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 Naiui i?aaeeuiui auei au ioianoenu e ianniaie eoeuoo?a a naaoa aa eoeuoo?ii-aio?iiieiae?aneeo ii?aaaeaiee e n niio­aaonoaaiiui eioa?anii e iaoa?eaeuiie eoeuoo?a, eioi?ay aie­aia a?aiy caieiaea i?aiu ne?iiiia iiei?aiea a oaie aunieie aooiaiie eoeuoo?u, ii e?aeiae ia?a ia o?iaia oai?ee. Enoaoe, Oeeuyia, Oiaaa?o, Oiee e a?oaea oai?aoeee aiaei-naeniineie ia?aaeaiu Cultural Studies a naia a?aiy i?eei?eee iaiaei one­eee, ?oiau eciaieou "yeeoenoneo?" eoeuoo?ieiae? e n iaiia?­enenoneeo iiceoee enneaaiaaou iaano?ia?iua yaeaiey iia ei­coiaii Ana anou ianniaay eoeuoo?a. Iaoa?eaeenoe?aneie yoa ia?aaeaia yaeyaony iioiio, ?oi iniiaiia aieiaiea iia oaaey­ao eco?aie? iaoa?eaeuiie eoeuoo?u — ia eco?aie? ?iee yei­iiie?aneiai aacena ii ioiioaie? e iaano?ieea, a eiaiii ia­oa?eaeuiie, iianaaiaaiie eoeuoo?u, eioi?ay aunooiaao eae ii­n?aaiee ia?ao aunieie eoeuoo?ie e eneonnoaii e nianoaaiii iaoa?eaeuiui i?iecaianoaii.
 48
 ?oi ?a eanaaony oa?ieia eoeuoo?a, Yei neeiiyaony e iun­ee i oii, ?oi iiaeeiiay eoeuoo?a — yoi anaaaa eiio?eoeuoo?a, oi anou "aeoeaiay e?eoeea e i?aia?aciaaiea nouanoao?uae ni­oeaeuiie, iao?iie eee ynoaoe?aneie ia?aaeaiu"12. Ion?aa au­oaeaao e ii?aaaeaiea eioaeeaeooaea — ?aeiaaea, inouanoaey­?uaai yoo e?eoe?aneo? ooieoe? (ia yoi iai?aaeai aai eioae­eaeo i?a?aa anaai) aia caaeneiinoe io aai nioeaeuiiai noaoona, ?iaa aayoaeuiinoe e ia?aciaaiey. Inaaaiia?eneci o?aieoo?­oneeo oai?aoeeia eaii?e?oao iio?eoaeuiue iiuo Ia?ena e Yiaaeuna, naycuaaaoeo e?eoeeo ni niiniaiinou? e?eoe?aneiai ?anno?aaiey, naiaiaiiai io naioeiaioia e no?anoae. Iaeaaaou ?a "cai?ao" ia ianniao? eoeuoo?o ?aaiineeuii aaaaaie? aioe­aaiie?aoe?aneie oaico?u.
 Yei oi?aeaao e aiieaeeioe?aneeo, e eioaa?e?iaaiiuo ei­oaeeaeooaeia a ionoonoaee eiie?aoiie ?aaiou, aiaeeoe?aneiai enneaaiaaiey aayoaeuiinoe e yooaeoia ianniauo eiiioieea­oee, eo no?oeoo?iuo e ooieoeiiaeuiuo oa?aeoa?enoee, iineieu­eo, n iaiie noi?iiu, ianniaay eoeuoo?a ioaa?aaaony en bloc, n a?oaie noi?iiu, iia i?eieiaaony oae?a en bloc. Iniaaiii yoi iieacaoaeuii ia i?eia?a aiaeeca eeo?a. Yei n?aaieaaao ioii­oaiea e?eoeeia e yoiio oaiiiaio n ?aaeoeae aiaa?a, eioi?iai niouaao aea iii?ioaeee, e ii aiai?eo: "Oaa?eoa aai n iieo aeac. Ii ?ac?uaaao iia na?aoa!"13.
 Iaia ec ?anoi oiio?aaeyaiuo oi?i e?eoeee ianniaie eoeu­oo?u iniiaaia ia oacena i ia?aoiaa ?aeiaa?anoaa ia noaae? "oeaeeecaoee aeaaiey". Ia?auaynu e i?ioeiio, Yei ooaa??­aaao, ?oi nai ii naaa niinia "i?inaauaou" iannu n iiiiuu? ea?oeiie, a ia eiea e oai naiui oi?iuaou niaa??aiea niiaua­iey nouanoaiaae o?a a yiioo N?aaiaaaeiauy. Iieacaoaeuia ia­i?eie?eiinou N??a?a e Aa?ia?a Eea?ainneiai ii aii?ino i "aecoaeecaoee" aioe?aneeo niai?ia. Nayoie Aa?ia?, iianaynu niaeaciia, eioi?ua oaeee a naaa neoeuioo?u, aa?aeuaou e ii­caeee n ecia?a?aieai, iai?eia?, aa?iee e i?i?eo iiino?ia, oai naiui aacaaoe?iaae nianoaaiio? icaai?aiiinou ia?aa ia?­niaeoeaie auou niaeaciaiiui. Oai ia iaiaa eiaiii niai? n aai aecoaeuiie eiaeeie caiaiye ouny?ai o?enoeai nayuaiiua eieae e i?aanoaaeye niaie oieaa?naeuio? iiaaeu ie?a. E ai­iaua, a?oeoaeoo?a anaaaa yaeyeanu n?aanoaii ianniaie eii-
 12 Eco U. Apocalypse Postponed. P. 124.
 13 Ibid. P. 26.
 49
 ioieeaoee e iaeaaaea niiniaiinou? e oaa?aaie? e i?iiaaai­aa a ie?oou ia iaiuoae noaiaie, ?ai nia?aiaiiua iann-iaaea14.
 Eiia aaei, ?oi aioe?aneee niai? au?a?ae eaaieiae? ain­iianoao?uaai eeanna, a iannu auee iono?aiaiu io o?anoey a i?iecaianoaa eoeuoo?u aey naieo naay. Yoa oa?aeoa?enoeea oae­?a aanuia nouanoaaiia aey iiieiaiey nia?aiaiiie neooaoee: i?iaeaia ianniaie eoeuoo?u caee??aaony i?a?aa anaai a oii, ?oi yenieoaoe?oaiua eeannu, iio?aaeyy yoio i?iaoeo, ene?ai­ia aa?yo, ?oi ii niioaaonoaoao eo io?aai e i?aanoaaeaieyi i ie?a. Anou ?oi-oi iiino?oiciia a iauanoaa, a eioi?ii i?aanoa­aeoaee ?aai?aai eeanna aini?eieia?o no?anoe e i?aau a?en­oie?aoee eee ao??oacee eiioa XIX aaea ec oaeana?eaeia eae naie nianoaaiiua, i?iaoe?oy eo ia naay e eaaioeoeoe?oy naay n ieie, anaoaei ioaaaaynu yneaienoneei iano?iaieyi fin de siecle15. Yoi, eiia?ii, e?aeiee i?eia?, ii ii?ii iaeoe e a?o­aea, aanuia iioi?ea neooaoee. Ainoaoi?ii aniiiieou, nea?ai, i oaeaaeceiiiie ?aeeaia, a eioi?ie iieiaay ecuneaiiay iniaa iieoiaao ai?iaie iueanin, ?oiau ia enii?oeou naie iaiee??. Aey e?aae, aaeaeeo io yoie i?iaeaiu, oaeie ia?ac annioee?o­aony n oaioiiii ec a?oaiai ie?a. E n?anou?, naie c?eoaee a oaeeo neo?ayo niiniaiu i?iyaeou naay eae iiuoiua e aac?aei­noiua e?eoeee.
 Aiieaeeioe?aneea e?eoeee ia i?aau oae?a oiaaa, eiaaa iu­oa?ony i?aanoaaeou ianniao? eoeuoo?o eae ia?oi oieoi?iiia e iiiieeoiia, iaiaei a aaenoaeoaeuiinoe oaenooaeuiua eiiaai­oee ianniaie eoeuoo?u, eae e niiniau aa ?aoaioee, i?aiu ?ac­iiia?aciu e aa?ue?o?o io ?ai?a e ?ai?o, io ia?eiaa e ia?e­iao, io ianoa e ianoo. Iii?anoai niiauaiee eioa?i?aoe?oao­ny c?eoaeyie ii-?aciiio, n iiiiuu? ?acee?iuo eiaia aini?ey­oey. A ii?iaeuiie, iianaaiaaiie eiiioieeaoee aaoniuneaiiinou ii?oe enee??aaony, iineieueo eiau onoaiiaeaiu ca?aiaa, ii a ooai?anoaaiiie eiiioieeaoee niiauaiea iaia?aiii aaoniun­eaiii. A ianniaie eiiioieeaoee aaoniuneaiiinou anaaaa i?e­noonoaoao, aa?a anee yoi ianoiyoaeunoai e eaii?e?oaony16. Ia­iaei iu ia ii?ai n?aaieaaou yoe niiauaiey n "ionoui aeai­eii", eioi?ue ii?ao iaiieiyouny ?acee?iui niaa??aieai a caaeneiinoe io eiaia aai ?anoeo?iaee.
 14 Ni.: Yei O. Ionoonoao?uay no?oeoo?a. N. 236—238.
 15 Eco U. Apocalypse Postponed. P. 30.
 16 Ni.: Eco U. Travels in Hyperreality (London: Picador, 1987). ?. 140.
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 Aaaii o?a ia nae?ao, ?oi aeanou a aaenoaeoaeuiinoe i?e­iaaea?eo oiio, eoi eiio?iee?oao iaaea17. Eaeie ?a yeaiaio a oaie eiiioieeaoee aie?ai auou eiio?iee?oaiui, anee ?a?u eaao i caoaaoa eee iiaaa??aiee aeanoe? Iau?ii aoia?o, ?oi yoi eaiae e/eee enoi?iee. Iaiaei ia naiii aaea yoi i?iaeaia ia enoi?ieea niiauaiey, a aa?anaoa, — oaa?aai Yei18. Aa?ea­oeaiinou eioa?i?aoaoee aunooiaao eae naiaai ?iaa caeii ian­niaie eiiioieeaoee. Niiauaiey, iineaiiua ec iaiiai enoi?­ieea e ainoeaoea naiaai aa?anaoa a ?acee?iuo nioeaeuiuo a?oi­iao, iaecaa?ii aoaoo "i?i?eoaiu" n iiiiuu? ?acee?iuo eiaia. Aey eea?ea ec ieeaineiai aaiea ?aeeaia oieiaeeuieea ia OA aunooiaao eae noeioe e iieoiea, a aey aac?aaioiiai e?anouyie­ia ec Eaeaa?ee oa ?a ?aeeaia, ieeoaoai?y?uay ie? aeaaiii­eo?ey, iineo?eo noeioeii aey aiciouaiey. Oaeei ia?acii, oaeaaeceiiiay ?aeeaia a no?aiao n ieceei o?iaiai aioiaa ii­?ao nua?aou ?ieiao? ?ieu ?aaie?oeiiiiai niiauaiey19.
 Oai ia iaiaa iiceoey aiieaeeioe?aneeo oai?aoeeia eiaao oi ainoieinoai, ?oi iia o?aaiiaaoeaaao iioeienoe?aneo? eaa­ieiae? eioaa?e?iaaiiuo eioaeeaeooaeia. E oiio ?a, n?eoaao Yei, aac eo "iani?aaaaeeaie, iaiinoi?iiiae, iaa?ioe?aneie, aac?aeinoiie oaico?u" iu ieeiaaa ia iniciaee au, eae aa?ia i?iaeaia ianniaie eoeuoo?u, eioi?ay noaea iaiouaieaiie ?a­nou? iaoaai iianaaiaaiiai nouanoaiaaiey e e?eoe?aneiai in­iuneaiey20. Aac i?aoaaee?aiey ii?ii neacaou, ?oi Aeaeaeoe­ea i?inaauaiey ai iiiaii ii?aaaeeea iai?aaeaiea oai?aoe?an­eeo iieneia Oiaa?oi Yei e noi?ie?iaaea aai eioa?an e nia?aiaiiie ianniaie eoeuoo?a.
 A 1977 aiao, aica?auaynu e yoie oaia e aniiieiay i oii, eae ienaeanu eieaa, Yei ioia?aao, eae iiiaia eciaieeinu n oiai a?aiaie, eiaaa caieiaouny oai?eae ianniauo eiiioieeaoee auei ?aaiicia?ii nicaaie? oai?ee "neaao?uaai ?aoaa?aa". Naie en­neaaiaaiey oniaoii einoeoooeaeece?iaaeenu a oieaa?neoaoao, a niaeo? e?eoe?aneie ?aaiou ioaaouaaao eae noa?o ia?aciaa­iey, oae e iieeoeee, i?e yoii naieioeea aiaeeanu, ii?aeoe, aieaa aia?aoey?ueo ?acoeuoaoia a yoie iaeanoe, ?ai iiiaieao­iee eeaa? oai?ee ianniauo eiiioieeaoee — nioeieiaey. Aic­ii?ii, eaay eieae auea io?anoe ooiie?aneie, io?a?ay i?inaa-
 17 Eco U. Travels in Hyperreality. ?. 135.
 18 Ibid. ?. 142.
 19 Ibid. ?. 141.
 20 Eco U. Apocalypse Postponed. ?. 25.
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 oeoaeuneo? iaaa?ao aa aaoi?a ia oi, ?oi oiaeay e oiieay e?e­oeea aoaao "ecioo?e" niinianoaiaaou niaa?oainoaiaaie? niiaua­iee iann-iaaea21. Iaiaaa?eaaao eeou oi, ?oi yoa e?eoe?an­eay eioa?aaioey iaania?eea ?anou c?eoaeae iaaa?iui i?ioe­aiyaeai i?ioea aiieie?o?uae eaaieiaee, oa?yuae a n?aanoaao ianniaie eiiioieeaoee.
 Eoeuoo?iay eiaono?ey, iiiyoay eae niaieoiiinou enoi?e­?aneeo oneiaee, eciaieea naii niaa??aiea iiiyoey "eoeuoo­?a", a oii ?enea e a naiii niiaenoneii aa iiieiaiee (oi anou eae "aunieay eoeuoo?a"). Ia iuoaynu aieuoa aa?ioou ?aeiaa­?anoai "iacaa e i?e?iaa", iu aie?iu i?eaueioou e iiaie ?iee ?aeiaaea: ia naiaiaiiai io iaoei, ii naiaiaiiai a nai­ai ioiioaiee e iei. Anee iaaicii?ii inaiaiaeouny io aean­oe iann-iaaea, oi nouanoaoao, ii e?aeiae ia?a, aicii?iinou naiaiau eioa?i?aoaoee: aicii?iinou i?i?eoaou niiauaiea ii-a?oaiio22.
 21 Eco U. Apocalypse Postponed. P. 54.
 22 Ni.: Eco U. Travels in Hyperreality. ?. 138.
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 Aiieiaey ynoaoeee na?eeiuo oi?i
 Aey Yei, eae a naia a?aiy e aey o?aioocneiai oai?aoeea Yaaa­?a Ii?aia, iao ie?aai i?anooiiiai a oii, ?oi e?eoee aoaeia ianea?aaaony iauaeoii nianoaaiiiai aiaeeca e ainoeuaaony oai, eae ae?ooicii ii naaeai. Ii eaeia ioiioaiea eia?o iann-ia­aea e ynoaoeea?
 Naaiaiy c?eoaee ?aaie?oeiiiiai a naia a?aiy oeeuia N. Eoa?eea Einie?aneay Iaennay: 2001 ?aua anaai ieacuaa?o­ny ?aci?a?iaaiiuie — i?e?eia a oii, ?oi iinea yoiai oeeuia auee naaeaiu a?oaea, aieaa eciu?aiiua oeeuiu, auoanieaoea ec eoeuoo?iie iaiyoe enoi?iee. "Iann-iaaea aaiaaeiae?iu, ii iie ia eia?o iaiyoe, iineieueo, eiaaa iiyaeyaony oaeue ?ya eieoaoee i?eaeiaea, ieeoi o?a ia iiiieo, n ?aai ana ia?aeinu, a ?acoeuoaoa aeaao ?iaa iiaoo i?eiyou ca ieaaoaai aioea"1. Iaiaei ii?aio iiaiaiiai auoaniaiey e caauaaiey ia i?ienoi­aeo n eeanne?aneeie eneonnoaaie oeia eeoa?aoo?u eee ?eaiie­ne (aaau iu, ea?aony, ana aua niiniaiu ioee?eou Ea?aaaa?i io ea?aaaa?enoia)? Aeaeii, iioiio, ?oi iann-iaaea ia ecia?aoa­?o, iie iniiaaiu ia oaoie?aneii, a ia eioaeeaeooaeuiii ni­aa?oainoaa. E oiio ?a eo auno?ia ?acaeoea aea?ao ca niaie e eciaiaiea ai?eciioa i?eaaiee c?eoaeae e ia?aiao?ia ioaiee.
 A 60-o aa. Yei aue oaa?ai a oii, ?oi eeo? — yoi ia eneonno­ai, a anaai eeou "eaaaeuiay ieua aey eaieaie aoaeoi?ee", ei­oi?ay ?aeaao iieo?aou oaiaieunoaea, ia i?eeaaay e oiio ieea­eeo oneeee, aoao?e oaa?aiiie, ?oi ianea?aaaony iiaeeiiie ?ai?acaioaoeae ie?a, oiaaa eae ia naiii aaea iia a ninoiyiee aini?eieiaou eeou "aoi?e?io? eieoaoe? ia?ae?iie aeanoe ia?acia"2. A yoio ia?eia ii neeiiai nei?aa ioi?aanoaeyou eeo? n ianniaie eoeuoo?ie a oaeii, ?oi ana aua i?aaiieaaaao iaee­?ea iaeiaai ia?acoa, ynoaoe?aneiai eaiiia (aaaiaa?aiia eneon­noai, iai?eia?). Iaiei ec e?eoa?eaa oaeiai ?acaaeaiey aunoo­iaao "anayaiinou" e eiiu?ieoo?iinou eeo?a, n iaiie noi?iiu, a n a?oaie — iai?eaieaiinou niiauaiey a ea?anoaa e?eoa?ey
 1 Eco U. Travels in Hyperreality. ?. 145.
 2 Eco U. The Open Work (Harvard University Press, 1989). ?. 183.
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 ea?anoaa, yeeoa?iinou ooai?ieea a aaaiaa?aenoneii eneonnoaa. I?iaeaia, iaiaei, caee??aeanu a oii — e ni a?aiaiai yoi noa­ei i?aaeaii, ai anyeii neo?aa aey naiiai Yei, — ?oi eeo? ia­?aceoe?iaae ia oniaoao aaaiaa?aa, iaiiaeyeny e i?ioaaoae ia aai oai??aneeo iaoiaeao. I?eie?aiea eeo?a n aaaiaa?aii ni­noiyeinu a iinoiiaa?ienoneie eoeuoo?a. Iinoiiaa?ieci o?ee­ny o ianniaie eoeuoo?u ?aciiia?aciui oaoieeai noeioee?iaa­iey aini?eyoey, o?eouaa?uei ?acee?ey ia?ao "eioa?i?aoa­oeaiuie niiauanoaaie". Iia ac?anoeea aai, noi?ie?iaaea aai ycue e caoai iiaaa?aeanu naiie aaniiuaaiie e?eoeea n aai noi?iiu.
 Oiaaa Yei, a?ya ee iiaic?aaay i aicii?iinoe oaeiai nei?­iiai neiaeica, ?acaiaee eo ii ?aciua noi?iiu aa?ua?a: a oi a?aiy eae aaaiaa?a iiai?a?eaaaony e iauaeoo naiaai aeneo?na, eeo? nin?aaioi?ai ia ?aaeoeyo, eioi?ua i?iecaaaaiea aie?ii i?iao?aaou a naiae aoaeoi?ee, e ?anniao?eaaao yoi eae niune naiaai nouanoaiaaiey. Caanu iaia?o?eaa?ony enoiee aiaeaa­eaioiinoe iinoiiaa?iecia, caeioa?aniaaiiiai a ii?i?aaiee cia?aiee, ii noaayuaai eo a caaeneiinou io ?aaeoee aoaeoi­?ee. Ii aiaoiei i?eciaeai iinoiiaa?ieci ii?ii eaaei ia?a­iooaou n eeo?ai, iaiaei anee eeo?o ia oaaaaeinu niaeacieou eioaeeaeooaeuio? ioaeeeo (eeo? ia niiniaai "?acaeaeaou, ia ioaeaeaynu io i?iaeai"3), oi iinoiiaa?ieci, iai?ioea, ?ann?e­ouaaao eiaiii ia oaeo? aoaeoi?e?, eioi?ay niiniaia ioaieou e?iie?, "naaeaiiinou" i?iecaaaaiey, ioneaaeou a iai eioa?­oaenooaeuiua eiau, oi anou ?acaeaeaouny e iaiia?aiaiii iieo­?aou iiaia ciaiea. Aey oiai ?oiau oaeie eiioaeo noae aicii­?ai, ?oiau oaeno aue i?i?eoai aa?anaoii, iinoiiaa?ieci au?a­aaouaaao ii?aaaeaiiua i?eioeiu i?aaiecaoee niiauaiey. A aieaa iicaieo ?aaioao Yei ia?auaaony e aiaeeco acaeiiio­iioaiee ia?ao ?acee?iuie oi?iaie aaaiaa?aenoneiai eneon­noaa e eo eioa?i?aoaoeaiui niiauanoaii, a caoai — e o?ain­oi?iaoee naieo yoeo oi?i e niioaaonoaaiii ioiioaiee i?iec­aaaaiey n aoaeoi?eae a iinoiiaa?ienoneie eoeuoo?a4.
 ?oiau iainiiaaou naie oacen i naee?aiee ianniaie eoeu­oo?u n aaaiaa?aiui (eioaeeaeooaeuiui) eneonnoaii, iieacaou,
 3 Yei O. Caiaoee ia iieyo. N. 456.
 4 ?onneiycu?iiio ?eoaoae? ecaanoiu iaeioi?ua oaenou Oiaa?oi Yei, iinayuaiiua iinoiiaa?ienoneie ynoaoeea: Ni.: Yei O. Eiiiaaoey e iiaoi?aiea: Ia?ao ynoaoeeie iiaa?ia e iinoiiaa?ia // Oeeini­oey yiioe iinoiiaa?ia. Ieine, 1996; Yei O. Caiaoee ia iieyo.
 54
 ?oi a yiioo iann-iaaea eeanne?aneea e?eoa?ee ynoaoe?aneiai niiauaiey ieacuaa?ony ia aeooaeuiu, Yei i?aaeaaaao ii­?aciuoeyou iaa iiiiceoeae "iiaoi?aiea — eiiiaaoey" a iiaie eoeuoo?iie neooaoee (ioee?iie io oie, a eioi?ie Aaeu­oa? Aaiuyiei aia?aua yenieeoeoii noi?ioee?iaae naio i?i­aeaio iiaoi?aiey-?ai?iaooe?iaaiey eae ee??aao? aey nia?a­iaiiie ynoaoeee).
 Iiaa?ienoneei e?eoa?eai ioaiee ooai?anoaaiiie cia?e­iinoe yaeyeenu iiaecia e aunieay noaiaiu eioi?iaoeaiinoe. Niioaaonoaaiii aey iiaa?iecia iiaoi?aiea annioee?iaaeinu n ?aianeaiie?anoaii (eee n i?iiuoeaiiinou?), eieu nei?i ?a?u oea i aini?iecaaaaiee ?aai-eeai ai iii?anoaa yecaii­ey?ia niaeanii iaeiae iiaaee. Aey iiaa?ienoneiai ooai?ie­ea nouanoaoao eeou i?eaeiae — e a oii niunea, ?oi ii ia eiaao "aeeciaoia" a yiiii eiee?anoaa, ii o iaai oae?a iao e "?iaeoaeae", — oi anou i?eaeiae, ii ii?aaaeaie?, ia yaeyao­ny iiaoi?aieai ?aai-oi a?oaiai. E oiio ?a aa?ia oaoieea — enoeiii ooai?anoaaiiay oaoieea, eioi?ay a ioee?ea io i?i­iuoeaiiiai niiniaa aini?iecaianoaa oae?a aie?ia auou oieeaeuiie. Ia yoii i?eioeia iniiaaia any iiaiaa?iiaen­eay ynoaoeea, ?acee?a?uay eneonnoai e ?aianeaiie?anoai, oioy eeanne?aneie oai?ee — io aioe?iinoe ai n?aaiaaaeiauy — yoi aaeaiea ia ecaanoii. "Iaiei e oai ?a oa?ieiii (tekhne) iieuciaaeenu aey iaicia?aiey o?oaa ia?eeiaoa?a eee noai­no?ieoaey, ooai?ieea eee iiyoa. Eeanne?aneay ynoaoeea ia no?aieeanu e eiiiaaoeyi e?aie oaiie: iaiai?io, iia ?anoi ?anniao?eaaea eae "i?ae?aniua" aia?ioiua eiiee aa?iiai ia?acoa"5, a oi a?aiy eae iiaa?ieci aue n naiiai ia?aea ia­no?iai ia io?eoaiea i?aaoanoao?ueo ia?acoia.
