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— Cia?eo, anou iaiii?ei nenoaiu a yoie aaaiie aieiaa, — ioaaoee Aeeuaaeui20.
19 Eco U. The Aesthetics of Chaosmos. ?. 83.
20 Yei O. Eiy ?icu. I.: Eie?iay iaeaoa, 1989. N. 194.
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Oeeinioey oaina: "iioieiaey" Oiaa?oi Yei e anoanoaaiiiiao?iay ea?oeia ie?a
N iiceoee naaiaiyoiaai aiy iiene aiaeiaee e iiiuoea naee?aiey aoiaieoa?iiai iiciaiey n anoanoaaiiiiao?iui auaeyaeo, nei?aa, eae iai?inoeoaeuiue aiao?iieci eee eae ?ao?iniaeoeaiay iiiuoea ioaaou aaiu no?oeoo?aeenoneiio iiceoeaecio ia?aea 60-o aa. Oai ia iaiaa, eieu nei?i naieioeea aicieeea eiaiii ia aieia iiceoeaenoneiai yiooceacia (e eiioaioey Iineianei-Oa?ooneie oeieu naieioeee a oii ?enea), anneieee?iaaa a eiia?iii n?aoa iaeioi?ua i?eioeiu oai?ee eioi?iaoee, iaoaiaoeee, eeaa?iaoeee, oeeinioee anoanoaiciaiey, oi ana ?a eiaao niune ia?aoeouny e oiio eiioaenoo, a eioi?ii, a ?anoiinoe, aicieeea e eaay "ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey".
?eoaoaey, aia?aua eia?uaai aaei n Ioe?uoui i?iecaaaaieai, ii?ao oaeaeou ?anoia eniieuciaaiea i?eia?ia e iiene aiaeiaee ec iaeanoe iaaoiaieoa?iiai ciaiey. Yei oiio?aaeyao oa?iei "no?oeoo?iay aiiieiaey" n oaeu? iieacaou i?ienoiayuo? eiiaa?aaioe? iiauo eaiiiia e o?aaiaaiee, iauyniyy i?aeiouanoai yoiai oa?ieia oai, ?oi ii "ia auio?aaao ian e iino?iaie? no?iaiai ia?aeeaeecia, ii a oi ?a a?aiy iicaieyao caoeene?iaaou acaeiii eiio?anoe?o?uea yienoaiieiae?aneea neooaoee"1 — oae, iiiyoea "ioe?uoinoe" iaaieuii iaiiieiaao oa?ieiieiae? eaaioiaie oeceee (eiaaoa?ieieci e i?a?uaiinou), eee?no?e?oao ioaaeuiua iiei?aiey oai?ee Yeiooaeia e a oaeii niiniaii ia?aaaou niaoeoe?aneea iaa?oiia oaiaaioee a nia?aiaiiie ("nia?aiaiiie" — ia iiiaio iaienaiey Ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey) iao?iie iunee.
Yei ?ac?aaaouaae nai? iiaaeu "ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey" a oio ia?eia, eiaaa anoanoaiciaiea ia?a?eaaei i?a?aaio? ?aaie?oe? (oi anou i?a?aaio? eiieo ea?oeiu ie?a). Iiaiaii aey yoie iee?i?aaie?oee iineo?eea ?ac?aaioea oai?ee oaina, ?ai?acaioe?o?uae oio "iaeeiaeiue ie?", n ?aaeuiinou? eioi?iai noieeioeanu iinoiaeeanne?aneay iaoea2. Eaay oaina, yeni?ii?ee?iaaiiay iaoeie e io?anoe eeoeaoayny oie ieoieiae?aneie ao?u e aeaaiaiaaiey, eioi?ay ai iaaaaieo ii? aaioiiaeyea
1 Eco U. The Open Work (Harvard University Press, 1989). ?. 18.
2 Ni., iai?.: I?eai?ei E., Noyiaa?n E. Ii?yaie ec oaina. I., 1986.
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iiyoia e oeeinioia, iinaeeeanu a oaeeo iaeanoyo iaoee, eae oeceea, oeiey, iae?ioeceieiaey, ineoeao?ey, yeieiaey, iaoaiaoeea. Eiaaa noi?iiieee oeeinioee oaina aiai?yo i oii, ?oi eeanne?aneay iaoea oaaeyea iniiaiia aieiaiea iieneo ii?yaea, iainiiaaie? onoie?eainoe, eeiaeiinoe, iaii?iaiinoe e ?aaiiaane? eco?aaiuo nenoai, oi Yei yoi iaiiieiaao i oie noaia ie?icaaiey, eioi?ay ea?eo a iniiaa Noii Oiiu Aeaeineiai. Ia ?aaeuiinou iaeeaauaaeanu neiaiee?aneay naou, iaiiieia?uay ?aoaoeo n i?iii?oeiiaeuiuie ?aieaie, iiaiaii oai, ?oi eniieuciaaeenu aioe?iuie neoeuioi?aie e a?oeoaeoi?aie aey oiai, ?oiau auyaeou neiiao?e?iua oi?ee a naieo eiino?oeoeyo. A yoie ea?oeia ie?a "Aia ?anniao?eaaeny eae Ia?aii?e?eia ii ioiioaie? eae e naaa, oae e e naiei oai?aieyi, aey eioi?uo ii aunooiaao eae Aaenoaeoaeuiay, Ieii?aoaeuiay e Niceaaoaeuiay i?e?eia. A yoie ?aoaoea, aaa ana, ia?eiay n oai?aiey aiaaeia, ie?a e ?aeiaaea, ii?aaaeaiey no?anoae, i?eau?ae e eii?ay oaeinoaaie eae i?oaeyie eneoieaiey e naiie nia?ou? eae a?aoaie a aa?io? ?eciu, — iao ianoa neo?aeiiio, ana eiaao naia iauyniaiea e naie ooieoee a yoie oaeinoiinoe"3.
Aeaaiia eciaiaiea a iaeeanne?aneii i?aanoaaeaiee ia oieaa?noia naycaii n i?eciaieai iaiia?aiaiiinoe aicieeiiaaiey e nouanoaiaaiey ii?yaea e oaina, i?e yoii aieuoeinoai nenoai yaey?ony ioe?uouie, iaiaieaaynu aauanoaii eee yia?aeae n ie?o?a?uae n?aaie, a a ieaia eciaiaiey aeneieiae?aneeo i?ei?eoaoia iiceoeaiay ?ieu ioaiaeony ninoiyieyi iaonoie?eainoe, ia?aaiiaaniinoe, ianoaaeeuiinoe. I?eai?ei n?eoaao, ?oi "eeou a ia?aaiiaaniie nenoaia iiaoo eiaou ianoi oieeaeuiua niauoey e oeoeooaoee, niinianoao?uea yoei niauoeyi, a oae?a i?ienoiaeo ?anoe?aiea ianooaaia nenoaiu, iiauoaiea aa ?oanoaeoaeuiinoe e aiaoiaio ie?o e iaeiiao aicieeaao enoi?e?aneay ia?niaeoeaa (aey aicieeiiaaiey oieeaeuiuo niauoee), iiyaeaiey a?oaeo, auou ii?ao, aieaa niaa?oaiiuo oi?i i?aaiecaoee"4. Oaeoe?anee I?eai?ei iienuaaao caanu iiaaeu "ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey": "Anaaaa eioa?anii, eaeie ec aicii?iuo aa?eaioia ?acaeoey enoiaiie neooaoee aoaao ?aaeeciaai... Oieaa?noi ooai?anoaaiiiai oai??anoaa aanuia ioee?ai
3 Eco U. The Aesthetics of Chaosmos. ?. 46.
4 I?eai?ei E. Oeeinioey ianoaaeeuiinoe // Aii?inu oeeinioee. 1991. ? 6. N. 50.
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io eeanne?aneiai ia?aca ie?a, ii ii eaaei niioiinei n nia?aiaiiie oeeinioeae e einiieiaeae"5.
Eaay "neo?aeiiai ii?yaea" ieacaeanu ooieoeiiaeuii i?eaiaiie ia oieuei aey iauyniaiey ie?o?a?uae n?aau, iauanoaa, ia?aiie nenoaiu, ii aa?a a ea?anoaa iiaiai a?aoiaioa a nia?aiaiiuo oaieiae?aneeo o?aieyo. Naieioeea ieacaeanu iaeiaiaa aioiaie e anneieeyoee oeeinioee oaina. Iai?eia?, ?. Eioiai eeou a 1992 aiao a naiae iineaaiae eieaa Eoeuoo?a e ac?ua eniieuciaae iiaaeu neo?aeiinoe aey iauyniaiey enoi?e?aneiai i?ioanna, ii, ii nooe, neo?aeiinou e naieioeea aieaia a?aiy iieaaaeenu aauaie ianiaianoeiuie. Naieioeea Iineianei-Oa?ooneie oeieu oae e ia niiaea niaaeieou eaa? neo?aeiinoe eae ooiaaiaioaeuiiai i?eioeia eoeuoo?u n ia?aaeaiie, aioo?aiia ae i?ioeainoiyuae6, oioy aua a 1973 aiao a Oacenao ii naieioe?aneiio eco?aie? eoeuoo? iiiyoey ii?yaea e oaina (eoeuoo?u e yio?iiee) iainiiauaaeenu a ea?anoaa ooiaaiaioaeuiie naieioe?aneie iiiiceoee7. A ?aieao yoie eiioaioee "naiaiaa" inoaaaeanu eeou iiaaeu? (i?e?ai iiaaeu? aoi?e?iuo iiaaee?o?ueo nenoai, i aeaeinoe naiie naieioe?aneie iaoiaieiaee aii?in ia iiaieiaeny), a ia ?aaeuiinou?, oae eae ?ai iaiaa eiaeaeaoaeece?iaaeanu e iaiaa "naiaiaiie" ieacuaaeanu eoeuoo?a, oai eaa?a iia iiaaaaaeanu aiaeeco ("eae oaoiaoiay ia?oey", aaneiia?ii eioa?aniay, ii n oaoaeuiui i?ino?ainoaii a 64 eeaoee8). Ia?aaien ninoiye a oii, ?oi naii anoanoaiciaiea, ioeoaa aue eiii?oe?iaai "eaaae oaaeeou", io
5 I?eai?ei E. Oeeinioey ianoaaeeuiinoe. N. 51.
6 Ni.: ?aacei A. E., Eioiai ?. I. Eoeuoo?a e ac?ua // Aii?inu eneonnoaiciaiey. 1993. ? 1. N. 214.
7 Ni.: Lotman J. I., Uspenskij B. A., Ivanov V. V., Toporov V. N., Pjatigorskij A. I. Theses on the semiotic study of cultures, in The O ell-Tale Sign (Lisse, 1975). ?. 58—59. A yoie eieeaeoeaiie ?aaioa "eoeuoo?a" ii?aaaeyeanu eae "i?aaiecaoey (eioi?iaoey)" a i?ioeaiiiei?iinou aaci?aaiecaoee (yio?iiee); ooaa??aaeinu, ?oi "ea?aiio oeio eoeuoo?u i?ioeainoieo naie oei oaina (oi, ?oi aaiiie eoeuoo?ie eioa?i?aoe?oaony eae noa?a aaci?aaiecaoee, iaiaei nei?aa anaai i?aanoaaeyao noa?o eiie eoeuoo?u); eoeuoo?a iinoiyiii no?aieony ?anoe?eou noa?o naiae i?aaiecaoee, ii iaiia?aiaiii aaiiino?e?oao iio?aaiinou a iaee?ee noa?u oaina (anee aey a?aaieo a?aeia e ?eieyi eaay oaina ioi?aanoaeyeanu n aa?aa?aie, oi iicaiaa a ea?anoaa oaeiaiai eioa?i?aoe?iaaeenu "eoeuoo?a aaonoaa", yecioe?aneea oeaeeecaoee, iianiciaoaeuiia e o. a.).
