaiiiai ?ieaiaa Aiy?ai, eioi?ue a nai? i?a?aau yaeyeny retake a?aoiineiai oeeea. Oaenie?, "i?eaeyy" iiiaea enoi?ee, i?aiu iiioey?iua a i?aaoanoao?uea aaea, caieiaeny i?iecaianoaii ?eiaeeia. ?iiaiu XIX aaea a ?aaiie noaiaie eioaineaii iieuciaaeenu i?eaiaie naae e na?ee.
Iu ainoeuaainy naaiaiy a?a?aneeie o?aaaaeyie eae "aaconeiaiuie" ia?acoaie aunieiai eneonnoaa, ii ?oi anee i?aaiiei?eou, ?oi o?aaaaee Nioieea aioee ai ian aeaaiaa?y eaeei-ieaoau iieeoe?aneei eio?eaai eee i?inoi eae enoi?e?aneay neo?aeiinou, a oi a?aiy eae iiiaea a?oaea oaaaa?u o?a ieeiaaa ia aoaoo iai ainooiiu? "Anee nouanoaiaaei aieuoa o?aaaaee, ?ai oa, eioi?ua iai ecaanoiu, e anee ana iie i?eaa??eaaeenu (n oaie eee eiuie ?acii?oaieyie) iaiie e oie ?a noaiu, oi ?oi i?iecioei au, anee au iai oaaeinu naaiaiy i?i?eoaou eo ana ai aaeiie? Iaoe ?anno?aaiey ia i?eaeiaeuiinoe Nioieea e Ynoeea inoaeenu au i?a?ieie? Iaoee au iu o yoeo aaoi?ia aa?eaoee ia ceiaiaiaaiua n??aou oai, aaa iu niooii iuouaai oieeaeuiue e aicauoaiiue niinia ia?auaiey e i?iaeaiai ?aeiaa?aneiai nouanoaiaaiey? Aicii?ii, oai, aaa iu oniao?eaaai iiaeeiio? iiaaoe?, a?aaiea a?aee aeaaee eeou "ei??aeoio?" aa?eaoe? ia caaaiio? oaio, e oi, ?oi eacaeinu ei aicauoaiiui, auei ia ioe?uoeai, a aini?iecaaaaieai yoie noaiu. Ia neo?aeii, aiai?y ia eneonnoaa iiycee, A?enoioaeu iniaaiii eioa?aniaaeny no?oeoo?aie, a e eiie?aoiui i?iecaaaaieyi ii ia?auaeny eeou ca i?eia?aie"16.
Oae ?oi ynoaoeea "aunieiai eneonnoaa" ieacuaaaony aieaa ?ai i?iaeaiaoe?iie, ianiio?y ia an? aa eaaeoeiiinou, a oi, ?oi io?aaaony a oai?aoe?aneie ?ac?aaioea e iaa?ineii ?aai yaeyaony aaiiue oaeno Yei, — yoi ynoaoeea na?eeiuo oi?i. Iiaiaiue aiaeec aie?ai ia ia?aie?eaaouny iann-iaaea, ii ioaaouaaou oae?a e a?oaea aeau ooai?anoaaiiiai oai??anoaa: ieaaeao, oeoe?iaaiea, ia?iaey, e?iie?aneay ?ai?eca, ea?a a eioa?oaenooaeuiinou i?enoue e?aie ooai?anoaaiii-eeoa?aoo?iie o?aaeoee. Oiaaa na?ey ia?anoaiao n?eoaouny aaaiui ?ianoaaiieeii eneonnoaa, ?oiau noaou ooai?anoaaiiie oi?iie, niiniaiie oaiaeaoai?eou iiao? ynoaoe?aneo? ?oanoaeoaeuiinou.
16 Yei O. Eiiiaaoey e iiaoi?aiea. Ia?ao ynoaoeeie iiaa?ia e iinoiiaa?ia. N. 72.
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Iooaoanoaoy ii aeia??aaeuiinoe n Oiaa?oi Yei
Nia?auaiiua Aia?eey?ii, Eeioa?ii, A?aeieniiii e a?oaeie oai?aoeeaie iinoiiaa?ia, oiaeiaaaoeie iinoiiaa?ienoneia iuouaiea ie?a a iaae?aneea oi?ioeu, eioi?ua aa?a iaiinayuaiiue niiniaai naaiaiy eaaioeoeoe?iaaou eae "iinoiiaa?ienoneea" — anee ?a?u eaao i neioeye?ao, ianoeoao, ie?a?ao cia?aiey, naiaioe?aneie eaoano?ioa, — iu eaaei niaeaoaainy n oai, ?oi ?acee?ea ia?ao i?eaeiaeii e eiieae noaei (eee anaaaa auei) i?aiu yoaia?iui (oi?iaa auei au neacaou, ?oi ycue eeanne?aneie ynoaoeee e aai eaoaai?eaeuiua no?oeoo?u, a oii ?enea naie iiiyoey "i?eaeiae" e "eiiey", ieii?aoaeuii aacaaoe?iaaiu). Iaiaei ianoieuei ee iu oiea?aioiu, ?oiau i?eiyou yoo oi?eo c?aiey ia eeanne?aneia eneonnoai, noaoon e oaiiinou (a oae?a e oaia) eioi?iai anaaaa iniiauaaeenu ia iiiyoee aooaioe?iinoe, eioi?ia eiiiioe?oao enoi?eci, iiaeeiiinou, oieeaeuiinou? Aaau iu, ea?aony, ana aua eniuouaaai ?aainoiia aieiaiea i?e aeaa ?oei Eieecay eee ?eineiai oi?oia, ?anniao?eaay niai? Ia?e?neie aiaiiaoa?e eee ea?oeiu Aioe?aeee eiaiii iioiio, ?oi iie ianoiyuea. O?oaii i?aanoaaeou, ?oi i?iecioei au n aa?iiaeneie eiaono?eae oo?ecia, anee au iinoiiaa?ieci "auoae ia oeeoo". E n?anou? aey anao, iinoiiaa?ieci, iiei?ea eiiao "aaeeeei iiaanoaiaaieyi" e i?aoaiceyi ia iauyniaiea ie?a, oai naiui iainiiaae e naie yienoaiieiae?aneee noaoon — eae eeiaaenoe?aneie ea?u, eae yeaaaioiie oai?ee, ie?aai ia iauyniy?uae, ii ia oa?y?uae io yoiai naiae eioaeeaeooaeuiie i?eaeaeaoaeuiinoe.
A aaenoaeoaeuiinoe iinoiiaa?ieci, ?anoi aini?eieiaaiue eae ?aoeie?iaaiiue i?iaoeo o?aioocneie oeeinioee e i?a?aa anaai eae oai?ey, ?iaeeny ia a Aa?iia. E a ea?anoaa oai?ee, iauyniy?uae iaeioi?ui ia?acii ?aaeuiinou, ii i?aaiacia?aeny ia aa?iiaeneie eoeuoo?a. Ia i?aeoeea iinoiiaa?ieci nouanoaiaae anaaaa a Aia?eea. ?oi ii?ao auou aieaa iinoiiaa?ienoneiai, ?ai niaaeiaiea a iaiii ianoa o?aaiaioia (aooaioe?iuo e iiaaaeuiuo) aioe?iie, n?aaiaaaeiaie e ?aiannainiie eoeuoo? (caiie Oa?noa); ?oi ii?ao auou aieaa iinoiiaa?ienoneiai,
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?ai iaaine?aa, ni?aoa?uee a naaa yeaiaiou eiino?oeoeaecia e i?iaiaio eaoiee?aneiai niai?a; ?oi ii?ao auou aieaa iinoiiaa?ienoneiai, ?ai yeeaeoe?aneia i?ino?ainoai iocaeiie yeniiceoee, aaa ea?oeiu aa?iiaeneeo aaaiaa?aenoia ninaanoao?o n aia?eeaineeie i?eieoeaenoaie i?ioeiai aaea, n ooai?ieeaie ?aiannaina e iiaaeeaie oeeaaaeuoeeneeo eociaoia (Oiia Aa?ina)? I?eia?ia "iinoaeuaee ii oo?a?aiiiio ?aoa?aioo" (?. Aia?eey?) aaneiia?ii iiiai e aaoe?iaaiu iie ia naaiaiyoiei aiai.
Eiioaiooaeuiia ?a iauyniaiea, ioi?ieaoenu a oai?e? iinoiiaa?iecia ianeieuei aanyoeeaoee iacaa, yaeyaony nei?aa iiiuoeie ii?aaaaou e eaaeoeie?iaaou ?enoi aia?eeaineee eoeuoo?iue eaiaoaoo. Eiaiii "eaaeoeie?iaaou", eai aia?eeaineie eoeuoo?a ia auei ianoa a aa?iiaeneie nenoaia eii?aeiao, iia neiaii ia nouanoaiaaea aiiaua — eae no??iaao aa?iiaeneie eoeuoo?u, nicaaiiue ec o?aaiaioia, auaacaiiuo ec Aa?iiu e iniiaaiiue ia eaaa aa?iiaeneie enoi?ee. E aio oaia?u aia?eeaineay oeaeeecaoey ii?ao n iieiui i?aaii iacuaaouny eieuaaeu? iinoiiaa?ienoneie eoeuoo?u, a iu ii?ai noaou naeaaoaeyie ia?aoiiai i?ioanna: aa?iiaeou ia?ioo auaiceou neioeye?u (neioeye?u neioeye?ia) ec Aia?eee, eae a 20-o aa. aiaaoua aia?eeaiou neoiaee ea?oeiu o?aioocneeo aaaiaa?aenoia eee iaaaeu a ?aiannainiuo aai?oao Eoaeee, iiiauay eo caoai a eneonnoaaiio? ianoaiiaeo eaace?aiannainiuo aeee, iino?iaiiuo aia?eeaineeie ioai?eoaie; naaiaiyoiea aa?iiaeneea iocae iieoia?o ea?oeiu iii-ooai?ieeia, a oo?enou acayo a ?eeaai eee Iu? Ei?e, ?oiau iiniio?aou ia nia?aiaiio? aa?ne? oaiaaeuiuo (eoaeuyineeo a iniaaiiinoe) aaoai-iaaine?aaia eee iinaoeou oieaa?neoaoneee eaiion, eioi?ue (a oeie?aneii aa?eaioa) i?aanoaaeyaony i?aiu oi?iie eiieae n?aaiaaaeiaiai eaoiee?aneiai iiianou?y. Aeia??aaeeci aia?eeaineie eoeuoo?u, oaaaeaa?uae ?aaeuiinou eoeuoo?u aa?iiaeneie, eioi?ue e a naiii aaea caai?a?eaaao, io?aaeny a eioa?i?aoaoee. Oaia?u iia nouanoaoao.
N?aae ?aaio Yei, iinayuaiiuo i?iaeaiai "aiie?eoe?aneie naieioeee", ia?auaao ia naay aieiaiea iaii ynna, iaienaiiia aua a na?aaeia 70-o aa., eioi?ia iacuaaaony Iooaoanoaey a aeia??aaeuiinoe, i eioi?ii ?anoi ieooo, ?oi, i?e iaaieuoii iauaia e o?eouaay aai aaaiinou, iii iaeaaaao i?yii-oaee "aiiiaeuii aunieei ea?anoaii" e e oiio ?a o?iiieiae?anee i?aaoanoaoao a?oaiio, noaaoaio ai?acai aieaa ciaiaieoui, —
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?aaioa Neioeye?u e neioeyoey ?aia Aia?eey?a, iioaeeeiaaiiie a 1981 aiao. Naaiaiy oaeno Yei ?eoaaony eae "no?aiiay nianu iinoiiaa?ienoneie oeeinioee e ?oa?eee iooaoanoaee ec aine?aniie aacaou, iieiay na?aiie?aneeo iienaiee e i?aoaaee?aiiuo ?aciaea?aiee, eana?ueony eoeuoo?iie ?ecie Aia?eee. Aia?eeaineee eaiaoaoo iienuaaaony ei eae ia?ac iiaaaeuiie enoi?ee, iiaaaeuiiai eneonnoaa, iiaaaeuiie i?e?iau e iiaaaeuiuo ai?iaia, aaa ii?ii ano?aoeou, iai?eia?, oaeeo eoeuoo?iuo iooaioia, eae aineiaay oeao?a Iiiu Eecu eee "?anoaa?e?iaaiiay" eiiey Aaia?u Ieeinneie n ?oeaie"1. Yoi ynna — iiiuoea iiiyou Aia?eeo, iniuneeou iiuo aa?iiaeoa, i?eac?a?uaai ia yoio eiioeiaio e iiieia?uaai, ?oi i?eau?iua noaiu eioa?i?aoaoee caanu ia ?aaioa?o. Aia?eea, ia?ac eioi?ie noieu i?eaeaeaoaeai aey yiea?aioia, nicaaaay e oi?i?eaay naie ie? eee?ci?iie ?aaeuiinoe a a?oeoaeoo?a, eeii, ai?ianeii e ia?eiaii i?ino?ainoaa, oai naiui ainnicaaao e oi?i?eaaao ieoieiae? "caiee iaaoiaaiiie", ieoieiae? aia?eeaineie ia?ou.
"Aeia??aaeuiinou"2 — yoi ie? Aanie?oiie, Eaaaeuiie iiaaaeee, a eioi?ii eieoaoee ia i?inoi ?ai?iaooe?o?o ?aaeuiinou, ii iuoa?ony aa?a oeo?oeou aa. Yoi ie?, eioi?ue, iiaiaii Aeniaeeaiao, iieeaaaou n ?oanoaii ni?aeaiey, eai ?aaeuiinou ia oae i?eaeaeaoaeuia e aacoei?eciaiia. Yoi ie?, aaa oaoiieiaey ii?ao naaeaou ?aaeuiinou eo?oa, ?ai iinoa?aeenu i?e?iaa e enoi?ey. Yoi ie?, aaa ?ai?iaoeoee ?ai?iaoeoee aie?iu auou aacoi?a?iu. Iaiaei iaaaiaoaoi?a Aeniaeeaiaa — yoi ia oieuei i?ino?ainoai aanie?oiiai eeiiecia, yoi aua e aeeaai?ey anaai iauanoaa iio?aaeaiey, ianoi oioaeuiie ianneaiinoe, eai iinaoeoaee aie?iu aanoe naay iiaiaii ?iaioai, ianaey?uei yoio ia?e. Yoi "au?iaeaoayny ooiiey", inouanoaeaiiue ieo3.
1 Sanes E. Travelling Through Hyperreality With Umberto Eco. (Ni.: http://www.transparencynow.com/eco.htm 2 e)
2 Aia?eey? ioia?aao, ?oi neioeyoey — yoi "ii?i?aaiea i?e iiiiue iiaaeae ?aaeuiiai aac enoiea e ?aaeuiinoe", oi anou aeia??aaeuiiai. Neioeyoey canoaaeyao niaianou ana ?aaeuiia n iiaaeyie neioeyoee. I?e yoii en?acaao naiia nouanoaaiiia — ?acee?ea ia?ao neioeyoeae e ?aaeuiui. Iineieueo ono?aiyaony anyeay niioianaiiinou, oie?oi?a?ony ana ?aoa?aiou, iinoieueo aanniuneaiii aiai?eou ia "oaaiaiee", ia "eieoaoee", i "eiie?iaaiee" (Aia?eey? ?. Neioeye?u e neioeyoee // Oeeinioey yiioe iinoiiaa?ia. Ii., 1996. N. 34).
3 Ni.: Eco U. Travels in Hyperreality. ?. 43.
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Yei, ?aciuoeyy i oaiiiaia aieia?aoee, iieaaaao, ?oi iia iiaea ?acaeouny oieuei a NOA, a no?aia, iiiaoaiiie ia eaaa ?aaeecia, aaa ?aeiino?oeoey aie?ia auou aanie?oii eeiie?aneie, "ianoiyuae eiieae" ?ai?acaioe?oaiie ?aaeuiinoe. A nayce n yoei iieacaoaeuia ?aeeaia Eiea-Eieu e a?oaeo oe?i, eniieuco?ueo aeia?aiee?aneo? oi?ioeo — This is the real thing! Caanu aanie?oiay ia?aaeuiinou iiaaaony eae ?aaeuiia i?enoonoaea. Ciae no?aieony auou aauu?, ii ?aeaao io?a?uny io ?aoa?aioa4. A yoii ioee?ea aieia?aoee io oioi?aaeecia, eioi?ue iiaaao ?aaeuiinou oaeei ia?acii, ?oiau auea aeaia aa eneonnoaaiiinou, naaeaiiinou. Yoi eeou oaa?o??a e enneaaiaaie? Aia?eee eae no?aiu aeia??aaeuiinoe. Ii yoio i?iaeo inouanoaei i?e oneiaee, ?oi ca i?eia?aie iu ia?auaainy ia e iaeoaee aunieiai eneonnoaa: "iiaeeiiay" Aia?eea — ia a iocayo aey ciaoieia, a a iocayo aey "ia?iaiiai ?acaea?aiey" oeia Aeniaeeaiaa, iocaaa aineiauo oeao?, caiea Oa?noa...
I?a?aa anaai ii?a?aao oeie?ii aia?eeaineay iaayc?eaay e?aiau e noa?iio, aioeeaa?iiio, e enoi?ee. Yei iiaia?aao, ?oi ?aae yoie no?anoe oaeuneoeoe?iaaiu aa?a nae?aeuiua aieoiaiou — oaeno Aia?eeaineie Eiinoeoooee e aeo i i?iaa?a Iaioyooaia, eioi?ua aie?iu iaycaoaeuii auaeyaaou eae "noa?ua", iaiaei a aaenoaeoaeuiinoe "ninoa?aiiue" aeo i i?iaa?a Iaioyooaia a i?eaeiaea aue ia aaoneii — oaia?u ?a ii aunoaaeai, anoanoaaiii, ia aiaeeeneii ycuea (n i?aoaiceae ia oaeneieeuiia ecaaiea). Yei eniieucoao naie iaieiaeci: So it is not a facsimile, but — a fan-different5.
A Aa?iia iocae aineiauo oeao? ana aua ainoaoi?ii iaiiiai?eneaiiu, e, eae i?aaeei, oaeaaou a ieo ii?ii eeou ioey?e ?aaeuii nouanoaiaaaoeo e?aae. A Aia?eea yoe iocae — ia ea?aii oaao, ii oaeaeoaeuii a?oaia: a ieo ia?yao n ?aaeuiuie enoi?e?aneeie oeao?aie ii?ii oaeaaou e auiuoeaiiuo: oae, ii ninaanoao n Ia?eae-Aiooaiaooie ieacuaa?ony aieoi? ?eaaai e Ea?a. Eiae?aneia ?acee?ea ia?ao ?aaeuiui e aicii?iuie ie?aie caanu — ia i?aeoeea, a ia a oai?ee — iaaicii?ii6. A ?oi ii?ii neacaou ii iiaiao aineiaie eieoaoee Oaeiie aa?a?e Eaiia?ai aa Aei?e (ano?a?a?uaeny aiaieuii ?anoi)? Oaeay eieoaoey auiuoeaiiie ?aaeuiinoe canoaaeyao ian iai?y?aiii eneaou auoia ec aicieea?uae i?iaeaiu n ?aoa?aioii —
4 Eco U. Travels in Hyperreality. P. 4.
5 Ibid. P. 11.
6 Ibid. P. 14.
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yoa noaoai naieioe?aneay i?iaeaia ana aua aieioao Yei a 1975 aiao, ii nieiaaony iaiei iinoiiaa?ienoneei ?anoii o Aia?eey?a a 1981 aiao.