 Yoi iauyniyao, "ii?aio iiaa?ienoneay ynoaoeea auaeyaeo noieu no?iaie ii ioiioaie? e i?iaoeoee iann-iaaea. Iiio­ey?iay ianaiea, ?aeeaiiue ?ieee, eiieen, aaoaeoeaiue ?iiai, aanoa?i caaoiuaaeenu eae aieaa eee iaiaa oniaoiua ain­i?iecaaaaiey iaeiaai ia?acoa eee iiaaee. A ea?anoaa oaeiauo eo iaoiaeee caaaaiuie, ii ia ooai?anoaaiiuie. E oiio ?a yoio ecauoie ?acaeaeaoaeuiinoe, iiaoi?yaiinou, iaainoaoie ii­aeciu aini?eieiaeenu eae naiaai ?iaa eiiia??aneay oeiaea (i?iaoeo aie?ai oaiaeaoai?you cai?inu iio?aaeoaey), a ia eae
 5 Yei O. Eiiiaaoey e iiaoi?aiea. Ia?ao ynoaoeeie iiaa?ia e iino­iiaa?ia. N. 52.
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 i?iaieaoeiiiay i?acaioaoey iiaiai (e nei?iiai aey aini?ey­oey) ie?iaeaaiey"6. I?iaoeou iann-iaaea anneieee?iaaeenu i?iiuoeaiiinou? a oie ia?a, a eaeie iie yaeyeenu na?eeiuie i?iaoeoaie, a yoio oei "na?eeiiai" i?iecaianoaa n?eoaeny ?o?­aui ooai?anoaaiiiio ecia?aoaie?.
 Yei i?aaeaaaao i?iaiaeece?iaaou iiaoi?aiea, eiie?iaaiea, ecauoi?iinou e iia?eiaiea i?aaonoaiiaeaiiie noaia a ea?a­noaa iniiaiuo oa?aeoa?enoee iann-iaaeeiie "ynoaoeee". Aae­noaeoaeuii, oaeaaeceiiiay ?aeeaia, aaoaeoea, e?aie na?eae eoeu­oeae?o?o i?eaiu iiaoi?aiey (i ?ai ienaee oae?a e o?aieoo?o­neea oai?aoeee), aac eioi?uo iie, a i?eioeia, iaiuneeiu. C?eoae? eee ?eoaoae?, eae yoi ie iiea?aony no?aiiui, ciaiea eio?eae e i?aaneacoaiinou iiaanoaiaaiey ainoaaey?o iaiaei oaiaieunoaey. Ii, aiai?eo Yei, yoi noa?ue i?eai, eioi?ue ecia?aee ioi?au ia iann-iaaea e o? oai aieaa ia a XX aaea. Aieuoeinoai ?iiaiia XIX aaea auee "iiaoi?y?ueieny" e "na­?eeiuie" (aniiiiei, iai?eia?, i A?ia n aai iooeaoa?aie), Ianiu i ?ieaiaa — i?aaiieaaaea, ?oi ana aai ?eoaoaee i?ae?an­ii inaaaiieaiu i oii, ?oi i?eee??eeinu n ?ieaiaii (A?einoi inoaaaeinu eeou iiaoiaou i niiniaa ia??aoee), oi ?a naiia ii?ii auei au neacaou i O?enoaia e Ecieuaa — iaia e oa ?a enoi?ey n iaaieuoeie aa?eaoeyie eceaaaeanu ?acee?iuie aaoi?aie. Iaeiiao, Oaenie? n aai Aaieaoii, eioi?ue i?aa­noaaeyao niaie ?acoeuoao niaoaiey ianeieueeo aieaa ?aiieo aa?nee oie ?a enoi?ee. Aieaa oiai, Yei iieaaaao, ?oi eiaiii yoa, ii aieuoiio n?aoo, ia-i?eaeiaeuiinou eiiaaa yaeyeanu i?e­?eiie "eoeuoiainoe" oiai eee eiiai i?iecaaaaiey7.
 I?eaeiaeuiinou iann-iaaea caee??aaony a oii, ?oiau ?an­neacaou iaio e oo ?a enoi?e? ?aciuie niiniaaie, ii yoe nii­niau ioee?iu io oao i?eaiia, eioi?ua eniieuciaaeenu aaoi?a­ie "na?eeiuo" ?iiaiia a XIX aaea: iu eiaai aaei n ?acee?iu­ie i?eaiaie aa?eaoee. Aa?eaoee enoi?e?iu, e aeaaiaa?y ei
 6 Yei O. Eiiiaaoey e iiaoi?aiea. Ia?ao ynoaoeeie iiaa?ia e iino­iiaa?ia. N. 53.
 7 Eae yoi neo?eeinu, iai?eia?, n Aaieaoii. O. N. Yeeio ooaa??aae, ?oi Aaieao yaeyaony iiaoi?aieai ?aiieo aa?nee, iicaeinoaiaaiiuo Oaenie?ii o a?oaeo aaoi?ia, ?oi neacuaaaony a ianiaa?oainoaa aai eiiiiceoee. Yei iieaaaao, ?oi aaoniuneaiiinou e "i?eaeiaeuiinou" yoiai i?iecaaaaiey yaey?ony ?acoeuoaoii oao i?iaeai, eioi?ua en­iuouaae aai aaoi?, iuoaynu niaianoeou ?acee?iua oiiinu a iaiii oaenoa (Eco U. "Casablanca: Cult Movies and Intertextual Collage", in Faith in Fakes. Travels in Hyperreality (Minerva, 1995). ?. 201).
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 ie iaia "eiiey ia yaeyaony ia naiii aaea oaeiaie — "ana aaei a yoeo iaeaiueeo ioee?eyo", eae aiai?ee iaaacucaanoiue ia?niia? Eaaioeia Oa?aioeii.
 Ca eiie?aoiuie i?eia?aie Yei ia?auaaony e oiio enoi?e­?aneiio ia?eiao (iaoaio), "a eioi?ii aini?iecaaaaiea e iiaoi­?aiea ea?oony aiieie?o?ueie ai anao aeaao ooai?anoaaiii­ai oai??anoaa e aaa noaiiaeony o?oaii ?aca?aie?eou iiaoi?aiea a iann-iaaea e, nea?ai, a aunieii eneonnoaa"8. Aey ynoaoeee iinoiiaa?ia, ioee?ea eioi?ie io e?aie a?oaie ynoaoe?aneie nenoaiu ninoieo i?a?aa anaai a niaoeoeea aa aaceniuo eaoaai­?ee, ee??aauie yaey?ony iiiyoey iiaoi?aiey e aini?i­ecaaaaiey. A Eoaeee yoa aeneonney iaaaaii ?anoaaea iia ciaia­iai "iiaie ynoaoeee na?eeiinoe" (Yei i?aaeaaaao a aaiiii neo­?aa eniieuciaaou "na?eeiinou" eae i?aiu oe?ieia iiiyoea eee, anee oaiaii, eae neiiiei "iiaoi?eoaeuiiai eneonnoaa").
 Iinoiiaa?ienoneay ynoaoeea iaiuneeia oae?a aia eaoaai­?ee ?aoaioee, ?oi a ?aieao iinoiiaa?ienoneie ia?aaeaiu ai­?acai aieaa aa?ii, ?ai iioieiaey ooai?anoaaiiiai oaenoa. E caanu ee??aauie iiiyoeyie, n eaaeie ?oee Yei, noaiiayony ea­oaai?ee iaeaiiai e e?eoe?aneiai c?eoaeae. Iinoiiaa?ienoneea oai?aoeee niaeaniu a oii, ?oi aaoi? niye n naay anyeo? ioaaono­aaiiinou (eee aai ianeeuii aa eeoeee?) ca eiia?iue ?acoeuoao aini?eyoey oaenoa, ia?aaaa ooieoe? neiaiee?aneiai oaio?a naiaio ?eoaoae?-c?eoae?, eioi?iio i?eoiaeony auae?aou nia­noaaiio? no?aoaae? ii oii?yai?eaaie? oaenooaeuiiai oieaa?­noia, a ?acoeuoaoa ?aai oaeno au?a?aao aai aeaaiea ie?a. Ec­aanoiu ?acee?iua niiniau i?i?oaiey, eioi?ua naienoaaiiu ?ac­ee?iui "eioa?i?aoaoeaiui niiauanoaai" (N. Oeo). Auaaey?o eae ieieioi aaa oeia aoaeoi?ee ?eoaoaeae (aaa "noaeoeuoo?u", a oa?ieiieiaee ?. A?aiena) — a oa?ieiieiaee Yei yoi iaea­iue e e?eoe?aneee ?aoeieaiou. Ia?aue yaeyaony "ca?aiaa oai­oiaaiiie ?a?oaie nianoaaiiie no?aoaaee auneacuaaiey" e iieucoaony i?iecaaaaieai eae "naiaioe?aneie iaoeiie"; aoi­?ie i?aanoaaeyao niaie e?eoe?aneiai, eneooaiiiai ?eoaoaey, eioi?ue aioia o?anoaiaaou a ea?a, i?aaei?aiiie aaoi?ii, e niciaoaeuii iai?aaeyaony a ?annoaaeaiiua aey iaai eiaooee9.
 Iaiei ec i?eaiia ?aniiciaaaiey yoeo aaoo oeiia ?aoeie­aioia yaeyaony oa?aeoa?iue aey iinoiiaa?ienoneie ia??aoee
 8 Yei O. Eiiiaaoey e iiaoi?aiea. Ia?ao ynoaoeeie iiaa?ia e iino­iiaa?ia. N. 56.
 9 Ni.: Yei O. Caiaoee ia iieyo. N. 437.
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 i?eai: ?a?u eaao ia e?iie?aneii oeoe?iaaiee "iauaai ianoa" — oiiina, eioi?ue ?ani?ino?aieeny a noa?a ianniaie eiiioieea­oee n?aaieoaeuii iaaaaii. Aniiiiei eaa?u nia?oe a?aaneiai aaeeeaia a Eneaoaeyo iioa?yiiiai eia?aaa e iiyaeaiea iaan­neie eanoieou a Aaiaiao Aoae Aeeaia. Eaeay naycu ia?ao yoe­ie aaoiy oeoaoaie? Eae a iaiii neo?aa, oae e a a?oaii c?e­oaeu, ?oiau oeiaeou iaiae, aie?ai ciaou enoiaiua oiiinu. A neo?aa n aaeeeaiii iu eiaai aaei n oeie?iie aey yoiai ?ai?a neooaoeae; oiiin, eniieucoaiue a Aaiaiao, iiyaeyaony a ia?­aue e iineaaiee ?ac a aaeinoaaiiii i?iecaaaaiee (a A?iiaiin­oa Iioaieeia). Noaiiaynu aiineaanoaee oeoaoie, ii i?aa?aua­aony a ianoiyuee ia?ieu aey eeiie?eoeeia e eeiie?aeoaeae.
 A iaieo neo?ayo oiiinu caia?aoeaiu a "yioeeeiiaaee" c?eoaey; iie yaey?ony ?anou? nie?iaeuieou eieeaeoeaiiai aiia?a?aaiiai, e eiaiii a yoii ea?anoaa eo eniieuco?o. N oie eeou ?acieoae, ?oi a Eneaoaeyo iioa?yiiiai eia?aaa oi­iin oeoe?oaony aey oiai, ?oiau ii?iaa?aioou (oi, ?aai ?aao c?eoaeu enoiay ec naiaai iiuoa, ia i?ienoiaeo), a oi a?aiy eae a Aaiaiao oiiin aaiaeony ec-ca aai iaoianoiinoe (eanoie­oa ia eiaao ieeaeiai ioiioaiey e inoaeuiiio niaa??aie? oeeuia).
 Ia?aue neo?ae iaiiieiaao Yei na?e? eiieenia, iioaeeei­aaiiuo eiaaa-oi a ?o?iaea Mad iia caaieiaeii "Oeeui, eioi­?ue iu oioei iiniio?aou": aaenoaea i?ienoiaeo aaa-oi ia ae­eii Caiaaa; aaiaeou naycuaa?o aa?iei? e inoaaey?o aa ia ?a­eaciiai?i?iuo ?aeunao. A ?a?aaiaaiee e?oiiuo ieaiia iu aeaei oi i?eaee?a?ueeny iiaca, oi aaoaii i?aueony niana­oaeae, eioi?ua no?aiyony iia?aaeou eieiiioea. A eiioa eii­oia, aii?aee anai i?eaaieyi, ni?iaioe?iaaiiui oiiinii, aa­aooea iiaeaaao iia eieanaie iiacaa. ?a?u eaao ia eio?eao?­uai i?eaia, eioi?ue aace?oaony ia aiiouaiee, ?oi ioaeeea ociaao enoiaiue oiiin e i?eiaieo e oeoaoa nenoaio anoanoaai­iuo i?eaaiee (oi anou i?aaaeaaiee, eioi?ua ii ii?aaaeaie? aie?ai nicaaaaou yoio o?aaiaio yioeeeiiaae?aneie eioi?ia­oee), a caoai ?acaea?aony oai, ?oi aai i?eaaiey ia ii?aaaa­eenu. Ia yoie noaaee i?inoiaooiue c?eoaeu nia?aea, aoao?e iaiaioo, ia?a?eaaao naia ?aci?a?iaaiea, ?oiau caoai i?aia­?aceouny a e?eoe?aneiai c?eoaey, eioi?ue ioaieo i?eai, ii­n?aanoaii eioi?iai aai "i?iaaee"10.
 10 Ni.: Yei O. Eiiiaaoey e iiaoi?aiea. Ia?ao ynoaoeeie iiaa?ia e iinoiiaa?ia. N. 61.
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 I?eia? n Aaiaiaie i?aanoaaeyao niaie o?iaaiu niaa?oai­ii eiiai ii?yaea: c?eoaeu, n eioi?ui oaeno onoaiiaee eiiee­oeoiia niaeaoaiea, — ia iaeaiue (eioi?ue, naiia aieuoaa, ii?ao auou ii?a?ai iano?aciui ?acaeoeai niauoee), yoi c?e­oaeu e?eoe?aneee, eioi?iio i?aaeony e?iie?aneee o??e n oe­oaoie e eioi?ue iuouaao aeon e i?aaiaia?aiiie iaeaiinoe. A iaieo neo?ayo, iaiaei, eiaao ianoi aoi?e?iue e?eoe?aneee ?a­coeuoao: iniciaaoee oeoaoo c?eoaeu ia?eiaao e?iie?anee ia?a­iniuneeaaou nouiinou i?eaia e iiieiaao, ?oi aai i?eaeaneee iiea?aou n aai nianoaaiiie yioeeeiiaae?aneie eiiiaoaioeae.
 Neaaoao caiaoeou, ?oi oaiiiai "eioa?oaenooaeuiiai aea­eiaa" ?acaeaaeny a naia a?aiy a yenia?eiaioaeuiii eneonnoaa e i?aaiieaaae "ia?acoiaiai ?eoaoaey", a eoeuoo?iii ioiioaiee aanuia eciu?aiiiai. Oio oaeo, ?oi iiaiaiua i?eaiu iic?a iieo?eee oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea a noa?a iann-iaaea, naeaa­oaeunoaoao i oii, ?oi iaaea i?aaiieaaa?o aeaaaiea eioi?ia­oeae, ?aiaa o?a ia?aaaiiie a?oaeie iaaea.
 Oaeno Eiiieaiaoyieia "ciaao", ?oi ioaeeea aeaaiaa?y n?aa­noaai ianniaie eioi?iaoee ecaanoii i?aeoe?anee ana i ?aiaaeuae, Eoeana e Nieeaa?aa. A ea?a ia?oaenoiauo oeoao iaaea, ea?aony, ionuea?o e ie?o, ii a aaenoaeoaeuiinoe iie ionuea­?o e niaa??aie? a?oaeo niiauaiee, ia?aaaiiuo a?oaeie ia­aea. Ea?a no?ieony, oae neacaou, ia "?anoe?y?uaeny" eioa?­oaenooaeuiinoe. Anyeia ?acee?ea ia?ao ciaieai i ie?a (iae­aii iiieiaaiui eae ciaiea, iieo?aaiia ec aiaoaenooaeuiiai iiuoa) e ciaieai eioa?oaenooaeuiui oaeoe?anee en?acaao.
 Iinono?oeoo?aeenoneay iaoaoi?a ie?a eae oaenoa caanu aanu­ia enoaoe. Eae iieacuaaao Yei, a?aieou ?aaeuiiai e auiuo­eaiiiai ie?ia aanuia i?ec?a?iu. Eiaaa iu noaeeeaaainy n ea­eie-eeai ?eciaiiie neooaoeae (eaoano?ioa eee ia?aaeaiea), aianoi oiai ?oiau i?eaea?u iiuo ec iianaaiaaiie ?ecie, iu caeinoaoao aai ec naiae ?a eioa?oaenooaeuiie eiiiaoaioee, oi anou eniieucoai oa "iiaanoaiaaoaeuiua noaiu" (oa?iei I. ?eooaoa?a), eioi?ua iai ciaeiiu ec eeoa?aoo?u eee a?oaeo ia­aea. (Iai?eia?, "ia?aaeaiea iiacaa" — neooaoey, "caea?aiiay" aeaaiaa?y aanoa?iai, a ia aaenoaeyi ?aaeuiuo ia?ooeoaeae caeiia11.) Yei aneaa ca eeiaaenoaie eniieucoao iiiyoea o?aeia aey iaicia?aiey oaeeo eoeuoo?iuo eeeoa: iaoiayueeny a
 11 Ni.: Nieiooeia I. A Eiioaioee "?eoaoaey" a nia?aiaiiii caiaa­iii eeoa?aoo?iaaaaiee // Ooai?anoaaiiay ?aoaioey e aa?iaiaaoe­ea. I., 1985. N. 219.
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 ?eoaoaeuneii niciaiee noa?aioei aini?eyoey e iienaiey oiai eee eiiai i?aaiaoa12. E?aay eoeuoo?iay ?aaeey eiaao naie noa­ia?ee: aicii?iu noaia?ee "aa?a?eiea", "noia?ia?eao", ?oi ni­ioaaonoaoao iaeioi?ui iauei i?aanoaaeaieyi, ii eniieuco?o­ny oae?a e aiieia ii?aaaeaiiua eioa?oaenooaeuiua "noaia?ee", i eioi?uo caanu eaao ?a?u. Iai?eia?, inoaaony i?aiu aieuoay aa?iyoiinou oiai, ?oi ia oieuei ?aoeieaio, ii e nai oaeno ni­ciaoaeuii "eniieucoao" noaia?ee ia?aaeaiey iiacaa — ia ni­aeanii yoei iauei i?aanoaaeaieyi, a niaeanii oie eeanne?an­eie iiaaee, eioi?o? iu ii?ai iaeoe a aanoa?iao (ia?eiay n naiiai ia?aiai — Aieuoiai ia?aaeaiey iiacaa Y. Ii?oa?a (1902 a.))13. E ?eneo oaeeo eioa?oaenooaeuiuo o?aeiia ioiineo­ny, iai?eia?, e Yaeiia o?aoaieuiee a eioa?i?aoaoee O?aeaa14. Eoae, iu ia ii?ai aiai?eou i "nia?oe eneonnoaa" a yiioo iann-iaaea. Ii?ii ooaa??aaou iaaa?iyea eeou oi, ?oi eeiey aaia?eaoee ia?ao "eneonnoaii eioaeeaeooaeuiui" e "eneonno­aii iiioey?iui", ea?aony, nianai en?acea. E anee ia?aniio­?aou iia yoei oaeii c?aiey an? enoi?e? eoeuoo?u, ii eioa?­i?aoe?iaaou aa a nia?aiaiiuo oa?ieiao, oi auynieony, ?oi "yeeoenoneie" e?eoeea ii?ii iiaaa?aioou e iiiaea, ia ia?aue acaeya aannii?iua, i?iecaaaaiey. Yei i?aaeaaaao nai? eeanneoeea­oe? "iiaoi?eoaeuiiai" eneonnoaa, a eiaiii: retake, remake, na?ey, naaa, eioa?oaenooaeuiue aeaeia15. Enneaaoy eo aaiaa­eiae?, ii iieacuaaao, ?oi, iai?eia?, Iaenoiaue ?ieaia A?e-
 12 O. A. aai Aaee ii?aaaeyao "o?aeiu" eae iauaa "ciaiea", eioi?ia i?aaieciaaii a eiioaiooaeuiua nenoaiu. O?aeiu eia?o, eae i?aae­ei, eiiaaioeiiaeuio? i?e?iao e iienuaa?o oi, ?oi a aaiiii iaua­noaa yaeyaony "oa?aeoa?iui" eee "oeie?iui". Eiioaiooaeuiua o?ae­iu, eee "noaia?ee", ii?aaaeaiiui ia?acii i?aaieco?o iaoa iiaa­aaiea e iicaiey?o aieaa eee iaiaa i?aaeeuii eioa?i?aoe?iaaou iiaaaaiea a?oaeo e?aae. (Ni.: Aai Aaee O. A. ?cue. Iiciaiea. Eiiioieeaoey. I., 1989. N. 16—17).
 13 Eee, eae iieacuaaao, iai?eia?, ?. Oeauyi, ?aiiea ?onneea oeeuiu ii ?iiaio E. Oienoiai Aiia Ea?aieia aini?iecaiaeee noaio naii­oaeenoaa Aiiu ia "ii Oienoiio", a "ii E?iua?ai" (I?eauoea iiac­aa ia aiecae Ea Neioa). Oieuei a yoo yiioo ?a?u oea ia ia oiuoeai­iie ?aieienoaioee, a, nei?aa, i aanniciaoaeuiii eiie?iaaiee ia­?acoa, inoaaeaoai iaecaeaaeiia aia?aoeaiea o?ana io iaaaeaa?ua­ainy ia c?eoaey iiacaa. (Ni.: Oeauyi ?. Enoi?e?aneay ?aoaioey eeii. Eeiaiaoia?ao a ?innee (1896—1930). ?eaa, 1991. N. 165—167.)
 14 Ni.: Eco U. The Role of the Reader (Indiana University Press, 1979). ?. 21—22.
 15 Ni. aieaa iia?iaii: Yei O. Eiiiaaoey e iiaoi?aiea. Ia?ao ynoa­oeeie iiaa?ia e iinoiiaa?ia. N. 57—63.
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 inoi yaeyeny retake a?oaiai oaenoa — Ae?aeaiiiai ?ieaiaa Aiy?ai, eioi?ue a nai? i?a?aau yaeyeny retake a?aoiineiai oee­ea. Oaenie?, "i?eaeyy" iiiaea enoi?ee, i?aiu iiioey?iua a i?aaoanoao?uea aaea, caieiaeny i?iecaianoaii ?eiaeeia. ?iiaiu XIX aaea a ?aaiie noaiaie eioaineaii iieuciaaeenu i?eaiaie naae e na?ee.
 Iu ainoeuaainy naaiaiy a?a?aneeie o?aaaaeyie eae "aa­coneiaiuie" ia?acoaie aunieiai eneonnoaa, ii ?oi anee i?aa­iiei?eou, ?oi o?aaaaee Nioieea aioee ai ian aeaaiaa?y ea­eei-ieaoau iieeoe?aneei eio?eaai eee i?inoi eae enoi?e?an­eay neo?aeiinou, a oi a?aiy eae iiiaea a?oaea oaaaa?u o?a ieeiaaa ia aoaoo iai ainooiiu? "Anee nouanoaiaaei aieuoa o?aaaaee, ?ai oa, eioi?ua iai ecaanoiu, e anee ana iie i?eaa?­?eaaeenu (n oaie eee eiuie ?acii?oaieyie) iaiie e oie ?a noaiu, oi ?oi i?iecioei au, anee au iai oaaeinu naaiaiy i?i­?eoaou eo ana ai aaeiie? Iaoe ?anno?aaiey ia i?eaeiaeuiin­oe Nioieea e Ynoeea inoaeenu au i?a?ieie? Iaoee au iu o yoeo aaoi?ia aa?eaoee ia ceiaiaiaaiua n??aou oai, aaa iu niooii iuouaai oieeaeuiue e aicauoaiiue niinia ia?aua­iey e i?iaeaiai ?aeiaa?aneiai nouanoaiaaiey? Aicii?ii, oai, aaa iu oniao?eaaai iiaeeiio? iiaaoe?, a?aaiea a?aee aeaaee eeou "ei??aeoio?" aa?eaoe? ia caaaiio? oaio, e oi, ?oi eaca­einu ei aicauoaiiui, auei ia ioe?uoeai, a aini?iecaaaaieai yoie noaiu. Ia neo?aeii, aiai?y ia eneonnoaa iiycee, A?enoi­oaeu iniaaiii eioa?aniaaeny no?oeoo?aie, a e eiie?aoiui i?iecaaaaieyi ii ia?auaeny eeou ca i?eia?aie"16.
 Oae ?oi ynoaoeea "aunieiai eneonnoaa" ieacuaaaony aieaa ?ai i?iaeaiaoe?iie, ianiio?y ia an? aa eaaeoeiiinou, a oi, ?oi io?aaaony a oai?aoe?aneie ?ac?aaioea e iaa?ineii ?aai yaeyaony aaiiue oaeno Yei, — yoi ynoaoeea na?eeiuo oi?i. Iiaiaiue aiaeec aie?ai ia ia?aie?eaaouny iann-iaaea, ii io­aaouaaou oae?a e a?oaea aeau ooai?anoaaiiiai oai??anoaa: ieaaeao, oeoe?iaaiea, ia?iaey, e?iie?aneay ?ai?eca, ea?a a eioa?oaenooaeuiinou i?enoue e?aie ooai?anoaaiii-eeoa?aoo?­iie o?aaeoee. Oiaaa na?ey ia?anoaiao n?eoaouny aaaiui ?ia­noaaiieeii eneonnoaa, ?oiau noaou ooai?anoaaiiie oi?iie, nii­niaiie oaiaeaoai?eou iiao? ynoaoe?aneo? ?oanoaeoaeuiinou.