8 ?aacei A. E., Eioiai ?. I. Eoeuoo?a e ac?ua. N. 215.
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yoiai eaaaea ioioei, e yoi auei ?anoaiaii eae aica?auaiea e aoiaieoa?iui oaiiinoyi.
Yei, iai?ioea, aini?eiye eaae neo?aeiinoe e iai?aaneacoaiinoe ia oieuei a ea?anoaa iioieiae?aneeo ?aaeee, ii e eae iiaaeu aey "?ane?aiiuaiey" naieioe?aneie iaoiaieiaee. Ii iieaaaao, ?oi yeaiaio oaina a no?oeoo?a iianaaiaaiie ?ecie yaeyaony oai eiioeunii, eioi?ue iicaieyao nenoaiai eciaiyouny e ?acaeaaouny. Aiyciu i?eciaou yoio oaeo naeaaoaeunoaoao i "i?eieoeaiinoe iauanoaa", i aai ianiiniaiinoe ?annoaouny n aac?eciaiiuie ?eooaeaie e oaao. Ii ?anniao?eaaao eoeuoo?io? iiaaeu Caiaaa eae ainoaoi?ii aeiaie?io?, i?ia?anneaio?, niiniaio? ?aaae?iaaou ia aicieea?uea i?iaeaiu, eioa?i?aoe?iaaou iiaue iiuo e niioaaonoaaiii i?eniinaaeeaaouny e eciaieaoaeny "?aaeuiinoe". Yoo iiaaeu ?acaeoey Oiaa?oi Yei ioe?uaaao e a nia?aiaiiii eneonnoaa, ?ac?aaaouaay iiyoeeo ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey. I?eaeaeay oai?e? eioi?iaoee aey iainiiaaiey eaae "ioe?uoinoe", ii n?eoaao, ?oi i?iaiaeou iiaiaiua ia?aeeaee noaei aicii?iui n oiai iiiaioa, eiaaa oi?iai eneonnoaa noaea naienoaaiia aunieay noaiaiu iai?aaneacoaiinoe e iaaa?iyoiinoe.
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Aooaiaa?aiaa aaeaeoeea — a yiioo eioa?iaoa
A iineaaiea aiau n?aae naieioeeia, oai?aoeeia ianniaie eiiioieeaoee e eeiaaenoia ana ?aua aicieea?o aeneonnee ii iiaiao Eioa?iaoa e iiauo aicii?iinoae (eee iianiinoae) aey nia?aiaiiie eoeuoo?u, eioi?ua ianao n niaie eiiiu?oa?iay oeaeeecaoey. Oiaa?oi Yei, n iaiie noi?iiu, aeoeaii o?anoaoao a i?eaea?aiee iiauo oaoiieiaee ia neo?ao aoiaieoa?iui iaoeai (ianeieuei eao iacaa iia aai ?oeiaianoaii aue auiouai CD-ROM ii eoeuoo?a aa?ieei), oai aieaa ?oi ia yoii yoaia eiaiii naieioe?aneea eiioaioee ieacaeenu iniaaiii iieaciuie (iai?eia?, eaay aeia?oaenoa), n a?oaie noi?iiu, ii ?aciuoeyao ia iauaeoeuoo?ieiae?aneeo iineaanoaeyo yoiai oaiiiaia, aica?auaynu e i?iaeaiai ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey, aecoaeuiie eiiioieeaoee e yioeeeiiaaee.
Niaeanii Ieaoiio (a Oaa?a), eiaaa ecia?aoaoaeu ienuiaiiinoe Oaao i?aanoaaee naia ecia?aoaiea oa?aiio Oaiono, ii ainoaaeye yoo iiao? oaoieeo eae n?aanoai, eioi?ia iiii?ao nio?aieou a iaiyoe e?aae oi, ?oi eia?a iiaei noa?aouny ec eo iaiyoe iaanaaaa: "Yoa iaoea, oa?u, naaeaao aaeioyi aieaa ioa?uie e iaiyoeeauie, oae eae iaeaaii n?aanoai aey iaiyoe e ioa?inoe"1. Iaiaei oa?aii ia aue noieu iioeienoe?ai. Ii neacae: "A aooe iao?eaoeony ei [ienuiaiai. — I?ei. A. O.] iie anaeyo caaua?eainou, oae eae aoaao eeoaia oi?a?iaiey iaiyou; i?eiiieiaou noaioo ecaia, aiaa?yynu ienuio, ii iinoi?iiiei ciaeai, a ia ecioo?e, naie niai?. Ou iaoae n?aanoai ia aey iaiyoe, a aey i?eiiieiaiey. Ou aaaou o?aieeai iieio?, a ia enoeiio? ioa?inou. Iie o oaay aoaoo iiiaia ciaou iiianeuoea, aac iao?aiey, e aoaoo eacaouny iiiaicia?ueie, inoaaaynu a aieuoeinoaa iaaa?aaie, e?auie o?oaiuie aey iauaiey; iie noaioo iieiiioa?uie aianoi ioa?uo"2.
Oaeno Ieaoiia, anoanoaaiii, e?iie?ai. Ieaoii auaaeaae naie a?aoiaiou i?ioea ienuia. Ii i?e yoii ii i?eienuaae naie iunee Nie?aoo, eioi?ue ia oiae ienaou...
1 Ieaoii. Oaa? //Nia?. ni?. I., 1993. O. 2. N. 168.
2 Oai ?a.
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Ii iiaie? Yei, naaiaiy iiaiaiua i?iaeaiu ieeiai ia aieio?o ii aaoi i?inoui i?e?eiai. Ai-ia?auo, iu ciaai, ?oi eieae ia caiaiy?o iai i?ioanna iuoeaiey; iai?ioea, iie iiao?aa?o ian e ?aciuoeaieyi. Oieuei iinea ecia?aoaiey ienuiaiiinoe ieacaeinu aicii?iui ?i?aaiea oaeiai oaaaa?a i niiioaiiie iaiyoe, eaeiaui yaeyaony A iieneao oo?a?aiiiai a?aiaie I?onoa. Oai ia iaiaa oa?aiia io?ee aa?iue no?ao ?aeiaa?anoaa ia?aa eeoii iiauo oaoiieiae?aneeo ecia?aoaiee, eioi?ua iiaoo oie?oi?eou eee ?ac?ooeou ia?oi iieaciia e oaiiia. Neiaii oa?aii ia?aui oeacae ia ienuiaiio? iiaa?oiinou e caoai ia eaaaeuiue ia?ac ?aeiaa?aneie iaiyoe, aiai?y i?e yoii: "Yoi oauao oi".
Ia ouny?o eao iic?a Aeeoi? A?ai a Niai?a Ia?e?neie aiaiiaoa?e iienae nayuaiieea Eeiaa O?ieei, oeacuaa?uaai nia?aea ia eieao, a caoai ia niai?, aiai?y oi ?a naiia. N?aaiaaaeiaue niai? aue naiaai ?iaa iinoiyiiie e iaeciaiiie oaeaaeceiiiie i?ia?aiiie, eioi?ay aie?ia auea niiauaou e?ayi ana naiia aa?iia, ?oi auei ei io?ii aey iianaaiaaiie ?ecie e aey aa?iiai nianaiey. Eieaa ?a iiaea ioaea?u e?aae io naiuo aa?iuo oaiiinoae, iaania?eaay ecauoi?io? eioi?iaoe?, naiaiaio? eioa?i?aoaoe? Ienaiey, aicao?aay iacai?iaia e?aiiuonoai3.
Eiiiu?oa? aica?auaao ian a aooaiaa?aiao Aaeaeoeeo, — ia?aaienaeuiui yoio auaia Yei ea?aony eeou ia ia?aue acaeya. E?ae, eniieuco?uea eiiiu?oa?, eia?o aaei a iniiaiii ni neiaaie. Eiiiu?oa?iue ye?ai — neiaii eaaaeuiay eieaa, neiaa e no?aieou eioi?ie iiiiaa?o iai ociaaaou ie?. Ii ?oi noaiao n eieaie — aie?iu ee ia?aoiua eieae en?acioou, oaeeeii auoaniaiiua aeneaoaie e aeneaie?
Yei iieaaaao, ?oi eieaa ieeiaaa ia yaeyeanu eeou n?aanoaii aey iieo?aiey eioi?iaoee, aa ooieoee a iauaeoeuoo?iii eiioaenoa anaaaa auee aieaa ?aciiia?aciu: eieae io?iu aey ?acaea?aiey, aey iao?aiey, aey ia?aaa?e enoi?ee e o?aaeoee. Naaiaiy yoe ooieoee aie?iu auou ia?aniio?aiu: anee eieaa ana aua inoaaony n?aanoaii iiaee??aiey e eoeuoo?iie o?aaeoee e ana aua annioee?oaony o ian n ecuneaiiui niiniaii a?aiyi?ai?iai?aaiey, oi ia?aciaaoaeuiua ooieoee iiaoo
3 Ni.: Eco U. From Internet to Gutenberg, in Lectures at the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America. November 12, 1996. (Source: http://www.italynet.com/columbia/internet.htm 3 e )
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?anoe?ii, anee ia iieiinou?, ia?aeoe e eiiiu?oa?ai (CD-ROM a yoii niunea aieaa yooaeoeaai).
Nouanoao?o aaa iniiaiua a?oiiu eiea: oa, eioi?ua io?ii ?eoaou, e oa, eioi?ua io?iu aey ni?aaie. Aeia?oaenou, aaconeiaii, niinianoao?o en?aciiaaie? ni?aai?iie eeoa?aoo?u e o?aaieeia. Ii ii?ao ee aeia?oaeno caiaieou eieae, eioi?ua io?iu aey ?oaiey? Eee, aieaa oi?ii, ii?ao ee aeia?oaenoiaue e ioeuoeiaaeeiue CD-ROM eciaieou naio i?e?iao eiea-aey-?oaiey (iai?eia?, ?iiaiu eee iiyoe?aneea oaenou)? Iai ii-i?a?iaio aoaoo io?iu eieae (yoi eanaaony "i?e?iau" ?oaiey e naieo ianoiyoaeunoa i?ioanna ?oaiey — e?anei, iieie, ioauo). ?a?e Aaa?y caiaoee, ?oi iaeucy n?eoaou neo?aeiui niaiaaaieai oio oaeo, ?oi eoaaeneay oeaeeecaoey, eioi?ay auea oeaeeecaoeae Eieae, yaeyeanu ei?aaie (iiiaae?aneie) oeaeeecaoeae. Aaeioyia iiaee aunaeaou naie iaaiene ia eaiiyo, Iienae oaeie aicii?iinoe ia eiae. Eieae iooaoanoao?o n aaie e ia aaoae nei?inoe ia?aaae?aiey, eieaa ii?ao auou aai iieaciie aa?a ia iaiaeoaaiii ino?iaa, ?aai ia nea?aou i eiiiu?oa?a. Eieae ana aua yaey?ony eo?oeie eiiiaiuiiaie iinea ei?aaeae?ooaiey eee ia neo?ae Iineaaiaai Aiy, n?eoaao Yei.