Oaia aeia??aaeenoe?aneie ?ai?iaoeoee cao?aaeaaao ia oieuei enoi?e? e eneonnoai, ii e i?e?iao. Oaeia iuouaiea inoaaeei o Yei iinauaiea ciiia?ea a Nai-Aeaai, aaa ?eaioiua eieoe?o?o, n iaiie noi?iiu, aieuii ?eaoueo ?eaioiuo, a n a?oaie noi?iiu, iie ieoeuoo?aiu ianoieuei, ?oi aiooa?o iinaoeoaeyi eaa? i?aeiaa?aiiie i?e?iau, "anoanoaaiiiai ie?a" e en?aciiaaiea i?eioeia "au?eaaao neeuiaeoee"7. Aiiau ?aaeuiinou, auaa?uay naay ca ciae.
Yei i?aaeaaaao n?eoaou "eoeuoo?iui e?aai" Aia?eee eicoia: "Iu aaai aai ianoieuei aaeeeieaiio? ?ai?iaoeoe?, ?oi au aieuoa ia caoioeoa aeaaou i?eaeiae" (iao?aee eiio-oi aua eioa?anii aeaaou aac?oeo? Aaia?o Ieeinneo??). Iaiaei ?oiau ?ai?iaoeoey auea ianoieuei ?aeaiiie, aie?ai nouanoaiaaou eaiiie?aneee e aicaaaaiiue ia iuaaanoae i?eaeiae — aicaaaaiiue oneeeyie iaaeo oeaeeecaoee — e ii oo, e ii a?oao? noi?iiu ieaaia.
Aieaea iienee nianoaaiiie eoeuoo?iie eaaioe?iinoe, eioi?ua naaiaiy aey Aia?eee aeooaeuiu eae ieeiaaa (ainoaoi?ii aniiiieou i e?aoa ?yaa aio?iiieiae?aneeo eiioaioee a?iaa oai?ee "ieaaeeuiiai eioea", eioi?ay a eiioa eiioia o?ainoi?ie?iaaeanu a eaaieiae? "naeaoieou"), nii?iai?aaeenu iaa?ioe?aneei ?aeaieai caiieieou aaeooi enoi?e?iinoe, e yoi iauyniyao i?aeeiiaiea ia?aa ?aaeuiui (eee "ii?oe" ?aaeuiui). "Ie? aanie?oiie iiaaaeee aiciee eae ?acoeuoao iniciaiey ianoiyuaai, ia eia?uaai aeoaeiu"8.
Ia?ao oai neaaiaaei au ioiaoeou, ?oi ia?yao n iiaiaiuie "ia?iaiuie" iocayie a Aia?eea aaenoao?o iocae, ioaa?a?uea nia?aiaiiui i?eioeiai iocaieiaee — "eiioaeia?" aey yeniiiaoia aie?ai auou aneaoe?iui, iacaiaoiui e nia?aiaiiui. Oaeia Iocae Iiey Aaooe, ii iiaie? Yei: enee??aiea ia oiia anao inoaeuiuo aia?eeaineeo iocaaa; a iai aunoaaeaiu oieuei i?eaeiaeu (anee ?a nai i?eaeiae — yoi ?uy-oi aioe?iay eiiey, oi yoi oeacuaaaony ia oaaee?ea). Ii?aio ?a oiaaa inoaeuiua iocae i?eaa??eaa?ony naiae "oocaiiie" no?aoaaee, ii?aio iie i?aaii?eoa?o eiaiii oaeie, no?aiiue n oi?ee c?a-
7 Eco U. Travels in Hyperreality. ?. 47—49.
8 Ibid. ?. 31.
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iey aa?iiaeoa, niinia ioi?ieaiey iocaeiuo yeniiceoee, eiaaa ea?oeia eee neoeuioo?a iiiauaaony a yeiau iiaeeiiue a?oeoaeoo?iue eee eioa?ua?iue eiioaeno? Ii iiaie? Yei, yoi i?ienoiaeo iioiio, ?oi ca i?aaaeaie iocay "?aaeuiay" enoi?ey ionoonoaoao (a Aa?iia aneaoe?iinou iocaeiie yeniiceoee o?aaiiaaoeaaaony iuouaieai enoi?ee e iiaeeiiinoe, eioi?ia enoiaeo io ea?aiai eaiiy a iinoiaie noa?iai ai?iaa, ?oi, ai?i?ai, ia ioiaiyao oacena Aia?eey?a ia "enoi?ee eae oo?a?aiiii ?aoa?aioa"9). Iaaicii?ii nicaaou iuouaiea oaeinoiinoe e aa?iiiee, eiaaa iian?ao iey?e, iaeuiu, aaiao?aa?u, iaaine?aau e iia?eiy?uay naaa ana inoaaoaany i?ino?ainoai iaiiiaay ?aeeaia iaaiia?aceiuo ?acia?ia.
Eiie eoeuoo?iue iiuo canoaaeyao ian aianoa n Oiaa?oi Yei ?aciuoeyou i niunea enoi?ee a aieaa oe?ieii eiioaenoa: eae ia?anoe eiioaeo ni naiei i?ioeui? Anee i?ioeia iaeucy iiuoiaou, eai iii canouei a iocaeiuo yeniiiaoao, oi eaeie niinia ioieoeoe?iaaiey i?aaii?anou? A?oaieiae?aneia ?aoaiea i?aanoaaeyao niaie eeou iaei aicii?iue ioou, ii nouanoao?o e a?oaea, a oii ?enea aia?eeaineay iiaaeu — aiaeuaaia iiaaaeuiiai e aooaioe?iiai.
I?e aieaa ouaoaeuiii eco?aiee i?ioeiai ii?ii naaeaou auaia, ?oi ia oieuei iao enoi?e?aneee ia?eia e ia oieuei aia?eeaineay oeaeeecaoey yenieoaoe?o?o yoo iiaaeu. Aia?eea ia iaeiiea, A?aaiee ?ei inouanoaeye oo ?a naio? iieeoeeo a ioiioaiee A?aoee. Ii?ii ?anoii i?eciaou, ?oi iuiaoiea ioiioaiey Aa?iiu e Aia?eee — a iieeoe?aneii, eaaieiae?aneii e eoeuoo?iii ieaia — iaiiieia?o oo, aioe?io?, neooaoe?. E oai, e caanu ainoaa?noai, ii?aaioeaoaa eee iia?eieaoaa naaa a?oaia, a ea?anoaa neiaiee?aneiai ii?aaaaiey ainnicaaao aai aueia aaee?ea aioo?e naay, a naiae eaaieiaee, eiina?ae?oao aai a iocayo. Oae e eoeuoo?iay aio?iiieiaey aicieeea a ?acoeuoaoa ?oanoaa aeiu, eioi?ia aaeue ?aeiaae eniuouaae ii ioiioaie? e oaiaoaiiui e eieiiece?iaaiiui aai?eaaiai anaai ie?a: ?aeiino?oe?oy e eco?ay i?eieoeaiua eoeuoo?u, ii nae?an ioaaao ei naie aiea10. A eiioa eiioia, A?aoey iia?a?aea A?aaiaio Aaeioo, ?ei eiie?iaae A?aoe?, o?enoeainoai anneieee?iaaei eoaaeneo? aa?o, ?aiannain eoeuoeae?iaae ia?acou e A?aaiaai ?eia, e A?aaiae A?aoee (eai o?a a oi
9 Eco U. Travels in Hyperreality. ?. 33.
10 Ibid. ?. 39.
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a?aiy n aooaioe?iinou? aicieeee na?uaciua i?iaeaiu) e o. a. E oieuei aeaaiaa?y yoei anneieeyoeyi, iiaaaeeai, eiie?iaaie? e iia?a?aie? o ian ana aua nio?aiyaony ?oanoai enoi?ee (a aaiiii neo?aa "o ian" auaeyaeo aiieia oianoii: a Ainoi?iie Aa?iia yoa oaia iniaaiii aeooaeuia — ia oieuei ec-ca iaecauaiie iinoaeuaee ii iauaaa?iiaeneiio i?ioeiio, ii aua e iioiio, ?oi a oaeeo ai?iaao, eae Ieine, ?ac?ooaiiue a aiau aieiu, naycu n enoi?eae iiaaa??eaaaony eeou iaoa?eaeeciaaiiui a a?oeoaeoo?a noaeeineei ieoii).
Anee n ?oanoaii enoi?ee o ian ana a ii?yaea, oi e?aiiuoii auei au acaeyioou ia yoo i?iaeaio n naieioe?aneie oi?ee c?aiey. Yei aiana ia eioa?ano?o eiie?aoiua i?iaeaiu, iinoiyiii aicieea?uea (iai?eia?, o eneonnoaiaaaia) n ao?eaooe?iaaieai i?iecaaaaiee e n ii?aaaeaieai "iiaeeiieeia", — nouanoao?o ii?aaaeaiiua iaoiau iiaiaiie ?aaiou aey yenia?oia, eioi?ua ii ?iao naiae aayoaeuiinoe aie?iu ioee?aou iiaaaeee io i?eaeiaeia. Iaiaei i?iaeaia ninoieo a oii, ?oi, niaeanii oeeinioneei iniiaaieyi yoie iaoiaieiaee, nouanoaoao iaei i?eaeiae, a ana inoaeuiia — yoi eiiee. Anee ?ac?ooeou yoo iaoaoece?aneo? aa?o, ana iioa?yao niune: ca?ai ao?eaooe?iaaou ia?oi eae "i?eaeiaeuiia", anee i?eaeiaea, ii ii?aaaeaie?, ia nouanoaoao? Oae ?oi, ?anno?aay i?aaiaoe?anee, yoi auei au eaoano?ioie aey iaoaai eoeuoo?iiai oieaa?noia. Iaiaei yoe aiaiau ia cai?aua?o iai aneaa ca Yei caiyouny naieioe?aneeie ?anno?aaieyie ia ainoaa e ii?aciuoeyou i iaoaoeceea i?eaeiaea.
Io?ii ioiaoeou, ?oi Yei ia iaeiie a naiai no?aieaiee aieiiaouny ai "iiaeeiiiai". Iaeunii Aoaiai a naiae ?aaioa ?cuee eneonnoaa (aeaaa Eneonnoai e aooaioe?iinou) ienae, ?oi "iiaaaeee i?iecaaaaiee eneonnoaa i?aanoaaey?o niaie i?aiai?eyoiaeoo? i?aeoe?aneo? i?iaeaio e aey eieeaeoeiia?a, e aey eo?aoi?a, e aey enoi?eea eneonnoaa". Ii a oai?aoe?aneii ieaia ana ianoieo aua oo?a. "Oeeinio, canoeaiooue a?anieio aii?inii ia ynoaoe?aneii ?acee?ee ia?ao iiaaaeeie e i?eaeiaeii, ieacuaaaony a oaeii ?a iaeaiii iiei?aiee, eae e eneonnoaiaaa, i?eiyaoee Aai Iaaa?aia ca Aa?iaa?a"11.
I?iaeaia iiaaaeee aieaa anaai aaniieieo eneonnoaiaaaia, caiyouo ao?eaooe?iaaieai, oi anou onoaiiaeaieai aaoi?a, ian-
11 Ni.: Goodman N. The Languages of Art (Indianapolis: Bobbs, Merril, 1968) ?. 99.
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oa e a?aiaie nicaaiey i?iecaaaaiey. Ii?aceoaeuii caanu oi, ?oi, ianiio?y ia iaeeea e iinoiyiiia oniaa?oainoaiaaiea iaoiaia ao?eaooee (a yoio i?ioann aiaeaea?ony aiaeec noeey, n??aoa, eniieuciaaiiie oaoieee, eeiiia?aoe?aneeo iioeaia; naia i?ioaao?a iniiauaaaony ia ?acoeuoaoao oece?aneeo e oeie?aneeo enneaaiaaiee), ?enei ?aoaiee, iniiaaiiuo ia ia "iiceoeaenoneeo" oaeoao, a ia anaaaa inoa?ueony nii?iuie eioa?i?aoaoeyo, ii?a?aao naieo niaoeaeenoia12. A eiia?iii n?aoa ie iaii ?aoaiea ia ieacuaaaony ieii?aoaeuiui e anaaaa caaeneo io ii?aaaeaiiie ia?aaeaiu eioa?i?aoaoee, eiieeoeoii iia?acoiaaaaiie e ?acoeuoaoii, e i?ioannii, oioy iaee?ea oeeinioneie i?iaeaiu a oaeii aii?ina ia anaaaa e ia aey anao i?aaeaii.
Iaaaoeaiia ioiioaiea e iiaaaeea ?anoi au?a?aaony a iiiuoea iaicia?eou ?acee?ea ia?ao i?eaeiaeii e eiieae a noaoai ynoaoe?aneii ieaia, oioy a aaenoaeoaeuiinoe ynoaoe?aneea ?oanoaa caanu nianai ie i?e ?ai. Aaei a oii, ?oi neiaiee?aneee noaoon iiaaaeee a iaoai iauanoaa iaaunie e ciaiea i naiii oaeoa iiaaaeee ii?aaaeyao ynoaoe?aneia ioiioaiea e i?iecaaaaie?. Oaeaaou ?a ?acee?ea iaaicii?ii (yoi eanaaony ia oieuei iau?iuo c?eoaeae, ii e niaoeaeenoia): ia oieuei iao oeceieiae?aneee aiia?ao c?aiey, ii e aeeoaeuiay o?aie?iaea e i?aeoeea caanu aanneeuiu (iniaaiii, anee ?a?u eaao i niaa?oaiiie iiaaaeea). Oi anou iu niio?ei ia i?eaeiae e iiaaaeeo, i?aaiieaaay ?acee?ea ia?ao ieie, ii naiiai ?acee?ey ia aeaei13.
Eieu nei?i ?a?u caoea i ia?aaeaia eioa?i?aoaoee, iaoneiaeeaa?uae i?ioaao?o ao?eaooe?iaaiey, oi caanu e?aaoaieuiui eaiiai yaeyaony eoeuo Aaoi?a e niioaaonoaaiii ii?aaaeaiiay eiioaioey aaoi?noaa. Eiia?iie oaeu? ao?eaooee ana-oaee yaeyaony eiaiii onoaiiaeaiea aaoi?a i?iecaaaaiey (onoaiiaeaiea yiioe e ianoa i?aaaa?y?o ?aoaiea yoie caaa?e), eioi?ue, niaeanii aooo yoie ia?aaeaiu, iaaaeyaony eaeineie?aoe?aneei, ociaaaaiui "ii?a?eii", iniaie "eaaioe?iinou?", ia iaiy?uaeny n aic?anoii e oniaa?oainoaiaaieai oaoieee ienuia. N oi?ee c?aiey ineoiaiaeeca eee iinono?oeoo?aeenoneeo eiioaioee iiaiaiay oi?ea c?aiey auaeyaeo i?aiu iaoaaaeoaeuii: iaeciaiiinou aaoi?neiai "?" e oaeinoiinou aai noeey ia i?ioy?aiee anae ?ecie i?ioeai?a?ao i?aeoeea e nia?aiaiiui oai?eyi eaaioe?iinoe. A oi ?a a?aiy yoa neooaoey ii?ao
12 Ni.: Aae I., A?aenii I. Naieioeea e eneonnoaiciaiea // Aii?inu eneonnoaiciaiey. IX (2/96). N. 522.
13 Ni.: Goodman N. Ibid. P. 104.
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auou eioa?i?aoe?iaaia a aieaa oe?ieii eiioaenoa: iiene aanie?oiuo e en?a?iuaa?ueo eaeineie?aoe?aneeo aaoaeae, iicaiey?ueo ioee?eou eiie? io i?eaeiaea, ii?a?e aaiiiai aaoi?a io aai "aaieieea", niioaaonoaoao ii naiaio oa?aeoa?o e oaeyi anai oai iiiaiaaeiaui i?aeoeeai eaaioeoeeaoee e eiio?iey, eioi?ua ainoaa?noai i?eiaiyei a ioiioaiee naieo a?a?aai (yoi eanaaony eiaie, aieoiaioia, oainoiaa?y?ueo ee?iinou, ia?niiaeuiie ?iniene, oioia?aoe?aneeo a?oeaia — anaai oiai, ?oi ia iiaea?eo oaeuneoeeaoee) — neiaii, anae oie nenoaiu ciaiey-aeanoe, eioi?ay eiinoeooe?oao iaoo eoeuoo?o. Iiaaaeea eiie?aoiiai i?iecaaaaiey eneonnoaa, a neo?aa i?eciaiey aa eaaeoeiiinoe e ynoaoe?aneiai niaa?oainoaa, ianao a naaa ia?iiio? oa?ico einoeoooo nianoaaiiinoe e iaoaieciai aeanoe — aio ii?aio iia aie?ia auou aacaaoe?iaaia14. Aa?a anee iu ia ciaai, eae yoi naaeaou e a ?ai, nianoaaiii aiai?y, ninoieo aa ioee?ea io i?eaeiaeuiiai i?iecaaaaiey.
Nicaaaony aia?aoeaiea, ?oi a aniaeoa anoanoaaiiiai ycuea e niaeanii ca?aaiio niuneo anai ecaanoii, ?oi oaeia iiaaaeea, eiiey eee oaeuoeaue aieoiaio. Iu i?eaueee aiai?eou i iiaaaeeao a oao neo?ayo, eiaaa ia?oi i?aanoaaeaii iai a ea?anoaa i?eaeiaea, eioi?ue (anee ii nouanoaoao) iaoiaeony aaa-oi a a?oaii ianoa15. Iu ia ii?ai ooaa??aaou a yoie neooaoee, ?oi ?a?u eaao i aaoo ?aciuo i?aaiaoao, iaoiayueony a ?aciuo ianoao a iaii e oi ?a a?aiy. E ieeaeea e?eoa?ee eaaioe?iinoe (anee iaa i?aaiaoa iioi?e, ii ia eaaioe?iu) ia iiiiaoo ii?aaaeeou, ?oi yaeyaony "i?eaeiaeii"16.
Ii eae ianoieo aaei n ii?aaaeaieyie? I?a?aa anaai caaeyiai a neiaa?e17. Ieacuaaaony, ?oi ii?aaaeaiey oaeeo oa?ie-
14 Ni.: Ginzburg N. "Clues: Morelli, Freud and Sherlock Holmes", in The Sign of Three /ed. by Eco and Sebeok (Indiana University Press, 1983). ?. 105-107.
"Nouanoaiaaiea i?eaeiaea i?aaiieaaaaony iiiyoeai aooaioe?iinoe" (Benjamin W. "The Work of Art in the Age of Its Mechanical Reproduction", in Illuminations (Pimlico, 1999). ?. 215).
16 Ni.: Eco U. "Fakes and Forgeries", in Eco U. The limits of interpretation (Indiana University Press, 1990). ?. 176.
17 A AYN (A 2-o o. I., 1991) iiaaaeea (oece?aneay) ii?aaaeyaony eae "ia?acao iiaiaiie oaa?eeaoee" (O. 2. N. 162); eiiey (io eao. copia — iii?anoai) — "oi?iue nienie, oi?iia aini?iecaaaaiea, iiaoi?aiea ?aai-eeai" (O. 1. N. 628); oaeuneoeeaoey (io eao. falsifico — iiaaaeuaa?): "1) ceinoiia, i?aaiaia?aiiia enea?aiea eaeeo-eeai aaiiuo; 2) eciaiaiea n ei?unoiie oaeu? aeaa eee naienoaa i?aaiaoia; iiaaaeea" (O. 2. N. 540); oaeneieea (io eao. fac simile — naaeae iiaia-
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iia, eae "eiiey", "iiaaaeea", "oaeuneoeeaoey", "oaeneieea", "inaaai", "aiie?eoe?aneee", aiaieuii i?iaeaiaoe?iu. Iioiio ?oi o?oaiinoe, naycaiiua n ii?aaaeaieai yoeo oa?ieiia, iaoneiaeaiu iaaicii?iinou? ii?aaaeeou, ?oi oaeia i?eaeiae18.