 16 Yei O. Eiiiaaoey e iiaoi?aiea. Ia?ao ynoaoeeie iiaa?ia e iino­iiaa?ia. N. 72.
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 Iooaoanoaoy ii aeia??aaeuiinoe n Oiaa?oi Yei
 Nia?auaiiua Aia?eey?ii, Eeioa?ii, A?aeieniiii e a?oae­ie oai?aoeeaie iinoiiaa?ia, oiaeiaaaoeie iinoiiaa?ienon­eia iuouaiea ie?a a iaae?aneea oi?ioeu, eioi?ua aa?a ia­iinayuaiiue niiniaai naaiaiy eaaioeoeoe?iaaou eae "iino­iiaa?ienoneea" — anee ?a?u eaao i neioeye?ao, ianoeoao, ie?a?ao cia?aiey, naiaioe?aneie eaoano?ioa, — iu eaaei ni­aeaoaainy n oai, ?oi ?acee?ea ia?ao i?eaeiaeii e eiieae noa­ei (eee anaaaa auei) i?aiu yoaia?iui (oi?iaa auei au nea­caou, ?oi ycue eeanne?aneie ynoaoeee e aai eaoaai?eaeuiua no?oe­oo?u, a oii ?enea naie iiiyoey "i?eaeiae" e "eiiey", ieii?aoaeuii aacaaoe?iaaiu). Iaiaei ianoieuei ee iu oiea?aioiu, ?oiau i?eiyou yoo oi?eo c?aiey ia eeanne?aneia en­eonnoai, noaoon e oaiiinou (a oae?a e oaia) eioi?iai anaaaa iniiauaaeenu ia iiiyoee aooaioe?iinoe, eioi?ia eiiiioe?oao enoi?eci, iiaeeiiinou, oieeaeuiinou? Aaau iu, ea?aony, ana aua eniuouaaai ?aainoiia aieiaiea i?e aeaa ?oei Eieecay eee ?eineiai oi?oia, ?anniao?eaay niai? Ia?e?neie aiaiia­oa?e eee ea?oeiu Aioe?aeee eiaiii iioiio, ?oi iie ianoiy­uea. O?oaii i?aanoaaeou, ?oi i?iecioei au n aa?iiaeneie ei­aono?eae oo?ecia, anee au iinoiiaa?ieci "auoae ia oeeoo". E n?anou? aey anao, iinoiiaa?ieci, iiei?ea eiiao "aaeeeei ii­aanoaiaaieyi" e i?aoaiceyi ia iauyniaiea ie?a, oai naiui iainiiaae e naie yienoaiieiae?aneee noaoon — eae eeiaaenoe­?aneie ea?u, eae yeaaaioiie oai?ee, ie?aai ia iauyniy?uae, ii ia oa?y?uae io yoiai naiae eioaeeaeooaeuiie i?eaeaeaoaeu­iinoe.
 A aaenoaeoaeuiinoe iinoiiaa?ieci, ?anoi aini?eieiaaiue eae ?aoeie?iaaiiue i?iaoeo o?aioocneie oeeinioee e i?a?­aa anaai eae oai?ey, ?iaeeny ia a Aa?iia. E a ea?anoaa oai?ee, iauyniy?uae iaeioi?ui ia?acii ?aaeuiinou, ii i?aaiacia?aeny ia aa?iiaeneie eoeuoo?a. Ia i?aeoeea iinoiiaa?ieci nouanoai­aae anaaaa a Aia?eea. ?oi ii?ao auou aieaa iinoiiaa?ieno­neiai, ?ai niaaeiaiea a iaiii ianoa o?aaiaioia (aooaioe?iuo e iiaaaeuiuo) aioe?iie, n?aaiaaaeiaie e ?aiannainiie eoeu­oo? (caiie Oa?noa); ?oi ii?ao auou aieaa iinoiiaa?ienoneiai,
 62
 ?ai iaaine?aa, ni?aoa?uee a naaa yeaiaiou eiino?oeoeaecia e i?iaiaio eaoiee?aneiai niai?a; ?oi ii?ao auou aieaa iinoii­aa?ienoneiai, ?ai yeeaeoe?aneia i?ino?ainoai iocaeiie yen­iiceoee, aaa ea?oeiu aa?iiaeneeo aaaiaa?aenoia ninaanoao?o n aia?eeaineeie i?eieoeaenoaie i?ioeiai aaea, n ooai?ie­eaie ?aiannaina e iiaaeeaie oeeaaaeuoeeneeo eociaoia (Oiia Aa?ina)? I?eia?ia "iinoaeuaee ii oo?a?aiiiio ?aoa?aioo" (?. Aia?eey?) aaneiia?ii iiiai e aaoe?iaaiu iie ia naaia­iyoiei aiai.
 Eiioaiooaeuiia ?a iauyniaiea, ioi?ieaoenu a oai?e? iino­iiaa?iecia ianeieuei aanyoeeaoee iacaa, yaeyaony nei?aa ii­iuoeie ii?aaaaou e eaaeoeie?iaaou ?enoi aia?eeaineee eoeuoo?­iue eaiaoaoo. Eiaiii "eaaeoeie?iaaou", eai aia?eeaineie eoeuoo?a ia auei ianoa a aa?iiaeneie nenoaia eii?aeiao, iia neiaii ia nouanoaiaaea aiiaua — eae no??iaao aa?iiaeneie eoeuoo?u, nicaaiiue ec o?aaiaioia, auaacaiiuo ec Aa?iiu e iniiaaiiue ia eaaa aa?iiaeneie enoi?ee. E aio oaia?u aia?e­eaineay oeaeeecaoey ii?ao n iieiui i?aaii iacuaaouny ei­euaaeu? iinoiiaa?ienoneie eoeuoo?u, a iu ii?ai noaou nae­aaoaeyie ia?aoiiai i?ioanna: aa?iiaeou ia?ioo auaiceou ne­ioeye?u (neioeye?u neioeye?ia) ec Aia?eee, eae a 20-o aa. aiaaoua aia?eeaiou neoiaee ea?oeiu o?aioocneeo aaaiaa?ae­noia eee iaaaeu a ?aiannainiuo aai?oao Eoaeee, iiiauay eo caoai a eneonnoaaiio? ianoaiiaeo eaace?aiannainiuo aeee, iino?iaiiuo aia?eeaineeie ioai?eoaie; naaiaiyoiea aa?i­iaeneea iocae iieoia?o ea?oeiu iii-ooai?ieeia, a oo?enou acayo a ?eeaai eee Iu? Ei?e, ?oiau iiniio?aou ia nia?aiai­io? aa?ne? oaiaaeuiuo (eoaeuyineeo a iniaaiiinoe) aaoai-iaaine?aaia eee iinaoeou oieaa?neoaoneee eaiion, eioi?ue (a oeie?aneii aa?eaioa) i?aanoaaeyaony i?aiu oi?iie eiieae n?aa­iaaaeiaiai eaoiee?aneiai iiianou?y. Aeia??aaeeci aia?eeai­neie eoeuoo?u, oaaaeaa?uae ?aaeuiinou eoeuoo?u aa?iiaeneie, eioi?ue e a naiii aaea caai?a?eaaao, io?aaeny a eioa?i?aoa­oee. Oaia?u iia nouanoaoao.
 N?aae ?aaio Yei, iinayuaiiuo i?iaeaiai "aiie?eoe?an­eie naieioeee", ia?auaao ia naay aieiaiea iaii ynna, iaie­naiiia aua a na?aaeia 70-o aa., eioi?ia iacuaaaony Iooaoanoaey a aeia??aaeuiinoe, i eioi?ii ?anoi ieooo, ?oi, i?e iaaieu­oii iauaia e o?eouaay aai aaaiinou, iii iaeaaaao i?yii-oaee "aiiiaeuii aunieei ea?anoaii" e e oiio ?a o?iiieiae?anee i?aaoanoaoao a?oaiio, noaaoaio ai?acai aieaa ciaiaieoui, —
 63
 ?aaioa Neioeye?u e neioeyoey ?aia Aia?eey?a, iioaeeeiaai­iie a 1981 aiao. Naaiaiy oaeno Yei ?eoaaony eae "no?aiiay nianu iinoiiaa?ienoneie oeeinioee e ?oa?eee iooaoanoaee ec ain­e?aniie aacaou, iieiay na?aiie?aneeo iienaiee e i?aoaaee­?aiiuo ?aciaea?aiee, eana?ueony eoeuoo?iie ?ecie Aia?e­ee. Aia?eeaineee eaiaoaoo iienuaaaony ei eae ia?ac iiaaaeu­iie enoi?ee, iiaaaeuiiai eneonnoaa, iiaaaeuiie i?e?iau e iiaaaeuiuo ai?iaia, aaa ii?ii ano?aoeou, iai?eia?, oaeeo eoeuoo?iuo iooaioia, eae aineiaay oeao?a Iiiu Eecu eee "?an­oaa?e?iaaiiay" eiiey Aaia?u Ieeinneie n ?oeaie"1. Yoi ynna — iiiuoea iiiyou Aia?eeo, iniuneeou iiuo aa?iiaeoa, i?eac­?a?uaai ia yoio eiioeiaio e iiieia?uaai, ?oi i?eau?iua noaiu eioa?i?aoaoee caanu ia ?aaioa?o. Aia?eea, ia?ac eioi­?ie noieu i?eaeaeaoaeai aey yiea?aioia, nicaaaay e oi?i?eaay naie ie? eee?ci?iie ?aaeuiinoe a a?oeoaeoo?a, eeii, ai?ian­eii e ia?eiaii i?ino?ainoaa, oai naiui ainnicaaao e oi?i?e­aaao ieoieiae? "caiee iaaoiaaiiie", ieoieiae? aia?eeain­eie ia?ou.
 "Aeia??aaeuiinou"2 — yoi ie? Aanie?oiie, Eaaaeuiie iia­aaeee, a eioi?ii eieoaoee ia i?inoi ?ai?iaooe?o?o ?aaeu­iinou, ii iuoa?ony aa?a oeo?oeou aa. Yoi ie?, eioi?ue, ii­aiaii Aeniaeeaiao, iieeaaaou n ?oanoaii ni?aeaiey, eai ?a­aeuiinou ia oae i?eaeaeaoaeuia e aacoei?eciaiia. Yoi ie?, aaa oaoiieiaey ii?ao naaeaou ?aaeuiinou eo?oa, ?ai iinoa?aeenu i?e?iaa e enoi?ey. Yoi ie?, aaa ?ai?iaoeoee ?ai?iaoeoee aie­?iu auou aacoi?a?iu. Iaiaei iaaaiaoaoi?a Aeniaeeaiaa — yoi ia oieuei i?ino?ainoai aanie?oiiai eeiiecia, yoi aua e aeeaai?ey anaai iauanoaa iio?aaeaiey, ianoi oioaeuiie ian­neaiinoe, eai iinaoeoaee aie?iu aanoe naay iiaiaii ?iaioai, ianaey?uei yoio ia?e. Yoi "au?iaeaoayny ooiiey", inouanoa­eaiiue ieo3.
 1 Sanes E. Travelling Through Hyperreality With Umberto Eco. (Ni.: http://www.transparencynow.com/eco.htm 2 e)
 2 Aia?eey? ioia?aao, ?oi neioeyoey — yoi "ii?i?aaiea i?e iiiiue iiaaeae ?aaeuiiai aac enoiea e ?aaeuiinoe", oi anou aeia??aaeuiiai. Neioeyoey canoaaeyao niaianou ana ?aaeuiia n iiaaeyie neioeyoee. I?e yoii en?acaao naiia nouanoaaiiia — ?acee?ea ia?ao neioeyoeae e ?a­aeuiui. Iineieueo ono?aiyaony anyeay niioianaiiinou, oie?oi?a?ony ana ?aoa?aiou, iinoieueo aanniuneaiii aiai?eou ia "oaaiaiee", ia "eie­oaoee", i "eiie?iaaiee" (Aia?eey? ?. Neioeye?u e neioeyoee // Oeeinioey yiioe iinoiiaa?ia. Ii., 1996. N. 34).
 3 Ni.: Eco U. Travels in Hyperreality. ?. 43.
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 Yei, ?aciuoeyy i oaiiiaia aieia?aoee, iieaaaao, ?oi iia iiaea ?acaeouny oieuei a NOA, a no?aia, iiiaoaiiie ia eaaa ?aaeecia, aaa ?aeiino?oeoey aie?ia auou aanie?oii eeiie­?aneie, "ianoiyuae eiieae" ?ai?acaioe?oaiie ?aaeuiinoe. A nayce n yoei iieacaoaeuia ?aeeaia Eiea-Eieu e a?oaeo oe?i, eniieuco?ueo aeia?aiee?aneo? oi?ioeo — This is the real thing! Caanu aanie?oiay ia?aaeuiinou iiaaaony eae ?aaeuiia i?enoo­noaea. Ciae no?aieony auou aauu?, ii ?aeaao io?a?uny io ?aoa?aioa4. A yoii ioee?ea aieia?aoee io oioi?aaeecia, ei­oi?ue iiaaao ?aaeuiinou oaeei ia?acii, ?oiau auea aeaia aa eneonnoaaiiinou, naaeaiiinou. Yoi eeou oaa?o??a e enneaaiaa­ie? Aia?eee eae no?aiu aeia??aaeuiinoe. Ii yoio i?iaeo ino­uanoaei i?e oneiaee, ?oi ca i?eia?aie iu ia?auaainy ia e iaeoaee aunieiai eneonnoaa: "iiaeeiiay" Aia?eea — ia a io­cayo aey ciaoieia, a a iocayo aey "ia?iaiiai ?acaea?aiey" oeia Aeniaeeaiaa, iocaaa aineiauo oeao?, caiea Oa?noa...
 I?a?aa anaai ii?a?aao oeie?ii aia?eeaineay iaayc?eaay e?aiau e noa?iio, aioeeaa?iiio, e enoi?ee. Yei iiaia?aao, ?oi ?aae yoie no?anoe oaeuneoeoe?iaaiu aa?a nae?aeuiua ai­eoiaiou — oaeno Aia?eeaineie Eiinoeoooee e aeo i i?iaa?a Iaioyooaia, eioi?ua aie?iu iaycaoaeuii auaeyaaou eae "noa­?ua", iaiaei a aaenoaeoaeuiinoe "ninoa?aiiue" aeo i i?iaa?a Iaioyooaia a i?eaeiaea aue ia aaoneii — oaia?u ?a ii aun­oaaeai, anoanoaaiii, ia aiaeeeneii ycuea (n i?aoaiceae ia oae­neieeuiia ecaaiea). Yei eniieucoao naie iaieiaeci: So it is not a facsimile, but — a fan-different5.
 A Aa?iia iocae aineiauo oeao? ana aua ainoaoi?ii iaiii­ai?eneaiiu, e, eae i?aaeei, oaeaaou a ieo ii?ii eeou ioey?e ?aaeuii nouanoaiaaaoeo e?aae. A Aia?eea yoe iocae — ia ea?­aii oaao, ii oaeaeoaeuii a?oaia: a ieo ia?yao n ?aaeuiuie enoi?e?aneeie oeao?aie ii?ii oaeaaou e auiuoeaiiuo: oae, ii ninaanoao n Ia?eae-Aiooaiaooie ieacuaa?ony aieoi? ?e­aaai e Ea?a. Eiae?aneia ?acee?ea ia?ao ?aaeuiui e aicii?iu­ie ie?aie caanu — ia i?aeoeea, a ia a oai?ee — iaaicii?ii6. A ?oi ii?ii neacaou ii iiaiao aineiaie eieoaoee Oaeiie aa­?a?e Eaiia?ai aa Aei?e (ano?a?a?uaeny aiaieuii ?anoi)? Oa­eay eieoaoey auiuoeaiiie ?aaeuiinoe canoaaeyao ian iai?y­?aiii eneaou auoia ec aicieea?uae i?iaeaiu n ?aoa?aioii —
 4 Eco U. Travels in Hyperreality. P. 4.
 5 Ibid. P. 11.
 6 Ibid. P. 14.
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 yoa noaoai naieioe?aneay i?iaeaia ana aua aieioao Yei a 1975 aiao, ii nieiaaony iaiei iinoiiaa?ienoneei ?anoii o Aia­?eey?a a 1981 aiao.
 Oaia aeia??aaeenoe?aneie ?ai?iaoeoee cao?aaeaaao ia oieu­ei enoi?e? e eneonnoai, ii e i?e?iao. Oaeia iuouaiea inoaae­ei o Yei iinauaiea ciiia?ea a Nai-Aeaai, aaa ?eaioiua eie­oe?o?o, n iaiie noi?iiu, aieuii ?eaoueo ?eaioiuo, a n a?o­aie noi?iiu, iie ieoeuoo?aiu ianoieuei, ?oi aiooa?o iinaoeoaeyi eaa? i?aeiaa?aiiie i?e?iau, "anoanoaaiiiai ie?a" e en?aciiaaiea i?eioeia "au?eaaao neeuiaeoee"7. Aiiau ?a­aeuiinou, auaa?uay naay ca ciae.
 Yei i?aaeaaaao n?eoaou "eoeuoo?iui e?aai" Aia?eee ei­coia: "Iu aaai aai ianoieuei aaeeeieaiio? ?ai?iaoeoe?, ?oi au aieuoa ia caoioeoa aeaaou i?eaeiae" (iao?aee eiio-oi aua eioa?anii aeaaou aac?oeo? Aaia?o Ieeinneo??). Iaiaei ?oi­au ?ai?iaoeoey auea ianoieuei ?aeaiiie, aie?ai nouanoai­aaou eaiiie?aneee e aicaaaaiiue ia iuaaanoae i?eaeiae — aic­aaaaiiue oneeeyie iaaeo oeaeeecaoee — e ii oo, e ii a?oao? noi?iiu ieaaia.
 Aieaea iienee nianoaaiiie eoeuoo?iie eaaioe?iinoe, ei­oi?ua naaiaiy aey Aia?eee aeooaeuiu eae ieeiaaa (ainoaoi?ii aniiiieou i e?aoa ?yaa aio?iiieiae?aneeo eiioaioee a?iaa oa­i?ee "ieaaeeuiiai eioea", eioi?ay a eiioa eiioia o?ainoi?ie­?iaaeanu a eaaieiae? "naeaoieou"), nii?iai?aaeenu iaa?ioe­?aneei ?aeaieai caiieieou aaeooi enoi?e?iinoe, e yoi iauyn­iyao i?aeeiiaiea ia?aa ?aaeuiui (eee "ii?oe" ?aaeuiui). "Ie? aanie?oiie iiaaaeee aiciee eae ?acoeuoao iniciaiey ianoiy­uaai, ia eia?uaai aeoaeiu"8.
 Ia?ao oai neaaiaaei au ioiaoeou, ?oi ia?yao n iiaiaiu­ie "ia?iaiuie" iocayie a Aia?eea aaenoao?o iocae, ioaa?a?­uea nia?aiaiiui i?eioeiai iocaieiaee — "eiioaeia?" aey yeniiiaoia aie?ai auou aneaoe?iui, iacaiaoiui e nia?aiai­iui. Oaeia Iocae Iiey Aaooe, ii iiaie? Yei: enee??aiea ia oiia anao inoaeuiuo aia?eeaineeo iocaaa; a iai aunoaaeaiu oieuei i?eaeiaeu (anee ?a nai i?eaeiae — yoi ?uy-oi aioe?­iay eiiey, oi yoi oeacuaaaony ia oaaee?ea). Ii?aio ?a oiaaa inoaeuiua iocae i?eaa??eaa?ony naiae "oocaiiie" no?aoaaee, ii?aio iie i?aaii?eoa?o eiaiii oaeie, no?aiiue n oi?ee c?a-
 7 Eco U. Travels in Hyperreality. ?. 47—49.
 8 Ibid. ?. 31.
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 iey aa?iiaeoa, niinia ioi?ieaiey iocaeiuo yeniiceoee, eia­aa ea?oeia eee neoeuioo?a iiiauaaony a yeiau iiaeeiiue a?­oeoaeoo?iue eee eioa?ua?iue eiioaeno? Ii iiaie? Yei, yoi i?ienoiaeo iioiio, ?oi ca i?aaaeaie iocay "?aaeuiay" enoi­?ey ionoonoaoao (a Aa?iia aneaoe?iinou iocaeiie yeniiceoee o?aaiiaaoeaaaony iuouaieai enoi?ee e iiaeeiiinoe, eioi?ia enoiaeo io ea?aiai eaiiy a iinoiaie noa?iai ai?iaa, ?oi, ai?i­?ai, ia ioiaiyao oacena Aia?eey?a ia "enoi?ee eae oo?a?ai­iii ?aoa?aioa"9). Iaaicii?ii nicaaou iuouaiea oaeinoiinoe e aa?iiiee, eiaaa iian?ao iey?e, iaeuiu, aaiao?aa?u, iaain­e?aau e iia?eiy?uay naaa ana inoaaoaany i?ino?ainoai iaiii­aay ?aeeaia iaaiia?aceiuo ?acia?ia.
 Eiie eoeuoo?iue iiuo canoaaeyao ian aianoa n Oiaa?oi Yei ?aciuoeyou i niunea enoi?ee a aieaa oe?ieii eiioaenoa: eae ia?anoe eiioaeo ni naiei i?ioeui? Anee i?ioeia iaeucy iiuoiaou, eai iii canouei a iocaeiuo yeniiiaoao, oi eaeie niinia ioieoeoe?iaaiey i?aaii?anou? A?oaieiae?aneia ?aoa­iea i?aanoaaeyao niaie eeou iaei aicii?iue ioou, ii noua­noao?o e a?oaea, a oii ?enea aia?eeaineay iiaaeu — aiaeuaa­ia iiaaaeuiiai e aooaioe?iiai.
 I?e aieaa ouaoaeuiii eco?aiee i?ioeiai ii?ii naaeaou auaia, ?oi ia oieuei iao enoi?e?aneee ia?eia e ia oieuei aia­?eeaineay oeaeeecaoey yenieoaoe?o?o yoo iiaaeu. Aia?eea ia iaeiiea, A?aaiee ?ei inouanoaeye oo ?a naio? iieeoeeo a ioiioaiee A?aoee. Ii?ii ?anoii i?eciaou, ?oi iuiaoiea io­iioaiey Aa?iiu e Aia?eee — a iieeoe?aneii, eaaieiae?an­eii e eoeuoo?iii ieaia — iaiiieia?o oo, aioe?io?, neooa­oe?. E oai, e caanu ainoaa?noai, ii?aaioeaoaa eee iia?eiea­oaa naaa a?oaia, a ea?anoaa neiaiee?aneiai ii?aaaaiey ainnicaaao aai aueia aaee?ea aioo?e naay, a naiae eaaieiaee, eiina?ae?oao aai a iocayo. Oae e eoeuoo?iay aio?iiieiaey aic­ieeea a ?acoeuoaoa ?oanoaa aeiu, eioi?ia aaeue ?aeiaae eniu­ouaae ii ioiioaie? e oaiaoaiiui e eieiiece?iaaiiui aai?e­aaiai anaai ie?a: ?aeiino?oe?oy e eco?ay i?eieoeaiua eoeu­oo?u, ii nae?an ioaaao ei naie aiea10. A eiioa eiioia, A?aoey iia?a?aea A?aaiaio Aaeioo, ?ei eiie?iaae A?aoe?, o?enoe­ainoai anneieee?iaaei eoaaeneo? aa?o, ?aiannain eoeuoeae?i­aae ia?acou e A?aaiaai ?eia, e A?aaiae A?aoee (eai o?a a oi
 9 Eco U. Travels in Hyperreality. ?. 33.
 10 Ibid. ?. 39.
 67
 a?aiy n aooaioe?iinou? aicieeee na?uaciua i?iaeaiu) e o. a. E oieuei aeaaiaa?y yoei anneieeyoeyi, iiaaaeeai, eiie?iaa­ie? e iia?a?aie? o ian ana aua nio?aiyaony ?oanoai enoi?ee (a aaiiii neo?aa "o ian" auaeyaeo aiieia oianoii: a Ainoi?iie Aa?iia yoa oaia iniaaiii aeooaeuia — ia oieuei ec-ca iaec­auaiie iinoaeuaee ii iauaaa?iiaeneiio i?ioeiio, ii aua e iioiio, ?oi a oaeeo ai?iaao, eae Ieine, ?ac?ooaiiue a aiau aieiu, naycu n enoi?eae iiaaa??eaaaony eeou iaoa?eaeeciaai­iui a a?oeoaeoo?a noaeeineei ieoii).
 Anee n ?oanoaii enoi?ee o ian ana a ii?yaea, oi e?aiiuoii auei au acaeyioou ia yoo i?iaeaio n naieioe?aneie oi?ee c?a­iey. Yei aiana ia eioa?ano?o eiie?aoiua i?iaeaiu, iinoiyi­ii aicieea?uea (iai?eia?, o eneonnoaiaaaia) n ao?eaooe?iaaieai i?iecaaaaiee e n ii?aaaeaieai "iiaeeiieeia", — noua­noao?o ii?aaaeaiiua iaoiau iiaiaiie ?aaiou aey yenia?oia, eioi?ua ii ?iao naiae aayoaeuiinoe aie?iu ioee?aou iiaaae­ee io i?eaeiaeia. Iaiaei i?iaeaia ninoieo a oii, ?oi, niaean­ii oeeinioneei iniiaaieyi yoie iaoiaieiaee, nouanoaoao iaei i?eaeiae, a ana inoaeuiia — yoi eiiee. Anee ?ac?ooeou yoo iaoaoece?aneo? aa?o, ana iioa?yao niune: ca?ai ao?eaooe?i­aaou ia?oi eae "i?eaeiaeuiia", anee i?eaeiaea, ii ii?aaaea­ie?, ia nouanoaoao? Oae ?oi, ?anno?aay i?aaiaoe?anee, yoi auei au eaoano?ioie aey iaoaai eoeuoo?iiai oieaa?noia. Iaiaei yoe aiaiau ia cai?aua?o iai aneaa ca Yei caiyouny naieioe?aneeie ?anno?aaieyie ia ainoaa e ii?aciuoeyou i iaoaoeceea i?eaeiaea.