Eaay aeia?oaenoa ioi?au ia yaeyaony i?eioeieaeuii iiaui ecia?aoaieai eiiiu?oa?iie yiioe. Aaoaeoeau, anee eo eioa?i?aoe?iaaou a yoii ee??a, i?aanoaaey?o niaie iiaaeu aeia?oaenoa, eioi?ue ii?ao auou i?i?eoai iii?anoaii ?acee?iuo niiniaia. Caaieai ai iiyaeaiey eiiiu?oa?ia ienaoaee e iiyou ia?oaee ia aanie?oii ioe?uoii e aaneiia?iii oaenoa, eioi?ue ii?ii ?eoaou neieu oaiaii aieai e naiuie ?acee?iuie niiniaaie. Oaeia aue caiunae Iaeea?ia i?e nicaaiee aai Le Livre eee A?iena — i?e iaienaiee Iiieiie ii Oeiiaaaio. Oi ?a ii?ii auei au neacaou ia yenia?eiaioao Iaiie Aaeano?eie, ?aeiiia Eaii e iiiaeo a?oaeo.
Noaiiaeony iiiyoiui, ?oi caanu iu noaeeeaaainy n aaoiy ?acee?iuie eioaioeyie. Iaii aaei nicaaaaou oaeno, eioi?ue yaeyaony oece?anee iiaae?iui. Oaeie oaeno aie?ai aaaaou ?eoaoae? iuouaiea iieiie naiaiau, ii yoi anaai eeou eee?cey. Aaeinoaaiiue iaoaieci, iicaiey?uee a yoii niunea i?iecaiaeou aann?aoiia eiee?anoai oaenoia, — yoi aeoaaeo: iieucoynu i?aiu ia?aie?aiiui eiee?anoaii aoea, ?aeiaa?anoai nicaaei ieeeea?au eiea — io Aiia?a ai iaoeo aiae. A?oaay aicii?iinou naycaia n iaienaieai oaenoia, eioi?ua oece?anee eiia?iu, ii eo eioa?i?aoaoee iaia?aie?aiiu.
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Eaeei ia?acii eiiiu?oa?iay oeaeeecaoey io?aceony ia ?acaeoee ycuea e noeey ienuia? "Iaii ec iaeaieaa na?uaciuo iaaeiaiee a aa?an eiiiu?oa?iie "a?aiioiinoe" caee??aaony a oii, ?oi iu ana aieuoa e aieuoa i?eaueaai eiiioieoe?iaaou iin?aanoaii ei?ioeeo oeo?iaie, oi?ioe: dir, help, discopy, error 67 e o. i. Iaia ec ?anoi eniieucoaiuo a eiioa oi?ioe — cu18r. E yoi ii?ii n?eoaou a?aiioiinou?? FIG 7", — ioaa?aao ia naie aii?in Oiaa?oi Yei4. Ii?ii neacaou, iu noiei ia ii?iaa iiaiai Aaaeeiia, eai eeiaaenoe?aneay eaoano?ioa ii?ao ?ac?aceouny eiaiii ec-ca ceioiio?aaeaiey eiiiu?oa?iui neaiaii5.
Yei, eae eieeaeoeiia? ?aaeeo noa?eiiuo eiea, aiai?eo, ?oi ii iieii ainoeuaiey, ?eoay caaieiaee eiea XVII aaea aeeiie a oaeo? no?aieoo. Anee au ienaoaee yiioe aa?ieei oaeaaee iaoe eieae, iie i?eoee au a o?an. "Ai aaaaaiee, aeeiie a iaio no?aieoo, aaoi? oi?ioee?oao noou eieae a iaiii aacaoa, aeaaiaa?eo eaeie-ieaoau iaoeiiaeuiue eee ia?aoia?iaiue oiia ca oeiainiao? iiaaa??eo, ae?aooa niiauaao, ?oi iaienaiea eieae ieacaeinu aicii?iui aeaaiaa?y e?aae e iiieiaie? ni noi?iiu ?aiu e, aicii?ii, aaoae, e a eiioa i?eiineo naie aeaaiaa?iinoe nae?aoa?oa, iio?oaeaoaeny iaia?aoaou nae o?oa. I?e yoii iu ana i?ae?anii iiieiaai, ?oi ca yoei eaeiie?iui aaaaaieai e?i?ony ouny?e en?a?eaiiuo oioieiiee e aan?eneaiiua aaiao?aa?u, iiaeiuaiiua aaoi?ii a o?aniie niaoea. Inoaaony oieuei aaaaou, eae eiiiu?oa?iue eaeieaeo nea?aony ia iaienaiee eiea a iaaaeaeii aoaouai"6. Yei i?aaeaaaao a ea?anoaa aeiioaoe?aneiai aa?eaioa "aaaaaiey" e eieaa (iiaiai noieaoey) oaeo? oi?ioeo: ?/a, Nieo, ?ieoaeea? (?eoaou eae: "? aeaaiaa?? nai? ?aio e iaoeo aaoae; i?ioanni?a Nieoa ca aai oaiiua caia?aiey a i?ioanna ?oaiey ?oeiiene, a oae?a Oiia ?ieoaeea?a ca uaa?o? iaoa?eaeuio? iiaaa??eo"). Aaei, iaiaei, a oii, ?oi iiaiaiay o?aca aoaao ia iaiaa e?anii?a?eaie, ?ai aeoeaaaoua auneacuaaiey yiioe aa?ieei. Yoi i?iaeaia ?eoi?e?aneeo eiiaaioee e eo i?eaieaiinoe. Ai neo ii? iaecaanoii, aiai?eo Yei, eoi oaaaee ian a oii, ?oi ?ai aieuoa au nea?aoa n iiiiuu? aa?aaeuiiai ycuea, oai aeoa?a e ?oanoaai-
4 Eco U. From Internet to Gutenberg, in Lectures at the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America. November 12, 1996.
5 Ni. ynna, iaienaiiia Yei a 1991 aiao, ?acaiai? a Aaaeeiia (Eco U. Conversazione a Babilonia, in Eco U. Il secondo diario minimo. (Milano: Bompiani, 1992). ?. 55—56).
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iaa i?aanoaiao aaoa iuneu. Iaeea?ia aiai?ee, ?oi ainoaoi?ii i?iecianoe "oaaoie", ?oiau aucaaou a iaiyoe oaeue oieaa?noi caiaoia e iuouaiee, oi?i e iuneae. Iniaaiii yoi eanaaony iiycee: ?ai iaiuoa neia, oai aeoa?a niune.
Eoae, eiiiu?oa?u ia ianoo ieeaeie oa?icu aoaouaio eie?iie oeaeeecaoee. Iuneu i oii, ?oi iiaua oaoiieiaee i?eaaaoo e oie?oi?aie? oiai, ?oi nouanoaiaaei i?a?aa, ea?aony neeoeii i?eieoeaiie. Iai?eia?, ecia?aoaiea eeii eee ai yoiai eiieenia inaiaiaeei eeoa?aoo?o io iaeioi?uo i?eau?iuo ia??aoeaiuo oaoiee. Ii anee nouanoaoao oi, ?oi iacuaaaony iinoiiaa?ienoneie eeoa?aoo?ie, oi nouanoaoao eiaiii iioiio, ?oi nouanoao?o eeii e eiieenu. Oi ?a ii?ii neacaou i oioia?aoee e ?eaiiene. Yoi icia?aao, ?oi a enoi?ee eoeuoo?u, e n?anou?, ieeiaaa ia auaaao oae, ?oi ceci tuera cela. Iaiaei "yoi" aeoaeiiui ia?acii eciaieo "oi".
Aa?a anee aa?ii, ?oi naaiaiy aecoaeuiay eiiioieeaoey aiieie?oao iaa ienuiaiiie, i?iaeaia ninoieo ia a oii, ?oiau eo i?ioeaiiinoaaeou, a a oii, eae eo oeo?oeou. Aecoaeuiay eiiioieeaoey aie?ia auou o?aaiiaaoaia aa?aaeuiie, eai aaeao eaaeinoe oaa?aaiey, i?enouae aecoaeuiui iaaea, e?eoe?aneay ?aaeoey ia ieo cia?eoaeuii aieaa i?iaeaiaoe?ia. Ia?acu ieeoaoai?y?o ieaoiie?aneo? aeanou: iie i?aia?aco?o eiaeaeaia a iauea eaae7.
A i?aiu iaaaeaeii aoaouai, — aiai?eo Yei, — ana iaoa iauanoai aoaao ninoiyou (eee o?a ninoieo) eeou ec aaoo eaoaai?ee e?aae: oao, eoi i?aaii?eoaao iieo?aou o?a aioiaua ia?acu e o?a aioiaua ii?aaaeaiey ie?a, ia aoao?e niiniaiuie e?eoe?anee aini?eieiaou iieo?aaio? eie eioi?iaoe?, e oao, eoi niiniaai ioae?aou e eniieuciaaou iieo?aaio? eioi?iaoe?. Iao?iay oaioanoeea ii?ao iiiaia i?aaei?eou iai, iienuaay ie?, aaa i?ieaoa?ee aoaoo eiaou aaei eeou n aecoaeuiie eiiioieeaoeae, eioi?o? aoaao ieaie?iaaou e inouanoaeyou yeeoa eiiiu?oa?iia?aiioiuo e?aae.
Niaeanii Iaee?yio, Aecoaeuiay Aaeaeoeea aie?ia auea caiaieou (aua ianeieuei aanyoeeaoee iacaa) Aaeaeoeeo Aooaiaa?aa. Iaiaei yoiai ia i?iecioei. Iaee?yi oae?a ooaa??aae, ?oi iu aoaai ?eou a iiaie yeaeo?iiiie Aeiaaeuiie Aa?aaia. Iu aaenoaeoaeuii ?eaai a yeaeo?iiiii niiauanoaa, ii yoi ieeae iaeucy iacaaou "aa?aaiae" anee iia yoei iiieiaou iina-
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eaiea e?aae, aaa ana iiaoo iauaouny a?oa n a?oaii iaiin?aanoaaiii. ?aaeuiua i?iaeaiu, n eioi?uie iu noieeioeenu a ?acoeuoaoa ?acaeoey yeaeo?iiiuo iaaea, — yoi ia en?aciiaaiea oeaeeecaoee eieae, a: 1) i?iaeaiu iaeii?anoaa iiiaeo e?aae, caoa?yiiuo a Eioa?iaoa; 2) ecauoie eioi?iaoee e ianiiniaiinou ioae?aou e oie?oi?aou iaio?iia. Eae yoi ie no?aiii i?icao?eo, ii na?uaciay i?iaeaia aicieeaao aey ian a nayce n oai, ?oi a ieaaia eioi?iaoee (a oii ?enea e eaoano?ioe?anee oaaee?eaa?uaainy eiee?anoaa iao?iuo eiea) noaiiaeony ana o?oaiaa ioee?eou iaaa?iue enoi?iee eioi?iaoee io anao inoaeuiuo (iaio?iuo e aa?a a?aaiuo). Aieuoa anaai, n?eoaao Yei, iu io?aaainy naaiaiy a iiaie oi?ia e?eoe?aneie eiiiaoaioee, a iiea aua iaecaanoiii eneonnoaa ioai?a e onaiaiey eioi?iaoee. Yoa oi?ia eiiiaoaioee i?aaiieaaaao iaaue oeeuo?aoee, e iaa yoei neaaiaaei au ii?aciuneeou. Eia?a iaoa aoaouaa iea?aony aua aieaa i?a?iui, ?ai naaiaiyoiaa. Iu ainoeaiai o?iaiy, eiaaa ecauoie eioi?iaoee e oaico?a aoaoo oi?aanoaaiiu: niaeanii Yei, yoi eae ?ac oio neo?ae, eiaaa 500-no?aie?iue aine?aniue auione New York Times o?a iaei ?ai ioee?aaony io eiiioienoe?aneie I?aaau — e a oii, e a a?oaii neo?aa io?iay eioi?iaoey ia ainooiia8.