Ii iiaie? Yei, ea?aue ec yoeo oa?ieiia eiaao aieuoia cia?aiea aey naieioeee e ana aianoa acyoua iie caaenyo io oaiaeaoai?eoaeuiiai naieioe?aneiai ii?aaaeaiey enoeiu e e?e. Aey oiai ?oiau aaou i?aaaa?eoaeuiia ii?aaaeaiea iiaaaeee e eiiee, iu aie?iu ia?aoeouny e oaeei i?eieoeaiui iiiyoeyi, eae iiaiaea, noianoai e eeiie?iinou. A?oaia enoiaiia iiiyoea — oi?aanoai (eae oa?iei, oiio?aaeyaiue aey ii?aaaeaiey oi?aanoaa i?aaiaoia, a ia oa?ieiia, iiiyoee eee eiai). Aicieea?o aiieia caeiiiua iiaic?aiey ii iiaiao iaeioi?uo aanuia ?anoi eniieucoaiuo a oeeinioee e naieioeea oaeeo iiiyoee, eae, iai?eia?, i?eaeiaeuiinou e aooaioe?iinou, oi?aanoai e ?acee?ea.
I?iaeaia aaieieea ea?aony iioieiae?aneie, ii ia naiii aaea n?eoaao Yei, yoi noaoai i?aaiaoe?aneay i?iaeaia. Eiaiii iieuciaaoaeu aaao ii?aaaeaiea, niaeanii eioi?iio aaa i?aaiaoa n?eoa?ony "iauaeoeaii" iiaiaiuie a?oa a?oao e, neaaiaaoaeuii, acaeiicaiaiyaiuie. ?aniiciaaaiea aaieieeia — yoi i?aaiaoe?aneay i?iaeaia, eai caaeneo io eoeuoo?iuo aiiouaiee19.
Eoae, iaoa eoeuoo?a iinooee?oao iaiaoiaeiinou nouanoaiaaiey i?eaeiaea, ii, ?anno?aay iiyou ?a i?aaiaoe?anee, neaaoao i?eciaou, ?oi i?eaeiae eiaao i?aa?aniiei?aiiinou e anoanoaaiiiio noa?aie?20. ?oiau i?aaioa?aoeou noa?aiea, ea?oeiu e noaooe ?anoaa?e?o?ony oaeei ia?acii, ?oi i?iecaaaaiea
iia) — yoi: "1) oi?iia aini?iecaaaaiea a?aoe?aneiai i?eaeiaea (aieoiaioa, ?oeiiene, iiaiene) oioia?aoe?aneei eee ia?aoiui niiniaii; 2) eeeoa-ia?aou, aini?iecaiayuay nianoaaiii?o?io? iiaienu" (O. 2. N. 540); inaaai- (io a?a?. Pseudos — ei?u) — "ei?iue, iieiue" (O. 2. N. 218); i?eaeiae (io eao. originalis — ia?aiia?aeuiue) — "iiaeeiiia i?iecaaaaiea (a ioee?ea io eiiee)" (O. 2. N. 81); aooaioe?iue (oaeno) (io a?a?. Authentikos — iiaeeiiue) — "oaeno, aieoiaio, ioeoeaeuii i?eciaiiue ?aaiicia?iui a?oaiio oaenoo, ninoaaeaiiiio, eae i?aaeei, ia a?oaii ycuea, e eia?uee iaeiaeiao? n iei ??eae?aneo? neeo" (O. 1. N. 87).
18 Eco U. "Fakes and Forgeries". ?. 174.
19 Ibid. ?. 178.
20 A yoii niunea ineoiaiaeec aaaii ?ac?aoee i?iaeaio i?eaeiaea: "Neacaou ?— cia?eo ioeaeouny" (Baer E. "Freud and the Trope of Enigma", in Semiotic Unfolding (Berlin, 1984, Vol. I). ?. 14).
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eciaiyaony (a eoiaa Aaea?ay Oooeoe i?aaeaaaao iai "iiaaiueeo", eoai?iuo ?aoayey, Ieeaeaia?aei, Oeoeaia). Eia?a aiai?y, i?eaeiae ieacuaaaony aey ian iaainoe?eiui. Iaaa?ii, ii aia?iio eee ceiio oiuneo iiaiaiua eciaiaiey i?ienoiayo (oaico?a, ynoaoe?aneea e?eoa?ee e o. a.), iaiaei noou caee??aaony a oii, ?oi i?iecaaaaiey, eioi?ua iu i?eaueee n?eoaou i?eaeiaeuiuie e aooaioe?iuie, a oa?aiea a?aiaie e ii ?aeiaa?aneiio aaeaie? eciaiy?ony: iai i?eoiaeony aaeaou neeaeo ia ?anoaa?aoe?, oo?aoo iaeioi?uo ?anoae, eciaiaiea oaaoiaie aaiiu. Ion?aa aicieea?o oaeea iaai?acoiaiey, eae iaieeanne?aneay ooiiey "aaeiai" a?aaiaa?a?aneiai eneonnoaa, oioy a i?eaeiaea noaooe e o?aiu ecia?aeuii auee ?ane?aoaiu.
A iaeioi?ii niunea, ooaa??aaao Yei, ana i?iecaaaaiey eneonnoaa, eioi?ua nio?aieeenu n aioe?iinoe ai iaoeo aiae, aie?iu n?eoaouny iiaaaeeaie. E aa?a aieaa oiai, ea?aue i?aaiao a i?ioanna aai nicaaiey i?aa?auaaony a eiie?, iiaaaeeo naiiai naay. ?oiau ecaa?aou ia?aiiee a nayce n oaeie neooaoeae, iaoa eoeuoo?a ecia?aea aiaieuii aeaeea (e iaiia?aiaiii oaoeea) e?eoa?ee, eana?ueany oece?aneie oaeinoiinoe iauaeoa. Eieaa a eie?iii iaaaceia i?iaie?aao n?eoaouny iiaui yecaiiey?ii, oioy aa ioe?uaaee iiiaea iinaoeoaee, ai oao ii? iiea aa oaeinoiinou ia aoaao ia?ooaia aa?aa?neei au?uaaieai no?aieo, ii??ae iaei?ee e o. a. A oii ?a aooa onoaiiaeaiu e?eoa?ee aey ii?aaaeaiey iiiaioa, eiaaa o?anea io?aaaony a ?anoaa?aoee, oioy ai neo ii? ia ooeoa?uea aeneonnee ii iiaiao caeiiiinoe ?anoaa?aoee Neenoeineie eaiaeeu aaiiino?e?o?o iai, eae i?ioeai?a?eau yoe e?eoa?ee.
Niiieoaeuiinou e?eoa?eaa ii?i?aaao aanuia ia?aaienaeuiua neooaoee. Oae, ynoaoe?aneee e?eoa?ee aooaioe?iinoe ?oeiaianoaoaony "a?oaieiae?aneie iiaeeiiinou?" i?iecaaaaiee, — aa?a anee ioaaeuiua ?anoe oo?a?aiu, oaaoa eciaieeenu, iie ana ?aaii n?eoa?ony i?eaeiaeuiuie. Aoeineee Ia?oaiii oo?aoee naie oaaoa, iaeioi?ua enoiaiua a?oeoaeoo?iua iniaaiiinoe, ioaaeuiua o?aaiaiou, ii oi, ?oi inoaeinu, aannii?ii, yaeyaony iiaeeiiui. Ia?oaiii a Iyoaeeea (ooao Oaoan) aue iino?iai a niioaaonoaee n ia?aiia?aeuiui a?a?aneei caiuneii e auaeyaeo oae, eae auaeyaae Aoeineee Ia?oaiii a eo?oea a?aiaia (aee??ay oaaoiao? aaiio). N iiceoee ?enoi oi?iaeuiuo e ynoaoe?aneeo e?eoa?eaa a?a?aneee Ia?oaiii aie?ai aue au n?eoaouny ?aciiaeaiinou? eee iiaaaeeie iyoaeeeneiai Ia?oaiiia. Oai ia iaiaa iieonio-
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?aieaoeeny aoeineee Ia?oaiii ?anniao?eaaaony anaie eae "aooaioe?iue" e — iioiio — aieaa "i?ae?aniue", ?ai aai aia?eeaineay eiiey21.
I?eaaaaiiua auoa a?aoiaiou noaayo ia?aa iaie eioa?aniue n oi?ee c?aiey naieioeee aii?in: eaeiai ?iaa naieioe?aneee iauaeo i?aanoaaeyao niaie iiaaaeea, yaeyaony ee iia ciaeii? Ioaao ia yoio aii?in, aicii?ii, e?iaony a naieioe?aneii ii?aaaeaiee oi?aanoaaiiinoe eae iieiie eeiie?iinoe. Iaiaei anee oi?aanoai ia iieiia, oi iu eiaai aaei n aiaieuii e?aiiuoiui ciaeii: iiaaaeea yaeyaony ciaeii22, ianiio?y ia oi ?oi ieeoi aa oaeiaui ia n?eoaao23, eai i?eieia?o ioeai?ii ca iioaioeaeuiue aaiioao24. Ie?n, ?acaeaay nai? eiioaioe? eeiie?iinoe, ooaa??aae, ?oi icon, aoao?e ciaeii, ia anaaaa aaenoaoao eae ciae — a oao neo?ayo, eiaaa ?ai?acaioe?oaiue ei iauaeo ia nouanoaoao. A oi ?a a?aiy "ana, ?oi oaiaii, aoau yoi i?inoia ea?anoai, nouanoao?uee eiaeaea eee caeii, yaeyaony eeiie?aneei ciaeii ?aai-eeai ai oao ii?, iiea ia?ao ieie anou ioiioaiey iiaiaey e yoi ia?oi eniieucoaony eae ciae oiai, ?oi iii caiauaao". Icon — yoi ?ai?acaioaiai, ?ai?acaioaoeaiui ea?anoaii eioi?iai yaeyaony Ia?ae?iinou25.
Aaeaa, aooaioe?iue — icia?aao enoi?e?anee ia?ae?iue (ia yoii iniiaai a?oaieiae?aneee e?eoa?ee aooaioe?iinoe). Aieacaou, ?oi ia?oi yaeyaony i?eaeiaeuiui, — cia?eo ?anniao?eaaou yoi ia?oi eae ciae aai nianoaaiiiai i?ienoi?aaiey.
Eoae, anee eiiey ia yaeyaony ciaeii, oi i?eaeiae, aey oiai ?oiau aai ii?ii auei n?aaieou n eiieae, aie?ai auou eioa?i?aoe?iaai eae ciae. "Ei?iay eaaioeoeeaoey — yoi naieiceniay iaooeia iaiiieiaiee e iaia?aiiie e?e, oiaaa eae iiiuo-
21 Ni.: Eco U. "Fakes and Forgeries", in Eco U. The limits of interpretation (Indiana University Press, 1990). ?. 185.
22 Ie?n ii?aaaeye ciae eae "ia?oi, ?oi caiauaao ia?oi eiia a iaeioi?ii ioiioaiee eee ea?anoaa" (Peirce Ch. S. "Logic as Semiotic: The Theory of Signs", in Philosophical Writings (ed. by J. Buchler. Dover Publications, 1955). ?. 99).
23 A yoeo neo?ayo Ie?n iieaaae aicii?iui ?acee?aou ciae e ?ai?acaioaiai. Ii ienae, ?oi "ciae — yoi ?ai?acaioaiai n iuneaiiie eioa?i?aoaioie", oi anou ciae ii ii?aaaeaie? aie?ai auou aini?eiyo e eioa?i?aoe?iaai eae oaeiaie. Ia enee??aii, ?oi "nouanoao?o ?ai?acaioaiaiu, ia yaey?ueany ciaeaie" (Ibid. ?. 100).
24 Eco U. Fakes and Forgeries. ?. 188.
25 Peirce Ch. S. Logic as Semiotic: The Theory of Signs. ?. 102, 104.
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ea onoaiiaeaiey aooaioe?iinoe i?aanoaaeyao niaie oeie?iue neo?ae naieioe?aneie eioa?i?aoaoee, eee aaaoeoee"26.
Aaaonoei, Aaaey?, Aeaeiao o?a eiaee aaei n i?iaeaiie ii?aaaeaiey ainoiaa?iinoe — ainoiaa?iinoe oaenoa e enoiaeee i?e yoii ec aai eeiaaenoe?aneeo oa?aeoa?enoee. Ia?aue i?eia? oeeieiae?aneiai aiaeeca oi?iu au?a?aiey aae a XV aaea Ei?aioi Aaeea, eiaaa ii iieacae, ?oi eniieuciaaiea iaeioi?uo eeiaaenoe?aneeo au?a?aiee auei iai?eaieaiui a ia?aea IV aaea. Iiaiaiui ia?acii a ia?aea XVII aaea Enaae Eacaaii aieacae, ?oi Corpus Hermeticum ia yaeyeny a?a?aneei ia?aaiaii a?aaiaai aaeiaoneiai oaenoa, oae eae a iai iao ie neaaa aaeiaoneeo eaeii. Naaiaiy, ?aoay iiaiaiua caaa?e, iu enoiaei ec naiuo ?aciiia?aciuo iaeaia?aoe?aneeo, a?aiiaoe?aneeo, eeiiia?aoe?aneeo e noeeenoe?aneeo e?eoa?eaa, iie?aynu ia iao eoeuoo?iue aaaa?27. Noaei auou, iu euai aieacaoaeunoaa, i?eaaaay e aiaeeco oi?iu au?a?aiey, niaa??aiey, e aiaoiei naeaaoaeunoaai (?aoa?aioo).
Oaeei ia?acii, ea?aony, ?oi nia?aiaiiay eoeuoo?a au?aaioaea "oaiaeaoai?eoaeuiua" e?eoa?ee aey ii?aaaeaiey aooaioe?iinoe e oaeuneoeoe?iaaiey ei?iuo eaaioeoeeaoee. Oai ia iaiaa ana ec ?anniio?aiiuo e?eoa?eaa ea?oony iieaciuie, oieuei anee "yenia?o" eiaao aaei n "ianiaa?oaiiuie" iiaaaeeaie. Nouanoao?o ee "niaa?oaiiua iiaaaeee" (I. Aoaiyi), eioi?ua ?ac?ooa?o eiaeeo e?auo oeeieiae?aneeo e?eoa?eaa? Eee: ecaanoiu ee neo?ae, eiaaa ie iaii aiaoiaa aieacaoaeunoai ia ainooiii, a aioo?aiiea neeoeii nii?iu? Ecaanoiu, anee aa?eou ?anneacaiiie Ai?oanii enoi?ee n ii?o?aoii iaeiaai Aiiaea, i?eienuaaaiui Ieeanni (El Omega de Pablo, 1950). Iie eia?o ianoi, anee aniiiieou i aieaa "?aaeuiuo" neo?ayo: iu ana aua ia ciaai, iaienaia ee Eeeaaa oai ?a aaoi?ii, ?oi e Iaennay, aue ee yoi (iaei ec yoeo aaoi?ia, ii e?aeiae ia?a) Aiia? e aue ee Aiia? a aaeinoaaiiii ?enea. Oi ?a naiia ioiineony e ee?iinoe e i?iecaaaaieyi Oaenie?a.
Eoae, nia?aiaiiia iiiyoea "iiaaaeea" i?aaiieaaaao iaee?ea "enoeiiiai" i?eaeiaea, n eioi?ui aa ii?ii niiinoaaeou. Ii, eae iu eiaee aicii?iinou oaaaeouny n iiiiuu? Yei, ana e?eoa?ee ii onoaiiaeaie? ainoiaa?iinoe eee iiaaaeee i?eaeiaea niaiaaa?o n e?eoa?eyie aey ii?aaaeaiey aooaioe?iinoe
26 Eco U. Fakes and Forgeries. ?. 193.
27 Ibid. ?. 195.
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naiiai i?eaeiaea. Oaeei ia?acii, i?eaeiae ia ii?ao auou eniieuciaai a ea?anoaa ia?aiao?a aey eciaee?aiey iiaaaeee. E?eoa?ee aooaioe?iinoe iaoa?eaea, oeeieiae?aneea e?eoa?ee e e?eoa?ee niaa??aiey, aoao?e aia?aea iainiiaaiiuie, oaia?u ieacuaa?ony aua aieaa nii?iuie e iaoaaaeoaeuiuie, ?ai ai i?iaaeaiiiai aiaeeca (aicieeaao iuouaiea, ?oi i?ec?ae onaoie e aua aieaa caaaai?ii, ?ai o Eaiia?ai aa Aei?e, oeuaa?uaeny A?ieiiau A?oaia iaionooiii i?aneaaoao ?eoaoaey Yei). Oaeei ia?acii, naieioe?aneee iiaoia e aiaeeco iiaaaeie iicaieyao oaeaaou, eae oai?aoe?anee iaoaaaeoaeuiu iaoe e?eoa?ee onoaiiaeaiey aooaioe?iinoe. Oaeea iiiyoey, eae enoeia e ei?u, aooaioe?iia e iiaaaeuiia, oi?aanoai e ?acee?ea, caiuea?ony a ii?i?iii e?oao naiiii?aaaeaiee. "Ia nouanoaoao iioieiae?aneeo aa?aioee aey ii?aaaeaiey eaaioe?iinoe (e, niioaaonoaaiii aey ?acee?aiey eiiee e i?eaeiaea), — ana iaoe i?ioaao?u iniiaaiu ia nioeaeuiuo eiiaaioeyo. ?oiau aieacaou, ?oi A?ii, eioi?iai y ano?aoee naaiaiy, — yoi oio ?a naiue A?ii, n eioi?ui y ?acaiaa?eaae a?a?a, iu ia ii?ai i?eaaaioou ie e eaeei iioieiae?aneei aieacaoaeunoaai, ii iie?aainy ia eiooeoe?. Ii?ao auou, aua e iioiio, ?oi i?aiu o?oaii iiaaaeaou ?aeiaaea, e a aaenoaeoaeuiinoe yoi ?aaei i?ienoiaeo. A anee yoi neo?aaony, oi ?aciaea?eou aaieieea aoaao cia?eoaeuii i?iua, ?ai ioee?eou eiie? Iiiu Eecu io aa i?eaeiaea. I?aaiaou ?a, aieoiaiou, aaieiiou e i?iecaaaaiey eneonnoaa iiaaaeuaa?ony ?aua — ec ?enoi yeiiiie?aneeo niia?a?aiee"28. Aaeinoaaiiui iaoei nianaieai e eaea?noaii io iacai?iauo (naieioe?aneeo) ?anno?aaiee yaeyaony ca?aaue niune. Oae, ca?aaue niune iianeacuaaao iai, ?oi ec iii?anoaa "Aaaeaia" Ieeaeaia?aei, eioi?ua onoaiiaeaiu ai Oei?aioee (ia ianeieueeo ieiuaayo, a oae?a a ?anoi?aiao, iaaaceiao ei?aiuo ecaaeee e aioeeaa?iuo eaaeao), iiaeeiiie yaeyaony eeou oa noaooy, eioi?ay iaoiaeony a iocaa Ooai?anoaaiiie aeaaaiee. E, aeaeii, aeaaiaa?y ca?aaiio niuneo iu niaeaniu i?inoiyou a i?a?aae e caieaoeou aaiuae ca aeeao, ?oiau oaeaaou iiaeeiiiai "Aaaeaa", oioy aai iiaaaeuiua "a?aouy", aicii?ii, ie?ai io iaai ia ioee?a?ony.