 Io?ii ioiaoeou, ?oi Yei ia iaeiie a naiai no?aieaiee aieiiaouny ai "iiaeeiiiai". Iaeunii Aoaiai a naiae ?aaioa ?cuee eneonnoaa (aeaaa Eneonnoai e aooaioe?iinou) ienae, ?oi "iiaaaeee i?iecaaaaiee eneonnoaa i?aanoaaey?o niaie i?aiai?eyoiaeoo? i?aeoe?aneo? i?iaeaio e aey eieeaeoeiia?a, e aey eo?aoi?a, e aey enoi?eea eneonnoaa". Ii a oai?aoe?aneii ieaia ana ianoieo aua oo?a. "Oeeinio, canoeaiooue a?anieio aii?inii ia ynoaoe?aneii ?acee?ee ia?ao iiaaaeeie e i?eae­iaeii, ieacuaaaony a oaeii ?a iaeaiii iiei?aiee, eae e en­eonnoaiaaa, i?eiyaoee Aai Iaaa?aia ca Aa?iaa?a"11.
 I?iaeaia iiaaaeee aieaa anaai aaniieieo eneonnoaiaaaia, caiyouo ao?eaooe?iaaieai, oi anou onoaiiaeaieai aaoi?a, ian-
 11 Ni.: Goodman N. The Languages of Art (Indianapolis: Bobbs, Merril, 1968) ?. 99.
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 oa e a?aiaie nicaaiey i?iecaaaaiey. Ii?aceoaeuii caanu oi, ?oi, ianiio?y ia iaeeea e iinoiyiiia oniaa?oainoaiaaiea ia­oiaia ao?eaooee (a yoio i?ioann aiaeaea?ony aiaeec noeey, n?­?aoa, eniieuciaaiiie oaoieee, eeiiia?aoe?aneeo iioeaia; naia i?ioaao?a iniiauaaaony ia ?acoeuoaoao oece?aneeo e oeie?an­eeo enneaaiaaiee), ?enei ?aoaiee, iniiaaiiuo ia ia "iiceoe­aenoneeo" oaeoao, a ia anaaaa inoa?ueony nii?iuie eioa?i?aoa­oeyo, ii?a?aao naieo niaoeaeenoia12. A eiia?iii n?aoa ie iaii ?aoaiea ia ieacuaaaony ieii?aoaeuiui e anaaaa caaeneo io ii­?aaaeaiiie ia?aaeaiu eioa?i?aoaoee, eiieeoeoii iia?acoia­aaaiie e ?acoeuoaoii, e i?ioannii, oioy iaee?ea oeeinioneie i?iaeaiu a oaeii aii?ina ia anaaaa e ia aey anao i?aaeaii.
 Iaaaoeaiia ioiioaiea e iiaaaeea ?anoi au?a?aaony a ii­iuoea iaicia?eou ?acee?ea ia?ao i?eaeiaeii e eiieae a noaoai ynoaoe?aneii ieaia, oioy a aaenoaeoaeuiinoe ynoaoe?aneea ?oa­noaa caanu nianai ie i?e ?ai. Aaei a oii, ?oi neiaiee?aneee noaoon iiaaaeee a iaoai iauanoaa iaaunie e ciaiea i naiii oaeoa iiaaaeee ii?aaaeyao ynoaoe?aneia ioiioaiea e i?iecaaaaie?. Oaeaaou ?a ?acee?ea iaaicii?ii (yoi eanaaony ia oieuei iau?­iuo c?eoaeae, ii e niaoeaeenoia): ia oieuei iao oeceieiae?an­eee aiia?ao c?aiey, ii e aeeoaeuiay o?aie?iaea e i?aeoeea caanu aanneeuiu (iniaaiii, anee ?a?u eaao i niaa?oaiiie iiaaaeea). Oi anou iu niio?ei ia i?eaeiae e iiaaaeeo, i?aaiieaaay ?acee­?ea ia?ao ieie, ii naiiai ?acee?ey ia aeaei13.
 Eieu nei?i ?a?u caoea i ia?aaeaia eioa?i?aoaoee, iaon­eiaeeaa?uae i?ioaao?o ao?eaooe?iaaiey, oi caanu e?aaoaieu­iui eaiiai yaeyaony eoeuo Aaoi?a e niioaaonoaaiii ii?aaa­eaiiay eiioaioey aaoi?noaa. Eiia?iie oaeu? ao?eaooee ana-oaee yaeyaony eiaiii onoaiiaeaiea aaoi?a i?iecaaaaiey (onoaiiaeaiea yiioe e ianoa i?aaaa?y?o ?aoaiea yoie caaa?e), eioi?ue, niaeanii aooo yoie ia?aaeaiu, iaaaeyaony eaeineie­?aoe?aneei, ociaaaaiui "ii?a?eii", iniaie "eaaioe?iinou?", ia iaiy?uaeny n aic?anoii e oniaa?oainoaiaaieai oaoieee ienuia. N oi?ee c?aiey ineoiaiaeeca eee iinono?oeoo?aeenon­eeo eiioaioee iiaiaiay oi?ea c?aiey auaeyaeo i?aiu iaoaaae­oaeuii: iaeciaiiinou aaoi?neiai "?" e oaeinoiinou aai noeey ia i?ioy?aiee anae ?ecie i?ioeai?a?ao i?aeoeea e nia?aiai­iui oai?eyi eaaioe?iinoe. A oi ?a a?aiy yoa neooaoey ii?ao
 12 Ni.: Aae I., A?aenii I. Naieioeea e eneonnoaiciaiea // Aii?inu eneonnoaiciaiey. IX (2/96). N. 522.
 13 Ni.: Goodman N. Ibid. P. 104.
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 auou eioa?i?aoe?iaaia a aieaa oe?ieii eiioaenoa: iiene aa­nie?oiuo e en?a?iuaa?ueo eaeineie?aoe?aneeo aaoaeae, ii­caiey?ueo ioee?eou eiie? io i?eaeiaea, ii?a?e aaiiiai aaoi­?a io aai "aaieieea", niioaaonoaoao ii naiaio oa?aeoa?o e oa­eyi anai oai iiiaiaaeiaui i?aeoeeai eaaioeoeeaoee e eiio?iey, eioi?ua ainoaa?noai i?eiaiyei a ioiioaiee naieo a?a?aai (yoi eanaaony eiaie, aieoiaioia, oainoiaa?y?ueo ee?­iinou, ia?niiaeuiie ?iniene, oioia?aoe?aneeo a?oeaia — ana­ai oiai, ?oi ia iiaea?eo oaeuneoeeaoee) — neiaii, anae oie nenoaiu ciaiey-aeanoe, eioi?ay eiinoeooe?oao iaoo eoeuoo­?o. Iiaaaeea eiie?aoiiai i?iecaaaaiey eneonnoaa, a neo?aa i?e­ciaiey aa eaaeoeiiinoe e ynoaoe?aneiai niaa?oainoaa, ianao a naaa ia?iiio? oa?ico einoeoooo nianoaaiiinoe e iaoaieciai aeanoe — aio ii?aio iia aie?ia auou aacaaoe?iaaia14. Aa?a anee iu ia ciaai, eae yoi naaeaou e a ?ai, nianoaaiii aiai?y, ninoieo aa ioee?ea io i?eaeiaeuiiai i?iecaaaaiey.
 Nicaaaony aia?aoeaiea, ?oi a aniaeoa anoanoaaiiiai ycuea e niaeanii ca?aaiio niuneo anai ecaanoii, ?oi oaeia iiaaae­ea, eiiey eee oaeuoeaue aieoiaio. Iu i?eaueee aiai?eou i iiaaaeeao a oao neo?ayo, eiaaa ia?oi i?aanoaaeaii iai a ea?a­noaa i?eaeiaea, eioi?ue (anee ii nouanoaoao) iaoiaeony aaa-oi a a?oaii ianoa15. Iu ia ii?ai ooaa??aaou a yoie neooaoee, ?oi ?a?u eaao i aaoo ?aciuo i?aaiaoao, iaoiayueony a ?aciuo ianoao a iaii e oi ?a a?aiy. E ieeaeea e?eoa?ee eaaioe?iinoe (anee iaa i?aaiaoa iioi?e, ii ia eaaioe?iu) ia iiiiaoo ii?a­aaeeou, ?oi yaeyaony "i?eaeiaeii"16.
 Ii eae ianoieo aaei n ii?aaaeaieyie? I?a?aa anaai caaey­iai a neiaa?e17. Ieacuaaaony, ?oi ii?aaaeaiey oaeeo oa?ie-
 14 Ni.: Ginzburg N. "Clues: Morelli, Freud and Sherlock Holmes", in The Sign of Three /ed. by Eco and Sebeok (Indiana University Press, 1983). ?. 105-107.
 "Nouanoaiaaiea i?eaeiaea i?aaiieaaaaony iiiyoeai aooaioe?iin­oe" (Benjamin W. "The Work of Art in the Age of Its Mechanical Repro­duction", in Illuminations (Pimlico, 1999). ?. 215).
 16 Ni.: Eco U. "Fakes and Forgeries", in Eco U. The limits of interpretation (Indiana University Press, 1990). ?. 176.
 17 A AYN (A 2-o o. I., 1991) iiaaaeea (oece?aneay) ii?aaaeyaony eae "ia?acao iiaiaiie oaa?eeaoee" (O. 2. N. 162); eiiey (io eao. copia — iii?anoai) — "oi?iue nienie, oi?iia aini?iecaaaaiea, iiaoi?aiea ?aai-eeai" (O. 1. N. 628); oaeuneoeeaoey (io eao. falsifico — iiaaaeu­aa?): "1) ceinoiia, i?aaiaia?aiiia enea?aiea eaeeo-eeai aaiiuo; 2) eciaiaiea n ei?unoiie oaeu? aeaa eee naienoaa i?aaiaoia; iia­aaeea" (O. 2. N. 540); oaeneieea (io eao. fac simile — naaeae iiaia-
 70
 iia, eae "eiiey", "iiaaaeea", "oaeuneoeeaoey", "oaeneieea", "inaaai", "aiie?eoe?aneee", aiaieuii i?iaeaiaoe?iu. Iioi­io ?oi o?oaiinoe, naycaiiua n ii?aaaeaieai yoeo oa?ieiia, iaoneiaeaiu iaaicii?iinou? ii?aaaeeou, ?oi oaeia i?eaeiae18.
 Ii iiaie? Yei, ea?aue ec yoeo oa?ieiia eiaao aieuoia cia?aiea aey naieioeee e ana aianoa acyoua iie caaenyo io oaiaeaoai?eoaeuiiai naieioe?aneiai ii?aaaeaiey enoeiu e e?e. Aey oiai ?oiau aaou i?aaaa?eoaeuiia ii?aaaeaiea iiaaaeee e eiiee, iu aie?iu ia?aoeouny e oaeei i?eieoeaiui iiiyoeyi, eae iiaiaea, noianoai e eeiie?iinou. A?oaia enoiaiia iiiy­oea — oi?aanoai (eae oa?iei, oiio?aaeyaiue aey ii?aaaeaiey oi?aanoaa i?aaiaoia, a ia oa?ieiia, iiiyoee eee eiai). Aic­ieea?o aiieia caeiiiua iiaic?aiey ii iiaiao iaeioi?uo aanu­ia ?anoi eniieucoaiuo a oeeinioee e naieioeea oaeeo iiiy­oee, eae, iai?eia?, i?eaeiaeuiinou e aooaioe?iinou, oi?­aanoai e ?acee?ea.
 I?iaeaia aaieieea ea?aony iioieiae?aneie, ii ia naiii aaea n?eoaao Yei, yoi noaoai i?aaiaoe?aneay i?iaeaia. Eiaiii iieuciaaoaeu aaao ii?aaaeaiea, niaeanii eioi?iio aaa i?aa­iaoa n?eoa?ony "iauaeoeaii" iiaiaiuie a?oa a?oao e, neaai­aaoaeuii, acaeiicaiaiyaiuie. ?aniiciaaaiea aaieieeia — yoi i?aaiaoe?aneay i?iaeaia, eai caaeneo io eoeuoo?iuo aiiouaiee19.
 Eoae, iaoa eoeuoo?a iinooee?oao iaiaoiaeiinou nouanoai­aaiey i?eaeiaea, ii, ?anno?aay iiyou ?a i?aaiaoe?anee, nea­aoao i?eciaou, ?oi i?eaeiae eiaao i?aa?aniiei?aiiinou e an­oanoaaiiiio noa?aie?20. ?oiau i?aaioa?aoeou noa?aiea, ea?oe­iu e noaooe ?anoaa?e?o?ony oaeei ia?acii, ?oi i?iecaaaaiea
 iia) — yoi: "1) oi?iia aini?iecaaaaiea a?aoe?aneiai i?eaeiaea (ai­eoiaioa, ?oeiiene, iiaiene) oioia?aoe?aneei eee ia?aoiui niini­aii; 2) eeeoa-ia?aou, aini?iecaiayuay nianoaaiii?o?io? iiaienu" (O. 2. N. 540); inaaai- (io a?a?. Pseudos — ei?u) — "ei?iue, iie­iue" (O. 2. N. 218); i?eaeiae (io eao. originalis — ia?aiia?aeuiue) — "iiaeeiiia i?iecaaaaiea (a ioee?ea io eiiee)" (O. 2. N. 81); aooai­oe?iue (oaeno) (io a?a?. Authentikos — iiaeeiiue) — "oaeno, aieo­iaio, ioeoeaeuii i?eciaiiue ?aaiicia?iui a?oaiio oaenoo, ninoaa­eaiiiio, eae i?aaeei, ia a?oaii ycuea, e eia?uee iaeiaeiao? n iei ??eae?aneo? neeo" (O. 1. N. 87).
 18 Eco U. "Fakes and Forgeries". ?. 174.
 19 Ibid. ?. 178.
 20 A yoii niunea ineoiaiaeec aaaii ?ac?aoee i?iaeaio i?eaeiaea: "Neacaou ?— cia?eo ioeaeouny" (Baer E. "Freud and the Trope of Enigma", in Semiotic Unfolding (Berlin, 1984, Vol. I). ?. 14).
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 eciaiyaony (a eoiaa Aaea?ay Oooeoe i?aaeaaaao iai "iiaaiu­eeo", eoai?iuo ?aoayey, Ieeaeaia?aei, Oeoeaia). Eia?a ai­ai?y, i?eaeiae ieacuaaaony aey ian iaainoe?eiui. Iaaa?ii, ii aia?iio eee ceiio oiuneo iiaiaiua eciaiaiey i?ienoiayo (oaico?a, ynoaoe?aneea e?eoa?ee e o. a.), iaiaei noou caee??a­aony a oii, ?oi i?iecaaaaiey, eioi?ua iu i?eaueee n?eoaou i?eaeiaeuiuie e aooaioe?iuie, a oa?aiea a?aiaie e ii ?aeiaa­?aneiio aaeaie? eciaiy?ony: iai i?eoiaeony aaeaou neeaeo ia ?anoaa?aoe?, oo?aoo iaeioi?uo ?anoae, eciaiaiea oaaoiaie aaiiu. Ion?aa aicieea?o oaeea iaai?acoiaiey, eae iaieean­ne?aneay ooiiey "aaeiai" a?aaiaa?a?aneiai eneonnoaa, oioy a i?eaeiaea noaooe e o?aiu ecia?aeuii auee ?ane?aoaiu.
 A iaeioi?ii niunea, ooaa??aaao Yei, ana i?iecaaaaiey en­eonnoaa, eioi?ua nio?aieeenu n aioe?iinoe ai iaoeo aiae, aie­?iu n?eoaouny iiaaaeeaie. E aa?a aieaa oiai, ea?aue i?aa­iao a i?ioanna aai nicaaiey i?aa?auaaony a eiie?, iiaaaeeo naiiai naay. ?oiau ecaa?aou ia?aiiee a nayce n oaeie neooa­oeae, iaoa eoeuoo?a ecia?aea aiaieuii aeaeea (e iaiia?aiai­ii oaoeea) e?eoa?ee, eana?ueany oece?aneie oaeinoiinoe iauaeoa. Eieaa a eie?iii iaaaceia i?iaie?aao n?eoaouny ii­aui yecaiiey?ii, oioy aa ioe?uaaee iiiaea iinaoeoaee, ai oao ii? iiea aa oaeinoiinou ia aoaao ia?ooaia aa?aa?neei au?u­aaieai no?aieo, ii??ae iaei?ee e o. a. A oii ?a aooa onoaiia­eaiu e?eoa?ee aey ii?aaaeaiey iiiaioa, eiaaa o?anea io?aa­aony a ?anoaa?aoee, oioy ai neo ii? ia ooeoa?uea aeneonnee ii iiaiao caeiiiinoe ?anoaa?aoee Neenoeineie eaiaeeu aaiii­no?e?o?o iai, eae i?ioeai?a?eau yoe e?eoa?ee.
 Niiieoaeuiinou e?eoa?eaa ii?i?aaao aanuia ia?aaienaeu­iua neooaoee. Oae, ynoaoe?aneee e?eoa?ee aooaioe?iinoe ?o­eiaianoaoaony "a?oaieiae?aneie iiaeeiiinou?" i?iecaaaa­iee, — aa?a anee ioaaeuiua ?anoe oo?a?aiu, oaaoa eciaie­eenu, iie ana ?aaii n?eoa?ony i?eaeiaeuiuie. Aoeineee Ia?oaiii oo?aoee naie oaaoa, iaeioi?ua enoiaiua a?oeoae­oo?iua iniaaiiinoe, ioaaeuiua o?aaiaiou, ii oi, ?oi inoa­einu, aannii?ii, yaeyaony iiaeeiiui. Ia?oaiii a Iyoaeeea (ooao Oaoan) aue iino?iai a niioaaonoaee n ia?aiia?aeuiui a?a?aneei caiuneii e auaeyaeo oae, eae auaeyaae Aoeineee Ia?oaiii a eo?oea a?aiaia (aee??ay oaaoiao? aaiio). N iiceoee ?enoi oi?iaeuiuo e ynoaoe?aneeo e?eoa?eaa a?a?an­eee Ia?oaiii aie?ai aue au n?eoaouny ?aciiaeaiinou? eee iiaaaeeie iyoaeeeneiai Ia?oaiiia. Oai ia iaiaa iieonio-
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 ?aieaoeeny aoeineee Ia?oaiii ?anniao?eaaaony anaie eae "aooaioe?iue" e — iioiio — aieaa "i?ae?aniue", ?ai aai aia?eeaineay eiiey21.
 I?eaaaaiiua auoa a?aoiaiou noaayo ia?aa iaie eioa?an­iue n oi?ee c?aiey naieioeee aii?in: eaeiai ?iaa naieioe­?aneee iauaeo i?aanoaaeyao niaie iiaaaeea, yaeyaony ee iia ciaeii? Ioaao ia yoio aii?in, aicii?ii, e?iaony a naieioe­?aneii ii?aaaeaiee oi?aanoaaiiinoe eae iieiie eeiie?iin­oe. Iaiaei anee oi?aanoai ia iieiia, oi iu eiaai aaei n aiaieuii e?aiiuoiui ciaeii: iiaaaeea yaeyaony ciaeii22, ianiio?y ia oi ?oi ieeoi aa oaeiaui ia n?eoaao23, eai i?eie­ia?o ioeai?ii ca iioaioeaeuiue aaiioao24. Ie?n, ?acaeaay nai? eiioaioe? eeiie?iinoe, ooaa??aae, ?oi icon, aoao?e ciaeii, ia anaaaa aaenoaoao eae ciae — a oao neo?ayo, eiaaa ?ai?acaioe?oaiue ei iauaeo ia nouanoaoao. A oi ?a a?aiy "ana, ?oi oaiaii, aoau yoi i?inoia ea?anoai, nouanoao?uee eiaeaea eee caeii, yaeyaony eeiie?aneei ciaeii ?aai-eeai ai oao ii?, iiea ia?ao ieie anou ioiioaiey iiaiaey e yoi ia?oi eniieucoaony eae ciae oiai, ?oi iii caiauaao". Icon — yoi ?ai?acaioaiai, ?ai?acaioaoeaiui ea?anoaii eioi?iai yaeyaony Ia?ae?iinou25.
 Aaeaa, aooaioe?iue — icia?aao enoi?e?anee ia?ae?iue (ia yoii iniiaai a?oaieiae?aneee e?eoa?ee aooaioe?iinoe). Ai­eacaou, ?oi ia?oi yaeyaony i?eaeiaeuiui, — cia?eo ?anniao?e­aaou yoi ia?oi eae ciae aai nianoaaiiiai i?ienoi?aaiey.
 Eoae, anee eiiey ia yaeyaony ciaeii, oi i?eaeiae, aey oiai ?oiau aai ii?ii auei n?aaieou n eiieae, aie?ai auou eioa?­i?aoe?iaai eae ciae. "Ei?iay eaaioeoeeaoey — yoi naieiceniay iaooeia iaiiieiaiee e iaia?aiiie e?e, oiaaa eae iiiuo-
 21 Ni.: Eco U. "Fakes and Forgeries", in Eco U. The limits of interpretation (Indiana University Press, 1990). ?. 185.
 22 Ie?n ii?aaaeye ciae eae "ia?oi, ?oi caiauaao ia?oi eiia a iaeioi­?ii ioiioaiee eee ea?anoaa" (Peirce Ch. S. "Logic as Semiotic: The Theory of Signs", in Philosophical Writings (ed. by J. Buchler. Dover Publications, 1955). ?. 99).
 23 A yoeo neo?ayo Ie?n iieaaae aicii?iui ?acee?aou ciae e ?ai?acaioa­iai. Ii ienae, ?oi "ciae — yoi ?ai?acaioaiai n iuneaiiie eioa?i?aoaioie", oi anou ciae ii ii?aaaeaie? aie?ai auou aini?eiyo e eioa?i?aoe?iaai eae oaeiaie. Ia enee??aii, ?oi "nouanoao?o ?ai?acaioaiaiu, ia yaey?ueany ciaeaie" (Ibid. ?. 100).
 24 Eco U. Fakes and Forgeries. ?. 188.
 25 Peirce Ch. S. Logic as Semiotic: The Theory of Signs. ?. 102, 104.
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 ea onoaiiaeaiey aooaioe?iinoe i?aanoaaeyao niaie oeie?iue neo?ae naieioe?aneie eioa?i?aoaoee, eee aaaoeoee"26.
 Aaaonoei, Aaaey?, Aeaeiao o?a eiaee aaei n i?iaeaiie ii?aaaeaiey ainoiaa?iinoe — ainoiaa?iinoe oaenoa e enoiae­ee i?e yoii ec aai eeiaaenoe?aneeo oa?aeoa?enoee. Ia?aue i?eia? oeeieiae?aneiai aiaeeca oi?iu au?a?aiey aae a XV aaea Ei?aioi Aaeea, eiaaa ii iieacae, ?oi eniieuciaaiea iaeioi?uo eeiaaenoe?aneeo au?a?aiee auei iai?eaieaiui a ia?aea IV aaea. Iiaiaiui ia?acii a ia?aea XVII aaea Enaae Eacaaii aieacae, ?oi Corpus Hermeticum ia yaeyeny a?a?aneei ia?aaiaii a?aaiaai aaeiaoneiai oaenoa, oae eae a iai iao ie neaaa aaeiaoneeo eaeii. Naaiaiy, ?aoay iiaiaiua caaa?e, iu enoiaei ec naiuo ?aciiia?aciuo iaeaia?aoe?aneeo, a?aiia­oe?aneeo, eeiiia?aoe?aneeo e noeeenoe?aneeo e?eoa?eaa, iie­?aynu ia iao eoeuoo?iue aaaa?27. Noaei auou, iu euai aiea­caoaeunoaa, i?eaaaay e aiaeeco oi?iu au?a?aiey, niaa??a­iey, e aiaoiei naeaaoaeunoaai (?aoa?aioo).
 Oaeei ia?acii, ea?aony, ?oi nia?aiaiiay eoeuoo?a au?a­aioaea "oaiaeaoai?eoaeuiua" e?eoa?ee aey ii?aaaeaiey aooai­oe?iinoe e oaeuneoeoe?iaaiey ei?iuo eaaioeoeeaoee. Oai ia iaiaa ana ec ?anniio?aiiuo e?eoa?eaa ea?oony iieaciuie, oieuei anee "yenia?o" eiaao aaei n "ianiaa?oaiiuie" iiaaaeea­ie. Nouanoao?o ee "niaa?oaiiua iiaaaeee" (I. Aoaiyi), eioi­?ua ?ac?ooa?o eiaeeo e?auo oeeieiae?aneeo e?eoa?eaa? Eee: ecaanoiu ee neo?ae, eiaaa ie iaii aiaoiaa aieacaoaeunoai ia ainooiii, a aioo?aiiea neeoeii nii?iu? Ecaanoiu, anee aa­?eou ?anneacaiiie Ai?oanii enoi?ee n ii?o?aoii iaeiaai Aiiaea, i?eienuaaaiui Ieeanni (El Omega de Pablo, 1950). Iie eia?o ianoi, anee aniiiieou i aieaa "?aaeuiuo" neo?ayo: iu ana aua ia ciaai, iaienaia ee Eeeaaa oai ?a aaoi?ii, ?oi e Iaennay, aue ee yoi (iaei ec yoeo aaoi?ia, ii e?aeiae ia?a) Aiia? e aue ee Aiia? a aaeinoaaiiii ?enea. Oi ?a naiia ioii­neony e ee?iinoe e i?iecaaaaieyi Oaenie?a.