8 Ni.: A Conversation on Information: An Interview with Umberto Eco, by Patrick Coppock, February 1995. (Source: http://www.cudenver.edu/~mryder/itcdata/eco/eco.html 4 e [nnueea ia iaia?o?aia yanko_slava@yahoo.com ])
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Naieieiaey eae i?eee??aiea?
Eioa?an e oai?ee eioi?iaoee, ?ani?ino?aiaiea a Eoaeee eaae o?aioocneiai, a ?oou iic?a e niaaoneiai no?oeoo?aeecia, ciaeiinoai n ioaeeeaoeyie ?. N. Ie?na — ana yoe oaeoi?u a niaieoiiinoe n naieioe?aneie, ii nouanoao, e?eoeeie ianniaie eoeuoo?u e aiaeecii aaaiaa?aenoneie ynoaoeee iaoneiaeee ia?auaiea Oiaa?oi Yei e oai?ee naieioeee. A eiioa 60-o aa. ii aaaao eo?n ii aecoaeuiie eiiioieeaoee ia oaeoeuoaoa a?oeoaeoo?u ai Oei?aioeeneii oieaa?neoaoa, a a 1969—1971 aiau caieiaao iino i?ioanni?a naieioeee ia a?oeoaeoo?iii oaeoeuoaoa Ieeaineiai iieeoaoie?aneiai einoeoooa. A 1968 aiao auoiaeo Ionoonoao?uay no?oeoo?a, eioi?o? ii?ii ioaieou n iiceoee naaiaiyoiaai aiy ia oieuei eae iaa?inie aoaouae oai?ee ciaeia, ii e eae ?aaioo, au?a?a?uo? yaiia no?aieaiea Yei ?annoaouny ni no?oeoo?aeeciii, "ia iioa?ya ii?ao iia iiaaie". Ia?aui ?a a iieiii niunea neiaa naieioe?aneei o?aeoaoii yaeyaony iioaeeeiaaiiay a 1974 aiao Oai?ey naieioeee. N yoiai iiiaioa aeaaaie?aneay aayoaeuiinou Oiaa?oi Yei noaiiaeony aieaa niaoeaeece?iaaiiie e iniaaiii eioaineaiie: ioe?uoea eaoaa?u naieioeee a Aieiineii oieaa?neoaoa, iino aaia?aeuiiai nae?aoa?y Ia?aoia?iaiie annioeaoee ii naieioe?aneei enneaaiaaieyi (1972—1979) e i?aaiecaoey a Ieeaia ia?aiai ia?aoia?iaiiai eiia?anna ii naieioeea; iniiaaiea e auione naieioe?aneiai ?o?iaea Versus (1971), ?oaiea eaeoee a Aa?aa?aneii, Eieoiaeeneii, Eaeuneii oieaa?neoaoao, iicaiaa — a Eieea? aa O?ain e iiiaia a?oaia, ?oi auei naaeaii ca i?ioaaoea aiau. Aac i?aoaaee?aiey iu iiaee au n?eoaou, ?oi naieioeea noaea aaeii ?ecie aey eoaeuyineiai oai?aoeea, eee i?eee??aieai, ?anoyioaoeiny ia iiiaea aanyoeeaoey.
Ii?aaaeyou naieioeeo eae iaoeo i ciaeao (eaiiie?aneia ii?aaaeaiea, aaiiia aua A. Eieeii) — cia?eo iaia?aiii no?aou i?aaiao ?acaiai?a. Aey oiai ?oiau iiiyou i?e?eiu eioa?ana e naieioeea, a oae?a oaeaaou, ii?aio, ianiio?y ia ana ?acaiai?u i e?ecena eee nia?oe naieioeee, iia ana aua nouanoaoao, io?ii ia?aoeouny e a?oaei aa ii?aaaeaieyi. Naieioeea ana iaiaa aini?eieiaaony eae iaeee iaiaoiaeiue eiiiai-
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aeoi iiceoeaiiai ciaiey i ooieoeiie?iaaiee ciaeiauo nenoai (?oi eacaeinu aiieia i?aaeaiui a yiioo aa aeuyina ni no?oeoo?aeeciii). Aua aieuoaio niiiaie? iiaaa?aaaony aa "iao?iinou"1. Naieioecaoey aoiaieoa?enoeee, inouanoaeyaiay iniaaiii eioaineaii a iineaaiea aanyoeeaoey e ioaaoeaoay noa?o oeeinioee, ynoaoeee, ineoiaiaeeca, eneonnoaiaaaaiey, ia aiai?y o?a i eeoa?aoo?iaaaaiee, i?iecioea ia iioiio, ?oi aa?oa iaia?eeanu ciaeiaay i?e?iaa eoeuoo?iuo a?oaoaeoia — yoi auei ecaanoii aaaii: eciaieeinu i?aanoaaeaiea i naiie oai?ee naieioeee e aa noaoona.
Aeaaiia "ioe?uoea" ninoieo a oii, ?oi naieioeea ieacaeanu iaeaieaa aaaeaaoiie oi?iie eioaeeaeooaeuiie e?eoeee a nia?aiaiiie neooaoee, oianeaaiaaa a ecaanoiie ia?a iaoin ?aaeeaeuiiai niiiaiey, i?enouee a naia a?aiy iaeaaoe?aneiio "iaoiao" Nie?aoa. N oie i?eioeieaeuiie ?acieoae, ?oi naieioeea iaiaa nica?oaoaeuia, ia?aee aeaeaeoeea Nie?aoa, e ai?acai aieaa aeoeaia. Eiaiii a oaeii ea?anoaa aa e aini?eieia?o naaiaiy, iai?eia?, a Aia?eea, aaa naieioeea i?a?aa anaai ?anniao?eaaaony eae iaeay oaoiieiaey ii ecaea?aie? aiieie?o?ueo cia?aiee e aaeaaieiaecaoee e?auo eoeuoo?iuo oaenoia, aa?a aaeaeeo ia ia?aue acaeya io noa?u eaaieiaee, aiaiay a tout faire. Ii aa?a aa?iiaeneea oai?aoeee, aaeaeea io i?aaiaoenoneeo onoaiiaie ia ?aoaioo?iia ciaiea, ioiinyony e naieioeea aiaieuii na?uacii. Iieacaoaeuii, ?oi ?ieai Aa?o, ?anniao?eaay naieioeeo eae i?eee??aiea, eae oaeaeaoaeuio? ea?o a cia?aiey, oai ia iaiaa iieaaae, ?oi a yoie ya?enoe?aneie ea?a iu eiaai aaei n na?uaciui i?ioeaieeii — aeanou?.
1 A nayce n yoei e?aiiuoii auei au n?aaieou ?acee?iua ii?aaaeaiey naieioeee, a oae?a i?aanoaaeaiey i aa oaeyo e caaa?ao, i?aaei?aiiua ?acee?iuie oai?aoeeaie. "Iao?iinou" naieioeee eae aenoeieeiu ionoaeaaeanu eeanne?aneeie aaoi?aie (Eiee, Ie?n, Ninn??, Aeuineaa, ?eianii, I?eaoi), ii iiaaa?aaaony ?anoeie e?eoeea ni noi?iiu iuiaoieo aaoi?eoaoia (Oiai?ia, Aa?o, Yei, Naaaie e a?.), eioi?ua i?aaeaaa?o n?eoaou naieioeeo "iaoiaieiae?aneei i?eioeiii" (Oiai?ia), "iao?iie ia?niaeoeaie" (Naaaie) e o. a. — aieiou ai "ia?aoia?iaiiai ycuea oai?ee". Iianiinou oaeiai iiaoiaa ninoieo a oaiaaioee i?aanoaaeou naieioeeo eae "iaoia iaoiaia". Ii aieuoeinoai oai?aoeeia n?eoaao, ?oi iiiyoea iaoiaieiae?aneie aaaaiiiee caanu ia oianoii e i?ioeai?a?eo naiie nouiinoe naieioe?aneiai iiaoiaa. Oae, Yei oaa?ai a oii, ?oi ii?aaaeaiea naieioeee eae eiaeee anao iaoe eeoaao aa aicii?iinoe inouanoaeyou aeaaio? ooieoe? — e?eoe?aneo? e noaaeo a iaeioi?o? caaeneiinou io eaaieiae?aneiai aeneo?na.
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Naieioeea yaeyeanu aey iaai niiniaii eciaiaiey ie?a (oacen Ia?ena) iin?aanoaii "iia?uaiie ?aaiou" aioo?e ycuea (eciaiaiea ycuea ii Iaeea?ia)2.
Iiyoiio n?aae iii?anoaa ii?aaaeaiee naieioeee (ia?eiay n naiiai aaciaeaiiai e iaeo?aeuiiai — eae iaoee i ciaeao) i?aaii?oeoaeuiaa ieacuaa?ony a?oaea — ii?aaaeaiey, eioi?ua oeene?o?o niiniaiinou naieieiaee iaia?o?eou i?enoonoaea eaaieiaee a oaenoa eae ?acoeuoao ?aaeecaoee aeanoiuo no?aoaaee e nioeaeuiie ai?uau ca aiieie?o?uea cia?aiey, eioi?ua iia?a?eeaa?o aa niiniaiinou iaia?eou iaoaieci e oi?iu iaieioeyoee niciaieai iin?aanoaii aa?aaeuiuo e aecoaeuiuo ?ai?acaioaoee, auyaeou nioeaeuiia aanniciaoaeuiia a oaiiiaiao icia?eaaiey — neiaii, oa ii?aaaeaiey, eioi?ua io?a?a?o oa?aeoa? naieioeee eae e?eoe?aneie oai?ee, iaoaeaiiie ia inaiai?aaiea niciaiey io aaoiiaoeciia aini?eyoey ie?o?a?uae ian ?aaeuiinoe (eee aeia??aaeuiinoe). Naieioeea ianoaeaaao ia oii, ?oi iaaeiiuo, iauaeoeaiuo ?ai?acaioaoee ia auaaao — iie ecia?aeuii niaa??ao a naaa eioa?i?aoe?iaaiio? ii?aaaeaiiui ia?acii ?aaeuiinou, iiyoiio aa?a naiay i?aaaiiiaiaiay eieoaoey ?aaeuiinoe o?a eaaieiae?ia. Oae, "eeiie?iinou" aecoaeuiiai ciaea — yoi eiaooea aey iaeaiiai ?aoeieaioa, ia iiaic?aaa?uaai, ?oi eeiie?aneee ciae yaeyao niaie iaeaieaa eciu?aiiue niinia nicaaiey yooaeoa ?aaeuiinoe e iioiio ??aaao iaeaieaa iianiuie caaeo?aaieyie. Iieuca oaeiai ?iaa niiiaiey e iaaiaa?ey ii ioiioaie? e e?aui ciaeiaui oaiiiaiai e aecoaeuiui ?ai?acaioaoeyi i?aaeaia. Ii?aeoe, eiaiii au?aaioea e?eoe?aneiai aini?eyoey ie?o?a?uae ?aaeuiinoe yaeyaony aeaaiie i?e?eiie iiioey?iinoe naieioeee a oieaa?neoaoneeo e?oaao: ?a?u eaao i ?aaeecaoee naiaai ?iaa ainieoaoaeuiie ooieoee naieioeee — ia a niunea i?eaeoey eaeie-oi eaaieiaee, a a niunea "iao?aiey aeaaie?".