28 Eco U. Fakes and Forgeries. ?. 201.
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Ia?aaienu aecoaeuiie naieioeee
N?aae oao i?iaeai, eioi?ua caieiaee Yei ni a?aiai Ionoonoao?uae no?oeoo?u (1968) e aieiou ai iaaaaii iioaeeeiaaiiie ?aaiou Eaio e ooeiiin (1997), aiaeec i?e?iau eeiie?aneiai ciaea, enneaaiaaiey i?iaeai eioa?i?aoaoee aecoaeuiuo niiauaiee (aoau oi ?eaiienu, a?oeoaeoo?a eee eeii) caieia?o o iaai i?ei?eoaoiia ianoi, aa?a anee ii?ao iieacaouny, ?oi eioa?an e oaenooaeuiie naieioeea i?aiaeaaaao.
Iieacaoaeuii, ?oi Yei ieeiaaa ia caieiaeny nianoaaiii oai?eae eeii, iaiaei iinayoee ianeieuei eao eco?aie? e i?aiiaaaaie? naieioeee a?oeoaeoo?u. Oai ia iaiaa aaa oaenoa ii i?iaeaiai eeiioai?ee, iaienaiiua a eiioa 60-o e ia?aie iieiaeia 70-o aa., ii?oe n?aco ?a noaee eeanne?aneeie e n oao ii? iai?aiaiii aee??a?ony ai ana aioieiaee1, ia aiai?y o?a i oii, ?oi iiiaea ec aai eaae, ?ac?aaioaiiuo ia iaoa?eaea eeoa?aoo?u, auee oae?a anneieee?iaaiu oai?aoeeaie eeii e oaeaaeaaiey e i?eaaee e eioa?aniui ?acoeuoaoai (iai?eia?, a iaeanoe oaenooaeuiiai e ia??aoeaiiai aiaeeca oeeuia2). A ieaia ooi-
1 ?a?u eaao ia aiaeeca oeeuia Eanaaeaiea (ni., iai?eia?, a aiaeiycu?iuo ecaaieyo: Eco U. "Casablanca: Cult Movies and Intertextual Collage", in Eco U. Travels in Hyperreality (London: Picador, 1987). ?. 197—211 eee a aioieiaee: Eco U. "Casablanca, or the Cliches are having a Ball", in Blonsky I. (ed.) On signs (Baltimore, Maryland: The John Hopkins University Press, 1991). ?. 35—38) e i ?aaioa I ?eaiaieyo eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa, eioi?ay a ia?aii aa?eaioa i?icao?aea ia eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneie ano?a?a a Iaca?i a 1967 aiao (ni.: Linguaggio e ideologia nel film // Atti della Tavola Rotonda alia III Mostra Internazionale del Nuovo Cinema, Pesaro, maggio 1967, a ianeieuei iic?a e a aieaa ?acaa?iooii aa?eaioa aioea a eieao Ionoonoao?uay no?oeoo?a (ni.: Eco U. La struttura assente (Milano: Bompiani, 1968). ?. 105—160). Ni. oae?a ?onneee ia?aaia: Yei O. I ?eaiaieyo eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa // No?iaiea oeeuia. I., 1984; eee a aiaeiycu?iuo aioieiaeyo: Eco U. Articulations of the Cinematic Code, in Nichols B. (ed.) Movies and Methods. An Anthology (Berkley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976). ?. 590—607.
2 Iiiiceoey ioe?uoia/cae?uoia i?iecaaaaiea. Ni.: Newpert R. The End. Narration and Closure in the Cinema (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1995); eiioaioey ia?acoiaiai ?eoaoaey: Staiger J. Interpreting Films. Studies in the Historical Reception of American Cinema (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1992); i?iaeaiu oeeuie?aneie ?ai?acaioaoee: Branigan E. Point of View in the Cinema. A Theory of Narration and Subjectivity in Classical Film (Mouton Publishers, 1984).
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aaiaioaeuiuo i?iaeai iaeaieaa eioa?ania noaouy I ?eaiaieyo eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa (1967), n iiiiuu? eioi?ie ii?ii ?acaeou naiaai ?iaa aiia?a?aaiue aeaeia Oiaa?oi Yei n oai?aoeeaie eeii i i?e?iaa oeeuie?aneie ?ai?acaioaoee, oioy e ia ana ec aai eaae eaaei oeeaauaa?ony a i?ie?onoiai ei?a eeiioai?ee, eiiaaa ano?a?aynu n aiaieuii na?uaciui nii?ioeaeaieai ni noi?iiu eeiii?aeoeee. ?oi, iaiaei, aiieia anoanoaaiii: eae ecaanoii, ?aaeuiua oaiiiaiu eoeuoo?u ?aaei aaiiino?e?o?o nai? eiyeuiinou ii ioiioaie? e oai?aoe?aneei iiaaeyi.
E ni?aeaie? aey Yei, yoa noaouy auea auianaia ec eiioaenoa aeneonnee naiei oaeoii aa iiiaie?aoiie ioaeeeaoee a ?acee?iuo aioieiaeyo. A aaenoaeoaeuiinoe ?a aa iaoin ii?aaaeyeny ?aieaie aeneonnee (iieaieea n Iacieeie ii iiaiao eeii eae "ycuea ?aaeuiinoe"), e aeaaiie caaa?ae ia oio iiiaio yaeyeanu aaieoieiaecaoey eee?ceiienoneiai ?aaeecia (?aio a iaiaeie noaiaie niinianoaiaae oniao eiioaioee Aia?a Aacaia), nicaaaaaiiai eeii, e iaiaoiaeiinou iieacaou, ?oi eeii eae ycue, a ?aaii e a?oaea icia?eaa?uea nenoaiu, io?a?aao ?aaeuiinou iin?aanoaii oaeiai ?yaa eioa?i?aoaoee3.
Yoio oaeno, iaienaiiue aua a eiioa 60-o aa. e aa?a auianaiiue ca neiaee iieaieee, ?acaa?ioaoaeny ia?ao Yei, Iaooai e Iacieeie i i?e?iaa eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa e i?iaeaia eeiie?aneiai ciaea a aecoaeuiie eiiioieeaoee, nio?aiyao nai? aeooaeuiinou, iniaaiii aoao?e nii?y?aiiui n a?oaeie oaenoaie ii oai?ee eeii e i?iaiaeece?iaaiiui a iaoe?iii eiioaenoa i?iaeai aecoaeuiie naieioeee. A oi ?a a?aiy ii ianao ia naaa ioia?aoie a?aiaie, ia?aaaaay aoiinoa?o yiioe "aaoneie aieacie eaaeciu" a no?oeoo?aeecia: no?oeoo?aeenoneay naieieiaey 60-o aa. eniuouaaea yaio? neaainou e aaiiino?aoeaiui aieacaoaeunoaai iin?aanoaii a?aoeeia, noai, oi?ioe, en?a?iuaa?ueo oaeniiiiee. E oiio ?a, ia ioaaeeaoenu aua io oaea Iaoa?e-eeiaaenoeee, naieioeea i?iaie?aea eneaou aiaeiaee ia?ao anoanoaaiiui aa?aaeuiui ycueii e a?oaeie naieioe?aneeie nenoaiaie, ?oi a eiia?iii n?aoa icia?aei aiieie?iaaiea i?ieeiaaenoe?aneie a?aoiaioaoee.
3 Ni.: Eco U. Kant e I'ornitorinco (Milano: Bompiani, 1997). ?. 301.
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A aaiiii neo?aa Yei, ?acaeaay naie acaeya ia i?iaeaio a?oeeoeyoee eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa, aiaeee?oao aeaaiui ia?acii e eaayi Iacieeie e Iaooa, ii a aaenoaeoaeuiinoe iiaaiaeo ?a?oo iia iiiaieaoiae aeneonneae i niaoeoeea eeiiycuea, eieoee?iaaiiie aua a 20-o aa. ?. Eaioai, E. Aaee?eii, A. Eeianaai. Yei ni anae ii?aaaeaiiinou? ioaa?aaao a?aoiaiou a iieuco i?inouo aiaeiaee ycuea eeii n anoanoaaiiui ycueii. Ii yoie ?a i?e?eia ii i?aaii?eoaao oa?iei "eia", a ia "ycue", ?oiau ecaa?aou iaaieuiuo oi?iuaiee. Iiiyoea eiaa, o?aeooaiia ainoaoi?ii oe?iei, n iaiaoiaeiinou? i?aaiieaaaao eaa? oii?yai?aiiinoe e a?oeeoee?iaaiiinoe, ?oi a oi ?a a?aiy ia icia?aao oioaeuiiai aaoa?ieiecia (iniaaiii oa?aeoa?iiai aey aicc?aiee Yei ia i?e?iao ynoaoe?aneiai niiauaiey eae niiauaiey ecia?aeuii iieenaie?iiai).
A?oaie, ia iaiaa aa?iue aniaeo iiaoiaa, ?ac?aaaouaaaiiai Yei, ninoieo a no?aieaiee aaiioieiaece?iaaou oioia?aoe?aneee ia?ac e ia?aianoe aeoaio ia oaiiiaiieiae? aini?eyoey. Eiaiii a yoii ee??a ii eioa?i?aoe?oao i?iaeaio eeiie?aneiai ciaea, ii?aaaeaiea eioi?iai ni a?aiai Ie?na ia iiaaa?aaeinu neieuei-ieaoau nouanoaaiiui iiaeoeeaoeyi. Iii caee??aeinu a oii, ?oi eeiie?aneee ciae iaeaaaao ?yaii naienoa, i?enoueo ?ai?acaioe?oaiiio ei ?aaeuiiio iauaeoo. Yei iieaaaao, ?oi eeiie?aneee ciae ia oieuei ia iaeaaaao ieeaeeie iaueie naienoaaie ni naiei iauaeoii, ii, ?oi aua aieaa ?aaeeaeuii, yaeyaony iieiinou? i?iecaieuiui, eiiaaioeiiaeuiui e iaiioeae?iaaiiui. ?a?u eaao ia i aini?iecaaaaiee a eeiie?aneii ciaea naienoa iauaeoa, a i niaoeoeea aini?eyoey e, neaaiaaoaeuii, i iuneaiiie ?ai?acaioaoee. N oi?ee c?aiey nia?aiaiiuo iiaoiaia yoi ii?ao iieacaouny aaiaeuiie enoeiie, iaiaei aieaia a?aiy i?iaeaia eiaeoeeaoee aeaaiey a eeii (eae e a a?oaeo eneonnoaao) inoaaaeanu a oaie noieu iiioey?iie (iioieiae?aneie ii nooe) eiioaioee eeii eae oieaa?naeuiiai ycuea. Ainoaoi?ii aniiiieou ia ooiie?aneie aa?a aaaioia yoie oai?ee (aicieeoae a 10-o aa. e inoaaaaoaeny iiioey?iie aieiou ai eiioa 60-o aa.) a oi, ?oi eeii — yoi ia?aue oieaa?naeuiue ycue, ia eia?uee iaoeiiaeuiuo, aaia?aoe?aneeo e i?i?eo a?aieo, aeaaiaa?y oiio ?oi yoio ycue niiniaai e aini?iecaaaaie? ?aaeuiinoe oaeeeii oaeie, eaeay iia anou (neiai "?ai?acaioaoey", eia?uaa niune naieioe?aneiai iiin?aaiaaiey, caanu ia ?aeaaaioii). Eeii, niaeanii yoie eiioaioee, aieaa oieaa?naeuii, ?ai neiai. Ecia?a?aiea (iiaiaea, eiiey i?aaiaoa) a priori
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aie?ii aini?eieiaouny anaie oi?aanoaaiii. Eiaiii yoa eaay ea?aea a iniiaa oaiiiaia iaiiai eeiaiaoia?aoa. Iniiaiie niune eiioaioee eeii eae oieaa?naeuiiai ycuea caee??aeny a oii, ?oi anneieeyoey oaeiai ycuea ia o?aaoao ?aaiou niciaiey: anee oieuei ii?ii naaa i?aanoaaeou i?ioann aini?eyoey, ia?aie?aiiue ?aaioie i?aaiia ?oanoa. Oua?aiinou neiaa naycuaaeanu eiaiii n aai eiiaaioeiiaeuiinou?, eai iii ?aaooe?oao an? iieiioo ?aaeuiinoe e iaiiio i?eaeeaae?iaaiiiio niuneo. Caanu neaaiaaei au ioiaoeou, ?oi i?iaeaia eiiaaioeiiaeuiinoe anoanoaaiiiai ycuea ia yaeyaony i?iaeaiie eeiioai?ee, ia aiai?y o? i oii, ?oi iia nouanoaiaaea caaieai ai iiyaeaiey eiioaioee oieaa?naeuiiai ycuea eeii (eae, ai?i?ai, e naia i?iaeaia "oieaa?naeuiiai ycuea", enoiee eioi?ie Yei e a?oaea niaoeaeenou ii "niaa?oaiiui ycueai" naycuaa?o n ieoii i aaaeeiineii noieiioai?aiee).
?oiau eo?oa iniciaou nouiinou a?aoiaioia Yei a aaiiii aii?ina, a oae?a auynieou, a eaeii niunea aicii?ii a i?eioeia i?iaaaaiea aiaeiaee ia?ao ycueii eeii e aa?aaeuiui ycueii, ainoaoi?ii niaa?oeou i?aiu e?aoeee yeneo?n a enoi?e? oeeinioneeo e eeiaaenoe?aneeo aeneonnee i i?e?iaa ycuea. Eee, oi?iaa, e?aoei noi?ioee?iaaou, ianeieuei oi?iuay, nouiinou aaoo iniiaiuo iiaoiaia e aii?ino ia ioiioaieyo ycuea n ?aaeuiinou? (oi anou i eiiaaioeiiaeuiinoe ciaea) e i?e?eiu ?anoi?aaiey ia?ao noi?iiieeaie nii?a (iie?aynu ia eaae Yei, ?. Eioiaia, I. Na?ei). Nianoaaiii aiai?y, e?aie oeeinio, caieia?ueeny i?iaeaiie ycuea, iaecaa?ii aica?auaaony e yoiio ooiaaiaioaeuiiio aii?ino, ?aoaiea eioi?iai ii?aaaeyao yienoaiieiae?aneee i?ioeeu aaiiie oai?ee. Oaeaeoaeuia ?eao?anou iaeioi?uo eeiaaenoe?aneeo ieoia: a?aoiaiou A?enoioaey, Aaaonoeia, Ie?na, Ninn??a, ?eianiia, Aeoaaiooaeia, Inoeia e iiiaeo a?oaeo ia ?aoeee i?iaeaiu.
Ia?aay eaaieiaaia aace?oaony ia iiieiaiee ycuea eae iie?aeeaiai i?ic?a?iiai iin?aaieea, i?aanoaaey?uaai aaue niciaie? a eo iaiin?aanoaaiiinoe. A ?aieao yoie ia?aaeaiu niaa?oaiiui (eaaaeuiui) yaeyaony ycue, eioi?ue iaaeaei e ia nicaaao iiiao a eiiioieeaoee. Anoanoaaiii, ?oi oaeie "oieaa?naeuiue" ycue — ia aieaa ?ai eiioaiooaeuiue eaaae, aace?o?ueeny a eiia?iii n?aoa ia eaaa ycueiaie iiiaieeaoo?u (eae iieaaae Ninn??) e ?aeaiee "iacuaaou aaue naieie eiaiaie", eioi?ue i?e anae aai niaeacieoaeuiinoe eiaao iaei iauaai n ?aaeuiinou? eioa?i?aoaoee. A eaaieiaee i?ic?a?iiai ycu-
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ea neiaa niioaaonoao?o aauai, ?oi i?aaiieaaaao aicii?iinou iinoe?aiey ?aaeuiinoe, ycue ?a a aaiiii neo?aa — eeou eino?oiaio, i?ioac, aac eioi?iai ia iaieoenu. I?iaeaia ?aaeecia a eeoa?aoo?a, caaaaiea eioaeeaeooaeuiiai iiioa?a a eeii a iieuco "iaaeaeiiai" eeanne?aneiai aieeeaoaneiai iiioa?a, i?icae?aneay ?a?u, aiaa?ea e niiauaieyi iann-iaaea — yoi eeou iaiiiaea a?aoiaiou a iieuco ??acau?aeiie ?ani?ino?aiaiiinoe yoiai ieoa a iianaaiaaiie ?ecie. I?eciaou, ?oi ecia?a?aiea yaeyaony analogon ?aaeuiinoe, cia?eo anoaou ia oi?eo c?aiey ieineiai ?aaeecia e ioeacaou (eeii)ycueo a aai niaoeoeea.
Nouiinou aoi?ie eaaieiaaiu auyaeyaony a iiieiaiee ycuea eae aaoiiiiiiai, naiinoiyoaeuiiai e iai?ic?a?iiai (iaeaaa?uaai nianoaaiiie "oaeaniinou?") o?anoieea neiaiee?aneiai iaiaia. A yoii neo?aa ycue ?ai?acaioe?oao ia oieuei e ia noieuei ?aaeuiinou aiaoi??, neieuei nianoaaiio? (ycueiao?) ?aaeuiinou. I?aaeaii, ?oi eaioianeay aauu-a-naaa i?aanoaaeyao niaie ?acoeuoao oaeiai iiin?aaiaaiey, oae ?a eae i?eciaiea aaaiaa?aenoaie iiyoe?aneie ooieoee a ea?anoaa aiieie?o?uae ooieoee ycuea anou ?acoeuoao ?aaeeaeecaoee yoie eiioaioee. Eae iu a aaeuiaeoai oaeaei, e eaay iaia?aie?aiiiai naieicena, e oaiiiai aeia?eioa?i?aoaoee eiae?anee auoaea?o ec iaiie e oie ?a ia?aaeaiu ycuea. N iiceoee naieioeee, ia?a?aiiie ia ia?ac?aoeiinou i?iaeaiu ?aoa?aioeaeuiinoe, ciae ia "i?inaa?eaaao" ?ai?acaioe?oaio? ei ?aaeuiinou. ?ai?acaioe?oaiay ei ?aaeuiinou — yoi i?a?aa anaai aeneo?neaiay ?aaeuiinou noauaeoa, iieuco?uaainy ycueii. Eieu nei?i ycue nouanoaoao, ii iai?ic?a?ai, oaeanai e nicaaao nianoaaiio? neiaiee?aneo? ?aaeuiinou.
Yoi iaaieuoia ionooieaiea iicaieyao i?aanoaaeou, a ?aieao eaeie ia?aaeaiu aicieeee e ?acaeaaeenu eaae eeii eae oieaa?naeuiiai ycuea: yoa auea ii nooe iiiuoea ?aaeeciaaou eeiaaenoe?aneo? ooiie? eiuie n?aanoaaie. I?aaeaii, ?oi a 20-o aa. aiaeiaee ia?ao ycueii aa?aaeuiui e eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneei iineee nei?aa noanoaioeaeuiue e eiieeoeoiue oa?aeoa?, ?acaeaaynu ii i?eioeio ad hoc. Oai ia iaiaa ii?ii iaia?o?eou no?aiio? e i?ioeai?a?eao? i?aainoaaiiinou ia?ao eiioaioeae "oieaa?naeuiiai ycuea eeii" e yiioie no?oeoo?ii-eeiaaenoe?aneiai aaoa?ieiecia a oai?ee eeii 60-o aa. Yoa aeecinou iauyniyaony eniieuciaaieai a oii e a?oaii neo?aa eeiaaenoe?aneie a?aoiaioaoee, iieneii aiaeiaee n yoaeiiii
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eiiioieeaoee — iiaaeu? anoanoaaiiiai ycuea. Noaiiaeony i?aaeaiui, ?oi ooaa??aaiea eiiaaioeiiaeuiie i?e?iau eeiie?aneiai ciaea iaecaa?ii aaaao e ?aciaea?aie? "yooaeoa ?aaeuiinoe" a aecoaeuiuo niiauaieyo, e i?eciaie? aaoiiiiee ecia?a?aiey: ioeac io ooiiee ycuea eeii eae oieaa?naeuiiai ycuea icia?aao, ?oi ?aaeuiinou, caia?aoeaiiay a eaa?a, — yoi ?aaeuiinou iooeeuo?iaaiiay, iiin?aaiaaiiay e o?a eioa?i?aoe?iaaiiay.