 Eoae, nia?aiaiiia iiiyoea "iiaaaeea" i?aaiieaaaao iaee­?ea "enoeiiiai" i?eaeiaea, n eioi?ui aa ii?ii niiinoaaeou. Ii, eae iu eiaee aicii?iinou oaaaeouny n iiiiuu? Yei, ana e?eoa?ee ii onoaiiaeaie? ainoiaa?iinoe eee iiaaaeee i?eae­iaea niaiaaa?o n e?eoa?eyie aey ii?aaaeaiey aooaioe?iinoe
 26 Eco U. Fakes and Forgeries. ?. 193.
 27 Ibid. ?. 195.
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 naiiai i?eaeiaea. Oaeei ia?acii, i?eaeiae ia ii?ao auou en­iieuciaai a ea?anoaa ia?aiao?a aey eciaee?aiey iiaaaeee. E?e­oa?ee aooaioe?iinoe iaoa?eaea, oeeieiae?aneea e?eoa?ee e e?eoa?ee niaa??aiey, aoao?e aia?aea iainiiaaiiuie, oaia?u ieacuaa?ony aua aieaa nii?iuie e iaoaaaeoaeuiuie, ?ai ai i?iaaeaiiiai aiaeeca (aicieeaao iuouaiea, ?oi i?ec?ae ona­oie e aua aieaa caaaai?ii, ?ai o Eaiia?ai aa Aei?e, oeuaa?­uaeny A?ieiiau A?oaia iaionooiii i?aneaaoao ?eoaoaey Yei). Oaeei ia?acii, naieioe?aneee iiaoia e aiaeeco iiaaaeie iicaieyao oaeaaou, eae oai?aoe?anee iaoaaaeoaeuiu iaoe e?e­oa?ee onoaiiaeaiey aooaioe?iinoe. Oaeea iiiyoey, eae enoeia e ei?u, aooaioe?iia e iiaaaeuiia, oi?aanoai e ?acee?ea, ca­iuea?ony a ii?i?iii e?oao naiiii?aaaeaiee. "Ia nouanoaoao iioieiae?aneeo aa?aioee aey ii?aaaeaiey eaaioe?iinoe (e, ni­ioaaonoaaiii aey ?acee?aiey eiiee e i?eaeiaea), — ana iaoe i?ioaao?u iniiaaiu ia nioeaeuiuo eiiaaioeyo. ?oiau aiea­caou, ?oi A?ii, eioi?iai y ano?aoee naaiaiy, — yoi oio ?a naiue A?ii, n eioi?ui y ?acaiaa?eaae a?a?a, iu ia ii?ai i?eaaaioou ie e eaeei iioieiae?aneei aieacaoaeunoaai, ii iie?aainy ia eiooeoe?. Ii?ao auou, aua e iioiio, ?oi i?aiu o?oaii iiaaaeaou ?aeiaaea, e a aaenoaeoaeuiinoe yoi ?aaei i?ienoiaeo. A anee yoi neo?aaony, oi ?aciaea?eou aaieieea ao­aao cia?eoaeuii i?iua, ?ai ioee?eou eiie? Iiiu Eecu io aa i?eaeiaea. I?aaiaou ?a, aieoiaiou, aaieiiou e i?iecaaaa­iey eneonnoaa iiaaaeuaa?ony ?aua — ec ?enoi yeiiiie?aneeo niia?a?aiee"28. Aaeinoaaiiui iaoei nianaieai e eaea?noaii io iacai?iauo (naieioe?aneeo) ?anno?aaiee yaeyaony ca?aaue niune. Oae, ca?aaue niune iianeacuaaao iai, ?oi ec iii?ano­aa "Aaaeaia" Ieeaeaia?aei, eioi?ua onoaiiaeaiu ai Oei?ai­oee (ia ianeieueeo ieiuaayo, a oae?a a ?anoi?aiao, iaaaceiao ei?aiuo ecaaeee e aioeeaa?iuo eaaeao), iiaeeiiie yaeyaony eeou oa noaooy, eioi?ay iaoiaeony a iocaa Ooai?anoaaiiie aeaaaiee. E, aeaeii, aeaaiaa?y ca?aaiio niuneo iu niaeaniu i?inoiyou a i?a?aae e caieaoeou aaiuae ca aeeao, ?oiau oae­aaou iiaeeiiiai "Aaaeaa", oioy aai iiaaaeuiua "a?aouy", aic­ii?ii, ie?ai io iaai ia ioee?a?ony.
 28 Eco U. Fakes and Forgeries. ?. 201.
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 Ia?aaienu aecoaeuiie naieioeee
 N?aae oao i?iaeai, eioi?ua caieiaee Yei ni a?aiai Ionoo­noao?uae no?oeoo?u (1968) e aieiou ai iaaaaii iioaeeeiaai­iie ?aaiou Eaio e ooeiiin (1997), aiaeec i?e?iau eeiie?aneiai ciaea, enneaaiaaiey i?iaeai eioa?i?aoaoee aecoaeuiuo niia­uaiee (aoau oi ?eaiienu, a?oeoaeoo?a eee eeii) caieia?o o iaai i?ei?eoaoiia ianoi, aa?a anee ii?ao iieacaouny, ?oi ei­oa?an e oaenooaeuiie naieioeea i?aiaeaaaao.
 Iieacaoaeuii, ?oi Yei ieeiaaa ia caieiaeny nianoaaiii oai?eae eeii, iaiaei iinayoee ianeieuei eao eco?aie? e i?a­iiaaaaie? naieioeee a?oeoaeoo?u. Oai ia iaiaa aaa oaenoa ii i?iaeaiai eeiioai?ee, iaienaiiua a eiioa 60-o e ia?aie ii­eiaeia 70-o aa., ii?oe n?aco ?a noaee eeanne?aneeie e n oao ii? iai?aiaiii aee??a?ony ai ana aioieiaee1, ia aiai?y o?a i oii, ?oi iiiaea ec aai eaae, ?ac?aaioaiiuo ia iaoa?eaea eeoa?aoo­?u, auee oae?a anneieee?iaaiu oai?aoeeaie eeii e oaeaaeaa­iey e i?eaaee e eioa?aniui ?acoeuoaoai (iai?eia?, a iaeanoe oaenooaeuiiai e ia??aoeaiiai aiaeeca oeeuia2). A ieaia ooi-
 1 ?a?u eaao ia aiaeeca oeeuia Eanaaeaiea (ni., iai?eia?, a aiaei­ycu?iuo ecaaieyo: Eco U. "Casablanca: Cult Movies and Intertextual Collage", in Eco U. Travels in Hyperreality (London: Picador, 1987). ?. 197—211 eee a aioieiaee: Eco U. "Casablanca, or the Cliches are having a Ball", in Blonsky I. (ed.) On signs (Baltimore, Maryland: The John Hopkins University Press, 1991). ?. 35—38) e i ?aaioa I ?eaiaie­yo eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa, eioi?ay a ia?aii aa?eaioa i?icao­?aea ia eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneie ano?a?a a Iaca?i a 1967 aiao (ni.: Linguaggio e ideologia nel film // Atti della Tavola Rotonda alia III Mostra Internazionale del Nuovo Cinema, Pesaro, maggio 1967, a ia­neieuei iic?a e a aieaa ?acaa?iooii aa?eaioa aioea a eieao Io­noonoao?uay no?oeoo?a (ni.: Eco U. La struttura assente (Milano: Bompiani, 1968). ?. 105—160). Ni. oae?a ?onneee ia?aaia: Yei O. I ?eaiaieyo eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa // No?iaiea oeeuia. I., 1984; eee a aiaeiycu?iuo aioieiaeyo: Eco U. Articulations of the Cinematic Code, in Nichols B. (ed.) Movies and Methods. An Anthology (Berkley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976). ?. 590—607.
 2 Iiiiceoey ioe?uoia/cae?uoia i?iecaaaaiea. Ni.: Newpert R. The End. Narration and Closure in the Cinema (Detroit: Wayne State Uni­versity Press, 1995); eiioaioey ia?acoiaiai ?eoaoaey: Staiger J. Interpreting Films. Studies in the Historical Reception of American Cinema (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1992); i?iaeaiu oeeuie?aneie ?ai?acaioaoee: Branigan E. Point of View in the Cine­ma. A Theory of Narration and Subjectivity in Classical Film (Mouton Publishers, 1984).
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 aaiaioaeuiuo i?iaeai iaeaieaa eioa?ania noaouy I ?eaiaieyo eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa (1967), n iiiiuu? eioi?ie ii?ii ?acaeou naiaai ?iaa aiia?a?aaiue aeaeia Oiaa?oi Yei n oai­?aoeeaie eeii i i?e?iaa oeeuie?aneie ?ai?acaioaoee, oioy e ia ana ec aai eaae eaaei oeeaauaa?ony a i?ie?onoiai ei?a eeii­oai?ee, eiiaaa ano?a?aynu n aiaieuii na?uaciui nii?ioeaeaieai ni noi?iiu eeiii?aeoeee. ?oi, iaiaei, aiieia anoanoaaiii: eae ecaanoii, ?aaeuiua oaiiiaiu eoeuoo?u ?aaei aaiiino?e?o?o nai? eiyeuiinou ii ioiioaie? e oai?aoe?aneei iiaaeyi.
 E ni?aeaie? aey Yei, yoa noaouy auea auianaia ec eiioae­noa aeneonnee naiei oaeoii aa iiiaie?aoiie ioaeeeaoee a ?ac­ee?iuo aioieiaeyo. A aaenoaeoaeuiinoe ?a aa iaoin ii?aaa­eyeny ?aieaie aeneonnee (iieaieea n Iacieeie ii iiaiao eeii eae "ycuea ?aaeuiinoe"), e aeaaiie caaa?ae ia oio iiiaio ya­eyeanu aaieoieiaecaoey eee?ceiienoneiai ?aaeecia (?aio a iaiaeie noaiaie niinianoaiaae oniao eiioaioee Aia?a Aacaia), nicaaaaaiiai eeii, e iaiaoiaeiinou iieacaou, ?oi eeii eae ycue, a ?aaii e a?oaea icia?eaa?uea nenoaiu, io?a?aao ?aaeuiinou iin?aanoaii oaeiai ?yaa eioa?i?aoaoee3.
 Yoio oaeno, iaienaiiue aua a eiioa 60-o aa. e aa?a auia­naiiue ca neiaee iieaieee, ?acaa?ioaoaeny ia?ao Yei, Iaooai e Iacieeie i i?e?iaa eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa e i?i­aeaia eeiie?aneiai ciaea a aecoaeuiie eiiioieeaoee, nio?a­iyao nai? aeooaeuiinou, iniaaiii aoao?e nii?y?aiiui n a?oaeie oaenoaie ii oai?ee eeii e i?iaiaeece?iaaiiui a ia­oe?iii eiioaenoa i?iaeai aecoaeuiie naieioeee. A oi ?a a?a­iy ii ianao ia naaa ioia?aoie a?aiaie, ia?aaaaay aoiinoa?o yiioe "aaoneie aieacie eaaeciu" a no?oeoo?aeecia: no?oeoo?a­eenoneay naieieiaey 60-o aa. eniuouaaea yaio? neaainou e aa­iiino?aoeaiui aieacaoaeunoaai iin?aanoaii a?aoeeia, noai, oi?ioe, en?a?iuaa?ueo oaeniiiiee. E oiio ?a, ia ioaaeea­oenu aua io oaea Iaoa?e-eeiaaenoeee, naieioeea i?iaie?aea eneaou aiaeiaee ia?ao anoanoaaiiui aa?aaeuiui ycueii e a?o­aeie naieioe?aneeie nenoaiaie, ?oi a eiia?iii n?aoa icia?a­ei aiieie?iaaiea i?ieeiaaenoe?aneie a?aoiaioaoee.
 3 Ni.: Eco U. Kant e I'ornitorinco (Milano: Bompiani, 1997). ?. 301.
 77
 A aaiiii neo?aa Yei, ?acaeaay naie acaeya ia i?iaeaio a?oeeoeyoee eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa, aiaeee?oao aeaaiui ia?acii e eaayi Iacieeie e Iaooa, ii a aaenoaeoaeuiinoe iia­aiaeo ?a?oo iia iiiaieaoiae aeneonneae i niaoeoeea eeiiycu­ea, eieoee?iaaiiie aua a 20-o aa. ?. Eaioai, E. Aaee?eii, A. Eeianaai. Yei ni anae ii?aaaeaiiinou? ioaa?aaao a?aoiai­ou a iieuco i?inouo aiaeiaee ycuea eeii n anoanoaaiiui ycu­eii. Ii yoie ?a i?e?eia ii i?aaii?eoaao oa?iei "eia", a ia "ycue", ?oiau ecaa?aou iaaieuiuo oi?iuaiee. Iiiyoea eiaa, o?aeooaiia ainoaoi?ii oe?iei, n iaiaoiaeiinou? i?aaiieaaa­ao eaa? oii?yai?aiiinoe e a?oeeoee?iaaiiinoe, ?oi a oi ?a a?aiy ia icia?aao oioaeuiiai aaoa?ieiecia (iniaaiii oa?ae­oa?iiai aey aicc?aiee Yei ia i?e?iao ynoaoe?aneiai niiaua­iey eae niiauaiey ecia?aeuii iieenaie?iiai).
 A?oaie, ia iaiaa aa?iue aniaeo iiaoiaa, ?ac?aaaouaaaii­ai Yei, ninoieo a no?aieaiee aaiioieiaece?iaaou oioia?aoe­?aneee ia?ac e ia?aianoe aeoaio ia oaiiiaiieiae? aini?ey­oey. Eiaiii a yoii ee??a ii eioa?i?aoe?oao i?iaeaio eeiie?aneiai ciaea, ii?aaaeaiea eioi?iai ni a?aiai Ie?na ia iiaaa?aaeinu neieuei-ieaoau nouanoaaiiui iiaeoeeaoeyi. Iii caee??aeinu a oii, ?oi eeiie?aneee ciae iaeaaaao ?yaii naienoa, i?enoueo ?ai?acaioe?oaiiio ei ?aaeuiiio iauaeoo. Yei iieaaaao, ?oi eeiie?aneee ciae ia oieuei ia iaeaaaao ie­eaeeie iaueie naienoaaie ni naiei iauaeoii, ii, ?oi aua aieaa ?aaeeaeuii, yaeyaony iieiinou? i?iecaieuiui, eiiaaioeiiaeu­iui e iaiioeae?iaaiiui. ?a?u eaao ia i aini?iecaaaaiee a eeiie?aneii ciaea naienoa iauaeoa, a i niaoeoeea aini?eyoey e, neaaiaaoaeuii, i iuneaiiie ?ai?acaioaoee. N oi?ee c?aiey nia?aiaiiuo iiaoiaia yoi ii?ao iieacaouny aaiaeuiie enoe­iie, iaiaei aieaia a?aiy i?iaeaia eiaeoeeaoee aeaaiey a eeii (eae e a a?oaeo eneonnoaao) inoaaaeanu a oaie noieu iiioey?iie (iioieiae?aneie ii nooe) eiioaioee eeii eae oieaa?naeuiiai ycuea. Ainoaoi?ii aniiiieou ia ooiie?aneie aa?a aaaioia yoie oai?ee (aicieeoae a 10-o aa. e inoaaaaoaeny iiioey?iie aieiou ai eiioa 60-o aa.) a oi, ?oi eeii — yoi ia?aue oieaa?naeuiue ycue, ia eia?uee iaoeiiaeuiuo, aaia?aoe?aneeo e i?i?eo a?a­ieo, aeaaiaa?y oiio ?oi yoio ycue niiniaai e aini?iecaaaaie? ?aaeuiinoe oaeeeii oaeie, eaeay iia anou (neiai "?ai?acaioa­oey", eia?uaa niune naieioe?aneiai iiin?aaiaaiey, caanu ia ?aeaaaioii). Eeii, niaeanii yoie eiioaioee, aieaa oieaa?naeuii, ?ai neiai. Ecia?a?aiea (iiaiaea, eiiey i?aaiaoa) a priori
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 aie?ii aini?eieiaouny anaie oi?aanoaaiii. Eiaiii yoa eaay ea?aea a iniiaa oaiiiaia iaiiai eeiaiaoia?aoa. Iniiaiie niune eiioaioee eeii eae oieaa?naeuiiai ycuea caee??aeny a oii, ?oi anneieeyoey oaeiai ycuea ia o?aaoao ?aaiou nicia­iey: anee oieuei ii?ii naaa i?aanoaaeou i?ioann aini?eyoey, ia?aie?aiiue ?aaioie i?aaiia ?oanoa. Oua?aiinou neiaa nay­cuaaeanu eiaiii n aai eiiaaioeiiaeuiinou?, eai iii ?aaooe­?oao an? iieiioo ?aaeuiinoe e iaiiio i?eaeeaae?iaaiiiio niuneo. Caanu neaaiaaei au ioiaoeou, ?oi i?iaeaia eiiaaioe­iiaeuiinoe anoanoaaiiiai ycuea ia yaeyaony i?iaeaiie eeii­oai?ee, ia aiai?y o? i oii, ?oi iia nouanoaiaaea caaieai ai iiyaeaiey eiioaioee oieaa?naeuiiai ycuea eeii (eae, ai?i­?ai, e naia i?iaeaia "oieaa?naeuiiai ycuea", enoiee eioi?ie Yei e a?oaea niaoeaeenou ii "niaa?oaiiui ycueai" naycuaa­?o n ieoii i aaaeeiineii noieiioai?aiee).
 ?oiau eo?oa iniciaou nouiinou a?aoiaioia Yei a aaiiii aii?ina, a oae?a auynieou, a eaeii niunea aicii?ii a i?ei­oeia i?iaaaaiea aiaeiaee ia?ao ycueii eeii e aa?aaeuiui ycueii, ainoaoi?ii niaa?oeou i?aiu e?aoeee yeneo?n a enoi­?e? oeeinioneeo e eeiaaenoe?aneeo aeneonnee i i?e?iaa ycu­ea. Eee, oi?iaa, e?aoei noi?ioee?iaaou, ianeieuei oi?iuay, nouiinou aaoo iniiaiuo iiaoiaia e aii?ino ia ioiioaieyo ycuea n ?aaeuiinou? (oi anou i eiiaaioeiiaeuiinoe ciaea) e i?e?eiu ?anoi?aaiey ia?ao noi?iiieeaie nii?a (iie?aynu ia eaae Yei, ?. Eioiaia, I. Na?ei). Nianoaaiii aiai?y, e?aie oeeinio, caieia?ueeny i?iaeaiie ycuea, iaecaa?ii aica?a­uaaony e yoiio ooiaaiaioaeuiiio aii?ino, ?aoaiea eioi?iai ii?aaaeyao yienoaiieiae?aneee i?ioeeu aaiiie oai?ee. Oae­aeoaeuia ?eao?anou iaeioi?uo eeiaaenoe?aneeo ieoia: a?ao­iaiou A?enoioaey, Aaaonoeia, Ie?na, Ninn??a, ?eianiia, Aeo­aaiooaeia, Inoeia e iiiaeo a?oaeo ia ?aoeee i?iaeaiu.
 Ia?aay eaaieiaaia aace?oaony ia iiieiaiee ycuea eae iie­?aeeaiai i?ic?a?iiai iin?aaieea, i?aanoaaey?uaai aaue ni­ciaie? a eo iaiin?aanoaaiiinoe. A ?aieao yoie ia?aaeaiu ni­aa?oaiiui (eaaaeuiui) yaeyaony ycue, eioi?ue iaaeaei e ia nicaaao iiiao a eiiioieeaoee. Anoanoaaiii, ?oi oaeie "oie­aa?naeuiue" ycue — ia aieaa ?ai eiioaiooaeuiue eaaae, aace­?o?ueeny a eiia?iii n?aoa ia eaaa ycueiaie iiiaieeaoo?u (eae iieaaae Ninn??) e ?aeaiee "iacuaaou aaue naieie eiaia­ie", eioi?ue i?e anae aai niaeacieoaeuiinoe eiaao iaei iaua­ai n ?aaeuiinou? eioa?i?aoaoee. A eaaieiaee i?ic?a?iiai ycu-
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 ea neiaa niioaaonoao?o aauai, ?oi i?aaiieaaaao aicii?iinou iinoe?aiey ?aaeuiinoe, ycue ?a a aaiiii neo?aa — eeou eino?oiaio, i?ioac, aac eioi?iai ia iaieoenu. I?iaeaia ?a­aeecia a eeoa?aoo?a, caaaaiea eioaeeaeooaeuiiai iiioa?a a eeii a iieuco "iaaeaeiiai" eeanne?aneiai aieeeaoaneiai iiioa?a, i?icae?aneay ?a?u, aiaa?ea e niiauaieyi iann-ia­aea — yoi eeou iaiiiaea a?aoiaiou a iieuco ??acau?aeiie ?ani?ino?aiaiiinoe yoiai ieoa a iianaaiaaiie ?ecie. I?e­ciaou, ?oi ecia?a?aiea yaeyaony analogon ?aaeuiinoe, cia?eo anoaou ia oi?eo c?aiey ieineiai ?aaeecia e ioeacaou (eeii)ycueo a aai niaoeoeea.
 Nouiinou aoi?ie eaaieiaaiu auyaeyaony a iiieiaiee ycu­ea eae aaoiiiiiiai, naiinoiyoaeuiiai e iai?ic?a?iiai (iaea­aa?uaai nianoaaiiie "oaeaniinou?") o?anoieea neiaiee?anei­ai iaiaia. A yoii neo?aa ycue ?ai?acaioe?oao ia oieuei e ia noieuei ?aaeuiinou aiaoi??, neieuei nianoaaiio? (ycueiao?) ?aaeuiinou. I?aaeaii, ?oi eaioianeay aauu-a-naaa i?aanoaaey­ao niaie ?acoeuoao oaeiai iiin?aaiaaiey, oae ?a eae i?ecia­iea aaaiaa?aenoaie iiyoe?aneie ooieoee a ea?anoaa aiieie?o­?uae ooieoee ycuea anou ?acoeuoao ?aaeeaeecaoee yoie eii­oaioee. Eae iu a aaeuiaeoai oaeaei, e eaay iaia?aie?aiiiai naieicena, e oaiiiai aeia?eioa?i?aoaoee eiae?anee auoaea?o ec iaiie e oie ?a ia?aaeaiu ycuea. N iiceoee naieioeee, ia?a?aiiie ia ia?ac?aoeiinou i?iaeaiu ?aoa?aioeaeuiinoe, ciae ia "i?inaa?eaaao" ?ai?acaioe?oaio? ei ?aaeuiinou. ?ai­?acaioe?oaiay ei ?aaeuiinou — yoi i?a?aa anaai aeneo?nea­iay ?aaeuiinou noauaeoa, iieuco?uaainy ycueii. Eieu nei?i ycue nouanoaoao, ii iai?ic?a?ai, oaeanai e nicaaao nianoaai­io? neiaiee?aneo? ?aaeuiinou.
 Yoi iaaieuoia ionooieaiea iicaieyao i?aanoaaeou, a ?ai­eao eaeie ia?aaeaiu aicieeee e ?acaeaaeenu eaae eeii eae oieaa?naeuiiai ycuea: yoa auea ii nooe iiiuoea ?aaeeciaaou eeiaaenoe?aneo? ooiie? eiuie n?aanoaaie. I?aaeaii, ?oi a 20-o aa. aiaeiaee ia?ao ycueii aa?aaeuiui e eeiaiaoia?aoe­?aneei iineee nei?aa noanoaioeaeuiue e eiieeoeoiue oa?ae­oa?, ?acaeaaynu ii i?eioeio ad hoc. Oai ia iaiaa ii?ii iaia­?o?eou no?aiio? e i?ioeai?a?eao? i?aainoaaiiinou ia?ao eiioaioeae "oieaa?naeuiiai ycuea eeii" e yiioie no?oeoo?ii-eeiaaenoe?aneiai aaoa?ieiecia a oai?ee eeii 60-o aa. Yoa aee­cinou iauyniyaony eniieuciaaieai a oii e a?oaii neo?aa eeia­aenoe?aneie a?aoiaioaoee, iieneii aiaeiaee n yoaeiiii
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 eiiioieeaoee — iiaaeu? anoanoaaiiiai ycuea. Noaiiaeony i?a­aeaiui, ?oi ooaa??aaiea eiiaaioeiiaeuiie i?e?iau eeiie?aneiai ciaea iaecaa?ii aaaao e ?aciaea?aie? "yooaeoa ?aaeuiinoe" a aecoaeuiuo niiauaieyo, e i?eciaie? aaoiiiiee ecia?a?aiey: ioeac io ooiiee ycuea eeii eae oieaa?naeuiiai ycuea icia?aao, ?oi ?aaeuiinou, caia?aoeaiiay a eaa?a, — yoi ?aaeuiinou iooeeuo?iaaiiay, iiin?aaiaaiiay e o?a eioa?i?a­oe?iaaiiay.
 Aica?auaynu e oaenoo Yei, ii?ii n oaa?aiiinou? neacaou, ?oi inouanoaeaiiay ei ?aaecey eiioaioee eeiie?aneiai ciaea nua?aea aanuia aa?io? ?ieu a ia?ainiuneaiee i?e?iau oioi­a?aoe?aneiai ecia?a?aiey e ycuea eeii a oaeii. Ia?aoia e i?iaeaiai oaiiiaiieiaee aini?eyoey io?a?aao oae?a e ?a­coeuoao anneieeyoee iaeioi?uo eaae, ia?aiia?aeuii aiciee­oeo a ?aieao ineoieiaee aecoaeuiiai aini?eyoey, n ainoe?a­ieyie naieioeee e ynoaoeee. I?iaeaia eiaeoeeaoee aecoaeu­iuo i?aeoee, noieu aa?iay a yoio ia?eia aey Yei, e ii nae aaiu inoaaony aanuia aa?iie, ia iieo?eaoae iiea ieii?aoaeu­iiai ?ac?aoaiey.