E?aiiuoii, iaiaei, iaii ianoiyoaeunoai. Naieioeea, auaaeioaoenu ia aaainoaio aoiaieoa?iuo iaoe anaai eao o?eaoaou iacaa (a aaenoaeoaeuiinoe aeiioaoe?aneay enoi?ey naieioeee ian?eouaaao ia iaii noieaoea: A?enoioaeu e Aaaonoei caieiaeenu naieioe?aneeie i?iaeaiaie caaieai ai Ie?na e Ninn??a), eao iyou-aanyou iacaa ia?a?eea na?uaciue e?ecen: ia aieia e?eoeee no?oeoo?aeecia iuneu i oii, ?oi naieioeea en?a?iaea naie iioaioeae, auaeyaaea aiieia eiae?iie. Iniaaiii
2 Ni.: Aa?o ?. Naieieiaey eae i?eee??aiea // Ie?iaia a?aai. Arbor mundi. 1993. ? 2.
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neiioiiaoe?iu auee yoe ?acaiai?u a ?innee — a eiioaenoa oaanaiey Iineianei-Oa?ooneie oeieu naieioeee, aaa a?oaeo, aeuoa?iaoeaiuo naieioe?aneeo iiaoiaia ia nouanoaiaaei. A caiaaiuo no?aiao iiaa ia aaeaaainoai i?ioea, e naieioeea aeaaiiieo?ii i?e?eeanu a oieaa?neoaoao (ia?eiay n oiai a?aiaie, eiaaa Aa?o aicaeaaee eaoaa?o iieeoe?aneie naieieiaee a Eieea? aa O?ain, a Yei — eaoaa?o naieioeee a Aieiineii oieaa?neoaoa): ii-i?a?iaio i?iaie?aao nouanoaiaaou "oai?aoe?aneay" naieioeea, a aieuoae noaiaie eia?uay aaei n ooiaaiaioaeuiuie i?iaeaiaie iauae naieioeee (oeeinioee ycuea), e iuoiui oaaoii ?anoaaea i?eeeaaiay naieioeea, ?acaeaoayny ia nouea n oai?eae eiiioieeaoee, oai?eae eeii, nioeieiaeae ("nioeinaieioeea"), eiaieoeaiie ineoieiaeae e "eoeuoo?iuie enneaaiaaieyie" (Cultural Studies). Anee aa?a naieioeea oo?aoeea a ecaanoiie ia?a naie ?aaie?oeiiiue iaoin e ?aaeeaeeci (aeaeii, ec?anoiaiaaa eo a ia?aaiie ai?uaa n "ycueii-oaoenoii"), oi aa aeeyiea ii-i?a?iaio i?aiu iuooeii: "a?ei aue auiouai ec Aooueee", i?iecioei i?iieeiiaaiea "naieioe?aneiai a?ai" (A. Eaaiia) ai iiiaea noa?u aoiaieoa?iiai iiciaiey. "E?ecen" ?a naieioeee a niaoeoe?aneii iinoniaaoneii eiioaenoa io?anoe ii?ao auou iauyniai nei?iuie acaeiiioiioaieyie naieioeee e ainiianoao?uae eaaieiaee a i?aaoanoao?uee — niaaoneee — ia?eia, ioiioaieyie naieioe?aneiai community n aeanou? e ioeoeaeuiie iaoeie. Aeanoe ieacaeenu ainoaoi?ii i?iieoaoaeuiuie, ?oiau ?aniiciaou e?eoe?aneo? nouiinou naieioeee ?aiuoa, ?ai yoi iniciaee naie o?aiua, "?acaeaeaaoeany" ainoaoi?ii iaaeiiuie aauaie. A oneiaeyo, eiaaa iaeaeoee iaiae ia e?eoeeo aeanoe iia iiaea?u ca niaie ii?aaaeaiiua ia?u, ieeaeia eco?aiea "nioeaeuiiai aanniciaoaeuiiai", eaaieiaee e ieoieiaee niaaoneiai ?a?eia auei i?inoi iaaicii?ii. Iaiaei ia Caiaaa eiaiii a yoii iai?aaeaiee i?ienoiaeei ?acaeoea "iaeeanne?aneie" naieioeee, niaoeaeece?o?uaeny ia e?eoeea eaaieiaee.
Ii iiaie? Oiaa?oi Yei, "naieioeea i?iyaeea naay eae iiaay oi?ia eoeuoo?iie aio?iiieiaee, nioeieiaee, e?eoeee eaae e ynoaoeee"3. N?aae ii?aaaeaiee naieioeee, eniieucoaiuo Yei, ii?ii ano?aoeou neaao?uea: naieioeea eae iao?ii iainiiaaiiay eoeuoo?iay aio?iiieiaey a naieioe?aneie ia?niaeoeaa"; naieioeea eae iaoea, eco?a?uay ana, "?oi ii?ao auou
3 Eco U. Apocalypse postponed. ?. 133.
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eniieuciaaii aey e?e", eae oai?ey, inouanoaey?uay eiioeioaeuio? e?eoe?aneo? eioa?aaioe? a oaiiiaiu ?ai?acaioaoee.
Iniaaiiinou naieioe?aneie eiioaioee Yei ninoieo i?a?aa anaai a oii, ii ai?acai aieaa aieiaoaeai e yienoaiieiae?aneie i?iaeaiaoeea, eioi?o? aieuoeinoai naieioeeia (ii o?aaeoee, eaouae io Ninn??a) noa?aeinu iaoiaeou noi?iiie, ia?aie?eaaynu i?eiyoeai oacena i eiiaaioeiiaeuiinoe e i?iecaieuiinoe ciaea. Iaiaei aeaaiua ?aaiou Yei 70-o aa. inoaaey?o aaienoaaiiia iuouaiea. N iaiie noi?iiu, nouanoaiaaiea aiaoiaai (ii ioiioaie? e ?aeiaaeo, ycueo, eoeuoo?a) ie?a ieaaa ia io?eoaaony, ii, n a?oaie noi?iiu, Yei (a Oai?ee naieioeee) ea?aony ia i?aiu caeioa?aniaaiiui a auyniaiee yoiai aii?ina. Ainoaoi?ii oiai, ?oi ea?oeia ie?a, eioi?ie iu ?aniieaaaai, — yoi ?acoeuoao iiin?aaiaaiiiai, naieiceniiai ioiioaiey ?aeiaaea e ie?o. Ai?i?ai, iineieueo naieioeea aicieeea e ?acaeaaaony a ie?a nicaaiiuo eoeuoo?ie ciaeia, a i?ino?ainoaa, aaa ainiianoaoao Neiaiee?aneia, iinoieueo aa?iaa enneaaiaaou iaoaieciu e niaoeoeeo ooieoeiie?iaaiey ciaea a eoeuoo?iii eiioaenoa. A naiae iaaaaiae ?aaioa Eaio e ooeiiin Yei i?eciaaony, ?oi iia aicieeea eae ?acoeuoao iai?aiaieeiiai ?aeaiey ia?aienaou Oai?e? naieioeee eiaiii iioiio, ?oi yienoaiieiae?anee aa?iue aii?in i ?aoa?aioa e, neaaiaaoaeuii, i niaoeoeea iaoaieciia ?ai?acaioaoee inoaeny iai?iyniaiiui. Neaaoao, iaiaei, caiaoeou, ?oi Yei anaaaa inoaaeye yoo aicii?iinou aey naay ioe?uoie, aaiay ?acee?ea ia?ao iauae e ?anoiie naieioeeaie.
Caaa?a iauae naieioeee, eioi?ay, ii ii?aaaeaie? Yei, oi?aanoaaiia oeeinioee ycuea a oaeii, caee??aaony a ?acaeoee iauaai eiioaiooaeuiiai ea?eana, a ?aieao eioi?iai iiaoo auou eco?aiu ciaeiaua nenoaiu nioeaeuiie, eoeuoo?iie, eioaeeaeooaeuiie ?ecie ia eae eaaioe?iua, a eae acaeiii ia?anaea?ueany iiey. "Iauay naieioeea anou ia ?oi eiia, eae oeeinioey ycuea, e iiaeeiiua oeeiniou ycuea [...] anaaaa caieiaeenu naieioe?aneeie i?iaeaiaie"4. Aeaaiui iauaeoii aieiaiey iauae naieioeee yaey?ony ciae e naieicen.
Niaoeaeuiay naieioeea — yoi a?aiiaoeea ioaaeuiie ciaeiaie nenoaiu, e iia iienuaaao iaeanou aaiiiai eiiioieeaoeaiiai oaiiiaia eae oi?aaeyaio? nenoaiie cia?aiee. E?aay nenoaia ii?ao auou eco?aia n neioaene?aneie, naiaioe?aneie eee
4 Eco U. Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language. ?. 4.
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i?aaiaoe?aneie oi?ee c?aiey. A oi ?a a?aiy niaoeaeuiay naieioeea aie?ia auou ii?aaaeaia iaueie yienoaiieiae?aneeie i?eioeiaie (noa?a iauae naieioeee), eioi?ua caaa?o iaoiaieiae?aneee ea?ean eioa?i?aoaoee oaeeo i?iaeai, eae cia?aiea, ?aoa?aioey, enoeia, eiiioieeaoey, neaieoeeaoey e a?. Iauay naieioeea iicaieyao iai oynieou aioo?aiiea iaoaieciu "eiaeee eoeuoo?u".
A ia?eia Oai?ee naieioeee nianoaaiiay yienoaiieiae?aneay iiceoey Yei auaeyaeo eae "aa?eeaue aaiinoeoeci" (ii au?a?aie? ?. A?aiena) oai?aoeea, i?aaii?eoa?uaai ia aiaaaou a "?aoa?aioeaeuiia caaeo?aaiea", eai auneacuaaiey ia iauaeoa ia iiaoo auou eaaioeoeoe?iaaiu eae enoeiiua eee ei?iua, a cia?aiea ciaea ii?ao auou eioa?i?aoe?iaaii eae "eoeuoo?iay oaeinoiinou", iia eioi?ie ?acoiaaony niaieoiiinou i?eiyouo aaiiui iauanoaii eiiaaioee. Iiyoiio aey Yei i?eia?u oae iacuaaaiie ioeaaie yenoainee5 eee aicii?iuo ie?ia ia i?aiu ia?aiaieoaeuiu, iineieueo ii n?eoaao, ?oi a ?aieao oai?ee eiaia ia iaycaoaeuii i?eaaaaou e iiiyoe? yenoainee: ca "aaeii?iaii" noieo ii?aaaeaiiay aaeieoa niaa??aiey, eoeuoo?iay oaeinoiinou n iaai?ii ainoaoi?ii ?aoeeo ao?eaooia. "Iauaeo", e eioi?iio ionueaao a eiia?iii n?aoa ciae, yoi anaai eeou "ia?oi eiia", ia iaycaoaeuii nouanoao?uaa a ?aaeuiinoe, ?oi oae?a iia?acoiaaaaony e Ie?nii. Eioa?i?aoaoi?, eiay aaei ni ciaeaie, iaieioee?oao i?aainoaaeaiiuie aio eoeuoo?ie niuneaie. Iauanoai yaie?oeiie?oao, aoiay e aiai?y, nicaaaay naie eoeuoo?iua ie?u, eioi?ua eeou iiin?aaiaaiii niioiinyony n oece?aneie ?aaeuiinou?6. Eoeuoo?iue ie? iaaeooaeai e iaaicii?ai a iioieiae?aneii niunea, ii eiinoeooe?oaony eiaaie, iin?aanoaii eioi?uo ooaa??aaaony iaeee eoeuoo?iue ii?yaie. Yienoaiieiae?aneee ii?ia naieioeee Yei caaaao a?aieou e naiie naieioeea eoeuoo?u, iauaeoii eioi?ie yaeyaony ie? eoeuoo?iuo eiiaaioee, eeou iiin?aaiaaiii naycaiiuo n ?aaeuiinou?, a neeo yoiai ia iaeaaa?uae noaoonii ia?ae?iinoe ii ioiioaie? e niaa??aie? "eoeuoo?iuo aaeinoa".