Aica?auaynu e oaenoo Yei, ii?ii n oaa?aiiinou? neacaou, ?oi inouanoaeaiiay ei ?aaecey eiioaioee eeiie?aneiai ciaea nua?aea aanuia aa?io? ?ieu a ia?ainiuneaiee i?e?iau oioia?aoe?aneiai ecia?a?aiey e ycuea eeii a oaeii. Ia?aoia e i?iaeaiai oaiiiaiieiaee aini?eyoey io?a?aao oae?a e ?acoeuoao anneieeyoee iaeioi?uo eaae, ia?aiia?aeuii aicieeoeo a ?aieao ineoieiaee aecoaeuiiai aini?eyoey, n ainoe?aieyie naieioeee e ynoaoeee. I?iaeaia eiaeoeeaoee aecoaeuiuo i?aeoee, noieu aa?iay a yoio ia?eia aey Yei, e ii nae aaiu inoaaony aanuia aa?iie, ia iieo?eaoae iiea ieii?aoaeuiiai ?ac?aoaiey.
?ao?iniaeoeaii neaaoao ioiaoeou, ?oi aeneonney, ?acai?aaoayny a Iaca?i, auea ia?aoa A. Aacaiii, a oi?iaa ?acaa?iooie ei aiieiaeae ?aaeecia. Aacai aue i?aa a oii, ?oi i?a?iea i?eioeiu eeii?a?e onoa?aee, aaaeooaeece?iaaee naay: a 20-a aiau auneacuaaiea no?ieeinu iiioa?iuie, ?oaeaiuie o?aaiaioaie (a oie neooaoee no?ieou o?acu e oai naiui au?a?aou eaeo?-oi oaeinoio? iuneu ii?ii auei oieuei ia iiioa?iii noiea; nai ii naaa aeo nuaiee ia aaaae aicii?iinoe "aiai?eou": nuaii?iua iaoa?eaeu auee eeou "no?ieoaeuiuie eanaie"). ?anoe?aiea aicii?iinoae eaia?u a 40-o aiaao iicaieeei "auneacuaaou" eaeo?-eeai iuneu, "aiai?eou" a i?ioanna nuaiee, ia ai?eaaynu iiioa?iiai noiea. Ioiuia iiaae?iinou, eciu?aiiinou eeii?a?e iniiauaaaony ia ne?uoii, neiaii oi?yoaiiii a aeoa oeenaoee iaieioee?iaaiee aeaeiui. I?aaaa, Aacaio eacaeinu, ?oi caanu eae ?ac iao ieeaeie iaieioeyoee (ii aa?ee, ?oi i?e ioeaca io iiioa?a i?e?iaa aauae aoaao ?ai?acaioe?iaaia ai anae aa iaiin?aanoaaiiinoe), caoi aey Iacieeie iaieioee?iaaiea aeaeiui, inouanoaeyaiia n iiiiuu? eaia?u, ia iiaea?eo niiiaie?. Eia?a aiai?y, nuaiea noaea iiieiaouny ia eae caaioiaea iaoa?eaea aey ?a?aaie aayoaeuiinoe, ii eae nai i?ioann ?a?aaie aayoaeuiinoe. Yoi aaei iiaia n?eoaou, ?oi eeiiycue noae ainoaoi?ii naiinoiyoaeuiie nenoaiie,
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ie?oou ia onooia?uae aa?aaeuiiio ycueo ii noaiaie aeaeinoe e oieaa?naeuiinoe (caanu ii?ii oaeaaou ?aiannain ooiiee "niaa?oaiiiai ycuea" a eeiioai?ee). A ?acoeuoaoa ?aai aicieeea eaay aiaeiae?iinoe aioo?aiiaai no?iaiey eeiiycuea iniiaiui ia?aiao?ai ycuea aa?aaeuiiai, eeiaaenoe?aneiai. Iinoaiaiii oi?ie?oaony eioa?an e no?oeoo?ii-naieioe?aneie iaoiaieiaee aiaeeca ycuea.
Eoae, niiniaia ee eaia?a oeene?iaaou iaiin?aanoaaiio? ?aaeuiinou eee, oe?a — eaeo? ?aaeuiinou iu eiaai a eeii, — "naaeaiio?" eee "i?e?iaio?", eioa?i?aoe?oao ee eeii oi, ?oi iiiaaaao a iauaeoea, e eaeei ia?acii yoi i?ienoiaeo? Eaeeie aua iaeco?aiiuie aicii?iinoyie iaeaaaao eeiiycue, eioi?ue, iiaiaii aa?aaeuiiio ycueo, iaa?anuaaao ia ?aaeuiinou naou, iaiia?aiaiii i?a??eaay aa eiioo? e ne?uaay iiaeeiio? nouiinou?
I?iaeaia a?oeeoeyoee eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa ainoiaeo e oai?ee A. Ia?oeia, eioi?ue ?acaee o?aiea i aaieiie a?oeeoeyoee aa?aaeuiiai ycuea4. I?eiaieiinou aai a?aoiaioia aey eeiioai?ee iano?aaeanu Iacieeie, Iaooai e Yei, noaa enoiaiui iiiaioii aey auaiaa i iaaicii?iinoe iieiie aiaeiaee ia?ao ycueii eeii e anoanoaaiiui ycueii, e aa?a aieaa oiai — i oii, ?oi eeii aiiaua ia yaeyaony ycueii a nianoaaiiii niunea neiaa.
4 Niaeanii A. Ia?oeia, a anoanoaaiiii ycuea anou aaa o?iaiy ?eaiaiey — oiiaiu e ii?oaiu. E?aie oaeo aaenoaeoaeuiinoe ia?aaaaony a ?a?e ii?aaaeaiiui eiee?anoaii neia, eae au ?eaieony. Iai?eia?, neacaou "y eao" — cia?eo au?aceou aeo iaoaai oi?aaiey. Yoa o?aca ninoieo ec aaoo neia, ea?aia ec eioi?uo iaeaaaao naiinoiyoaeuiui cia?aieai. Yoio o?iaaiu aaoiiiiii cia?eiuo aaeieo e anou ia?aay a?oeeoeyoey. Iaiaei iu ii?ai ?aca?iaeou neiai e ia aieaa iaeeea aaeieou — oiiaiu, ii iie o?a iacia?eiu (caoe nai ii naaa ie?aai ia iaicia?aao — ie i?aaiaoa, ie iiiyoey, ie aaenoaey). Yoe aaeieou — aoi?ia ?eaiaiea — auiieiy?o niunei?acee?eoaeuio? ooieoe? (ioee?ea neiaa "aii" io "oii", "eio" io "eia"). Eiee?anoai caoeia ia?aie?aii, iaiaei eiee?anoai ii?oai ??acau?aeii aaeeei. Iooiai ycue iaiiieiaao ia?aaa?iooo? ino?eai aiec ie?aieao. Oiiaiu ia icia?a?o ie?aai, ii?oaiu — yoi o?iaaiu aaiioaoeaiuo, aoeaaeuiuo cia?aiee (ia?aaeaiaoe?aneay iauiinou), a neioaaiu — eiiaeiaoee neia; auneacuaaiey niiniaiu nicaaaaou aiiieieoaeuiua, eiiiioaoeaiua cia?aiey. ?cue, oaeei ia?acii, i?aanoaao ia?aa iaie eae i?i?iay e ?aoeiiaeuii i?aaieciaaiiay naieioe?aneay nenoaia. (Ni. aieaa iia?iaii: Ia?oeia A. Iniiau iauae eeiaaenoeee // Iiaia a eeiaaenoeea. Aui. III. I., 1963.)
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Iacieeie iieaaae, ?oi aaieiia ?eaiaiea naienoaaiii e ycueo eeii, i?e yoii aiaeiaii oiiai o iaai aunooia?o i?aaiaou, niauoey e aaenoaey ?aaeuiinoe; aiaeia ii?oaiu — eeiiia?ac eee eeiaia. Aa??iie iaoiaeo naia ?aoaiea aaieiie a?oeeoeyoee a eeii: aa?eaoeaiia iiea (ia?aaeaia) e aa?eaoeaiay na?ey (neioaaia) i?ecaaiu iaicia?aou aaa o?iaiy ?eaiaiey eeiiycuea. Oi?o ?acee?aao ia oiiaiu e ii?oaiu, a neioaaiu, iieucoynu iiiyoeai aeaaia (ecia?a?aiea-niauoea, aaeieoa ieaia niaa??aiey; iia aunooiaao a aaoo aa?eaioao — eaaaia (iia?aoi?neee eaa?) e yaaia (iiioa?iue eaa?)). Caanu ycue ia eiaao aaieiie a?oeeoeyoee e niaa??eo eeou iaei o?iaaiu cia?aiey — "aeaaiu". Aaooaoeie oae?a oniao?eaaao eeou iaei o?iaaiu: neioaaiu — eeiiaiu (ecia?a?aiey). Nianai ii-eiiio i?aanoaao yoa i?iaeaia o Yei a aai eiioaioee o?ieiie a?oeeoeyoee.
Aeaaiue aii?in: ianeieuei i?aaiia?ii ooaa??aaiea i oii, ?oi eeii iaiin?aanoaaiii io?a?aao ?aaeuiinou, yaeyynu eae au aa aiaeiaii? Anee yoi oae, oiaaa eeii ii?ao i?aiaieaou oneiaiinou aa?aaeuiiai ycuea, ?ai?acaioe?o?uaai ?aaeuiinou iiin?aaiaaiiui ia?acii (eae iieaaae ia oio iiiaio Iaoo, iicaiaa niaeaneaoeeny n e?eoeeie e a?aoiaioaie Yei). Yoa iuneu oae?a niaeanoaony n eaaae Iacieeie i oii, ?oi "ia?aiyeaiaiou eeii?a?e" i?aanoaaey?o niaie iaeea o?aaiaiou ?aaeuiinoe, eioi?ua aa?oony eaia?ie e i?aaoanoao?o anyeie oneiaiinoe5. Aieaa oiai, Iacieeie aiai?eo i naieioeea eeii eae i iaeiae "naieioeea aaenoaeoaeuiinoe", eae io?a?aiee anoanoaaiiiai ycuea, aaenoaee ?aeiaaea.
Yei oaa?ai, ?oi eiaaa iu aiai?ei i naieioeea eeii, oi aie?iu o?eouaaou caaa?e anyeiai naieioe?aneiai aiaeeca, a eiaiii: no?aieouny ii aicii?iinoe iaia?o?eou ca e?aui oaiiiaiii, eioi?ue ea?aony i?e?iaiui, anoanoaaiiui, aaeaa ia?an?eaieiui, ia?ae?iui, oneiaiinou, eiiaaioe?, oaeoi? eoeuoo?u e, neaaiaaoaeuii, auyaeou, ?oi e?aie i?aaiao ii?ao auou naaaai e neiaieo, "anoanoaaiiinou" — e eaaieiaee, a e?aay aiaeiaey — e eiao6. Naieioeea niiniaia iouneaou caee??aiio? a niiniaa eiiioieeaoee eaaieiae?aneo? aaoa?ieiaioo e
5 Ni.: Iacieeie I. Iiyoe?aneia eeii // No?iaiea oeeuia. I., 1984.
6 Aieaa iia?iaii ia yoie i?iaeaia Yei auneacaeny a naiae Oai?ee naieioeee. Iineieueo aicii?iinou iaiaia — yoi proprium naieicena, iinoieueo naieioeea aie?ia eco?aou ana, "?oi ii?ao auou eniieuciaaii aey e?e". (Eco U. A Theory of Semiotics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979. ?. 59.)
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iieiaa ii?aaaeeou iioeae?iaaiiinou aeoa oai??anoaa, eioi?ue ea?aony iai naiaiaiui. A nayce n yoei Yei i?aaeaaaao ioeacaouny io eee?cee o?aeoiaaou ?aaeuiinou, eioi?o? iu iaia?o?eaaai a eeii, eae ?aaeuiinou ia?ae?io? e auynieou oa eiiaaioee, i?aaeea, ia eioi?uo aace?oaony eeiiycue, ii?aaaeaiiui ia?acii ana ?a ?ai?acaioe?o?uee ?aaeuiinou aia-oeeuie?aneo?.
E oiio ?a eeii yaeyaony e eiiioieeaoeaiie nenoaiie, a yoi icia?aao, ?oi iii iaecaa?ii iieucoaony iaeei eiaii aey oeo?iaee naieo niiauaiee. Anee iu ia iaia?o?eaaai yoiai eiaa, yoi ioi?au ia icia?aao, ?oi aai iao — i?inoi aai i?aanoieo iaeoe (oioy e ia enee??aii, ?oi eeiiycue — yoi i?aiu iaonoie?eaay nenoaia, iinoiyiii o?ainoi?ie?o?uay i?aaeea eiiioieeaoee, a iinaio iie?a?uayny ia neaaua eiau a?aiaiiiai oa?aeoa?a, eioi?ua ?anoi aeaieciaiy?ony, ii iie ana ?aaii nouanoao?o). I?iaeaia iinoiyiiie o?ainoi?ie?oaiinoe eiaa niaoeoe?ia ia oieuei aey eeii — yoi iauay "aieiaiay aieu" anao eneonnoa, eioi?ua ii?i?aa?o iiiaicia?iua, iieenaie?iua niiauaiey, iinoiyiii canoaaey?uea ian niiiaaaouny a iaee?ee eiaa. A naiai eiioaenoa yoe niiauaiey (ea?oeiu, caaiey, neoeuioo?u, oaao?aeuiua iinoaiiaee) nicaa?o noieu iaiau?iua niioiioaiey ia?ao ciaeaie, ?oi iu auio?aaiu anyeee ?ac eneaou iiaue eia e aa?a i?eiaiyou iiaua i?ioaao?u iienea e ?anoeo?iaee yoiai eiaa. Oaeiai ?iaa cayaeaiey i ananeeee naieioeee i?aanoaaey?o niaie naiaai ?iaa aaoa?ieieci, ii Yei iieaaaao, ?oi aaoa?ieieci naieioe?aneiai iienea ia naiii aaea i?aneaaoao oieuei iaio oaeu — ii?iaa?aioou e?anaiaiao eneonnoaa, iaicia?eou aa?iyoiua a?aieou oai??anoaa e iaia?o?eou aai oai, aaa iii aaenoaeoaeuii eiaao ianoi (oi anou oai, aaa nicaa?ony iiaua eiau e iiaua ciaee; oai, aaa ia?ooa?ony iaie eiiaaioee e onoaiaaeeaa?ony a?oaea, eiaaa ia i?iecaaaaiee aua ia ea?eo ia?aou oneiaiinoe), e i?e yoii eiee?anoai iiaie — ynoaoe?aneie — eioi?iaoee aic?anoaao (ii e?aeiae ia?a, ana yoe oaeoi?u ii?aaaey?o iiiaio oai??anoaa n naieioe?aneie oi?ee c?aiey)7.
Caaa?a eco?aiey eiaia aecoaeuiiai ycuea eeii i?aaiieaaaao i?a?aa anaai e?eoe?aneee aiaeec iiiyoey eeiie?aneiai ciaea. Eae nenoaia eeiaiaoia?ao iia?e?oao a iniiaiii eeiie?aneeie ciaeaie (ciaee-neiaieu, oi anou ciaee aa?aaeuiiai ycuea,
7 Ni.: Yei O. I ?eaiaieyo eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa // No?iaiea oeeuia. I., 1984. N. 81.
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eioi?ua ea?a?o aa?io? ?ieu a eeii, ii ia io?a?a?o niaoeoeee eeii eae aeaa eneonnoaa e eae n?aanoaa eiiioieeaoee; e?iia oiai, ia iie nicaa?o yooaeo ?aaeuiinoe (effet du reel), i eioi?ii ienae Aa?o e ec-ca eioi?iai eeii aini?eieiaaony eae iaeaieaa i?aaaeaia e i?yiia io?a?aiea ?aaeuiinoe; ia eaeia-oi a?aiy ii?ii aano?aae?iaaouny io oiai, ?oi eeii iieucoaony nei?iuie ciaeaie — aoaeoeaiuie e aecoaeuiuie, nin?aaioi?eaoenu eeou ia aecoaeuiuo, eioi?ua eae ?ac e oa?aeoa?eco?ony eae eeiie?aneea).
Ii?aio o?aaeoeiiiia iiieiaiea eeiiecia iiaaa?aeinu noieu i?anoi?aiiie e?eoeea? Iaiiii?, ?oi ni a?aiai Ie?na eeiie?aneee ciae iiieiaeny eae ciae, iaeaaa?uee noianoaii ni naiei iauaeoii e eia?uee oa ?a naienoaa, ?oi e ecia?a?aaiue ei i?aaiao. Oaeia iiieiaiea eeiie?aneiai ciaea i?eieiaeinu eae naii niaie ?acoia?uaany (aeaeii, ec oaa?aiey e Ie?no) aieiou ai iaaaaieo ii?8. Iaiaei i?e aee?aeoai ?anniio?aiee ieacaeinu, ?oi iaaicii?ii ioaaoeou ia aii?in i oii, eaeeie ?a
8 I?iaeaia niaoeoeee aecoaeuiiai aini?eyoey n naieioe?aneie oi?ee c?aiey, eae e ?acaa?iooay e?eoeea ie?nianeiai eeiiecia i?aanoaaeaia a ooiaaiaioaeuiii o?oaa Eua?neie A?oiiu ?: Groupe ? Traite du signe visuel. Pour une rbetorique de l'image (Paris: Seuil, 1992). A ?anoiinoe, aaoi?u oeacuaa?o ia oi, ?oi Ie?n aiai?ee ia "eeiie?iinoe" eae i ?ai-oi aiieia iiiyoiii e anoanoaaiiii, a eiaiii: eae ia enoiaiii iiaiaee ciaea iauaeoo. Ii??en iiaioae e yoie i?iaeaia eia?a: eeiie?aneee ciae a ii?aaaeaiiie ia?a iaeaaaao oaie ?a naienoaaie, ?oi e iauaeo, aaiioe?oaiue ei. Oiaa?oi Yei ?ane?uaaao ioeai?iinou yoeo ii?aaaeaiee n iiiiuu? i?inoaeoeo i?eia?ia: aa?a naiue aeia??aaeenoe?aneee ii?o?ao (eae eeiie?aneee ciae) ia eiaao ie?aai iauaai ni naiei ?aoa?aioii ie ii oaeoo?a, ie ii iiaae?iinoe, ie ii iauaio e o. a. Aieaa oiai, aey Yei i?iaeaia eeiie?aneiai ciaea — yoi neiioii e?ecena ciaea a oaeii. (Ni.: Groupe ?. ?. 126) I?eaieaiui ?aoaieai ii?ii auei au n?eoaou ii?aaaeaiea eeiie?aneiai ciaea ii naienoao eciii?oe?aneiai iiaiaey naiaio iauaeoo. Eeiie?aneee ciae nicaaao iiaaeu ioiioaiee (ia?ao a?aoe?aneeie oaiiiaiaie), eioi?ay aiiieiae?ia iiaaee ia?oaioeaiuo ioiioaiee, eioi?ua iu auno?aeaaai, ano?a?ay eee aucuaay a iaiyoe aaiiue iauaeo. Iaiaei iiiyoea eciii?oecia oi?a ia aanie?oii e o?aaoao aaeuiaeoaai i?iyniaiey, yoi "caaenyuaa oaeeeii io eoeuoo?iuo i?aaiinueie ?aoaiea eaaioeoeoe?iaaou eee ia eaaioeoeoe?iaaou naieioe?aneee oaiiiai eae eciii?oiue ?aoa?aioo". (Ni.: Groupe ? "Iconism", in Sebeok Th., Umiker-Sebeok J. (eds.) Advances in Visual Semiotics (Paris: Gruyter, 1994). ?. 29.) Eciii?oeci ii?ao eiaou ?acee?iua noaiaie naiaiau (eioa?i?aoaoee). E?ecen ciaea — yoi aua e i?iaeaia ?aoa?aioa (aaneaiaoa), eai ynii, ?oi yoi ia oaeoe?anee nouanoao?uee iauaeo, a iiaaeu iauaeoa, io-
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iaueie naienoaaie eee ea?anoaaie ni naiei ?aoa?aioii iaeaaaao eeiie?aneee ciae.