 ?ao?iniaeoeaii neaaoao ioiaoeou, ?oi aeneonney, ?acai?aa­oayny a Iaca?i, auea ia?aoa A. Aacaiii, a oi?iaa ?acaa?iooie ei aiieiaeae ?aaeecia. Aacai aue i?aa a oii, ?oi i?a?iea i?eioeiu eeii?a?e onoa?aee, aaaeooaeece?iaaee naay: a 20-a aiau auneacuaaiea no?ieeinu iiioa?iuie, ?oaeaiuie o?aa­iaioaie (a oie neooaoee no?ieou o?acu e oai naiui au?a?aou eaeo?-oi oaeinoio? iuneu ii?ii auei oieuei ia iiioa?iii noiea; nai ii naaa aeo nuaiee ia aaaae aicii?iinoe "aiai­?eou": nuaii?iua iaoa?eaeu auee eeou "no?ieoaeuiuie eana­ie"). ?anoe?aiea aicii?iinoae eaia?u a 40-o aiaao iicaieeei "auneacuaaou" eaeo?-eeai iuneu, "aiai?eou" a i?ioanna nuai­ee, ia ai?eaaynu iiioa?iiai noiea. Ioiuia iiaae?iinou, eciu­?aiiinou eeii?a?e iniiauaaaony ia ne?uoii, neiaii oi?yoai­iii a aeoa oeenaoee iaieioee?iaaiee aeaeiui. I?aaaa, Aacaio eacaeinu, ?oi caanu eae ?ac iao ieeaeie iaieioeyoee (ii aa?ee, ?oi i?e ioeaca io iiioa?a i?e?iaa aauae aoaao ?ai?a­caioe?iaaia ai anae aa iaiin?aanoaaiiinoe), caoi aey Iaciee­ie iaieioee?iaaiea aeaeiui, inouanoaeyaiia n iiiiuu? ea­ia?u, ia iiaea?eo niiiaie?. Eia?a aiai?y, nuaiea noaea ii­ieiaouny ia eae caaioiaea iaoa?eaea aey ?a?aaie aayoaeuiinoe, ii eae nai i?ioann ?a?aaie aayoaeuiinoe. Yoi aaei iiaia n?e­oaou, ?oi eeiiycue noae ainoaoi?ii naiinoiyoaeuiie nenoaiie,
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 ie?oou ia onooia?uae aa?aaeuiiio ycueo ii noaiaie aeaeinoe e oieaa?naeuiinoe (caanu ii?ii oaeaaou ?aiannain ooiiee "ni­aa?oaiiiai ycuea" a eeiioai?ee). A ?acoeuoaoa ?aai aicieeea eaay aiaeiae?iinoe aioo?aiiaai no?iaiey eeiiycuea iniiaiui ia?aiao?ai ycuea aa?aaeuiiai, eeiaaenoe?aneiai. Iinoaiaiii oi?ie?oaony eioa?an e no?oeoo?ii-naieioe?aneie iaoiaieiaee aiaeeca ycuea.
 Eoae, niiniaia ee eaia?a oeene?iaaou iaiin?aanoaaiio? ?aaeuiinou eee, oe?a — eaeo? ?aaeuiinou iu eiaai a eeii, — "naaeaiio?" eee "i?e?iaio?", eioa?i?aoe?oao ee eeii oi, ?oi iiiaaaao a iauaeoea, e eaeei ia?acii yoi i?ienoiaeo? Eaeeie aua iaeco?aiiuie aicii?iinoyie iaeaaaao eeiiycue, eioi­?ue, iiaiaii aa?aaeuiiio ycueo, iaa?anuaaao ia ?aaeuiinou naou, iaiia?aiaiii i?a??eaay aa eiioo? e ne?uaay iiaeeiio? nouiinou?
 I?iaeaia a?oeeoeyoee eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa ainoi­aeo e oai?ee A. Ia?oeia, eioi?ue ?acaee o?aiea i aaieiie a?oeeoeyoee aa?aaeuiiai ycuea4. I?eiaieiinou aai a?aoiai­oia aey eeiioai?ee iano?aaeanu Iacieeie, Iaooai e Yei, noaa enoiaiui iiiaioii aey auaiaa i iaaicii?iinoe iieiie aia­eiaee ia?ao ycueii eeii e anoanoaaiiui ycueii, e aa?a ai­eaa oiai — i oii, ?oi eeii aiiaua ia yaeyaony ycueii a nia­noaaiiii niunea neiaa.
 4 Niaeanii A. Ia?oeia, a anoanoaaiiii ycuea anou aaa o?iaiy ?eaia­iey — oiiaiu e ii?oaiu. E?aie oaeo aaenoaeoaeuiinoe ia?aaaao­ny a ?a?e ii?aaaeaiiui eiee?anoaii neia, eae au ?eaieony. Iai?e­ia?, neacaou "y eao" — cia?eo au?aceou aeo iaoaai oi?aaiey. Yoa o?aca ninoieo ec aaoo neia, ea?aia ec eioi?uo iaeaaaao naiinoiy­oaeuiui cia?aieai. Yoio o?iaaiu aaoiiiiii cia?eiuo aaeieo e anou ia?aay a?oeeoeyoey. Iaiaei iu ii?ai ?aca?iaeou neiai e ia aieaa iaeeea aaeieou — oiiaiu, ii iie o?a iacia?eiu (caoe nai ii naaa ie?aai ia iaicia?aao — ie i?aaiaoa, ie iiiyoey, ie aaenoaey). Yoe aaeieou — aoi?ia ?eaiaiea — auiieiy?o niunei?acee?eoaeuio? ooieoe? (ioee?ea neiaa "aii" io "oii", "eio" io "eia"). Eiee?anoai caoeia ia?aie?aii, iaiaei eiee?anoai ii?oai ??acau?aeii aaeeei. Iooiai ycue iaiiieiaao ia?aaa?iooo? ino?eai aiec ie?aieao. Oi­iaiu ia icia?a?o ie?aai, ii?oaiu — yoi o?iaaiu aaiioaoeaiuo, aoeaaeuiuo cia?aiee (ia?aaeaiaoe?aneay iauiinou), a neioaaiu — eiiaeiaoee neia; auneacuaaiey niiniaiu nicaaaaou aiiieieoaeu­iua, eiiiioaoeaiua cia?aiey. ?cue, oaeei ia?acii, i?aanoaao ia­?aa iaie eae i?i?iay e ?aoeiiaeuii i?aaieciaaiiay naieioe?aneay nenoaia. (Ni. aieaa iia?iaii: Ia?oeia A. Iniiau iauae eeiaaenoe­ee // Iiaia a eeiaaenoeea. Aui. III. I., 1963.)
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 Iacieeie iieaaae, ?oi aaieiia ?eaiaiea naienoaaiii e ycueo eeii, i?e yoii aiaeiaii oiiai o iaai aunooia?o i?aaiaou, niauoey e aaenoaey ?aaeuiinoe; aiaeia ii?oaiu — eeiiia?ac eee eeiaia. Aa??iie iaoiaeo naia ?aoaiea aaieiie a?oeeoey­oee a eeii: aa?eaoeaiia iiea (ia?aaeaia) e aa?eaoeaiay na?ey (neioaaia) i?ecaaiu iaicia?aou aaa o?iaiy ?eaiaiey eeiiycu­ea. Oi?o ?acee?aao ia oiiaiu e ii?oaiu, a neioaaiu, iieuco­ynu iiiyoeai aeaaia (ecia?a?aiea-niauoea, aaeieoa ieaia ni­aa??aiey; iia aunooiaao a aaoo aa?eaioao — eaaaia (iia?a­oi?neee eaa?) e yaaia (iiioa?iue eaa?)). Caanu ycue ia eiaao aaieiie a?oeeoeyoee e niaa??eo eeou iaei o?iaaiu cia?aiey — "aeaaiu". Aaooaoeie oae?a oniao?eaaao eeou iaei o?iaaiu: nei­oaaiu — eeiiaiu (ecia?a?aiey). Nianai ii-eiiio i?aanoaao yoa i?iaeaia o Yei a aai eiioaioee o?ieiie a?oeeoeyoee.
 Aeaaiue aii?in: ianeieuei i?aaiia?ii ooaa??aaiea i oii, ?oi eeii iaiin?aanoaaiii io?a?aao ?aaeuiinou, yaeyynu eae au aa aiaeiaii? Anee yoi oae, oiaaa eeii ii?ao i?aiaieaou oneiaiinou aa?aaeuiiai ycuea, ?ai?acaioe?o?uaai ?aaeuiinou iiin?aaiaaiiui ia?acii (eae iieaaae ia oio iiiaio Iaoo, iicaiaa niaeaneaoeeny n e?eoeeie e a?aoiaioaie Yei). Yoa iuneu oae?a niaeanoaony n eaaae Iacieeie i oii, ?oi "ia?ai­yeaiaiou eeii?a?e" i?aanoaaey?o niaie iaeea o?aaiaiou ?a­aeuiinoe, eioi?ua aa?oony eaia?ie e i?aaoanoao?o anyeie oneiaiinoe5. Aieaa oiai, Iacieeie aiai?eo i naieioeea eeii eae i iaeiae "naieioeea aaenoaeoaeuiinoe", eae io?a?aiee an­oanoaaiiiai ycuea, aaenoaee ?aeiaaea.
 Yei oaa?ai, ?oi eiaaa iu aiai?ei i naieioeea eeii, oi aie?iu o?eouaaou caaa?e anyeiai naieioe?aneiai aiaeeca, a eiaiii: no?aieouny ii aicii?iinoe iaia?o?eou ca e?aui oa­iiiaiii, eioi?ue ea?aony i?e?iaiui, anoanoaaiiui, aaeaa ia­?an?eaieiui, ia?ae?iui, oneiaiinou, eiiaaioe?, oaeoi? eoeu­oo?u e, neaaiaaoaeuii, auyaeou, ?oi e?aie i?aaiao ii?ao auou naaaai e neiaieo, "anoanoaaiiinou" — e eaaieiaee, a e?aay aiaeiaey — e eiao6. Naieioeea niiniaia iouneaou caee??ai­io? a niiniaa eiiioieeaoee eaaieiae?aneo? aaoa?ieiaioo e
 5 Ni.: Iacieeie I. Iiyoe?aneia eeii // No?iaiea oeeuia. I., 1984.
 6 Aieaa iia?iaii ia yoie i?iaeaia Yei auneacaeny a naiae Oai?ee naieioeee. Iineieueo aicii?iinou iaiaia — yoi proprium naieice­na, iinoieueo naieioeea aie?ia eco?aou ana, "?oi ii?ao auou en­iieuciaaii aey e?e". (Eco U. A Theory of Semiotics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979. ?. 59.)
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 iieiaa ii?aaaeeou iioeae?iaaiiinou aeoa oai??anoaa, eioi­?ue ea?aony iai naiaiaiui. A nayce n yoei Yei i?aaeaaaao ioeacaouny io eee?cee o?aeoiaaou ?aaeuiinou, eioi?o? iu iaia?o?eaaai a eeii, eae ?aaeuiinou ia?ae?io? e auynieou oa eiiaaioee, i?aaeea, ia eioi?uo aace?oaony eeiiycue, ii­?aaaeaiiui ia?acii ana ?a ?ai?acaioe?o?uee ?aaeuiinou aia-oeeuie?aneo?.
 E oiio ?a eeii yaeyaony e eiiioieeaoeaiie nenoaiie, a yoi icia?aao, ?oi iii iaecaa?ii iieucoaony iaeei eiaii aey oeo?iaee naieo niiauaiee. Anee iu ia iaia?o?eaaai yoiai eiaa, yoi ioi?au ia icia?aao, ?oi aai iao — i?inoi aai i?aa­noieo iaeoe (oioy e ia enee??aii, ?oi eeiiycue — yoi i?aiu iaonoie?eaay nenoaia, iinoiyiii o?ainoi?ie?o?uay i?aaeea eiiioieeaoee, a iinaio iie?a?uayny ia neaaua eiau a?aiai­iiai oa?aeoa?a, eioi?ua ?anoi aeaieciaiy?ony, ii iie ana ?aaii nouanoao?o). I?iaeaia iinoiyiiie o?ainoi?ie?oaiinoe eiaa niaoeoe?ia ia oieuei aey eeii — yoi iauay "aieiaiay aieu" anao eneonnoa, eioi?ua ii?i?aa?o iiiaicia?iua, iieenaie?iua niiauaiey, iinoiyiii canoaaey?uea ian niiiaaaouny a iaee?ee eiaa. A naiai eiioaenoa yoe niiauaiey (ea?oeiu, caa­iey, neoeuioo?u, oaao?aeuiua iinoaiiaee) nicaa?o noieu iai­au?iua niioiioaiey ia?ao ciaeaie, ?oi iu auio?aaiu any­eee ?ac eneaou iiaue eia e aa?a i?eiaiyou iiaua i?ioaao?u iienea e ?anoeo?iaee yoiai eiaa. Oaeiai ?iaa cayaeaiey i ananeeee naieioeee i?aanoaaey?o niaie naiaai ?iaa aaoa?ie­ieci, ii Yei iieaaaao, ?oi aaoa?ieieci naieioe?aneiai iien­ea ia naiii aaea i?aneaaoao oieuei iaio oaeu — ii?iaa?aioou e?anaiaiao eneonnoaa, iaicia?eou aa?iyoiua a?aieou oai??a­noaa e iaia?o?eou aai oai, aaa iii aaenoaeoaeuii eiaao ianoi (oi anou oai, aaa nicaa?ony iiaua eiau e iiaua ciaee; oai, aaa ia?ooa?ony iaie eiiaaioee e onoaiaaeeaa?ony a?oaea, eiaaa ia i?iecaaaaiee aua ia ea?eo ia?aou oneiaiinoe), e i?e yoii eiee?anoai iiaie — ynoaoe?aneie — eioi?iaoee aic?anoaao (ii e?aeiae ia?a, ana yoe oaeoi?u ii?aaaey?o iiiaio oai??a­noaa n naieioe?aneie oi?ee c?aiey)7.
 Caaa?a eco?aiey eiaia aecoaeuiiai ycuea eeii i?aaiieaaa­ao i?a?aa anaai e?eoe?aneee aiaeec iiiyoey eeiie?aneiai cia­ea. Eae nenoaia eeiaiaoia?ao iia?e?oao a iniiaiii eeiie?aneeie ciaeaie (ciaee-neiaieu, oi anou ciaee aa?aaeuiiai ycuea,
 7 Ni.: Yei O. I ?eaiaieyo eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa // No?iaiea oeeu­ia. I., 1984. N. 81.
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 eioi?ua ea?a?o aa?io? ?ieu a eeii, ii ia io?a?a?o niaoeoe­ee eeii eae aeaa eneonnoaa e eae n?aanoaa eiiioieeaoee; e?i­ia oiai, ia iie nicaa?o yooaeo ?aaeuiinoe (effet du reel), i eioi?ii ienae Aa?o e ec-ca eioi?iai eeii aini?eieiaaony eae iaeaieaa i?aaaeaia e i?yiia io?a?aiea ?aaeuiinoe; ia eaeia-oi a?aiy ii?ii aano?aae?iaaouny io oiai, ?oi eeii iieucoaony nei?iuie ciaeaie — aoaeoeaiuie e aecoaeuiuie, nin?aaioi­?eaoenu eeou ia aecoaeuiuo, eioi?ua eae ?ac e oa?aeoa?eco­?ony eae eeiie?aneea).
 Ii?aio o?aaeoeiiiia iiieiaiea eeiiecia iiaaa?aeinu noieu i?anoi?aiiie e?eoeea? Iaiiii?, ?oi ni a?aiai Ie?na eeiie?aneee ciae iiieiaeny eae ciae, iaeaaa?uee noianoaii ni naiei iauaeoii e eia?uee oa ?a naienoaa, ?oi e ecia?a?aaiue ei i?aaiao. Oaeia iiieiaiea eeiie?aneiai ciaea i?eieiaeinu eae naii niaie ?acoia?uaany (aeaeii, ec oaa?aiey e Ie?no) aieiou ai iaaaaieo ii?8. Iaiaei i?e aee?aeoai ?anniio?aiee ieaca­einu, ?oi iaaicii?ii ioaaoeou ia aii?in i oii, eaeeie ?a
 8 I?iaeaia niaoeoeee aecoaeuiiai aini?eyoey n naieioe?aneie oi?­ee c?aiey, eae e ?acaa?iooay e?eoeea ie?nianeiai eeiiecia i?aa­noaaeaia a ooiaaiaioaeuiii o?oaa Eua?neie A?oiiu ?: Groupe ? Traite du signe visuel. Pour une rbetorique de l'image (Paris: Seuil, 1992). A ?anoiinoe, aaoi?u oeacuaa?o ia oi, ?oi Ie?n aiai?ee ia "eeiie?iinoe" eae i ?ai-oi aiieia iiiyoiii e anoanoaaiiii, a eiaiii: eae ia enoiaiii iiaiaee ciaea iauaeoo. Ii??en iiaioae e yoie i?iaeaia eia?a: eeiie?aneee ciae a ii?aaaeaiiie ia?a iaeaaaao oaie ?a naienoaaie, ?oi e iauaeo, aaiioe?oaiue ei. Oiaa?oi Yei ?ane?uaaao ioeai?iinou yoeo ii?aaaeaiee n iiiiuu? i?inoaeoeo i?eia?ia: aa?a naiue aeia??aaeenoe?aneee ii?o?ao (eae eeiie?an­eee ciae) ia eiaao ie?aai iauaai ni naiei ?aoa?aioii ie ii oaeoo­?a, ie ii iiaae?iinoe, ie ii iauaio e o. a. Aieaa oiai, aey Yei i?iaeaia eeiie?aneiai ciaea — yoi neiioii e?ecena ciaea a oaeii. (Ni.: Groupe ?. ?. 126) I?eaieaiui ?aoaieai ii?ii auei au n?e­oaou ii?aaaeaiea eeiie?aneiai ciaea ii naienoao eciii?oe?aneiai iiaiaey naiaio iauaeoo. Eeiie?aneee ciae nicaaao iiaaeu ioiioa­iee (ia?ao a?aoe?aneeie oaiiiaiaie), eioi?ay aiiieiae?ia iiaa­ee ia?oaioeaiuo ioiioaiee, eioi?ua iu auno?aeaaai, ano?a?ay eee aucuaay a iaiyoe aaiiue iauaeo. Iaiaei iiiyoea eciii?oecia oi?a ia aanie?oii e o?aaoao aaeuiaeoaai i?iyniaiey, yoi "caaenyuaa oaeeeii io eoeuoo?iuo i?aaiinueie ?aoaiea eaaioeoeoe?iaaou eee ia eaaioeoeoe?iaaou naieioe?aneee oaiiiai eae eciii?oiue ?aoa?aioo". (Ni.: Groupe ? "Iconism", in Sebeok Th., Umiker-Sebeok J. (eds.) Advances in Visual Semiotics (Paris: Gruyter, 1994). ?. 29.) Eci­ii?oeci ii?ao eiaou ?acee?iua noaiaie naiaiau (eioa?i?aoaoee). E?ecen ciaea — yoi aua e i?iaeaia ?aoa?aioa (aaneaiaoa), eai ynii, ?oi yoi ia oaeoe?anee nouanoao?uee iauaeo, a iiaaeu iauaeoa, io-
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 iaueie naienoaaie eee ea?anoaaie ni naiei ?aoa?aioii ia­eaaaao eeiie?aneee ciae.
 I?a?aa anaai eeii, aoao?e niiniaiui aini?iecaiaeou iii­?anoai iioe?aneeo o??eia (ia?aaa?a aae?aiey e aeoaeiu i?i­no?ainoaa), ?aaeuii yaeyaony aaoia?iui ecia?a?aieai. Ai­eaa oiai, eae e?iiece?oao No?a?o Oiee, niaaea ia ye?aia ii?ao eayou, ii ia niiniaia ian oeoneou a ioee?ea io ?aaeu­iie ?eaie niaaee: ?aaeuiinou nouanoaoao aia ycuea (aoau oi ycue aa?aaeuiue eee aecoaeuiue)9. Iiiyoii, ?oi ecia?a?a­iea ia iaeaaaao naienoaaie ioia?a?aaiiai ei i?aaiaoa. Ana yoi aiooaao iai iiaic?aiea a oii, ?oi eeiie?aneee ciae noieu ?a i?iecaieai, oneiaai e iaiioeae?iaai, eae e ciae eeiaae­noe?aneee. Yei i?aaeaaaao ia?aianoeou oaio? oy?anoe n naii­ai ciaea ia aai aini?eyoea. A yoii neo?aa auyniyaony, ?oi eeiie?aneee ciae aini?iecaiaeo ia naienoaa ioia?a?aaiiai i?aaiaoa, a oneiaey aai aini?eyoey. Eiaaa iu aeaei ecia?a­?aiea, iu iieucoainy aey aai ?aniiciaaaiey o?aiyueieny a iaiyoe aaiiuie i iiciaiiuo, aeaaiiuo aauao e yaeaieyo (yoo i?iaeaio Yei ianoiyoaeuii ?anniio?ae a naiae iaaaaiae eieaa Eaio e ooeiiin). Ieacuaaaony, ?oi iu ?aniiciaai ecia­?a?aiea, iieucoynu eiaii ociaaaiey. Oaeie eia au?eaiyao ia­eioi?ua ?a?ou i?aaiaoa, iaeaieaa nouanoaaiiua eae aey ni­o?aiaiey eo a iaiyoe, oae e aey iaea?eaaiey aoaoueo eiiioieeaoeaiuo naycae. Iai?eia?, iu ecaaeaea ?aniicia­ai caa?o (e caoai nii?ai aa aini?iecaanoe ia ?enoiea), ia ia?auay iniaiai aieiaiey ia no?iaiea aa aieiau, i?iii?oee iia e ooeiaeua e o. a.), — aa?iu eeou aaa iaeaieaa oa?ae­oa?iua ?a?ou: ?aoaa?iiiainou e iieinaoinou. Oio ?a naiue eia ociaaaiey ea?eo a iniiaa ioai?a oneiaee aini?eyoey, eiaaa iu o?aine?eae?oai eo aey iieo?aiey eeiie?aneiai ciaea. I?e?ai ioai? yoeo nouanoaaiiuo oa?aeoa?enoee aey ?aniiciaaaiey eee nicaaiey ecia?a?aiey aini?eieiaaony iaie ?aua anaai eae anoanoaaiiue i?e?iaiue i?ioann, ia iiin-
 iinyuaainy e ii?aaaeaiiiio eeanno. A nai? i?a?aau, iauaeou ia nouanoao?o eae yiie?e?aneay ?aaeuiinou, iie nicaa?ony ?acoiii, eo eaaioeoeeaoey e onoie?eainou eia?o a?aiaiiue oa?aeoa?; yoi ?acoeuoao i?iecaieuiiai auaaeaiey ec noanoaioee. Anee eeiie?an­eee ciae eiaao ?aoa?aioa, oi yoio ?aoa?aio ia yaeyaony "iauaeoii, ecaea?aiiui ec ?aaeuiinoe, ii anaaaa — ii?i?aaieai eoeuoo?u" (Ibid. ?. 26).
 9 Hall S. "Encoding / decoding", in Culture, Media, Language (ed. By S. Hall, D. Hobson, A. Lowe and ?. Willis. London, 1980). ?. 131.
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 ?aaoaiue eaaieiaeae e eoeuoo?ie. Ia naiii aaea eoeuoo?iay aaoa?ieie?iaaiiinou eiaia ?aniiciaaaiey iaia?o?eaaaony, eiaaa iu n?aaieaaai eiiaaioee aecoaeuiie ?ai?acaioaoee a ?aciuo eoeuoo?ao: aey iaoae eoeuoo?u caa?a — yoi yecioe­?aneia ?eaioiia e iaiau?ii iii ii ni?aoaaiinoe yoeo aaoo oa?aeoa?enoee, a aey ao?eeaineeo ieaiai, o eioi?uo caa?a e aeaia ia yecioe?iue, a ainoaoi?ii ?ani?ino?aiaiiue aea ?ao­aa?iiiaeo ?eaioiuo, cia?eiuie, o?aao?ueie auaaeaiey iiaoo ieacaouny niaa?oaiii a?oaea naienoaa.
 I eoeuoo?iie aaoa?ieie?iaaiiinoe niiniaia ?ai?acaioa­oee e aini?eyoey iaienaii o?a iaiaei e a ?aaioao ii ineoiei­aee aecoaeuiiai aini?eyoey, e a ?aaioao ii eoeuoo?iie aio?i­iieiaee, e a ?aaioao ii naieioeea. Iai?eia?, n O. Aiana e ai E. Eaae-No?inna eoeuoo?io? aio?iiieiae? eioa?aniaaea i?i­aeaia eeanneoeeaoee ie?a, ano?iaiiie a ycue, n iiiiuu? ei­oi?ie aaneiia?iia eiee?anoai yeaiaioia iianaaiaaiiai iiuoa naiaeony e ia?aie?aiiiio ?eneo eaae. Ia?ao yoeie eaayie onoaiaaeeaa?ony i?i?iua annioeaoee, ?oi iicaieyao au?aaaou­aaou iiaaaai?aneea aaoiiaoeciu a iianaaiaaiie ?ecie. Iineoa­eai e eino?oiaioii oie eee eiie eeanneoeeaoeiiiie nenoaiu yaeyaony ycue. Ea?aue ycue caaaao aaoiiiiio? e naiiainoa­oi?io? nenoaio eii?aeiao, iaiaoiaeio? aey ?eciaaayoaeuiinoe a?oiiu10. Ea?aue ycue, ea?aay eeanneoeeaoey, n oi?ee c?aiey a?oaiai ycuea, iiaoo eacaouny i?iecaieuiuie e ianiioaaonoao­?ueie aaenoaeoaeuiinoe: ainoaoi?ii aniiiieou eeoaeneo? yioeeeiiaae? Ai?oana11.