5 ?a?u eaao i nouanoaiaaiee ciaeia, ionuea?ueo e ianouanoao?uei a i?e?iaa iauaeoai. Oae, i?eia?aie ioeaaie yenoainee ii?ii n?eoaou aa?aaeuiua eee aecoaeuiua ciaee, ?ai?acaioe?o?uea neaci?iuo e ieoieiae?aneeo ia?niia?ae — "?onaeea", "aaeii?ia", "noeien", "ne?aia".
6 Ni.: ?aeaeia E. I?iecaaaaiea eneonnoaa a oai?ee eoeuoo?u Oiaa?oi Yei II Eneonnoai. 1988. ? 5. N. 41.
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Nianoaaiii aiai?y, eiaiii yoa iiceoey, eioi?o? iaeioi?ua e?eoeee Yei ?anoaieee eae iainaieioeci (oi, i?ioea ?aai iai?aaeai Iayoiee Ooei) e niioaaonoaaiii eae i?eaeaoaiea ioaea?uny io i?iaeai ?aoa?aioee a i?ioanna eioa?i?aoaoee, iio?aaiaaea a aaeuiaeoai ia?aniio?a ni noi?iiu naiiai Yei.
Eoae, oai?ey eiaia caieiaaony oi?iaoii eoeuoo?iuo ie?ia. Oai?ey eiaia — yoi naieioeea neaieoeeaoee, a oi a?aiy eae naieioeea eiiioieeaoee caaaia oai?eae ciaeiaiai i?iecaianoaa7.
Iiiyoea yioeeeiiaaee — iaii ec iaeaieaa aa?iuo iiiyoee naieioeee Yei. Ii aeaeo a iiiyoee yioeeeiiaaee ?aaoeyoeaio? eaa?, iaoia, n iiiiuu? eioi?iai ii?ii iaia?o?eou yenia?eiaioaeuiua niiniau iienaiey naieioe?aneiai oieaa?noia. "Naieioe?anee eioa?i?aoe?iaaou" — cia?eo inaieou iiaua aicii?iinoe yioeeeiiaaee. A iniiaa iiiyoey yioeeeiiaaey ea?eo iaoaoi?e?aneay eaay eaae?eioa. Yei enneaaoao iiiiceoe? "neiaa?u/yioeeeiiaaey", ia?auaynu e iiiiceoee "aa?aai/eaae?eio", ia?auay aieiaiea ia oi, ?oi ?a?u eaao ia i iaoaoi?ao, a i "oiiieiae?aneeo e eiae?aneeo iiaaeyo". Ii aai iiaie?, a ?acee?iuo naiaioe?aneeo oai?eyo ana aua iaeoaao iiaaeu aaoeieoee, ecaanoiay eae "aa?aai Ii?oe?ey", ecaanoiay n III a. i. y. e oniaa?oainoaiaaiiay aiineaanoaee Aiyoeai.
7 Ii nooe, ?a?u eaao oae?a i oii, ?oi a ?aieao naiae eiioaioee Yei i?aiaieaaaao aua iaio "eeanne?aneo?" i?iaeaio, cayaeaiio? a na?aaeia 70-o aa. naieioeeaie-ooieoeiiaeenoaie, iiaeaeoo? ca niaie aeneonne? i naieioeea eiiioieeaoee e naieioeea neaieoeeaoee (Ni., iai?eia?: Mounin J. Introduction a la semiologie (Paris: Mouton, 1970). ?. 11—17). Aeuineaa ?acee?ae aaa o?iaiy niiauaiey: aaiioaoeaiue (o?iaaiu oaeoe?aneiai niiauaiey) e eiiiioaoeaiue (eaoaioiua niuneu, aicieea?uea a eiie?aoiii eaaieiae?aneii e eoeuoo?iii eiioaenoa). Noi?iiieee naieioeee eiiioieeaoee ianoaeaaee ia ninn??eaineii oacena i?aaii?aaaeaiiinoe icia?aaiiai e icia?a?uaai, iieaaay, ?oi eiiiioaoeaiua cia?aiey ?ac?ooa?o no?oeoo?o eiaa e, neaaiaaoaeuii, aaea?o iaaicii?iie eiiioieeaoe?. Aaaiou aeuoa?iaoeaiie oi?ee c?aiey n?eoaee e n?eoa?o, ?oi eiiiioaoeaiua cia?aiey iaiieiy?o naieioe?aneee aacen ?aaeuiui nioeieoeuoo?iui niaa??aieai, eo aiaeec iicaieyao iiiyou i?ioann ii?i?aaiey niunea. Aeiaie?aneay ?aaeuiinou naieioe?aneeo nenoai oaeiaa, ?oi e?aie ycue i?aanoaaeyao niaie eiiaeiaoe? aaiioaoeaiiai e eiiiioaoeaiuo o?iaiae, eioi?ua iiaoo iaiyouny ia?ao niaie ianoaie (e aa?a aieaa oiai, Yei, Aa?o e a?oaea oai?aoeee oaa?aiu, ?oi aaiioaoeaiua cia?aiey anou ia ?oi eiia, eae iooeeuo?iaaiiua enoi?eae e iooeeoiaaiiua ycueii eiiiioaoee).
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"Aa?aai Ii?oe?ey", iacaaeneii io aai iaoaoece?aneeo ei?iae, yaeyaony ?ai?acaioaoeae eiae?aneeo ioiioaiee, eioi?ay iaoiaeo naia iaeaieaa aaaeaaoiia io?a?aiea a eaaa neiaa?y.
Eae ecaanoii, neiaie aa?aaa — iaia ec naiuo neeuiuo "oieaa?naeuiuo" no?oeoo? ?aeiaa?aneiai iuoeaiey e i?aeoeee inaiaiey ie?a. I?eioei i?aaiecaoee ?aeiaa?aneiai iiuoa — aaoaeaiea ec aaeiiai oaio?a e iai?a?uaiua iienee "aaeiiai", "auoey", "ia?aiiniiau" — aiieie?oao a iieeoe?aneeo e eoeuoo?iuo no?oeoo?ao e nioeaeuiuo einoeoooao. "A?aai ?ecie", "a?aai iiciaiey", "a?aai n?anouy", "ie?iaia a?aai", "aaiaaeiae?aneia a?aai" — ana yoi ia ?oi eiia, eae niiniau i?aaiecaoee ?aaeaeuiiai, naaiaioe?iaaiiiai, oaio?iaa?iiai i?ino?ainoaa. "Ia yoio ee oieaa?naeuiue i?eioei a?aaa i?aaiecoao iaiyou ?iaa, nicaaao enoi?e? [...], i?aa?auaao aeanou a iieeoeeo, iuneu — a aieo?eio, eieao — a eoeuoo?o?"8 Yoio a?oaoeie?aneee neiaie ia?aoaao cia?aiea i?eioeia ?aaiou niciaiey ia aeoaeiiuo o?iaiyo ?aeiaa?aneie ineoeee. Aey O?aeaa, Eaeaia e a?oaeo ineoiaiaeeoeeia auei i?aaeaii, ?oi aanniciaoaeuiia a?aaiiiaiaii. Enneaaiaaieyie ii ineoeao?ee auei onoaiiaeaii, ?oi neiaie ie?iaiai a?aaa a aai iaeaieaa a?oae?iie ?-ia?aciie oi?ia (aaa iia?a?eiooa neiiao?ey aa?oooee e ei?iae aa?aaa, i?aauo e eaauo aai aaoaae) ianoieuei iieacai aey ii?aaaeaiey ii?iaeuiiai e iaoieiae?aneiai ?acaeoey, ?oi ia iai iniiaai iniaue "oano aa?aaa". Oaeei ia?acii, ?a?u eaao i a?aaiai a?oaoeia, iauai aey ineoieiae?aneiai neeaaa nia?aiaiiuo e?aae9.
Iniciaiea oioaeuiie a?aaiiiaiaiie i?aaiecaoee eoeuoo?u i?eaaei nia?aiaiio? oeeinioe? e iieneo eiuo (ia a?aai-iiaiaiuo) niiniaia iuoeaiey e oii?yai?eaaiey oieaa?noia. ?oi anee i?eioei "?eciiu" (i?aaei?aiiue Aae?cii e Aaaooa?e) yaeyaony aieaa a?aaiei e aieaa oieaa?naeuiui i?eioeiii iuoeaiey? Ai anyeii neo?aa eiaiii a oaeii ee??a ii?ii eioa?i?aoe?iaaou iiiyoea yioeeeiiaaee o Yei: ii ioiioaie? e yoie iiaaee ii?yaie aunooiaao eae ?anoiue neo?ae, eae oi?ia i?aaiaoe?aneiai auai?a aey i?eaioaoee a i?ino?ainoaa ?eciiu. Auyniyaony, ?oi neiaa?u yaeyaony caianee?iaaiiie yioeeeiiaaeae. Ii ?anoai?ai a "iioaioeaeuii aanii?yai?iii
8 Iiai?iaa A. Aeanou e eoeuoo?a. I?iaeaiaoeea aeanoe 6 iieeoe?aneie oeeinioee nia?aiaiiie O?aioee // Iiaia a nia?aiaiiie caiaaiie eoeuoo?ieiaee. I.: EOAI, 1983. N. 130.
9 Ni.: Eaaiia A. A. I?a?ee ii enoi?ee naieioeee a NNN?. I., 1976. N. 82.
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e iaia?aie?aiiii Iea?iii Iooe ineieeia ie?iaiai ciaiey"10.