I?a?aa anaai eeii, aoao?e niiniaiui aini?iecaiaeou iii?anoai iioe?aneeo o??eia (ia?aaa?a aae?aiey e aeoaeiu i?ino?ainoaa), ?aaeuii yaeyaony aaoia?iui ecia?a?aieai. Aieaa oiai, eae e?iiece?oao No?a?o Oiee, niaaea ia ye?aia ii?ao eayou, ii ia niiniaia ian oeoneou a ioee?ea io ?aaeuiie ?eaie niaaee: ?aaeuiinou nouanoaoao aia ycuea (aoau oi ycue aa?aaeuiue eee aecoaeuiue)9. Iiiyoii, ?oi ecia?a?aiea ia iaeaaaao naienoaaie ioia?a?aaiiai ei i?aaiaoa. Ana yoi aiooaao iai iiaic?aiea a oii, ?oi eeiie?aneee ciae noieu ?a i?iecaieai, oneiaai e iaiioeae?iaai, eae e ciae eeiaaenoe?aneee. Yei i?aaeaaaao ia?aianoeou oaio? oy?anoe n naiiai ciaea ia aai aini?eyoea. A yoii neo?aa auyniyaony, ?oi eeiie?aneee ciae aini?iecaiaeo ia naienoaa ioia?a?aaiiai i?aaiaoa, a oneiaey aai aini?eyoey. Eiaaa iu aeaei ecia?a?aiea, iu iieucoainy aey aai ?aniiciaaaiey o?aiyueieny a iaiyoe aaiiuie i iiciaiiuo, aeaaiiuo aauao e yaeaieyo (yoo i?iaeaio Yei ianoiyoaeuii ?anniio?ae a naiae iaaaaiae eieaa Eaio e ooeiiin). Ieacuaaaony, ?oi iu ?aniiciaai ecia?a?aiea, iieucoynu eiaii ociaaaiey. Oaeie eia au?eaiyao iaeioi?ua ?a?ou i?aaiaoa, iaeaieaa nouanoaaiiua eae aey nio?aiaiey eo a iaiyoe, oae e aey iaea?eaaiey aoaoueo eiiioieeaoeaiuo naycae. Iai?eia?, iu ecaaeaea ?aniiciaai caa?o (e caoai nii?ai aa aini?iecaanoe ia ?enoiea), ia ia?auay iniaiai aieiaiey ia no?iaiea aa aieiau, i?iii?oee iia e ooeiaeua e o. a.), — aa?iu eeou aaa iaeaieaa oa?aeoa?iua ?a?ou: ?aoaa?iiiainou e iieinaoinou. Oio ?a naiue eia ociaaaiey ea?eo a iniiaa ioai?a oneiaee aini?eyoey, eiaaa iu o?aine?eae?oai eo aey iieo?aiey eeiie?aneiai ciaea. I?e?ai ioai? yoeo nouanoaaiiuo oa?aeoa?enoee aey ?aniiciaaaiey eee nicaaiey ecia?a?aiey aini?eieiaaony iaie ?aua anaai eae anoanoaaiiue i?e?iaiue i?ioann, ia iiin-
iinyuaainy e ii?aaaeaiiiio eeanno. A nai? i?a?aau, iauaeou ia nouanoao?o eae yiie?e?aneay ?aaeuiinou, iie nicaa?ony ?acoiii, eo eaaioeoeeaoey e onoie?eainou eia?o a?aiaiiue oa?aeoa?; yoi ?acoeuoao i?iecaieuiiai auaaeaiey ec noanoaioee. Anee eeiie?aneee ciae eiaao ?aoa?aioa, oi yoio ?aoa?aio ia yaeyaony "iauaeoii, ecaea?aiiui ec ?aaeuiinoe, ii anaaaa — ii?i?aaieai eoeuoo?u" (Ibid. ?. 26).
9 Hall S. "Encoding / decoding", in Culture, Media, Language (ed. By S. Hall, D. Hobson, A. Lowe and ?. Willis. London, 1980). ?. 131.
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?aaoaiue eaaieiaeae e eoeuoo?ie. Ia naiii aaea eoeuoo?iay aaoa?ieie?iaaiiinou eiaia ?aniiciaaaiey iaia?o?eaaaony, eiaaa iu n?aaieaaai eiiaaioee aecoaeuiie ?ai?acaioaoee a ?aciuo eoeuoo?ao: aey iaoae eoeuoo?u caa?a — yoi yecioe?aneia ?eaioiia e iaiau?ii iii ii ni?aoaaiinoe yoeo aaoo oa?aeoa?enoee, a aey ao?eeaineeo ieaiai, o eioi?uo caa?a e aeaia ia yecioe?iue, a ainoaoi?ii ?ani?ino?aiaiiue aea ?aoaa?iiiaeo ?eaioiuo, cia?eiuie, o?aao?ueie auaaeaiey iiaoo ieacaouny niaa?oaiii a?oaea naienoaa.
I eoeuoo?iie aaoa?ieie?iaaiiinoe niiniaia ?ai?acaioaoee e aini?eyoey iaienaii o?a iaiaei e a ?aaioao ii ineoieiaee aecoaeuiiai aini?eyoey, e a ?aaioao ii eoeuoo?iie aio?iiieiaee, e a ?aaioao ii naieioeea. Iai?eia?, n O. Aiana e ai E. Eaae-No?inna eoeuoo?io? aio?iiieiae? eioa?aniaaea i?iaeaia eeanneoeeaoee ie?a, ano?iaiiie a ycue, n iiiiuu? eioi?ie aaneiia?iia eiee?anoai yeaiaioia iianaaiaaiiai iiuoa naiaeony e ia?aie?aiiiio ?eneo eaae. Ia?ao yoeie eaayie onoaiaaeeaa?ony i?i?iua annioeaoee, ?oi iicaieyao au?aaaouaaou iiaaaai?aneea aaoiiaoeciu a iianaaiaaiie ?ecie. Iineoaeai e eino?oiaioii oie eee eiie eeanneoeeaoeiiiie nenoaiu yaeyaony ycue. Ea?aue ycue caaaao aaoiiiiio? e naiiainoaoi?io? nenoaio eii?aeiao, iaiaoiaeio? aey ?eciaaayoaeuiinoe a?oiiu10. Ea?aue ycue, ea?aay eeanneoeeaoey, n oi?ee c?aiey a?oaiai ycuea, iiaoo eacaouny i?iecaieuiuie e ianiioaaonoao?ueie aaenoaeoaeuiinoe: ainoaoi?ii aniiiieou eeoaeneo? yioeeeiiaae? Ai?oana11.
O Aiana ii?ii iaeoe ia iaiaa yeno?aaaaaioiua i?eia?u, iiaoaa??aa?uea iaee?ea oaniie acaeiinayce ia?ao aecoaeuiui aini?eyoeai oece?aneiai ie?a ioaaeuiui eiaeaeaii e oai iuneeoaeuiui eino?oiaioa?eai, eioi?ui iieucoaony eieeaeoea, ?eaiii eioi?iai ii yaeyaony. Oae, nouanoaaiiui aa?eaoeyi a ?acee?iuo eoeuoo?ao iiaaa?aaaony oaaoiaay eeanneoeea-
10 Aian ienae: "?cue, aiieiuaiiay a iai eeanneoeeaoey yaey?ony io?a?aieai "aeaaiuo eioa?ania ia?iaa" (Aian O. Oi ia?aiauoiiai ?aeiaaea. I., 1926. N. 81).
11 Iienuaay ianouanoao?uo? eeoaeneo? yioeeeiiaae? iia iacaaieai "Iaaaniay eiia?ey aeaaiaaoaeuiuo ciaiee", Ai?oan iiaieiaao ??acau?aeii aa?io? i?iaeaio: "ia nouanoaoao eeanneoeeaoee ie?a, eioi?ay au ia auea i?iecaieuiie e i?iaeaiaoe?iie. I?e?eia aanuia i?inoa: iu ia ciaai, ?oi oaeia ie?" (Ai?oan X. E. Aiaeeoe?aneee ycue A?iia Oeeeeina // Eieeaeoey. ?anneacu. Ynna. Noeoioai?aiey. NIa., 1992. N. 356).
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oey. Ea?ouaany iai iauaeoeaiui (e ia naiii aaea niaiaaa?uei n oece?aneei niaeo?ii) ?acaaeaiea ia iniiaiua oaaoa iaanoanoaaiii aey i?aanoaaeoaeae ao?eeaineiai ieaiaie, eioi?ua ia ?acee?a?o caeaiue e aieoaie oaaoa, ioiiny eo e iaiiio oaaoo, iaicia?aaiiio eae oaao "iieiauo eenouaa". Yneeiinu eniieuco?o oaeo? eeanneoeeaoeiiio? na?e? oieuei aey iacaaiey iooaieia niaaa, a eioi?ie ioaaeuiuie oa?ieiaie iaicia?a?ony iaaa?uee niaa, niaa ia caiea, noa?ia e o. a. Iiuoiua i?aanoaaeaiey i niaaa aienaiu aey yneeiinneiai eieeaeoeaa a eio? neiaiee?aneo? naoeo, eioi?ay nei?iaa e ?ac?aaioaiiaa, ?ai o ian, e eioi?ay ionoonoaoao o ao?eeaioa (eae o yneeiina ionoonoao?o, iaaa?iia, ?acaa?iooua i?aanoaaeaiey i ?aeoi-caeaiie aaiia iaeoaoaey o?iie?aneeo eania).
Iaiei ec iaeaieaa ?aeuaoiuo i?eia?ia naieioe?iinoe aini?eyoey e eciai?eainoe aecoaeuiuo eiaia yaeyaony i?iaeaia aeoaeiiiai i?ino?ainoaa eaa?a eee, oe?a, enoi?ey "ia?niaeoeaenoneiai eiaa" a enoi?ee aa?iiaeneie eoeuoo?u, eioi?ay i?iyniyao aii?in i eiaeoeeaoee niiniaa ?ai?acaioaoee e aini?eyoey i?ino?ainoaa. Yoa i?iaeaia, ?ac?aaaouaaaoayny ?. A?ioaeiii, N. Oecii, I. Aa??ai, I. ?iiieuneei e a?oaeie oai?aoeeaie, aunooiaao eae naiaai ?iaa eaeioniaay aoiaaa, auyaey?uay eneonnoaaiiue oa?aeoa? e?aie nenoaiu ?ai?acaioaoee. Oae, iaayc?eaia aini?iecaaaaiea oaoiee oaeoaeaiey eaa?a n oaeu? nicaaiey eee?cee aeoaeiiiai eaa?a a caiaaiie eoeuoo?a aini?eieiaaony eae i?iyaeaiea aini?iecaiaeiie o?a ia aaiaoe?aneii o?iaia (e?aiai aa?iiaeoa a ioee?ea, nea?ai, io yiiioa) eaae eeiaeiie ia?niaeoeau. Aey ooai?ieeia ?aiiaai ?aiannaina yoi auea eiiiaaoey, iiiuoea aaanoe aeuoa?iaoeaiue niinia ia?aaa?e o?aoia?iiai i?ino?ainoaa ia aaooia?iie ieineinoe, iaiaei ni a?aiaiai ?enoi ?eaiieniue yooaeo trompe-l' oeil noae au?a?aieai ao??oaciie eaaieiaee, iaiie ec oaeae eioi?ie yaeyaony iaoo?aeecaoey, iaeo?aeecaoey nouanoao?uaai status quo. Ia?niaeoeaenoneee eia aini?iecaiaeo ia oieuei eee?ce? o?aoia?iiai i?ino?ainoaa, ii e eee?ce? ionoonoaey eiaa, eiiaaioee, ii "iaaeiii io?eoaao naie noaoon ?ai?acaioaoee" e i?aanoaaeyao ecia?a?aiea oaeei ia?acii, eae anee au iii aaenoaeoaeuii auei "?anou? ie?a"12.
12 Ni.: Arnheim R. Art and Visual Perception A Psychology of the Creative Eye (Berkley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1974).
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Yoi ionooieaiea aica?auaao ian e oaceno Yei i oii, ?oi nouanoaoao iii?anoai eeiie?aneeo eiaia. Iieucoynu eie, ii?ii aini?iecaanoe e?aia oaei eee i?aaiao ?acee?iuie niiniaaie: ii?ii iaaanoe eiioo? oaea iai?a?uaiie eeieae (enoaoe, iiiaea ?enoiee — oi?a eeiie?aneea ecia?a?aiey — ?ai?acaioe?o?o i?aaiao eiaiii ?a?ac aai eiioo?, a oi a?aiy eae ?aaeuiue i?aaiao ia iaeaaaao yoei naienoaii), ii?ii ia?aaaou aai oo?eoaie, ii?ii aini?iecaanoe aai a oaaoa, ?a?ac ea?o naaoa e oaie — a e?aii neo?aa nicaa?ony oaeea oneiaey aini?eyoey, eioi?ua niinianoao?o ociaaaie? i?aaiaoa. E?aia ecia?a?aiea ?i?aaaony ec oaeiai ?yaa iineaaiaaoaeuiuo o?aine?eioee, e yoi aiaieuii nei?iue e iiiaie?aoii iiin?aaiaaiiue i?ioann, eioi?ue iaiaa anaai ii?ii n?eoaou anoanoaaiiui oaeoi?ii ?aniiciaaaiey ecia?a?aiey e aai eaaioeoeeaoee n ?aaeuiui i?aaiaoii13. Anee ?oi-eeai iaie ana aua aini?eieiaaony eae anoanoaaiiia, i?aaoanoao?uaa i?ioaao?a eiae?iaaiey, ia o?iiooia eiiaaioeae, oi yoi ia cia?eo, ?oi eia ionoonoaoao — yoi anaai eeou icia?aao, ?oi iu aua ia aioiau ?aniiciaou e i?iaiaeece?iaaou eiau ?ai?acaioaoee. Oaeei ia?acii, oaeinoaaiiinou iioi?anoe, aiaeiae?iinoe ecia?a?aiey iaicia?aaiiio i?aaiaoo ?aaeuiinoe iaoneiaeaia i?ioannaie eiae?iaaiey, eioi?ua 1) ei?aiyony a iaoaiecia aini?eyoey, 2) aaoa?ieie?iaaiu eoeuoo?ie e o?aaeoeae.
Aa?iia naienoai eeiie?aneeo eiaia ninoieo a oii, ?oi yoi (e caanu oae?a i?aaeaii eo ioee?ea io aa?aaeuiuo eiaia) eiau iaeaieaa neaaua e iaonoie?eaua, ia?aoiaiiai oa?aeoa?a, ia?aie?aiiua oceeie ?aieaie aini?eyoey ioaaeuiuo eeo. Eeiie?aneee ciae i?aiu o?oaii ?acei?eou ia ninoaaey?uea aai ia?aiia?aeuiua yeaiaiou ?eaiaiey. Eae i?aaeei, eeiie?aneee ciae — yoi ia?oi oaeia, ?oi niioaaonoaoao ia neiao, a auneacuaaie? a aa?aaeuiii ycuea. Oae, ecia?a?aiea eioaae icia?aao ia i?inoi "eioaau", a, iai?eia?, "noiyuo? caanu aaeo? iieiao? eioaau, ia?auaiio? e iai a i?ioeeu".
Yei n?eoaao aicii?iui iiyoiio auaaeeou iiiaio?iaiaao? no?oeoo?o eiae?iaaiey aecoaeuiuo ecia?a?aiee: eiau aini?eyoey, eiau ociaaaiey, eiau ia?aaa?e, eiau oiiaeuiua, eiau eeiie?aneea (aee??a?o a naay oeao?u, ciaee, naiu), eiau eeiiia?aoe?aneea, eiau aeona, eiau ?eoi?e?aneea, eiau noeeenoe?aneea e eiau iianiciaoaeuiiai.
13 Ni.: Yei O. I ?eaiaieyo eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa // No?iaiea oeeuia. I., 1984. N. 84.
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Oaeei ia?acii, e?eoeea eeiie?iinoe iiaaiaeo ian e ianeieueei auaiaai ioiineoaeuii aicii?iinoe n?aaiaiey eeiiycuea n eeiaaenoe?aneei ycueii: 1) n iaiie noi?iiu, ooaa??aaiea i eiiaaioeiiaeuiinoe aecoaeuiie ?ai?acaioaoee, o. a. i iaaaconeiaiinoe e iauaiiiyoiinoe eeiie?aneeo ecia?a?aiee, icia?aao ?aaaeeeoaoe? eaae i noianoaa yoeo ycueia; 2) n a?oaie noi?iiu, ooaa??aaaony ioee?ea yoeo ycueia aeaaiaa?y eaaa iiiaio?iaiaaiai eiae?iaaiey eeiie?aneiai ecia?a?aiey (a?ya ee eaeia-eeai aa?aaeuiia niiauaiea ii?ao auou aaeiae?iaaii ii aanyoe auoaicia?aiiui iiceoeyi); a oae?a ii i?e?eia o?ieiie a?oeeoeyoee eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa: ycue ecia?a?aiey ia i?iua e iiiyoiaa aa?aaeuiiai ycuea, a, iai?ioea, aua nei?iaa e ioee?aaony aieuoae noaiaiu? oneiaiinoe.