 O Aiana ii?ii iaeoe ia iaiaa yeno?aaaaaioiua i?eia?u, iiaoaa??aa?uea iaee?ea oaniie acaeiinayce ia?ao aecoaeu­iui aini?eyoeai oece?aneiai ie?a ioaaeuiui eiaeaeaii e oai iuneeoaeuiui eino?oiaioa?eai, eioi?ui iieucoaony eieeae­oea, ?eaiii eioi?iai ii yaeyaony. Oae, nouanoaaiiui aa?eaoe­yi a ?acee?iuo eoeuoo?ao iiaaa?aaaony oaaoiaay eeanneoeea-
 10 Aian ienae: "?cue, aiieiuaiiay a iai eeanneoeeaoey yaey?ony io­?a?aieai "aeaaiuo eioa?ania ia?iaa" (Aian O. Oi ia?aiauoiiai ?aeiaaea. I., 1926. N. 81).
 11 Iienuaay ianouanoao?uo? eeoaeneo? yioeeeiiaae? iia iacaaie­ai "Iaaaniay eiia?ey aeaaiaaoaeuiuo ciaiee", Ai?oan iiaieiaao ??acau?aeii aa?io? i?iaeaio: "ia nouanoaoao eeanneoeeaoee ie?a, eioi?ay au ia auea i?iecaieuiie e i?iaeaiaoe?iie. I?e?eia aanu­ia i?inoa: iu ia ciaai, ?oi oaeia ie?" (Ai?oan X. E. Aiaeeoe?aneee ycue A?iia Oeeeeina // Eieeaeoey. ?anneacu. Ynna. Noeoioai?aiey. NIa., 1992. N. 356).
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 oey. Ea?ouaany iai iauaeoeaiui (e ia naiii aaea niaiaaa?­uei n oece?aneei niaeo?ii) ?acaaeaiea ia iniiaiua oaaoa iaanoanoaaiii aey i?aanoaaeoaeae ao?eeaineiai ieaiaie, ei­oi?ua ia ?acee?a?o caeaiue e aieoaie oaaoa, ioiiny eo e iaii­io oaaoo, iaicia?aaiiio eae oaao "iieiauo eenouaa". Yneeii­nu eniieuco?o oaeo? eeanneoeeaoeiiio? na?e? oieuei aey iacaaiey iooaieia niaaa, a eioi?ie ioaaeuiuie oa?ieiaie iai­cia?a?ony iaaa?uee niaa, niaa ia caiea, noa?ia e o. a. Iiuo­iua i?aanoaaeaiey i niaaa aienaiu aey yneeiinneiai eieeaeoe­aa a eio? neiaiee?aneo? naoeo, eioi?ay nei?iaa e ?ac?aaioaiiaa, ?ai o ian, e eioi?ay ionoonoaoao o ao?eeaioa (eae o yneeiina ionoonoao?o, iaaa?iia, ?acaa?iooua i?aanoaaeaiey i ?aeoi-caeaiie aaiia iaeoaoaey o?iie?aneeo eania).
 Iaiei ec iaeaieaa ?aeuaoiuo i?eia?ia naieioe?iinoe aini?eyoey e eciai?eainoe aecoaeuiuo eiaia yaeyaony i?i­aeaia aeoaeiiiai i?ino?ainoaa eaa?a eee, oe?a, enoi?ey "ia?niaeoeaenoneiai eiaa" a enoi?ee aa?iiaeneie eoeuoo?u, eioi?ay i?iyniyao aii?in i eiaeoeeaoee niiniaa ?ai?acai­oaoee e aini?eyoey i?ino?ainoaa. Yoa i?iaeaia, ?ac?aaaou­aaaoayny ?. A?ioaeiii, N. Oecii, I. Aa??ai, I. ?iiieuneei e a?oaeie oai?aoeeaie, aunooiaao eae naiaai ?iaa eaeioni­aay aoiaaa, auyaey?uay eneonnoaaiiue oa?aeoa? e?aie nen­oaiu ?ai?acaioaoee. Oae, iaayc?eaia aini?iecaaaaiea oaoiee oaeoaeaiey eaa?a n oaeu? nicaaiey eee?cee aeoaeiiiai eaa­?a a caiaaiie eoeuoo?a aini?eieiaaony eae i?iyaeaiea ain­i?iecaiaeiie o?a ia aaiaoe?aneii o?iaia (e?aiai aa?iiae­oa a ioee?ea, nea?ai, io yiiioa) eaae eeiaeiie ia?niaeoe­au. Aey ooai?ieeia ?aiiaai ?aiannaina yoi auea eiiiaaoey, iiiuoea aaanoe aeuoa?iaoeaiue niinia ia?aaa?e o?aoia?ii­ai i?ino?ainoaa ia aaooia?iie ieineinoe, iaiaei ni a?aia­iai ?enoi ?eaiieniue yooaeo trompe-l' oeil noae au?a?aieai ao??oaciie eaaieiaee, iaiie ec oaeae eioi?ie yaeyaony ia­oo?aeecaoey, iaeo?aeecaoey nouanoao?uaai status quo. Ia?niaeoeaenoneee eia aini?iecaiaeo ia oieuei eee?ce? o?ao­ia?iiai i?ino?ainoaa, ii e eee?ce? ionoonoaey eiaa, eii­aaioee, ii "iaaeiii io?eoaao naie noaoon ?ai?acaioaoee" e i?aanoaaeyao ecia?a?aiea oaeei ia?acii, eae anee au iii aaenoaeoaeuii auei "?anou? ie?a"12.
 12 Ni.: Arnheim R. Art and Visual Perception A Psychology of the Creative Eye (Berkley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1974).
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 Yoi ionooieaiea aica?auaao ian e oaceno Yei i oii, ?oi nouanoaoao iii?anoai eeiie?aneeo eiaia. Iieucoynu eie, ii?­ii aini?iecaanoe e?aia oaei eee i?aaiao ?acee?iuie niini­aaie: ii?ii iaaanoe eiioo? oaea iai?a?uaiie eeieae (enoaoe, iiiaea ?enoiee — oi?a eeiie?aneea ecia?a?aiey — ?ai?a­caioe?o?o i?aaiao eiaiii ?a?ac aai eiioo?, a oi a?aiy eae ?aaeuiue i?aaiao ia iaeaaaao yoei naienoaii), ii?ii ia?a­aaou aai oo?eoaie, ii?ii aini?iecaanoe aai a oaaoa, ?a?ac ea?o naaoa e oaie — a e?aii neo?aa nicaa?ony oaeea oneiaey ain­i?eyoey, eioi?ua niinianoao?o ociaaaie? i?aaiaoa. E?aia ecia?a?aiea ?i?aaaony ec oaeiai ?yaa iineaaiaaoaeuiuo o?ain­e?eioee, e yoi aiaieuii nei?iue e iiiaie?aoii iiin?aaiaai­iue i?ioann, eioi?ue iaiaa anaai ii?ii n?eoaou anoanoaai­iui oaeoi?ii ?aniiciaaaiey ecia?a?aiey e aai eaaioeoeea­oee n ?aaeuiui i?aaiaoii13. Anee ?oi-eeai iaie ana aua aini?eieiaaony eae anoanoaaiiia, i?aaoanoao?uaa i?ioaao?a eiae?iaaiey, ia o?iiooia eiiaaioeae, oi yoi ia cia?eo, ?oi eia ionoonoaoao — yoi anaai eeou icia?aao, ?oi iu aua ia aioiau ?aniiciaou e i?iaiaeece?iaaou eiau ?ai?acaioaoee. Oaeei ia?acii, oaeinoaaiiinou iioi?anoe, aiaeiae?iinoe ecia­?a?aiey iaicia?aaiiio i?aaiaoo ?aaeuiinoe iaoneiaeaia i?i­oannaie eiae?iaaiey, eioi?ua 1) ei?aiyony a iaoaiecia ain­i?eyoey, 2) aaoa?ieie?iaaiu eoeuoo?ie e o?aaeoeae.
 Aa?iia naienoai eeiie?aneeo eiaia ninoieo a oii, ?oi yoi (e caanu oae?a i?aaeaii eo ioee?ea io aa?aaeuiuo eiaia) eiau iaeaieaa neaaua e iaonoie?eaua, ia?aoiaiiai oa?aeoa?a, ia?a­ie?aiiua oceeie ?aieaie aini?eyoey ioaaeuiuo eeo. Eeiie?aneee ciae i?aiu o?oaii ?acei?eou ia ninoaaey?uea aai ia?­aiia?aeuiua yeaiaiou ?eaiaiey. Eae i?aaeei, eeiie?aneee ciae — yoi ia?oi oaeia, ?oi niioaaonoaoao ia neiao, a auneacu­aaie? a aa?aaeuiii ycuea. Oae, ecia?a?aiea eioaae icia?aao ia i?inoi "eioaau", a, iai?eia?, "noiyuo? caanu aaeo? iiei­ao? eioaau, ia?auaiio? e iai a i?ioeeu".
 Yei n?eoaao aicii?iui iiyoiio auaaeeou iiiaio?iaiaao? no?oeoo?o eiae?iaaiey aecoaeuiuo ecia?a?aiee: eiau aini?e­yoey, eiau ociaaaiey, eiau ia?aaa?e, eiau oiiaeuiua, eiau eeiie?aneea (aee??a?o a naay oeao?u, ciaee, naiu), eiau eei­iia?aoe?aneea, eiau aeona, eiau ?eoi?e?aneea, eiau noeeen­oe?aneea e eiau iianiciaoaeuiiai.
 13 Ni.: Yei O. I ?eaiaieyo eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa // No?iaiea oeeu­ia. I., 1984. N. 84.
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 Oaeei ia?acii, e?eoeea eeiie?iinoe iiaaiaeo ian e ia­neieueei auaiaai ioiineoaeuii aicii?iinoe n?aaiaiey eeii­ycuea n eeiaaenoe?aneei ycueii: 1) n iaiie noi?iiu, ooaa??­aaiea i eiiaaioeiiaeuiinoe aecoaeuiie ?ai?acaioaoee, o. a. i iaaaconeiaiinoe e iauaiiiyoiinoe eeiie?aneeo ecia?a?aiee, icia?aao ?aaaeeeoaoe? eaae i noianoaa yoeo ycueia; 2) n a?o­aie noi?iiu, ooaa??aaaony ioee?ea yoeo ycueia aeaaiaa?y eaaa iiiaio?iaiaaiai eiae?iaaiey eeiie?aneiai ecia?a?aiey (a?ya ee eaeia-eeai aa?aaeuiia niiauaiea ii?ao auou aaeiae?iaaii ii aanyoe auoaicia?aiiui iiceoeyi); a oae?a ii i?e?eia o?ie­iie a?oeeoeyoee eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa: ycue ecia?a?a­iey ia i?iua e iiiyoiaa aa?aaeuiiai ycuea, a, iai?ioea, aua nei?iaa e ioee?aaony aieuoae noaiaiu? oneiaiinoe.
 Naieieiaey aaenoaeoaeuiinoe Iacieeie iniiaaia ia oaa?­aaiee a oii, ?oi eeii eeou ?aaeno?e?oao ycue i?aaoanoao?­uee — ycue aaenoaey. Aii?in a oii, eae ii iiieiaao yoe aae­noaey. Iacieeie, i?aaeaii, oieeoao eo eae "anoanoaaiiua" aae­noaey ?aeiaaea, eiiaeiaoey eioi?uo a oeeuia nicaaao iaeee oaeno, cia?eiia niiauaiea. Yei iieacuaaao, ?oi "aaenoaeoaeu­iinou" Iacieeie — yoi aaenoaeoaeuiinou eae au i?e?iaiay, ai?aoeiiaeuiay, aieoeuoo?iay. Oiaaa eae ia naiii aaea ana yoi — eoeuoo?a e oneiaiinou (aniiiiei oioy au Oaoieee oaea I. Iinna: ?anou, ieieea, oiauaa, ieaaaiea — ana yoi eiiio­ieeaoeaiua aeou, iniiaaiiua ia eoeuoo?iuo eiaao, eioi?ua eco?a?o oaeea naieioe?aneea aenoeieeiu, eae eeianeea (eco­?aiea ycuea aaenoaee e ?anoia) e i?ienaieea (eco?aiea cia?a­iey aenoaioee ia?ao o?anoieeaie eiiioieeaoee)). Eia?a ai­ai?y, ana ?aeiaa?aneea ?anou e aaenoaey — yoi niuneiaua aae­ieou, eioi?ua iiaoo auou ?aoeiiaeuii iauyniaiu e nenoaiaoece?iaaiu. ?anou e aae?aiey oaea — yoi ia einoeie­oeaiua i?iyaeaiey ?aeiaa?aneie i?e?iau, a iiciaaaaiay nenoaia iiaaaaiey, caaenyuay io o?iaiy ?acaeoey eoeuoo?u. Neaaiaa­oaeuii, nouanoao?o neioaenen e naiaioeea ?anoia e aaenoaee, eioi?ua naie ii naaa o?a eaaeeoeoe?o?ony eae ycue, a yoi ie? ciaeia, ia i?e?iau. Niioaaonoaaiii, eeii caia?aoeaaaao ia i?e?iaio? noeoeeiinou aaenoaee, ieoeuoo?eaay eo, a eniieu­coao o?a ieoeuoo?aiio? nenoaio, ni naieie eiaaie e ?aoa?ai­oaie. Eeii, i?aaaa, a nai? i?a?aau, o?ainoi?ie?oao yoio ycue a naieo oaeyo. Iai?eia?, Yei i?aaeaaaao a ea?anoaa aicii?ii­ai i?iaeoa enneaaiaaiey eco?aiea oiai, a eaeie noaiaie iaiia eeii aey i?eaaiey yeni?anneaiinoe eeiiycueo noeeeciaaei
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 ieieeo e ?anoeeoeyoe?, oi?ie?oy nai? aaaieia eneonnoaai­io? eeianeeo. Caanu aicieeaao eioa?aniaeoay i?iaeaia — eco­?aiea o?ainoi?iaoee, eiiiooaoee e ii?iaa ?aniiciaaaaiinoe nianoaaiii eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneeo e aieeiaiaoia?aoe?aneeo ("an­oanoaaiiuo") eeiace?aneeo eiaia. Yei ioe?uaaao aicii?iinoe aaeuiaeoaai ?eaiaiey eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa, eioi?ua ?aiaa eacaeenu ia?ae?iuie e aaeaa ia?eaieiuie. Yoio iiaoia iicaieyao iauynieou neooaoee, eiaaa iu ia ?acee?aai iauaeo e aai ciae: i?aaiaou, eioi?ua iu aeaei ia ye?aia, yoi ia ?aaeu­iua i?aaiaou, a ciaee ?aaeuiuo i?aaiaoia, ?aniiciaaaaiua niaeanii oeacaiiui auoa eiaai ociaaaiey (Iacieeie ia ?ac­ee?aao icia?aaiia e ?aoa?aio, ca ?oi Yei iacuaaao aai eiioai­oe? "iiiaieeaoo?iie").
 Auaiau, e eioi?ui i?eoiaeo Yei, caee??a?ony a neaao?­uai: 1) ioeai?ii iieaaaou, ?oi e?aie eiiioieeaoeaiue aeo iniiauaaaony ia ycuea, iiaiaiii eiaai anoanoaaiiiai aa?aaeu­iiai ycuea; 2) ia iaiuoei caaeo?aaieai yaeyaony iuneu i oii, ?oi e?aie ycue (ciaeiaay nenoaia) aie?ai iai?aiaiii eiaou aaa onoie?eauo ?eaiaiey (eo ii?ao auou ia aaa e ia iaycaoaeu­ii onoie?eauo). Iia aoi?ui ?eaiaieai, iaiiii?, iiieiaaony o?iaaiu iacia?eiuo ia?aiyeaiaioia (iie eia?o eeou aeooa­?aioeaeuiia cia?aiea).
 Eaeia niune o?ieiiai ?eaiaiey a eeii? Iau?ii ?eaiaiey aaiayony a eia aey oiai, ?oiau eiaou aicii?iinou i?e ieie­iaeuiii ?enea eiiaeie?oaiuo yeaiaioia niiaueou iaeneiaeu­iia eiee?anoai aicii?iuo oaeoia, ?oi aeeooaony o?aaiaaieai yeiiiie?iinoe. Yoi oneeeaaao eiiaeiaoi?iua aicii?iinoe e, neaaiaaoaeuii, aiaaonoai ycuea, aai au?aceoaeuiinou e niinia­iinou e ?ai?acaioaoee. Yoi iaiaauaiea iaoaai iiuoa, iaoeo ciaiee. Iiyoe?aneee ycue (eaeiaui ai ecaanoiie noaiaie ya­eyaony eeiiycue), iieucoynu aaoniuneaiiuie iiiaineieiuie ciaeaie, iicaieyao iieo?aoae? niiauaiey, c?eoae?, ia?anoe yoi aiaaonoai, eai a iaei eiioaeno aaiaeony n?aco ianeieuei cia?aiee. Eeiiycue auaeyaeo ianoieuei aiaa?a e iaiau?iaa aa?­aaeuiiai ycuea, ?oi, ii n?aaiaie? Yei, yoi iaiiieiaao ano?a­?o aaooia?iiai ia?niia?a n o?aouei ecia?aieai. Ana yoi aaea­ao eeiaiaoia?ao e aoaeiaecoaeuio? eiiioieeaoe?, a i?eioe­ia, aieaa auea?uoiui n?aanoaii eiiioieeaoee, ?ai eaeia-eeai a?oaia (?ai neiai a oii ?enea). E oiio ?a eiaiii oaeay ieio­iinou eeiaiaoia?aoe?aneiai eiaa nicaaao iuouaiea ?aaeuiin­oe aeaeiiai ia ye?aia. Nicaaaony aia?aoeaiea, ?oi ia?aa iaie
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 aaenoaeoaeuii ycue, niieia io?a?a?uee ?aaeuiinou. Yoi aia­?aoeaiea caeiiiia?ii e iauynieii, ii oai ia iaiaa ioeai?ii, e iii ia aie?ii ian aaiaeou a caaeo?aaiea.
 Oaeoaeaiea a i?iaeaio, cao?iiooo? Yei a yoii iaaieuoii ynna, iicaieyao iaia?o?eou iii?anoai a?oaeo eioa?aniuo an­iaeoia, naycaiiuo n enoi?eae e oai?eae eeii e aecoaeuiuo en­eonnoa a oaeii. Ee??aaay eaay ninoieo a oii, ?oi eeiie?aneee ciae aini?iecaiaeo ia iauaeo, a iaeioi?ua oneiaey aai aini?e­yoey, eioi?ua caoai o?aine?eae?o?ony a eeiie?aneee ciae; na­eaeoey yoeo oneiaee aaoa?ieie?iaaia eiaaie ociaaaiey; ecia­?a?aiea — ia aiaeia ?aaeuiinoe, a ?acoeuoao eoeuoo?iuo eii­aaioee. E caanu eiaiii naieioeea iicaieyao aaoaeoe?iaaou a?aieoo ia?ao i?e?iaiui e eoeuoo?iui.
 Neaaoao caiaoeou, ?oi iia?e?iaaiea eaa?ii eae aaeieoae aiaeeca a oaeii ia oa?aeoa?ii aey oai?ee eeii (ca enee??aie­ai oaenooaeuiiai aiaeeca, ai iiiaii iie?a?uaainy ia aiaeec ioaaeuiie oioia?aiiu), i?ei?eoao inoaaony ca iiioa?iui eaa­?ii e a?oaeie iae?ino?oeoo?aie (iai?eia?, yiecia a ia??a­oeaiii aiaeeca). Iaiaei Yei, inoaaeyy a noi?iia aii?inu eeii­neioaenena, nin?aaioi?eaaao naia aieiaiea ia aieaa ooiaaiai­oaeuiuo a aiinaieiae?aneii ieaia i?iaeaiao, enneaaoy ia?ae?iua oneiaey eioaeeeaeaaeuiinoe naiiai ecia?a?aiey.
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 Iiyoeea ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey
 Eae ecaanoii, Ioe?uoia i?iecaaaaiea (1962) i?aaainoeoeei e niinianoaiaaei noaiiaeaie? oaeeo aa?iuo oai aey nia?aiai­iie oai?ee eeoa?aoo?u e ynoaoeee, eae "aeoaio ia yeaiaioa iii?anoaaiiinoe, iieenaiee a eneonnoaa, e niauaiea eioa?ana e ?eoaoae?, eioa?i?aoaoee e ioaaoiie ?aaeoee eae i?ioanno acaeiiaaenoaey ia?ao ?eoaoaeai e oaenoii"1. A yoio ia?eia, no?aiynu auynieou, a eaeie ia?a oaeno ii?ao i?aaainoeuaou ?aaeoee ?eoaoaey, Yei caeinoaoao ia oieuei iaeioi?ua eaae, ii e "?a?aii", eioi?ue iicaiaa onooiee ianoi nianoaaiii naieioe?aneie oa?ieiieiaee, o oai?ee eioi?iaoee, naiaioe­ee ?e?a?ana, yienoaiieiaee Iea?a, oaiiiaiieiaee aini?ey­oey Ia?ei-Iiioe, o?ainaeoeaiie ineoieiaee, ynoaoe?aneie oa­i?ee Eoea?e Ia?aeciia2.
 Yei ia ia?aue, eoi ia?auaaony e eneonnoao aaaiaa?aa ca eioaeeaeooaeuiie iiaaa??eie naiaai oai?aoe?aneiai i?iaeoa, iaiaei ia?auaiea yoi aiieia eiae?ii. Ee?iia oaea?aiea eeoa­?aoo?iui aaaiaa?aii auei aey iaai ?ai-oi a?iaa oai??aneie eaai?aoi?ee, a eioi?ie oi?ie?iaaeenu aai naieioe?aneea eaae.
 I?ei?eoaoiay oaia aey oai?aoeeia (iniaaiii iinono?oeoo?a­eenoia) — yenia?eiaiou aaaiaa?aa n ycueii, i?aai?eiyoay ei iiiuoea inaiaiaeou ycue io ii?iaoeaiuo ianeiaiee e "auion­oeou neiaa ia aie?". Eneiiiay iiiyoeeiinou neiaaniie ?a?e iiaaa?aeanu a iiaa?ienoneie i?aeoeea nouanoaaiiui o?ain­oi?iaoeyi, aieiou ai iieiiai ?ac?ooaiey neioaenena, io?e­oaiey i?aaiienaiey ai eiy aica?auaiey ycueo aai einoeieooaeuiie oaiiinoe, inaiai?aaiey aai io oe?aiee eeanne?aneie o?aaeoee3. Eioa?i?aoe?oy oaiiiai eeoa?aoo?iiai e ooai?a­noaaiiiai aaaiaa?aa eae "ia?aienaiiia niiauaiea", Yei i?aa­eaaaao nai? aa?ne? iao?iiai iniuneaiey yoiai eneonnoaa, aa?y
 1 Robey D. Introduction // Eco U. The Open Work (Harvard University Press, 1989). ?. VIII.
 2 Eco U. "Intentio Lectoris: The State of the Art", in The limits of inter­pretation (Indiana University Press, 1990). ?. 49.
 3 Ni.: Kristeva J. Desire in Language. A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art (New York: Columbia University press, 1980). ?. 23—25.
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 a oi, ?oi ynoaoe?aneea i?aeoeee i?aainoaaey?o iai iiaia aeaa­iea ie?a. Io nia?aiaiiiai eneonnoaa ii i?eaaao "iinoiyiiiai ?acaai?aiey noa?aioeiia e noai, ii?aaaeaiey aey ?aeiaaea aicii?iinoe eoeuoo?iie aaoiiiiee, i?aiaieaiey ineoieiae­?aneie eia?oee"4.
 A Ioe?uoii i?iecaaaaiee Yei iieacuaaao, ?oi yienoaiiei­ae?aneay no?aoaaey aaaiaa?aa iniiaaia ia oaa?aaiee, ?oi ie? nai ii naaa oaioe?ai; anee a iai e iaia?o?eaaaony iaeay aeae­iinou ii?yaea, oi yoi i?ienoiaeo aeaaiaa?y eneonnoao, eioi­?ia n iiiiuu? naieo eiioaiooaeuiuo iiaaeae i?aaiecoao ie?. Iuouaiea oaina e e?ecena, i?aiaeaaa?uaa a iioieiae?aneii iiuoa nia?aiaiiiai ?aeiaaea, o?aaoao ai?acai aieaa aeaeie no?oeoo?u i?iecaaaaiey. Iiao? iiaaeu i?iecaaaaiey eneonno­aa Yei iinooee?oao ia i?eia?a iiyoeee A?. A?iena.
 A?ien, ii neiaai Yei, iieeaaao noaiu iicaiae noieanoe­ee, ?oiau "i?eeoe e aa?aaeuiiio ia?aco ?anoe?y?uaeny Ana­eaiiie"5. N?aaiaaaeiaia ianeaaea, aeooaeuiia e aey A?iena, e aey nia?aiaiiie eoeuoo?u a oaeii, ia io?o?aaaony iieiinou? iin?aanoaii ea?u i?ioeaiiiei?iinoae e iai?eaaiiuo ?aoa­iee, ii iaia?o?eaaao naay ia aieaa aeoaieii o?iaia — eae a?aia ?aciauaiiiai niciaiey, iuoa?uaainy eioaa?e?iaaouny aiiau, eae iiiuoea iaeoe oneieuca?uea i?aaeea iiaiai ie?a, ii iaiia?aiaiii i?aauaa?uaai a iinoaeuaee ii oo?a?aiiiio ii?yaeo. Ia?ac nia?aiaiiie eoeuoo?u (e aey A?iena, e aey Yei) anou ia ?oi eiia, eae ?acoeuoe?o?uay iaei?aiey eeanne­?aneiai ii?yaea ia ie? oaina.
 Eneonnoai aaaiaa?aa, i?aoaiaoy ia oi, ?oiau aunooieou eae iiaue oei iniciaiey ie?a, oaeoaeyaony a iiene iiauo oi?iaeu­iuo no?oeoo?. A eoiaa aicieeaao oi, ?oi Yei n?eoaao oneiaiie eaai?aoi?iie iiaaeu? "ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey". N?aae iae­aieaa aa?iuo aniaeoia yoie iiaaee ii oiiieiaao neaao?uea: 1) ynoaoe?aneee oaeno eae eiiioieeaoeaiue aeo; 2) ynoaoe?an­eee oaeno eae eaai?aoi?iay iiaaeu ciaeiaie ooieoee; 3) i?i­ecaaaaiea eneonnoaa eae yienoaiieiae?aneay iaoaoi?a.