Yei caeinoaoao o Aae?ca e Aaaooa?e ?ya oa?aeoa?enoee ?eciiu aey aieaa ?acaa?iooiai iiyniaiey yioeeeiiaaee, auaaeyy a ea?anoaa iaeaieaa aa?iuo i?eciaeia neaao?uea: aioeaaiaaeiae?iinou, aaoa?iaaiiinou, iii?anoaaiiinou, ionoonoaea aaiaoe?aneie ine eae aeoaeiiie no?oeoo?u, aicii?iinou nayce n ?ai oaiaii a?oaei, oaiii?aeuiay eciai?eainou. Eiaiii ?eciia i?aainoaaeyao iiaaeu aey yioeeeiiaaee eae ?aaoeyoeaiie naieioe?aneie aeiioacu. A eoiaa oieaa?noi naieicena, oi anou oieaa?noi ?aeiaa?aneie eoeuoo?u, iiieiaaony ei eae no?oeoo?e?iaaiiue iiaiaii eaae?eioo o?aouaai oeia11: 1) ii no?oeoo?e?iaai niaeanii naoe eioa?i?aoaio; 2) ii oaeoe?anee aaneiia?ai, eai aiioneaao iii?anoaaiiua eioa?i?aoaoee, ?aaeecoaiua ?acee?iuie eoeuoo?aie; 3) ii ?aaeno?e?oao ia oieuei "enoeiu", ii oae?a ana, ?oi ii?ao i?aoaiaiaaou ia noaoon "enoeiiiai" (yioeeeiiaaey "?aaeno?e?oao" ia oieuei enoi?e?aneo? i?aaao i oii, ?oi Iaiieaii oia? ia ino?iaa Na. Aeaiu, ii oae?a e eeoa?aoo?io? "enoeio" i oii, ?oi A?oeuaooa oia?ea a Aa?iia); 4) aaiiay naieioe?aneay yioeeeiiaaey ieeiaaa ia auea caaa?oaia, iia nouanoaoao eae ?aaoeyoeaiay eaay; 5) oaeia iiieiaiea yioeeeiiaaee ia io?eoaao nouanoaiaaiea no?oeoo?e?iaaiiiai ciaiey, iii eeou i?aaiieaaaao, ?oi yoi ciaiea ia ii?ao auou i?aaieciaaii eae aeiaaeuiay e en?a?iuaa?uay nenoaia, iii iaania?eaaao oieuei eieaeuiua e a?aiaiiua nenoaiu ciaiey.
"Neiaa?u" aiieia oianoai, eiaaa iu oioei auyaeou e iienaou iaeanou eiinainona, a i?aaaeao eioi?ie eaaioeoeoe?oaony aaiiue aeneo?n. Anee "yioeeeiiaaey" — yoi "iaoii?yai?aiiay naou ia?ea?ia", oi neiaa?u i?aainoaaeyao iai aicii?iinou i?eaanoe nenoaio a iaeee a?aiaiiue ea?a?oe?aneee ii?yaie. Oaeei ia?acii, yioeeeiiaaey — yoi naiaioe?aneia iiiyoea, a "neiaa?u" — i?aaiaoe?aneee iaoaieci. Iaoiaeouny a aaaaiee ii?aaaeaiiiai neiaa?y, oi anou ?anoe?iiai e cae?uoiai aeaaiey ie?a, — cia?eo iaoiaeouny a ?aieao iaeie eaaieiaee, iineieueo eaaieiaey — yoi ?anoe?iia e ?aci?aaiiia ie?iaeaaiea, eioi?ia ioaa?aaao iii?anoaaiiinou acaeiiioiioaiee naiaioe?aneiai oieaa?noia. Iia i?aneaaoao naie i?aaiaoe?aneea oaee e i?iaooe?oao ii?aaaeaiiue aea ciaeia ?aaii eae e eo eioa?i?aoaoe?.
10 Eco U. Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language. ?. 47.
11 Ibid. ?. 83—85.
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Iaia?aie?aiiue naieicen e i?aaaeu eioa?i?aoaoee
Niaoeoe?aneei aeeaaii Oiaa?oi Yei a oai?e? naieioeee ii?ii n?eoaou iiiuoeo i?aiaieaiey i?ioeai?a?ey ia?ao Ie?nii e Ninn??ii, eioi?ia i?e anae ia?aaienaeuiinoe iiaiaiie oi?ioee?iaee aieaia a?aiy n?eoaeinu aiieia i?aaeaiui: ia neo?aeii nei?eeny noa?aioei, niaeanii eioi?iio "naieioeeo" ioaaeyao io "naieieiaee"1 oa ?a aenoaioey, eioi?ay i?eaaea e ?acee?aie? "eeiee Ie?na" (eiae?aneay aaoau) e "eeiee Ninn??a" (eeiaaenoe?aneay o?aaeoey). Ia?aui, eoi iiiuoaeny ii?iaa?aioou ieo ia aioeoaoe?iinoe Ie?na e Ninn??a, aue ?iiai ?eianii, iaiaei Yei oaeoaee yoe i?aanoaaeaiey e a iino?iaiee naiae eiioaioee ?oeiaianoaiaaeny i?eioeiii eo neioaca.
Iaiauay a i?aaaeuii oi?iuaiiii aeaa a?aoiaiou noi?iiieeia ?acaaeaiey aaoo o?aaeoee, ii?ii ioiaoeou neaao?uaa. Ie?n, i?e anae aai iiiaia?aiiinoe, inoaaaeny ia iiceoeyo oeeinioee e eiaeee, oi?ioee?oy nai? naieioe?aneo? i?ia?aiio. Ii ia i?aaei?ee ie iaiiai ii?aaaeaiey ycuea. Aey iaai ycue — yoi i?inoi neiaa, a yoe iineaaiea e anou ciaee, oi anou neiaieu — eiiaaioeiiaeuiua ciaee. Aey Ninn??a ?a ciae —
1 "Naieioeea" eee "naieieiaey"? Eiee, Ie?n eniieuciaaee oa?iei "naieioeea" niaeanii oie o?aaeoee, eioi?ay aaaao e a?aaiei a?aeai. Ninn?? no?aiiui ia?acii i?aaii?ae "naieieiaey". Ii e?aiiuoii a?oaia — yoio enoi?e?aneee ia?aaien aiineaanoaee aue nai naieioece?iaai, eiioaiooaeuii iainiiaai eae ?acee?ea a iiaoiaao Ie?na e Ninn??a. E?enoaaa ?acaaeeea iaa oa?ieia ii aaoi o?iaiyi Ninn??eaineie no?oeoo?u ciaea: naieioeea eco?aao ia?oaioeaiue (naineaaeuiue, ?oanoaaiiue) o?iaaiu ciaea — o. a. icia?a?uaa; naieieiaey ?a caieiaaony eiioaiooaeuiui o?iaiai ciaea, o. a. icia?aaiui. (Ni.: Kristeva J. Semeiotike. Recberches pour une semanalyse. Editions du Seuil, 1969.) Aia?eeaiou i?eaueee n?eoaou, ?oi naieieiaey (Ninn??a) — yoi eeou noanoa?a aieaa oieaa?naeuiiai oeeinioneiai ea?eana, i?aanoaaeaiiiai o Ie?na. A?aeian, Aa?o iieaaaee, ?oi "ianoiyuay naieieiaey" ?ac?aaaouaaeanu Ie?nii. Yei iiieiaao iia naieieiaeae iaoanaieioeeo. A i?eioeia, neaaoao i?eciaou, ?oi yoe oa?ieiu ii?oe neiiieie?iu e ?acee?ea ia?ao ieie ii?ao auou aa?iui eeou a aeneonneyo niaoeaeenoia. Oai aieaa, ?oi a?aieou ia?ao ieie i?aiu iiaae?iu (anee aiai?eou i iaoea-iauaeoa e iaoaiaoea, iai?eia?).
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yoi i?a?aa anaai ciae eeiaaenoe?aneee, ycueiaie (aa?a anee Ninn?? i?aaeaaae aieaa oe?ieo? ia?niaeoeao aey naieioe?aneiai eco?aiey "?ecie ciaeia aioo?e iauanoaa"). Ie?na ia eioa?aniaaee ia?ae?iua ciaeiaua ioiioaiey, a oi a?aiy eae Ninn?? i?aaei?ee iiiyoea cia?eiinoe e a oaeii no?aieeny iaeoe iaeee oieaa?naeuiue i?eioei, ia eioi?ii iniiaaii ana iiiaiia?acea ?a?aaie aayoaeuiinoe. Anee a naieioeea Ie?na ciae noaiiaeony ciaeii iinoieueo, iineieueo ii ?ai?acaioe?oao iauaeo (iin?aanoaii ?yaa eioa?i?aoaoee), oi o Ninn??a ciae eiinoeooe?oaony aai iiei?aieai a nenoaia, a i?iaeaia ?aoa?aioa auiineony ca neiaee aai oai?ee. "O?eaaiiaiuye" Ie?n i?eienuaaao ciaeo o?eaae?aneo? no?oeoo?o (iauaeo — ciae — eioa?i?aoaio), Ninn?? inoaiaaeeaaaony ia aeia?iie iiaaee (icia?aaiia — icia?a?uaa). Anee Ie?na eioa?aniaaea aeiaieea naieicena, oi Ninn?? ?anniao?eaae ciaeiao? no?oeoo?o a noaoe?aneii ninoiyiee.
Eacaeinu au, eiioaioey Ie?na auaiaii ioee?aaony iaee?eai a iae iiceoeaiiai ?aoaiey eee eae ieieioi iaaac?acee?ey e i?iaeaia ?aoa?aioa, oi anou ioiioaiey ciaea e iioonoi?iiiae ycueo ?aaeuiinoe. Iaiaei aua Aaiaaieno caaaaaeny aii?inii, aiaeece?oy eiioaioe? ciaea o Ie?na: anee ana yoe ciaee (oi anou ciaee e eo eioa?i?aoaiou) aunooia?o eae ciaee a?oa a?oaa, oi iiaoo ee iie a eiia?iii n?aoa auou ciaeaie ?aai-eeai aua, ?oi naii ia yaeyaony ciaeii?2 (Yoi iaiiieiaao iaio ec iiaaee Ai?oana, aaa niaa??aieai nia aue oi?a nii.) A i?ioanna ooieoeiie?iaaiey ciaea (iaia?aie?aiiue naieicen) iaia?o?eaaaony eae ionoonoaea enoiaiiai iauaeoa, oae e eiia?iiai eioa?i?aoaioa (Ie?n aiioneae, ?oi anee i?aanoaaeou naaa naiue nei?iue, en?a?iuaa?uee, eiia?iue eioa?i?aoaio, oi yoi auei au ia ?oi eiia, eae nai iauaeo, yaeaiiue iaoaio niciaie?, ii oaeie iauaeo e oaeie eioa?i?aoaio, — oece?anee oi?aanoaaiiua, — ia nouanoao?o). A ?acoeuoaoa iiiyoea ?aoa?aioa ieacuaaaony aieaa ?ai i?iaeaiaoe?iui, ?oi iaaieuii naee?aao Ie?na n Ninn??ii.
Iiieii yoiai ioe?uaa?ony e a?oaea aicii?iinoe neioaca. Oae, a ?aieao i?iaeaiu aanoanoaioeaeecaoee cia?aiey Ninn??, iaa??eiue eaoaai?eae ?acee?ey, noaaeo aeoaio ia i?iaeaia cia?eiinoe eae iniiaa cia?aiey, ia ?aeyoeiiiuo naienoaao ycuea, ?oi auei naiaia?aciie ?aaie?oeae ii n?aaiaie?
2 Ni.: Aaiaaieno Y. Iauay eeiaaenoeea. I., 1974. N. 71.
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n iiceoeaenoneei ycueiciaieai, eioi?ia ia?aie?eaaeinu ?anniio?aieai aanie?oiuo naienoa (cia?aiee neia, aeonoe?aneeo e a?oeeoeyoeiiiuo naienoa caoeia) eae eiie?aoiuo nouiinoae ycuea. Ie?n naaeae oaeoe?anee oi ?a naiia, eeoea "cia?aiea" aai ii?aaaeaiiie caaeneiinoe io iauaeoa (cia?aiea eiiaaa o?aeooaony eae aaiioao ciaea) e iieacaa, ?oi e?aia cia?aiea i?eioeieaeuii eioa?noauaeoeaii: ycueiaua cia?aiey ia nouanoao?o iiieii eo eniieuciaaiey. Ia nei?ii i?iaanoe iuneaiio? yeno?aiieyoe? e oaeaaou iineaanoaey iiaiaiiai ia?aai?ioa a yienoaiieiae?aneeo i?eaioaoeyo oeeinioee, naieioeee, oai?ee eeoa?aoo?u a XX aaea: io Ie?na e Ninn??a e "ycueiaui ea?ai" Aeoaaiooaeia, io iaai e oaceno i "nia?oe aaoi?a" (eiiiaine?oaiie "?i?aaieai ?eoaoaey") e e i?iaeaia aeia?eioa?i?aoaoee, oi anou e neooaoee, eiaaa niune oaenoa caaeneo eeou io aai eioa?i?aoaoi?a.