Naieieiaey aaenoaeoaeuiinoe Iacieeie iniiaaia ia oaa?aaiee a oii, ?oi eeii eeou ?aaeno?e?oao ycue i?aaoanoao?uee — ycue aaenoaey. Aii?in a oii, eae ii iiieiaao yoe aaenoaey. Iacieeie, i?aaeaii, oieeoao eo eae "anoanoaaiiua" aaenoaey ?aeiaaea, eiiaeiaoey eioi?uo a oeeuia nicaaao iaeee oaeno, cia?eiia niiauaiea. Yei iieacuaaao, ?oi "aaenoaeoaeuiinou" Iacieeie — yoi aaenoaeoaeuiinou eae au i?e?iaiay, ai?aoeiiaeuiay, aieoeuoo?iay. Oiaaa eae ia naiii aaea ana yoi — eoeuoo?a e oneiaiinou (aniiiiei oioy au Oaoieee oaea I. Iinna: ?anou, ieieea, oiauaa, ieaaaiea — ana yoi eiiioieeaoeaiua aeou, iniiaaiiua ia eoeuoo?iuo eiaao, eioi?ua eco?a?o oaeea naieioe?aneea aenoeieeiu, eae eeianeea (eco?aiea ycuea aaenoaee e ?anoia) e i?ienaieea (eco?aiea cia?aiey aenoaioee ia?ao o?anoieeaie eiiioieeaoee)). Eia?a aiai?y, ana ?aeiaa?aneea ?anou e aaenoaey — yoi niuneiaua aaeieou, eioi?ua iiaoo auou ?aoeiiaeuii iauyniaiu e nenoaiaoece?iaaiu. ?anou e aae?aiey oaea — yoi ia einoeieoeaiua i?iyaeaiey ?aeiaa?aneie i?e?iau, a iiciaaaaiay nenoaia iiaaaaiey, caaenyuay io o?iaiy ?acaeoey eoeuoo?u. Neaaiaaoaeuii, nouanoao?o neioaenen e naiaioeea ?anoia e aaenoaee, eioi?ua naie ii naaa o?a eaaeeoeoe?o?ony eae ycue, a yoi ie? ciaeia, ia i?e?iau. Niioaaonoaaiii, eeii caia?aoeaaaao ia i?e?iaio? noeoeeiinou aaenoaee, ieoeuoo?eaay eo, a eniieucoao o?a ieoeuoo?aiio? nenoaio, ni naieie eiaaie e ?aoa?aioaie. Eeii, i?aaaa, a nai? i?a?aau, o?ainoi?ie?oao yoio ycue a naieo oaeyo. Iai?eia?, Yei i?aaeaaaao a ea?anoaa aicii?iiai i?iaeoa enneaaiaaiey eco?aiea oiai, a eaeie noaiaie iaiia eeii aey i?eaaiey yeni?anneaiinoe eeiiycueo noeeeciaaei
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ieieeo e ?anoeeoeyoe?, oi?ie?oy nai? aaaieia eneonnoaaiio? eeianeeo. Caanu aicieeaao eioa?aniaeoay i?iaeaia — eco?aiea o?ainoi?iaoee, eiiiooaoee e ii?iaa ?aniiciaaaaiinoe nianoaaiii eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneeo e aieeiaiaoia?aoe?aneeo ("anoanoaaiiuo") eeiace?aneeo eiaia. Yei ioe?uaaao aicii?iinoe aaeuiaeoaai ?eaiaiey eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa, eioi?ua ?aiaa eacaeenu ia?ae?iuie e aaeaa ia?eaieiuie. Yoio iiaoia iicaieyao iauynieou neooaoee, eiaaa iu ia ?acee?aai iauaeo e aai ciae: i?aaiaou, eioi?ua iu aeaei ia ye?aia, yoi ia ?aaeuiua i?aaiaou, a ciaee ?aaeuiuo i?aaiaoia, ?aniiciaaaaiua niaeanii oeacaiiui auoa eiaai ociaaaiey (Iacieeie ia ?acee?aao icia?aaiia e ?aoa?aio, ca ?oi Yei iacuaaao aai eiioaioe? "iiiaieeaoo?iie").
Auaiau, e eioi?ui i?eoiaeo Yei, caee??a?ony a neaao?uai: 1) ioeai?ii iieaaaou, ?oi e?aie eiiioieeaoeaiue aeo iniiauaaaony ia ycuea, iiaiaiii eiaai anoanoaaiiiai aa?aaeuiiai ycuea; 2) ia iaiuoei caaeo?aaieai yaeyaony iuneu i oii, ?oi e?aie ycue (ciaeiaay nenoaia) aie?ai iai?aiaiii eiaou aaa onoie?eauo ?eaiaiey (eo ii?ao auou ia aaa e ia iaycaoaeuii onoie?eauo). Iia aoi?ui ?eaiaieai, iaiiii?, iiieiaaony o?iaaiu iacia?eiuo ia?aiyeaiaioia (iie eia?o eeou aeooa?aioeaeuiia cia?aiea).
Eaeia niune o?ieiiai ?eaiaiey a eeii? Iau?ii ?eaiaiey aaiayony a eia aey oiai, ?oiau eiaou aicii?iinou i?e ieieiaeuiii ?enea eiiaeie?oaiuo yeaiaioia niiaueou iaeneiaeuiia eiee?anoai aicii?iuo oaeoia, ?oi aeeooaony o?aaiaaieai yeiiiie?iinoe. Yoi oneeeaaao eiiaeiaoi?iua aicii?iinoe e, neaaiaaoaeuii, aiaaonoai ycuea, aai au?aceoaeuiinou e niiniaiinou e ?ai?acaioaoee. Yoi iaiaauaiea iaoaai iiuoa, iaoeo ciaiee. Iiyoe?aneee ycue (eaeiaui ai ecaanoiie noaiaie yaeyaony eeiiycue), iieucoynu aaoniuneaiiuie iiiaineieiuie ciaeaie, iicaieyao iieo?aoae? niiauaiey, c?eoae?, ia?anoe yoi aiaaonoai, eai a iaei eiioaeno aaiaeony n?aco ianeieuei cia?aiee. Eeiiycue auaeyaeo ianoieuei aiaa?a e iaiau?iaa aa?aaeuiiai ycuea, ?oi, ii n?aaiaie? Yei, yoi iaiiieiaao ano?a?o aaooia?iiai ia?niia?a n o?aouei ecia?aieai. Ana yoi aaeaao eeiaiaoia?ao e aoaeiaecoaeuio? eiiioieeaoe?, a i?eioeia, aieaa auea?uoiui n?aanoaii eiiioieeaoee, ?ai eaeia-eeai a?oaia (?ai neiai a oii ?enea). E oiio ?a eiaiii oaeay ieioiinou eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa nicaaao iuouaiea ?aaeuiinoe aeaeiiai ia ye?aia. Nicaaaony aia?aoeaiea, ?oi ia?aa iaie
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aaenoaeoaeuii ycue, niieia io?a?a?uee ?aaeuiinou. Yoi aia?aoeaiea caeiiiia?ii e iauynieii, ii oai ia iaiaa ioeai?ii, e iii ia aie?ii ian aaiaeou a caaeo?aaiea.
Oaeoaeaiea a i?iaeaio, cao?iiooo? Yei a yoii iaaieuoii ynna, iicaieyao iaia?o?eou iii?anoai a?oaeo eioa?aniuo aniaeoia, naycaiiuo n enoi?eae e oai?eae eeii e aecoaeuiuo eneonnoa a oaeii. Ee??aaay eaay ninoieo a oii, ?oi eeiie?aneee ciae aini?iecaiaeo ia iauaeo, a iaeioi?ua oneiaey aai aini?eyoey, eioi?ua caoai o?aine?eae?o?ony a eeiie?aneee ciae; naeaeoey yoeo oneiaee aaoa?ieie?iaaia eiaaie ociaaaiey; ecia?a?aiea — ia aiaeia ?aaeuiinoe, a ?acoeuoao eoeuoo?iuo eiiaaioee. E caanu eiaiii naieioeea iicaieyao aaoaeoe?iaaou a?aieoo ia?ao i?e?iaiui e eoeuoo?iui.
Neaaoao caiaoeou, ?oi iia?e?iaaiea eaa?ii eae aaeieoae aiaeeca a oaeii ia oa?aeoa?ii aey oai?ee eeii (ca enee??aieai oaenooaeuiiai aiaeeca, ai iiiaii iie?a?uaainy ia aiaeec ioaaeuiie oioia?aiiu), i?ei?eoao inoaaony ca iiioa?iui eaa?ii e a?oaeie iae?ino?oeoo?aie (iai?eia?, yiecia a ia??aoeaiii aiaeeca). Iaiaei Yei, inoaaeyy a noi?iia aii?inu eeiineioaenena, nin?aaioi?eaaao naia aieiaiea ia aieaa ooiaaiaioaeuiuo a aiinaieiae?aneii ieaia i?iaeaiao, enneaaoy ia?ae?iua oneiaey eioaeeeaeaaeuiinoe naiiai ecia?a?aiey.
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Iiyoeea ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey
Eae ecaanoii, Ioe?uoia i?iecaaaaiea (1962) i?aaainoeoeei e niinianoaiaaei noaiiaeaie? oaeeo aa?iuo oai aey nia?aiaiiie oai?ee eeoa?aoo?u e ynoaoeee, eae "aeoaio ia yeaiaioa iii?anoaaiiinoe, iieenaiee a eneonnoaa, e niauaiea eioa?ana e ?eoaoae?, eioa?i?aoaoee e ioaaoiie ?aaeoee eae i?ioanno acaeiiaaenoaey ia?ao ?eoaoaeai e oaenoii"1. A yoio ia?eia, no?aiynu auynieou, a eaeie ia?a oaeno ii?ao i?aaainoeuaou ?aaeoee ?eoaoaey, Yei caeinoaoao ia oieuei iaeioi?ua eaae, ii e "?a?aii", eioi?ue iicaiaa onooiee ianoi nianoaaiii naieioe?aneie oa?ieiieiaee, o oai?ee eioi?iaoee, naiaioeee ?e?a?ana, yienoaiieiaee Iea?a, oaiiiaiieiaee aini?eyoey Ia?ei-Iiioe, o?ainaeoeaiie ineoieiaee, ynoaoe?aneie oai?ee Eoea?e Ia?aeciia2.
Yei ia ia?aue, eoi ia?auaaony e eneonnoao aaaiaa?aa ca eioaeeaeooaeuiie iiaaa??eie naiaai oai?aoe?aneiai i?iaeoa, iaiaei ia?auaiea yoi aiieia eiae?ii. Ee?iia oaea?aiea eeoa?aoo?iui aaaiaa?aii auei aey iaai ?ai-oi a?iaa oai??aneie eaai?aoi?ee, a eioi?ie oi?ie?iaaeenu aai naieioe?aneea eaae.
I?ei?eoaoiay oaia aey oai?aoeeia (iniaaiii iinono?oeoo?aeenoia) — yenia?eiaiou aaaiaa?aa n ycueii, i?aai?eiyoay ei iiiuoea inaiaiaeou ycue io ii?iaoeaiuo ianeiaiee e "auionoeou neiaa ia aie?". Eneiiiay iiiyoeeiinou neiaaniie ?a?e iiaaa?aeanu a iiaa?ienoneie i?aeoeea nouanoaaiiui o?ainoi?iaoeyi, aieiou ai iieiiai ?ac?ooaiey neioaenena, io?eoaiey i?aaiienaiey ai eiy aica?auaiey ycueo aai einoeieooaeuiie oaiiinoe, inaiai?aaiey aai io oe?aiee eeanne?aneie o?aaeoee3. Eioa?i?aoe?oy oaiiiai eeoa?aoo?iiai e ooai?anoaaiiiai aaaiaa?aa eae "ia?aienaiiia niiauaiea", Yei i?aaeaaaao nai? aa?ne? iao?iiai iniuneaiey yoiai eneonnoaa, aa?y
1 Robey D. Introduction // Eco U. The Open Work (Harvard University Press, 1989). ?. VIII.
2 Eco U. "Intentio Lectoris: The State of the Art", in The limits of interpretation (Indiana University Press, 1990). ?. 49.
3 Ni.: Kristeva J. Desire in Language. A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art (New York: Columbia University press, 1980). ?. 23—25.
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a oi, ?oi ynoaoe?aneea i?aeoeee i?aainoaaey?o iai iiaia aeaaiea ie?a. Io nia?aiaiiiai eneonnoaa ii i?eaaao "iinoiyiiiai ?acaai?aiey noa?aioeiia e noai, ii?aaaeaiey aey ?aeiaaea aicii?iinoe eoeuoo?iie aaoiiiiee, i?aiaieaiey ineoieiae?aneie eia?oee"4.
A Ioe?uoii i?iecaaaaiee Yei iieacuaaao, ?oi yienoaiieiae?aneay no?aoaaey aaaiaa?aa iniiaaia ia oaa?aaiee, ?oi ie? nai ii naaa oaioe?ai; anee a iai e iaia?o?eaaaony iaeay aeaeiinou ii?yaea, oi yoi i?ienoiaeo aeaaiaa?y eneonnoao, eioi?ia n iiiiuu? naieo eiioaiooaeuiuo iiaaeae i?aaiecoao ie?. Iuouaiea oaina e e?ecena, i?aiaeaaa?uaa a iioieiae?aneii iiuoa nia?aiaiiiai ?aeiaaea, o?aaoao ai?acai aieaa aeaeie no?oeoo?u i?iecaaaaiey. Iiao? iiaaeu i?iecaaaaiey eneonnoaa Yei iinooee?oao ia i?eia?a iiyoeee A?. A?iena.
A?ien, ii neiaai Yei, iieeaaao noaiu iicaiae noieanoeee, ?oiau "i?eeoe e aa?aaeuiiio ia?aco ?anoe?y?uaeny Anaeaiiie"5. N?aaiaaaeiaia ianeaaea, aeooaeuiia e aey A?iena, e aey nia?aiaiiie eoeuoo?u a oaeii, ia io?o?aaaony iieiinou? iin?aanoaii ea?u i?ioeaiiiei?iinoae e iai?eaaiiuo ?aoaiee, ii iaia?o?eaaao naay ia aieaa aeoaieii o?iaia — eae a?aia ?aciauaiiiai niciaiey, iuoa?uaainy eioaa?e?iaaouny aiiau, eae iiiuoea iaeoe oneieuca?uea i?aaeea iiaiai ie?a, ii iaiia?aiaiii i?aauaa?uaai a iinoaeuaee ii oo?a?aiiiio ii?yaeo. Ia?ac nia?aiaiiie eoeuoo?u (e aey A?iena, e aey Yei) anou ia ?oi eiia, eae ?acoeuoe?o?uay iaei?aiey eeanne?aneiai ii?yaea ia ie? oaina.
Eneonnoai aaaiaa?aa, i?aoaiaoy ia oi, ?oiau aunooieou eae iiaue oei iniciaiey ie?a, oaeoaeyaony a iiene iiauo oi?iaeuiuo no?oeoo?. A eoiaa aicieeaao oi, ?oi Yei n?eoaao oneiaiie eaai?aoi?iie iiaaeu? "ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey". N?aae iaeaieaa aa?iuo aniaeoia yoie iiaaee ii oiiieiaao neaao?uea: 1) ynoaoe?aneee oaeno eae eiiioieeaoeaiue aeo; 2) ynoaoe?aneee oaeno eae eaai?aoi?iay iiaaeu ciaeiaie ooieoee; 3) i?iecaaaaiea eneonnoaa eae yienoaiieiae?aneay iaoaoi?a.
Eaay "ioe?uoinoe" i?iecaaaaiey eneonnoaa eniieucoaony Yei aey iauyniaiey ?aaeeaeuiiai ioee?ey eeanne?aneiai eneonnoaa io nia?aiaiiiai. O?aaeoeiiiia, eee eeanne?aneia, eneonnoai
4 ?aeaeia E. I?iecaaaaiea eneonnoaa a oai?ee eoeuoo?u Oiaa?oi Yei / Eneonnoai. 1988. ? 5. N. 39.
5 Eco U. The Aesthetics of Chaosmos. The Middle Ages of James Joyce (Harvard University Press, 1989). ?. 2.
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auei "iaaaoniuneaiiui". Iii iiaei i?aaei?eou ?eoaoae? ianeieuei aicii?iuo ioaaoia, ii aai oa?aeoa? iai?aaeyao ian a ?onei yoeo ioaaoia. Oai ia iaiaa aa?a iiaa?oiinoiue yeneo?n a enoi?e? eneonnoaa iieacuaaao, ?oi aniaeou "ioe?uoinoe" iaae?aaeenu e a i?aaoanoao?uea yiioe. A yiioo ?aiannaina ainiianoaoao noaoe?iay e oaa?aiiay caaa?oaiiinou eeanne?aneie oi?iu, ?oi ii?ii eee?no?e?iaaou i?eia?aie ec enoi?ee eeiaeiie ia?niaeoeau, noaiiaeaiey eaiiiia i?ae?aniiai e oai?ee i?iii?oee. Ana yoi aianoa acyoia au?a?aei oae?a niaa?oaiii ii?aaaeaiio? oi?io acaeiiioiioaiee ia?ao ie?ii e ?aeiaaeii.
Aa?ieei ian?aaiaiii aeiaie?iaa. Oi?ia no?aieony e iaii?aaaeaiiinoe ?acoeuoaoa a ea?a nieioiiai e ionoiai, naaoeiai e oaiiiai, a eniieuciaaiee nei?iiai e?eaieeiaeiiai ieaia, eiiaiuo iiaa?oiinoae, eiiiiceoeiiiuo e iioe?aneeo yooaeoia, i?iaiay eaa? ?anoe?y?uaainy i?ino?ainoaa. Ii iiaie? Yei, eneonnoai aa?ieei ii?ao ?anniao?eaaouny eae "ia?aay yniay iaieoanoaoey nia?aiaiiie eoeuoo?u e ?oanoaeoaeuiinoe"6, eai aia?aua ca aieaia a?aiy ?aeiaae iniaeeaaaony ia?ooaou eaiiiu aaoi?neeo ioaaoia, iaia?o?eaay ie? ai oe?eaiii ninoiyiee.
Aieaa eee iaiaa iniciaiiay iiyoeea "ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey" i?iyaeyaony ai o?aioocneii neiaieecia XIX aaea. Neiaieeci no?aieeny nicaaou ao?o iaii?aaaeaiiinoe e ?anoyioou ai a?aiaie i?ioann iinoe?aiey niunea i?iecaaaaiey. Iaiaei a iiaeeiiii niunea yoo iiyoeeo ii?ii iaeoe eeou a i?iecaaaaieyo aaaiaa?aenoia XX aaea. Oaenou, iiaiaiua Iiieieai ii Oeiiaaaio A?iena, niaa??ao ia?iiiia eiee?anoai iioaioeaeuiuo cia?aiee, ii ie iaii ec ieo ia yaeyaony aiieie?o?uei. Oaeno i?aanoaaeyao ?eoaoae? iiea aicii?iinoae, aeooaeecaoey eioi?uo iaoneiaeaia oie eioa?i?aoaoeae, eioi?o? ii i?aaii?oao. ?eoaoaeu noaiiaeony nio?anoieeii oai??aneiai i?ioanna: io aai o?iaiy eioaeeaeoa, aeaaaiey ycueii e eoeuoo?iiai e?oaici?a caaeneo noauaa i?iecaaaaiey.
Iaeaieaa yeno?aiaeuio? oi?io yoi nio?oaie?anoai i?eieiaao a i?iecaaaaieyo, eioi?ua Yei iacuaaao i?iecaaaaieai-a-aae?aiee (work-in-movement). Yoe oaenou yaey?ony ioe?uouie, iacaaa?oaiiuie a aoeaaeuiii niunea, eae, iai?eia?, iocuea Ooieaaocaia, Ionna?a, Aa?ei, "iiaeee" Aeaenaia?a
6 Eco U. The Open Work. ?. 7
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Eieaa?a. Iauei a ieo yaeyaony oi, ?oi ooai?iee niaa?oaiii oaeaiai?aaeaiii inoaaeyao naia i?iecaaaaiea oece?anee iacaaa?oaiiui, iieaaaynu ia ioaeeeo (eee ia neo?ae). Ieeoi a yoii neo?aa ia ii?ao i?aaneacaou, eaeia aoaao eiia?iue ?acoeuoao. Iaiaei oio niune, eioi?ue Yei aeeaauaaao a iiiyoea "ioe?uoia i?iecaaaaiea", i?aaiieaaaao, ?oi i?iecaaaaiea eneonnoaa aie?ii yaeyou niaie caeii?aiio? e cae?uoo? oi?io, ioe?uoinou eioi?iai ii?aaaeyaony aaneiia?iinou? eioa?i?aoaoee. Ii iia?a?eeaaao, ?oi nouanoaoao ?acee?ea ia?ao naiaiaie eioa?i?aoaoeaiuo auai?ia, aa?aioe?iaaiiie oaeaiai?aaeaiiie no?aoaaeae ioe?uoinoe, e naiaiaie, eioi?o? ?eoaoaeu ia?aoaao, iieucoynu oaenoii eae noeioeii aey naiaai oai??anoaa7.