 Eaay "ioe?uoinoe" i?iecaaaaiey eneonnoaa eniieucoaony Yei aey iauyniaiey ?aaeeaeuiiai ioee?ey eeanne?aneiai eneonnoaa io nia?aiaiiiai. O?aaeoeiiiia, eee eeanne?aneia, eneonnoai
 4 ?aeaeia E. I?iecaaaaiea eneonnoaa a oai?ee eoeuoo?u Oiaa?oi Yei / Eneonnoai. 1988. ? 5. N. 39.
 5 Eco U. The Aesthetics of Chaosmos. The Middle Ages of James Joyce (Harvard University Press, 1989). ?. 2.
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 auei "iaaaoniuneaiiui". Iii iiaei i?aaei?eou ?eoaoae? ia­neieuei aicii?iuo ioaaoia, ii aai oa?aeoa? iai?aaeyao ian a ?onei yoeo ioaaoia. Oai ia iaiaa aa?a iiaa?oiinoiue yen­eo?n a enoi?e? eneonnoaa iieacuaaao, ?oi aniaeou "ioe?uoi­noe" iaae?aaeenu e a i?aaoanoao?uea yiioe. A yiioo ?aian­naina ainiianoaoao noaoe?iay e oaa?aiiay caaa?oaiiinou eean­ne?aneie oi?iu, ?oi ii?ii eee?no?e?iaaou i?eia?aie ec enoi?ee eeiaeiie ia?niaeoeau, noaiiaeaiey eaiiiia i?ae?an­iiai e oai?ee i?iii?oee. Ana yoi aianoa acyoia au?a?aei oae?a niaa?oaiii ii?aaaeaiio? oi?io acaeiiioiioaiee ia?ao ie?ii e ?aeiaaeii.
 Aa?ieei ian?aaiaiii aeiaie?iaa. Oi?ia no?aieony e ia­ii?aaaeaiiinoe ?acoeuoaoa a ea?a nieioiiai e ionoiai, naao­eiai e oaiiiai, a eniieuciaaiee nei?iiai e?eaieeiaeiiai ieaia, eiiaiuo iiaa?oiinoae, eiiiiceoeiiiuo e iioe?aneeo yooaeoia, i?iaiay eaa? ?anoe?y?uaainy i?ino?ainoaa. Ii iiaie? Yei, eneonnoai aa?ieei ii?ao ?anniao?eaaouny eae "ia?aay yniay iaieoanoaoey nia?aiaiiie eoeuoo?u e ?oanoae­oaeuiinoe"6, eai aia?aua ca aieaia a?aiy ?aeiaae iniaeeaaao­ny ia?ooaou eaiiiu aaoi?neeo ioaaoia, iaia?o?eaay ie? ai oe?eaiii ninoiyiee.
 Aieaa eee iaiaa iniciaiiay iiyoeea "ioe?uoiai i?iecaa­aaiey" i?iyaeyaony ai o?aioocneii neiaieecia XIX aaea. Nei­aieeci no?aieeny nicaaou ao?o iaii?aaaeaiiinoe e ?anoyioou ai a?aiaie i?ioann iinoe?aiey niunea i?iecaaaaiey. Iaiaei a iiaeeiiii niunea yoo iiyoeeo ii?ii iaeoe eeou a i?iecaaaaieyo aaaiaa?aenoia XX aaea. Oaenou, iiaiaiua Ii­ieieai ii Oeiiaaaio A?iena, niaa??ao ia?iiiia eiee?anoai iioaioeaeuiuo cia?aiee, ii ie iaii ec ieo ia yaeyaony aiie­ie?o?uei. Oaeno i?aanoaaeyao ?eoaoae? iiea aicii?iinoae, aeooaeecaoey eioi?uo iaoneiaeaia oie eioa?i?aoaoeae, eioi­?o? ii i?aaii?oao. ?eoaoaeu noaiiaeony nio?anoieeii oai?­?aneiai i?ioanna: io aai o?iaiy eioaeeaeoa, aeaaaiey ycueii e eoeuoo?iiai e?oaici?a caaeneo noauaa i?iecaaaaiey.
 Iaeaieaa yeno?aiaeuio? oi?io yoi nio?oaie?anoai i?eie­iaao a i?iecaaaaieyo, eioi?ua Yei iacuaaao i?iecaaaaieai-a-aae?aiee (work-in-movement). Yoe oaenou yaey?ony ioe?uou­ie, iacaaa?oaiiuie a aoeaaeuiii niunea, eae, iai?eia?, io­cuea Ooieaaocaia, Ionna?a, Aa?ei, "iiaeee" Aeaenaia?a
 6 Eco U. The Open Work. ?. 7
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 Eieaa?a. Iauei a ieo yaeyaony oi, ?oi ooai?iee niaa?oaiii oaeaiai?aaeaiii inoaaeyao naia i?iecaaaaiea oece?anee iaca­aa?oaiiui, iieaaaynu ia ioaeeeo (eee ia neo?ae). Ieeoi a yoii neo?aa ia ii?ao i?aaneacaou, eaeia aoaao eiia?iue ?acoeuoao. Iaiaei oio niune, eioi?ue Yei aeeaauaaao a iiiyoea "ioe?u­oia i?iecaaaaiea", i?aaiieaaaao, ?oi i?iecaaaaiea eneonnoaa aie?ii yaeyou niaie caeii?aiio? e cae?uoo? oi?io, ioe?u­oinou eioi?iai ii?aaaeyaony aaneiia?iinou? eioa?i?aoaoee. Ii iia?a?eeaaao, ?oi nouanoaoao ?acee?ea ia?ao naiaiaie eioa?i?aoaoeaiuo auai?ia, aa?aioe?iaaiiie oaeaiai?aaeaiiie no?aoaaeae ioe?uoinoe, e naiaiaie, eioi?o? ?eoaoaeu ia?aoa­ao, iieucoynu oaenoii eae noeioeii aey naiaai oai??anoaa7.
 Aaaiaa?aenoneia eneonnoai a naieo ioiioaieyo n ioaee­eie iioa?iaei naiaai ?iaa eiiioieeaoeaiue i?iaae. Iiaaeu eiiioieeaoee, i?aaei?aiiay ?eianiiii, eioi?ay e?eoeei­aaeanu o?a aann?aoiia eiee?anoai ?ac ca iiceoeaenoneee ooi­ieci (a oii, ?oi oaeu? eiiioieeaoee yaeyaony aaaeaaoiinou iauaiey e ?oi aaoi? e ?aoeieaio iieuco?ony iaiei e oai ?a eiaii, a oae?a iaeaaa?o iaeiaeiaui iauaiii iaiyoe8), a yoii neo?aa oai aieaa ia io?a?aao anae nei?iinoe i?ioanna. Yei iieacuaaao, ?oi i?aanoaaeaiea ia ioi?aaeoaea e iieo?a­oaea niiauaiey, iaeaaa?ueo yeiau iaiei eiaii, ia niioaao­noaoao aaenoaeoaeuiinoe. Ia aaea iaa iieuco?ony nei?iui iaai?ii eiaia e noaeiaia, a anyeay ?aaeuiay eioa?i?aoaoey aoaao aieaa eee iaiaa iaaaaeaaoiie9. E?aia niiauaiea ioy­aiuaii eiiiioaoeaiuie cia?aieyie e ?aaeecoaony a ii?aaa­eaiiii eiioaenoa. Iiyoiio Yei i?aaeaaaao ia?aienaou noaio eiiioieeaoee, aaaay a iaa iii?anoaaiiinou eiaia ioi?aae­oaey e ?aoeieaioa (yoa noaia aiineaanoaee iiyaeyeanu ai iii­aeo a?oaeo aai ?aaioao).
 Eco?aiea oai?ee eioi?iaoee iicaieeei Yei naaeaou auaia i oii, ?oi "anyeia ioeeiiaiea io aaiaeuiiai eeiaaenoe?aneiai eiaa aea?ao ca niaie iiaue oei i?aaiecaoee, eioi?ue i?aanoa­ao eae iaoii?yai?aiiue ii ioiioaie? e enoiaiie i?aaieca-
 7 Ni.: Eco U. The Role of the Reader (Indiana University Press, 1979). ?. 40.
 8 Ni., iai?.: Eioiai ?. Eoeuoo?a e ac?ua. I.: Aiinen, 1992. N. 12—13.
 9 E. Iaoo i?eaiaeo a ea?anoaa i?eia?a i?inoaeoo? o?aco "Voulez-vous tenir ceci, s'il vous plait?" O?a caanu iaeeoi eae ieieioi aaa eiaa: aaiioaoeaiue eia o?aioocneiai ycuea e o?aioocneee eo?ooac­iue eia, ca ionoonoaeai eioi?iai niune o?acu oa?yaony.
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 oee, ii a oi ?a a?aiy — eae oii?yai?aiiue a niiinoaaeaiee n ia?aiao?aie iiaiai aeneo?na... Nia?aiaiiia eneonnoai nicaa­ao iiao? eeiaaenoe?aneo? nenoaio n aa nianoaaiiuie aioo?ai­ieie caeiiaie"10. Nia?aiaiiue aaoi? aaiaeo oi?iu i?aaieci­aaiiiai aanii?yaea a nenoaio naiaai i?iecaaaaiey aey oaaee­?aiey aai niiniaiinoe ia?aaaaaou eioi?iaoe?. Yei iacuaaao oaeia eneonnoai, ioeacuaa?uaany io i?eioeiia eaocaeuiinoe, aeaaeaioiie eiaeee, iaiicia?iuo naycae, "eioi?iaoeiiiui".
 Anee aaneiia?iinou eioa?i?aoaoee e oi?iaeuiue oain ai­ciaeaaa?o, oi aicieeiao iianiinou i?aa?aoeou i?iecaaaaiea a aanniuneaiiue iioie iuouaiee. Naiaioe?aneay Anaeaiiay au­no?i oa?yao naia ?aaiiaanea, eae oieuei iieuciaaoaee ycuea ioe?uaa?o aey naay "cai?aoiue ieia" — ynoaoe?aneia ecia?a­iea ycuea, aicii?iinou aaoniuneaiiinoae e eaeaiao?ia11. ?cue, iaia?au auiouaiiue "ia aie?", ii?ao noaou iaoi?aaeyaiui, eai aeia?ii oii?yai?aiiay no?oeoo?a anoanoaaiiiai ycuea ii­oaioeaeuii niaa??eo aicii?iinou oaina, eioi?o? aaaiaa?a e ?ane?ue a iieiie ia?a. Eiaeea ycuea iaoiieeia, ii yoi eiae­ea caiauaiee: ana ii?ao auou caiaiaii ?ai-ieaoau aua aeaai­aa?y ne?uoie naoe iioaioeaeuiuo naycae, nouanoao?ueo ii aiea eoeuoo?iuo eiiaaioee. Ana ecia?aeuii niaa??eony a ycuea — ?anoeay no?oeoo?a, iaania?eaa?uay eiiioieeaoeaiue aacen eoeuoo?u, e iioaioeaeuiay aicii?iinou e aaneiia?iui i?aia­?aciaaieyi, iicaiey?uay nicaaaaou ?acee?iua ea?oeiu ie?a. Aaou ycueo iaia?o?eou nai? aeaeinou, iiaae?iinou, a ia oieuei aeanoiia ia?aei e aaeaa eiei?ii?e?iaaou yoio ycue a no?oeoo­?o oai?aoe?aneiai ciaiey — oae aeaeony Yei iiaaeu iaoeo io­iioaiee n nianoaaiiui ycueii. Iaiaei i?aa?auaiea ynoaoe­?aneiai niiauaiey a "iiea aicii?iinoae" ia aie?ii icia?aou oaina a aai aioo?aiieo naycyo, iiceoeaiay nianoaaiiinou i?i­ecaaaaiey — yoi aai aioo?aiiyy no?oeoo?a, eioi?ay, iiieii anaai i?i?aai, iaia?o?eaaao aa?o aaoi?a a nouanoaiaaiea "ii­?aaaeaiiiai ii?yaea aauae".
 I?iecaaaaiey eneonnoaa, eioi?ua io?a?a?o iiaaeu "ioe?u­oiai i?iecaaaaiey", aiieiua?o iiao? eiaeeo, eioi?ay ii?ao iaeoe niioaaonoao?uee ia?ac (iiaiai) ie?a. Ii, iineieueo yoe ia?acu ia iiaoo auou ia?aaaaaiu a iiiyoeeio? oi?io, eneon­noai auio?aaii ia?auaouny e a?oaei n?aanoaai. I?eia?aoaeu-
 10 Eco U. The Open Work. ?. 60.
 11 Yoo oaio Yei ?acaee a naiai ynna I ycuea ?ay, i?aaeaaay aeiioaoe?an­eo? iiaaeu ?i?aaiey eoeuoo?u ec ynoaoe?aneiai oiio?aaeaiey ycuea.
 97
 ia a yoii i?ioanna ?ieu ?eoi?e?aneeo oeao?, eioi?ua iinoa­iaiii oo?aoeee naie ia?aiia?aeuiue niune, noaa iiaaeu? "oi­?ioaai ienuia", e ia?aee aucuaaou iaaaoeaiia ioiioaiea e ?a­ia?ooa?o o?a aioiauo auneacuaaiee. Ia?ao oai ?eoi?e?aneea oeao?u, i?eaeiaeuii e oai??anee eniieuciaaiiua, iiaoo ecia­ieou niinia aini?eyoey niaa??aiey oaenoa. Ee??aaie ?eoi?e­?aneie oeao?ie aey Yei yaeyaony iaoiieiey, n iiiiuu? eioi­?ie onoaiaaeeaa?ony oaii?ee annioeaoeaiuo nia?iinoae. Ia­oaoi?a ?a, eioi?ay n oi?ee c?aiey eiaeee aunooiaao eae eaoaai?eaeuiay ioeaea (ioiiny i?aaiao auneacuaaiey e oiio eeanno, e eioi?iio ii a aaenoaeoaeuiinoe ia i?eiaaea?eo), auaiaeo ia?o?o ia?aaienu, ne?uoua a ycuea. Eniieuciaaiea iaoaoi?u ("eioa?i?aoe?oaiie aiiiaeee") a iiciaaaoaeuiii i?ioanna, ii iiaie? Yei, aaiaeo a iaai aiaeaaeaioiinou, ?oi ia iaycaoaeuii icia?aao eiae?aneia i?ioeai?a?ea. Nia?aiai­iia eneonnoai i?aanoaao aey iaai eae oaeay "yienoaiieiae?an­eay iaoaoi?a". Eaeaiao?, oeao?a, eioi?o? eeanne?aneay ?eoi­?eea eaii?e?iaaea, ii?aaaeyaony Yei eae ?ia inaaaiia?aiiiacee, eioi?ay niaaeiyao i?eioaeoaeuiui ia?acii ianeieuei aeeceeo ii niuneo neia12. Iai?eia?, o A?iena ii?ii ano?a­oeou oaeea eaeaiao?u, eae: Scherzarade (ea?a-oa?aaa — charade-game e neacee Oaoa?acaau —Sheherezade), vicocyclometer (aee?­cey ia oai?e? oeeee?aneiai ?acaeoey A?. Aeei), meandertale, collideoscope, chaosmos, microchasm e o. a. Iao iaiaoiaeiinoe a oii, ?oiau ?eoaoaeu iiieiae oi?iia cia?aiea ea?aiai neiaa eee o?acu: neea oaenoa ninoieo a aai ia?iaiaioiie aaoniuneai­iinoe e iieenaie?iinoe. Oaeno — yoi iiaaeu ai?oanianeiai Aeaoa, aieoaaiiai ca?eaea, eiioaio?e?o?uaai a naaa iii?ano­ai oi?ae i?ino?ainoaa e io?a?a?uaai ana ai Anaeaiiie13. Iaiaei aey oiai ?oiau nicaaou eaeaiao? (iiiyoiue ?eoaoae?), aie?ia nouanoaiaaou aioo?aiiyy naou eoeuoo?iuo annioeaoee, iaee?ea eioi?ie iicaieyao ainoeaaou ii?aaaeaiiiai iiieiaiey.
 Aaenoaeoaeuii, iaiaoiaeiui oneiaeai oniaoiie eioa?­i?aoaoee oaenoa aunooiaao ecioiiey, iaiaei yoi ia ioiaiyao aicii?iinoe iieenaiee: eioa?i?aoaoey oaenoa inouanoaey­aony ia iniiaa acaeiiaaenoaey ianeieueeo o?iaiae ecioiiee, a caci?a ia?ao eioi?uie e aicieeaao iiiaicia?iinou. "Aao­niuneaiiinou ciaeia ia ii?ao auou ioaaeaia io eo ynoaoe?an-
 12 Ni.: Eco U. The Aesthetics of Chaosmos. ?. 65.
 13 Ni.: Ai?oan X. E. I?ica ?aciuo eao. I., 1989. N. 188—200.
 98
 eie i?aaiecaoee: iaa iie acaeiii iiaaa??eaa?o e iioeae­?o?o a?oa a?oaa"14.
 Aaaiaa?aiia e yenia?eiaioaeuiia eneonnoai ecia?aei iii­?anoai iiauo eiaia, eioi?ua, iaiaei, aini?eieia?ony aiaieuii oceie aoaeoi?eae: iiaue eia — yoi "naieioe?aneee aieeaa", eioi?ue ia i?eciaaony iauanoaii eae iacuaeaiia i?aaeei. Oa­eie oei eiaa Yei iacuaaao "eaeieaeoii", eiiaaa ii eaaioeoe­oe?oaony ni noeeai aaoi?a (iai?eia?, noeeai A?iena). Ooai­?anoaaiiue, eee ynoaoe?aneee, eaeieaeo ii?ao ooieoeiie?i­aaou eae iaoanaieioe?aneia no?aaiea, eioi?ia ni a?aiaiai eciaiyao iauai?eiyoua eiau. Ynoaoe?aneia niiauaiea ai?i­ae?oao eiiaeiaoeiiiua aicii?iinoe ycuea: iiiauay eiau a "?o?ie" eiioaeno, iii iaia?o?eaaao iiaua aicii?iinoe eo eniieuciaaiey; ?ac?ooaao e ia?aeiiaeie?oao eo. Inouanoaey­aony yoi ?acee?iuie niiniaaie. Oae, Yei aiaeece?oao iinoii­aa?ienoneea i?eaiu ?ac?ooaiey o?aaeoeiiiuo eiaia e iaii­a?aiaiiie eiio?aaaiau iiauo. Oi, ?oi iacuaaaony "eiaeei eonoa?iui iaieioee?iaaieai iaueie ianoaie, a eiia?iii n?aoa yaeyaony aua e iaa??eiiie i?iaea?aneie neeie a onei?aiiie i?eano?iaea iioiea a?oaoeiia, ionou aa?a e au?iaeaoeony"15. Caeaau?eaaiea, eniieuciaaiea eiino?oeoee "oaeno-a-oaenoa" (mise-en-abioa), e?iie?aneia oeoe?iaaiea oiiinia — yoe e iii­aea a?oaea oeiaee naeaaoaeunoao?o i cai?ia?aiie?iaaiiie noe­ioeyoee eioa?i?aoaoeaiuo oneeee aa?anaoa. Aaoniuneaiiinou yaeyaony iai?aiaiiui oneiaeai ?ac?ooaiey o?aaeoeiiiuo eiaia e niiniaii ai?iaaoee iiauo. Iiyoiio aey Yei ynoaoe­?aneia niiauaiea i?aanoaaeyao niaie iauo? eaai?aoi?io? ii­aaeu anao aniaeoia ciaeiaie ooieoee, iii yaeyaony yienoaii­eiae?aneie iaoaoi?ie, eai i?iaooe?oao iiaia ciaiea16.
 Eoae, ioe?uoia i?iecaaaaiea yaeyaony io?a?aieai einie­?aneie no?oeoo?u naiiai ycuea n i?enouae aio ecia?aeuii ai­aeaaeaioiinou?, ii iaiia?aiaiii e n onoie?eaie aioo?aiiae i?aaiecaoeae. Aey oiai ?oiau nicaaou aia?aoeaiea iieiiai io­noonoaey no?oeoo?u, i?iecaaaaiea aie?ii iaeaaaou neeuiie aioo?aiiae no?oeoo?ie: "naiaiaiay ea?a aaoniuneaiiinoe ana­aaa iaoneiaeaia i?aaeeii aaoniuneaiiinoe"17. Ion?aa e auoa-
 14 Eco U. The Open Work. ?. 40.
 15 Yei O. Iio?aaeaiea, iiene e ia?acoiaue ?eoaoaeu // Homo Ludens. ?aeiaae ?eoa?uee. I., 1990. N. 296.
 16 Eco U. A Theory of Semiotics (Indiana University Press, 1979). ?. 274.
 17 Eco U. The Aesthetics of Chaosmos. ?. 67.
 99
 eano ia?aaienaeuiia, ia ia?aue acaeya, ooaa??aaiea Yei i oii, ?oi no?iai cai?ia?aiie?iaaiiia aini?eyoea naienoaaiii ia anai oaenoai, a eeou oai, eioi?ua i?aoaiao?o ia noaoon "ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey". Oi?iinou i?iaeoa i?iecaaaaiey iaania?eaaao ia­?acoiaiai ?eoaoaey naiaiaie. Aa?a anee oaenou, iiaiaiua En­oeiii ia?e?neie a?aia A. Aeey, iiaoo auou i?i?eoaiu ii-?ac­iiio (eae ieieioi, iaeaiui e e?eoe?aneei ?eoaoaeai), iaa oeia ?eoaoaey cai?ia?aiie?iaaiu oaenoii. Anee e nouanoaoao "oaiaieunoaea io oaenoa", iii ii?ao auou aucaaii e ?aaeeci­aaii eeou oaenoii, oeacuaa?uei iooe "oi?ioaai" ?oaiey18.
 Aeaaaiea ycueii, ia eioi?ii iaienaii i?iecaaaaiea, ia naiaeony, eiia?ii, e iiieiaie? ?eoaoaeai eaene?aneeo cia?a­iee neia (oieuei aaiioaoee). A iniiaa "oaenooaeuiie eiiiaoai­oee" ea?eo ia "neiaa?u", a "yioeeeiiaaey". Yei oiio?aaeyao aaiiue oa?iei a iaeneiaeuii oe?ieii niunea — eae iieiue iauai iaiyoe oiai eee eiiai eoeuoo?iiai niiauanoaa. Yioeeeiiaae?aneay eiiiaoaioey eiaao eioa?oaenooaeuiue oa­?aeoa? (iia i?aaiieaaaao ciaiea oaenoia e ciaiea ie?a) e yaey­aony iniiaie eioa?i?aoaoee. Niiinoaaeaiea ai?eciioa — aeoo­aeuiiai eee ae?ooaeuiiai — i?eaaiee ?eoaoaey ni no?aoaaeae oaenoa aaao a ?acoeuoaoa aieaa eee iaiaa iauaeoeaio? ea?oeio ?acee?iuo niiniaia aai eioa?i?aoaoee. Oi?ea c?aiey Yei ia i?iaeaio eioa?i?aoaoee anaaaa ioee?aeanu io iiceoee aaeii­no?oeoeaenoia: iai?eia?, io iiceoee A?. Oeeeena Ieeea?a, ni­aeanii eioi?iio naii nouanoaiaaiea aan?eneaiiuo eioa?i?aoaoeee ?aciuo oaenoia naeaaoaeunoaoao i oii, ?oi ?oaiea ieeiaaa ia auaaao iauaeoeaiui i?ioannii iaia?o?aiey niunea, ii ya­eyaony aeeaauaaieai aai a oaeno, eioi?ue nai ii naaa ia eiaao ieeaeiai niunea; eee io iiceoee ?. Aa??eaa, i?aaeaaa?uaai ioaaouny "naiaiaiie ea?a" eioa?i?aoaoee, ia?aie?aiiie eeou ?aieaie eiiaaioee oaenooaeuiinoe ("ooaa??aaiea ea?u ie?a aac enoeiu e aac ia?aea"). Aey Yei ?aaeuiay i?ioaao?a eioa?i?aoaoee e oaenoiaiai nio?oaie?anoaa ana ?a ii?aaaeyao­ny aiaieuii no?iaeie i?aaeeaie; eiia aaei, ?oi naie yoe i?a­aeea eiinoeooe?o?o aicii?iinou ia?iaiaioiuo niauaiee, aao­niuneaiiinoae, oneieucaiee niunea.
 Ioe?uoia i?iecaaaaiea — yoi ia eee?no?aoey e iienuaaa­iie aaenoaeoaeuiinoe, a aini?iecaaaaiea aa a naiae no?oeoo?a, eioi?ay ?aaeecoaony a aeoa eiiioieeaoee i?iecaaaaiey n aoae-
 18 Eco U. The Role of the Reader. ?. 10.
 100
 oi?eae. "No?oeoo?a i?iecaaaaiey" i?aa?auaaony a ca?eaei ein­iina"19. Oi ?a ii?ii auei au neacaou e i ycuea, n iiiiuu? eioi?iai iu iuoaainy i?eaaou "aeneo?neaio? yniinou aauai". Oieaa?noi, eioi?ue iu no?aieiny iiciaou (eee ai anyeii neo­?aa i?aaei?eou i?eaieaiua eioa?i?aoaoee), yaeyaony ia ?ai eiui, eae "o?ainoaiaaioaeuiie oi?iie ycuea", — a yoii Yei niaeanai n A?ienii. Aniiiiei aiiau iieacaoaeuiue aeaeia ia?­niia?ae ec Eiaie ?icu.

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