Aaaiaa?aenoneia eneonnoai a naieo ioiioaieyo n ioaeeeie iioa?iaei naiaai ?iaa eiiioieeaoeaiue i?iaae. Iiaaeu eiiioieeaoee, i?aaei?aiiay ?eianiiii, eioi?ay e?eoeeiaaeanu o?a aann?aoiia eiee?anoai ?ac ca iiceoeaenoneee ooiieci (a oii, ?oi oaeu? eiiioieeaoee yaeyaony aaaeaaoiinou iauaiey e ?oi aaoi? e ?aoeieaio iieuco?ony iaiei e oai ?a eiaii, a oae?a iaeaaa?o iaeiaeiaui iauaiii iaiyoe8), a yoii neo?aa oai aieaa ia io?a?aao anae nei?iinoe i?ioanna. Yei iieacuaaao, ?oi i?aanoaaeaiea ia ioi?aaeoaea e iieo?aoaea niiauaiey, iaeaaa?ueo yeiau iaiei eiaii, ia niioaaonoaoao aaenoaeoaeuiinoe. Ia aaea iaa iieuco?ony nei?iui iaai?ii eiaia e noaeiaia, a anyeay ?aaeuiay eioa?i?aoaoey aoaao aieaa eee iaiaa iaaaaeaaoiie9. E?aia niiauaiea ioyaiuaii eiiiioaoeaiuie cia?aieyie e ?aaeecoaony a ii?aaaeaiiii eiioaenoa. Iiyoiio Yei i?aaeaaaao ia?aienaou noaio eiiioieeaoee, aaaay a iaa iii?anoaaiiinou eiaia ioi?aaeoaey e ?aoeieaioa (yoa noaia aiineaanoaee iiyaeyeanu ai iiiaeo a?oaeo aai ?aaioao).
Eco?aiea oai?ee eioi?iaoee iicaieeei Yei naaeaou auaia i oii, ?oi "anyeia ioeeiiaiea io aaiaeuiiai eeiaaenoe?aneiai eiaa aea?ao ca niaie iiaue oei i?aaiecaoee, eioi?ue i?aanoaao eae iaoii?yai?aiiue ii ioiioaie? e enoiaiie i?aaieca-
7 Ni.: Eco U. The Role of the Reader (Indiana University Press, 1979). ?. 40.
8 Ni., iai?.: Eioiai ?. Eoeuoo?a e ac?ua. I.: Aiinen, 1992. N. 12—13.
9 E. Iaoo i?eaiaeo a ea?anoaa i?eia?a i?inoaeoo? o?aco "Voulez-vous tenir ceci, s'il vous plait?" O?a caanu iaeeoi eae ieieioi aaa eiaa: aaiioaoeaiue eia o?aioocneiai ycuea e o?aioocneee eo?ooaciue eia, ca ionoonoaeai eioi?iai niune o?acu oa?yaony.
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oee, ii a oi ?a a?aiy — eae oii?yai?aiiue a niiinoaaeaiee n ia?aiao?aie iiaiai aeneo?na... Nia?aiaiiia eneonnoai nicaaao iiao? eeiaaenoe?aneo? nenoaio n aa nianoaaiiuie aioo?aiieie caeiiaie"10. Nia?aiaiiue aaoi? aaiaeo oi?iu i?aaieciaaiiiai aanii?yaea a nenoaio naiaai i?iecaaaaiey aey oaaee?aiey aai niiniaiinoe ia?aaaaaou eioi?iaoe?. Yei iacuaaao oaeia eneonnoai, ioeacuaa?uaany io i?eioeiia eaocaeuiinoe, aeaaeaioiie eiaeee, iaiicia?iuo naycae, "eioi?iaoeiiiui".
Anee aaneiia?iinou eioa?i?aoaoee e oi?iaeuiue oain aiciaeaaa?o, oi aicieeiao iianiinou i?aa?aoeou i?iecaaaaiea a aanniuneaiiue iioie iuouaiee. Naiaioe?aneay Anaeaiiay auno?i oa?yao naia ?aaiiaanea, eae oieuei iieuciaaoaee ycuea ioe?uaa?o aey naay "cai?aoiue ieia" — ynoaoe?aneia ecia?aiea ycuea, aicii?iinou aaoniuneaiiinoae e eaeaiao?ia11. ?cue, iaia?au auiouaiiue "ia aie?", ii?ao noaou iaoi?aaeyaiui, eai aeia?ii oii?yai?aiiay no?oeoo?a anoanoaaiiiai ycuea iioaioeaeuii niaa??eo aicii?iinou oaina, eioi?o? aaaiaa?a e ?ane?ue a iieiie ia?a. Eiaeea ycuea iaoiieeia, ii yoi eiaeea caiauaiee: ana ii?ao auou caiaiaii ?ai-ieaoau aua aeaaiaa?y ne?uoie naoe iioaioeaeuiuo naycae, nouanoao?ueo ii aiea eoeuoo?iuo eiiaaioee. Ana ecia?aeuii niaa??eony a ycuea — ?anoeay no?oeoo?a, iaania?eaa?uay eiiioieeaoeaiue aacen eoeuoo?u, e iioaioeaeuiay aicii?iinou e aaneiia?iui i?aia?aciaaieyi, iicaiey?uay nicaaaaou ?acee?iua ea?oeiu ie?a. Aaou ycueo iaia?o?eou nai? aeaeinou, iiaae?iinou, a ia oieuei aeanoiia ia?aei e aaeaa eiei?ii?e?iaaou yoio ycue a no?oeoo?o oai?aoe?aneiai ciaiey — oae aeaeony Yei iiaaeu iaoeo ioiioaiee n nianoaaiiui ycueii. Iaiaei i?aa?auaiea ynoaoe?aneiai niiauaiey a "iiea aicii?iinoae" ia aie?ii icia?aou oaina a aai aioo?aiieo naycyo, iiceoeaiay nianoaaiiinou i?iecaaaaiey — yoi aai aioo?aiiyy no?oeoo?a, eioi?ay, iiieii anaai i?i?aai, iaia?o?eaaao aa?o aaoi?a a nouanoaiaaiea "ii?aaaeaiiiai ii?yaea aauae".
I?iecaaaaiey eneonnoaa, eioi?ua io?a?a?o iiaaeu "ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey", aiieiua?o iiao? eiaeeo, eioi?ay ii?ao iaeoe niioaaonoao?uee ia?ac (iiaiai) ie?a. Ii, iineieueo yoe ia?acu ia iiaoo auou ia?aaaaaiu a iiiyoeeio? oi?io, eneonnoai auio?aaii ia?auaouny e a?oaei n?aanoaai. I?eia?aoaeu-
10 Eco U. The Open Work. ?. 60.
11 Yoo oaio Yei ?acaee a naiai ynna I ycuea ?ay, i?aaeaaay aeiioaoe?aneo? iiaaeu ?i?aaiey eoeuoo?u ec ynoaoe?aneiai oiio?aaeaiey ycuea.
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ia a yoii i?ioanna ?ieu ?eoi?e?aneeo oeao?, eioi?ua iinoaiaiii oo?aoeee naie ia?aiia?aeuiue niune, noaa iiaaeu? "oi?ioaai ienuia", e ia?aee aucuaaou iaaaoeaiia ioiioaiea e ?aia?ooa?o o?a aioiauo auneacuaaiee. Ia?ao oai ?eoi?e?aneea oeao?u, i?eaeiaeuii e oai??anee eniieuciaaiiua, iiaoo eciaieou niinia aini?eyoey niaa??aiey oaenoa. Ee??aaie ?eoi?e?aneie oeao?ie aey Yei yaeyaony iaoiieiey, n iiiiuu? eioi?ie onoaiaaeeaa?ony oaii?ee annioeaoeaiuo nia?iinoae. Iaoaoi?a ?a, eioi?ay n oi?ee c?aiey eiaeee aunooiaao eae eaoaai?eaeuiay ioeaea (ioiiny i?aaiao auneacuaaiey e oiio eeanno, e eioi?iio ii a aaenoaeoaeuiinoe ia i?eiaaea?eo), auaiaeo ia?o?o ia?aaienu, ne?uoua a ycuea. Eniieuciaaiea iaoaoi?u ("eioa?i?aoe?oaiie aiiiaeee") a iiciaaaoaeuiii i?ioanna, ii iiaie? Yei, aaiaeo a iaai aiaeaaeaioiinou, ?oi ia iaycaoaeuii icia?aao eiae?aneia i?ioeai?a?ea. Nia?aiaiiia eneonnoai i?aanoaao aey iaai eae oaeay "yienoaiieiae?aneay iaoaoi?a". Eaeaiao?, oeao?a, eioi?o? eeanne?aneay ?eoi?eea eaii?e?iaaea, ii?aaaeyaony Yei eae ?ia inaaaiia?aiiiacee, eioi?ay niaaeiyao i?eioaeoaeuiui ia?acii ianeieuei aeeceeo ii niuneo neia12. Iai?eia?, o A?iena ii?ii ano?aoeou oaeea eaeaiao?u, eae: Scherzarade (ea?a-oa?aaa — charade-game e neacee Oaoa?acaau —Sheherezade), vicocyclometer (aee?cey ia oai?e? oeeee?aneiai ?acaeoey A?. Aeei), meandertale, collideoscope, chaosmos, microchasm e o. a. Iao iaiaoiaeiinoe a oii, ?oiau ?eoaoaeu iiieiae oi?iia cia?aiea ea?aiai neiaa eee o?acu: neea oaenoa ninoieo a aai ia?iaiaioiie aaoniuneaiiinoe e iieenaie?iinoe. Oaeno — yoi iiaaeu ai?oanianeiai Aeaoa, aieoaaiiai ca?eaea, eiioaio?e?o?uaai a naaa iii?anoai oi?ae i?ino?ainoaa e io?a?a?uaai ana ai Anaeaiiie13. Iaiaei aey oiai ?oiau nicaaou eaeaiao? (iiiyoiue ?eoaoae?), aie?ia nouanoaiaaou aioo?aiiyy naou eoeuoo?iuo annioeaoee, iaee?ea eioi?ie iicaieyao ainoeaaou ii?aaaeaiiiai iiieiaiey.
Aaenoaeoaeuii, iaiaoiaeiui oneiaeai oniaoiie eioa?i?aoaoee oaenoa aunooiaao ecioiiey, iaiaei yoi ia ioiaiyao aicii?iinoe iieenaiee: eioa?i?aoaoey oaenoa inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaa acaeiiaaenoaey ianeieueeo o?iaiae ecioiiee, a caci?a ia?ao eioi?uie e aicieeaao iiiaicia?iinou. "Aaoniuneaiiinou ciaeia ia ii?ao auou ioaaeaia io eo ynoaoe?an-
12 Ni.: Eco U. The Aesthetics of Chaosmos. ?. 65.
13 Ni.: Ai?oan X. E. I?ica ?aciuo eao. I., 1989. N. 188—200.
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eie i?aaiecaoee: iaa iie acaeiii iiaaa??eaa?o e iioeae?o?o a?oa a?oaa"14.
Aaaiaa?aiia e yenia?eiaioaeuiia eneonnoai ecia?aei iii?anoai iiauo eiaia, eioi?ua, iaiaei, aini?eieia?ony aiaieuii oceie aoaeoi?eae: iiaue eia — yoi "naieioe?aneee aieeaa", eioi?ue ia i?eciaaony iauanoaii eae iacuaeaiia i?aaeei. Oaeie oei eiaa Yei iacuaaao "eaeieaeoii", eiiaaa ii eaaioeoeoe?oaony ni noeeai aaoi?a (iai?eia?, noeeai A?iena). Ooai?anoaaiiue, eee ynoaoe?aneee, eaeieaeo ii?ao ooieoeiie?iaaou eae iaoanaieioe?aneia no?aaiea, eioi?ia ni a?aiaiai eciaiyao iauai?eiyoua eiau. Ynoaoe?aneia niiauaiea ai?iae?oao eiiaeiaoeiiiua aicii?iinoe ycuea: iiiauay eiau a "?o?ie" eiioaeno, iii iaia?o?eaaao iiaua aicii?iinoe eo eniieuciaaiey; ?ac?ooaao e ia?aeiiaeie?oao eo. Inouanoaeyaony yoi ?acee?iuie niiniaaie. Oae, Yei aiaeece?oao iinoiiaa?ienoneea i?eaiu ?ac?ooaiey o?aaeoeiiiuo eiaia e iaiia?aiaiiie eiio?aaaiau iiauo. Oi, ?oi iacuaaaony "eiaeei eonoa?iui iaieioee?iaaieai iaueie ianoaie, a eiia?iii n?aoa yaeyaony aua e iaa??eiiie i?iaea?aneie neeie a onei?aiiie i?eano?iaea iioiea a?oaoeiia, ionou aa?a e au?iaeaoeony"15. Caeaau?eaaiea, eniieuciaaiea eiino?oeoee "oaeno-a-oaenoa" (mise-en-abioa), e?iie?aneia oeoe?iaaiea oiiinia — yoe e iiiaea a?oaea oeiaee naeaaoaeunoao?o i cai?ia?aiie?iaaiiie noeioeyoee eioa?i?aoaoeaiuo oneeee aa?anaoa. Aaoniuneaiiinou yaeyaony iai?aiaiiui oneiaeai ?ac?ooaiey o?aaeoeiiiuo eiaia e niiniaii ai?iaaoee iiauo. Iiyoiio aey Yei ynoaoe?aneia niiauaiea i?aanoaaeyao niaie iauo? eaai?aoi?io? iiaaeu anao aniaeoia ciaeiaie ooieoee, iii yaeyaony yienoaiieiae?aneie iaoaoi?ie, eai i?iaooe?oao iiaia ciaiea16.
Eoae, ioe?uoia i?iecaaaaiea yaeyaony io?a?aieai einie?aneie no?oeoo?u naiiai ycuea n i?enouae aio ecia?aeuii aiaeaaeaioiinou?, ii iaiia?aiaiii e n onoie?eaie aioo?aiiae i?aaiecaoeae. Aey oiai ?oiau nicaaou aia?aoeaiea iieiiai ionoonoaey no?oeoo?u, i?iecaaaaiea aie?ii iaeaaaou neeuiie aioo?aiiae no?oeoo?ie: "naiaiaiay ea?a aaoniuneaiiinoe anaaaa iaoneiaeaia i?aaeeii aaoniuneaiiinoe"17. Ion?aa e auoa-
14 Eco U. The Open Work. ?. 40.
15 Yei O. Iio?aaeaiea, iiene e ia?acoiaue ?eoaoaeu // Homo Ludens. ?aeiaae ?eoa?uee. I., 1990. N. 296.
16 Eco U. A Theory of Semiotics (Indiana University Press, 1979). ?. 274.
17 Eco U. The Aesthetics of Chaosmos. ?. 67.
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eano ia?aaienaeuiia, ia ia?aue acaeya, ooaa??aaiea Yei i oii, ?oi no?iai cai?ia?aiie?iaaiiia aini?eyoea naienoaaiii ia anai oaenoai, a eeou oai, eioi?ua i?aoaiao?o ia noaoon "ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey". Oi?iinou i?iaeoa i?iecaaaaiey iaania?eaaao ia?acoiaiai ?eoaoaey naiaiaie. Aa?a anee oaenou, iiaiaiua Enoeiii ia?e?neie a?aia A. Aeey, iiaoo auou i?i?eoaiu ii-?aciiio (eae ieieioi, iaeaiui e e?eoe?aneei ?eoaoaeai), iaa oeia ?eoaoaey cai?ia?aiie?iaaiu oaenoii. Anee e nouanoaoao "oaiaieunoaea io oaenoa", iii ii?ao auou aucaaii e ?aaeeciaaii eeou oaenoii, oeacuaa?uei iooe "oi?ioaai" ?oaiey18.
Aeaaaiea ycueii, ia eioi?ii iaienaii i?iecaaaaiea, ia naiaeony, eiia?ii, e iiieiaie? ?eoaoaeai eaene?aneeo cia?aiee neia (oieuei aaiioaoee). A iniiaa "oaenooaeuiie eiiiaoaioee" ea?eo ia "neiaa?u", a "yioeeeiiaaey". Yei oiio?aaeyao aaiiue oa?iei a iaeneiaeuii oe?ieii niunea — eae iieiue iauai iaiyoe oiai eee eiiai eoeuoo?iiai niiauanoaa. Yioeeeiiaae?aneay eiiiaoaioey eiaao eioa?oaenooaeuiue oa?aeoa? (iia i?aaiieaaaao ciaiea oaenoia e ciaiea ie?a) e yaeyaony iniiaie eioa?i?aoaoee. Niiinoaaeaiea ai?eciioa — aeooaeuiiai eee ae?ooaeuiiai — i?eaaiee ?eoaoaey ni no?aoaaeae oaenoa aaao a ?acoeuoaoa aieaa eee iaiaa iauaeoeaio? ea?oeio ?acee?iuo niiniaia aai eioa?i?aoaoee. Oi?ea c?aiey Yei ia i?iaeaio eioa?i?aoaoee anaaaa ioee?aeanu io iiceoee aaeiino?oeoeaenoia: iai?eia?, io iiceoee A?. Oeeeena Ieeea?a, niaeanii eioi?iio naii nouanoaiaaiea aan?eneaiiuo eioa?i?aoaoeee ?aciuo oaenoia naeaaoaeunoaoao i oii, ?oi ?oaiea ieeiaaa ia auaaao iauaeoeaiui i?ioannii iaia?o?aiey niunea, ii yaeyaony aeeaauaaieai aai a oaeno, eioi?ue nai ii naaa ia eiaao ieeaeiai niunea; eee io iiceoee ?. Aa??eaa, i?aaeaaa?uaai ioaaouny "naiaiaiie ea?a" eioa?i?aoaoee, ia?aie?aiiie eeou ?aieaie eiiaaioee oaenooaeuiinoe ("ooaa??aaiea ea?u ie?a aac enoeiu e aac ia?aea"). Aey Yei ?aaeuiay i?ioaao?a eioa?i?aoaoee e oaenoiaiai nio?oaie?anoaa ana ?a ii?aaaeyaony aiaieuii no?iaeie i?aaeeaie; eiia aaei, ?oi naie yoe i?aaeea eiinoeooe?o?o aicii?iinou ia?iaiaioiuo niauaiee, aaoniuneaiiinoae, oneieucaiee niunea.
Ioe?uoia i?iecaaaaiea — yoi ia eee?no?aoey e iienuaaaiie aaenoaeoaeuiinoe, a aini?iecaaaaiea aa a naiae no?oeoo?a, eioi?ay ?aaeecoaony a aeoa eiiioieeaoee i?iecaaaaiey n aoae-
18 Eco U. The Role of the Reader. ?. 10.
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oi?eae. "No?oeoo?a i?iecaaaaiey" i?aa?auaaony a ca?eaei einiina"19. Oi ?a ii?ii auei au neacaou e i ycuea, n iiiiuu? eioi?iai iu iuoaainy i?eaaou "aeneo?neaio? yniinou aauai". Oieaa?noi, eioi?ue iu no?aieiny iiciaou (eee ai anyeii neo?aa i?aaei?eou i?eaieaiua eioa?i?aoaoee), yaeyaony ia ?ai eiui, eae "o?ainoaiaaioaeuiie oi?iie ycuea", — a yoii Yei niaeanai n A?ienii. Aniiiiei aiiau iieacaoaeuiue aeaeia ia?niia?ae ec Eiaie ?icu.