Aaeaa, ii iiaie? Yei, iiiyoey ciaea e naieicena ia oieuei ia i?ioeaiiiei?iu, ii, nei?aa, eiiieeiaioa?iu: nouiinou ciaea ?ane?uaaaony a i?ioanna eioa?i?aoaoee, ?oi iicaieyao iai iniciaou, ii?aio cia?aiey ia canouaa?o a caieiooo?, aanie?oio? nenoaio. "Naieioe?aneee i?ioann eioa?i?aoaoee i?aanoaaeyao niaie naio? nouiinou iiiyoey ciaea"3. E?iia oiai, Ninn?? inoaaee ii?aaaeaiea icia?aaiiai ia iieiooe ia?ao iiiyoeai, iuneaiiui ia?acii e ineoieiae?aneie ?aaeuiinou?, ii oeacae, ?oi icia?aaiia naycaii n iuneeoaeuiie aayoaeuiinou? oiai, eoi eiaao aaei n icia?a?uei. Neaaiaaoaeuii, ciae eiieeoeoii iieaaaaony eae eiiioieeaoeaiue iaoaieci, ?oi i?aaeaii a neo?aa n iaia?aie?aiiui naieicenii Ie?na. Iaeiiao, iaa oai?ee — yoi eiioaioee eiiaaioeiiaeuiiai ioiioaiey ia?ao ciaeii (neiaieii, ycueii) e ?aaeuiinou?. A naiae oai?ee naieioeee Yei iaoiaeo oi?ee nii?eeiniiaaiey ia?ao naieioeeie Ie?na e naieieiaeae Ninn??a, ainnoaiaaeeaay iaainoa?uea caaiuy a eiaeea eo ?anno?aaiee, eniieucoy a?aoiaiou iaiiai aey aieacaoaeunoaa oacenia a?oaiai4.
Aey Yei i?eioei iaia?aie?aiiiai naieicena anaaaa aunooiae eae "nayoay nayouo" naieioe?aneie oai?ee. Eiia aaei, ?oi a iineaaiea aiau aio i?eoiaeony aunooiaou a caueoo aooaioe?iiai ie?nianeiai enoieeiaaiey yoiai iiiyoey, eioi?ia a eiioa
3 Eco U. Semiotics and the Philosophy of language (Indiana University Press, 1984). ?. 1.
4 Ni. aieaa iia?iaii ia yoie i?iaeaia: Eco U. A Theory of Semiotics.
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eiioia noaei iiieiaouny iaii?aaaeaiii oe?iei5. A I?aaaeao eioa?i?aoaoee Yei aiaeece?oao ?anoi?aaiey a o?aeoiaea yoiai iiiyoey, aieaa iia?iaii ?anniao?eaay, eae e ii?aio eaay iaia?aie?aiiiai naieicena, yeni?ii?ee?iaaiiay aaeiino?oeoeaeciii, iaa?ioeanu aeia?eioa?i?aoaoeae. Aeaaiay i?e?eia, ii eioi?ie Yei aiaeece?oao niaoeoeeo eiioaioee Ie?na a aa ioee?ee io nia?aiaiiuo oi?i eioa?i?aoaoee, caee??aaony a oii, ?oi nouanoaoao iauay oaiaaioey aini?eieiaou iaia?aie?aiiue naieicen a ea?anoaa naiaiaiiai i?i?oaiey, a i?ioanna eioi?iai aiey eioa?i?aoaoi?a, niaeanii iaoaoi?e?aneiio au?a?aie? ?i?oe, "iaoanuaaao" oaeno a naieo oaeyo6.
I?eciaiea oiai, ?oi oaeno no?aaaao ec-ca ionoonoaey aaoi?a eee ?aoa?aioa, ia iaycaoaeuii aaaao e iunee i oii, ?oi oaeno ia eiaao iauaeoeaiiai eee aoeaaeuiiai eeiaaenoe?aneiai cia?aiey. Aa??eaa no?aieony e oiio, ?oiau aaanoe i?aeoeeo (eioi?ay yaeyaony aieaa oeeinioneie, ia?aee i?aeoe?anei-e?eoe?aneie) aey i?iaieaoee oao oaenoia, eioi?ua i?eiyoi ?anniao?eaaou eae eia?uea ieii?aoaeuiue, ii?aaaeaiiue e i?eiyoue niiauanoaii niune. Ii ?aeaao ii?iaa?aioou ia noieuei niune oaenoa, neieuei iaoaoeceeo i?enoonoaey a eioa?i?aoaoee, iooaeeeaa?uaeny io eaae ieii?aoaeuiiai niunea. Ii aaiiino?e?oao aeanou ycuea e aai niiniaiinou neacaou aieuoa, ?ai ii iaia?aaaaony neacaou aoeaaeuii. Noaiiaeony i?aaeaiui, ?oi n oiai iiiaioa, eae oaeno aue eeoai noauaeoeaiuo iaia?aiee (aaoi?a), o aai ?eoaoaeae iao aieuoa ieeaeeo iaycaoaeunoa, eee aicii?iinoae, inoaaaouny aa?iuie yoei iaia?aieyi. Oaeei ia?acii, ii?ii i?eeoe e caee??aieyi i oii, ?oi ycue aiaea?ai a ea?o iii?anoaaiiuo icia?eaa?ueo i?aeoee; ?oi oaeno ia
5 Iia "naieicenii" Ie?n eiae a aeao i?ioann ooieoeiie?iaaiey ciaea, a eioi?ii iaia?o?eaaaony, ?oi ea?aue ciae n iaiaoiaeiinou? yaeyaony eioa?i?aoaoeae i?aaoanoao?uaai aio ciaea. A i?ioanna naieicena iao ie eiia?iiai iauaeoa, ie eiia?iiai eioa?i?aoaioa, e oai ia iaiaa oieuei aeaaiaa?y yoei ioiioaieyi ia?ao ciaeii e aai iauaeoii iu iiciaai ia?oi, ?oi iaoiaeony ca i?aaaeaie ciaeiauo nenoai (aeaaiaa?y naienoaai ?ai?acaioaoee). (Ni.: Peirce Ch. S. Questions concerning Certain Faculties Claimed for Man, in Peirce on Signs /ed. by J. Hoopes. The University of North Carolina Press, 1991. ?. 49. Ni. oae?a: Peirce Ch. S. Logic as Semiotic: The Theory of Signs, in Philosophical Writings of Peirce /ed. by J. Buchler. Dover Publications, 1955. ?. 99-100.)
6 Ni.: Eco U. Unlimited semiosis and Drift: Pragmaticism vs. "Pragmatism", in The limits of interpretation (Indiana University Press, 1990). ?. 42.
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ii?ao eiaou aanie?oiiai e iaiicia?iiai niunea; ?oi o?ainoaiaaioaeuiia icia?aaiia ia nouanoaoao; ?oi icia?aaiia anaaaa ioeeaauaaaony, a icia?a?uaa anaaaa nouanoaoao a eiii ecia?aiee; ?oi ea?aia icia?a?uaa naycaii n a?oaei icia?a?uei oaeei ia?acii, ?oi ana ieacuaaaony aiaea?aiiui a icia?a?uo? oaii?eo, eioi?ay i?iaie?aaony ai aaneiia?iinoe7.
?i?oe, ?anno?aay i aaeiino?oeoeaecia e a?oaeo oi?iao "oaenooaeecia", iacaae eo ioaaoaeaieyie i?aaiaoecia8. Ii yoi ia oio i?aaiaoeci, eioi?ue i?eienuaa?o Ie?no — "naiiio iineaaiaaoaeuiiio eaioeaioo ec anao". Ii inoi?i?ii inoaaeyao Ie?na aaa-oi ia ia?eoa?ee i?aaiaoecia, ii auaaeaaao ia aeaiia ianoi Aa??eaa e aaeiino?oeoeaenoia aiiaua. Yei i?aaeaaaao ?anniio?aou, eaeei ia?acii Aa??eaa "aene?aaeoe?oao" Ie?na9.
7 Eco U. Unlimited semiosis and Drift: Pragmaticism vs. "Pragmatism", in The limits of interpretation. ?. 33.
8 Ni.: Rorty R. Consequences of Pragmatism. Essays: 1972—1980 (Minneapolis, 1982).
9 No?iainou Yei a ioiioaiee aaeiino?oeoeaecia eiaao naie iniiaaiey (iniaaiii eiaaa ?a?u eaao i oieeiaaiee Ie?na — naiiai "oaiiiai" aaoi?a nia?aiaiiinoe), iaiaei i?iaeaia ii?ao auou auianaia a aieaa oe?ieee eiioaeno. Ai-ia?auo, niiauanoai "ie?niaaaia" ni naiae noi?iiu ia niaeanii n oie o?aeoiaeie, eioi?o? Ie?n iieo?aao a eiioaioee Oiaa?oi Yei (a yoii ieaia aai oi?ea c?aiey ia yaeyaony enoeiie a iineaaiae einoaioee, a nai Yei ia ii?ao oco?ie?iaaou i?aai ia "aaeinoaaiii i?aaeeuio?" eioa?i?aoaoe? Ie?na). Ai-aoi?uo, Yei ie?aai ia aiai?eo ia ia?aoiie noi?iia iaaaee — i oii, ?oi naii ia?auaiea Aa??eaa e Ie?no auei i?iaeeoiaaii no?aieaieai oeoe io no?oeoo?aeenoneie ia?aaeaiu eioa?i?aoaoee e i?aiaieaou ninn??eaineo? oi?eo c?aiey, oioy eiaiii aeeyiea Ninn??a, aai acaeya ia i?iaeaio i?iecaieuiinoe eeiaaenoe?aneiai ciaea i?aaii?aaaeee oaeia i?i?oaiea Ie?na, i eioi?ii caanu aiai?eo Yei, — a naaoa eiioaioee "neaaa" eee eaae "aennaieiaoee". A ioee?ea io Ie?na Ninn?? ii?aaaeye ciae eae oeene?iaaiiia e noaoe?aneia aaeinoai, a eioi?ii ea?aia icia?a?uaa i?eaycaii e naiaio icia?aaiiio. Aa??eaa ?a cayaeyao i aeiaiecia ciaeia: ciae ia ii?ao e ia aie?ai iiieiaouny eae ?anoeay naycu iaiiai icia?a?uaai n ii?aaaeaiiui icia?aaiui; ciae — yoi aae?aiea — oa?aiea — io iaiiai icia?a?uaai e a?oaiio. Yoi aae?aiea ai ana noi?iiu (passepartout)... Aey Aa??eaa naieicen — yoi i?a?aa anaai i?ioann, eioi?ue iaeucy iiiuneeou a caieiooie eiaeea, a naieioeea Ie?na — yoi iaei ec aicii?iuo iooae auoiaa ca i?aaaeu oii?yai?aiiiai ie?a aeia?iuo iiiiceoee Ninn??eaineie naieieiaee. (Ni.: Aae I., A?aenii I. Naieioeea e eneonnoaiciaiea // Aii?inu eneonnoaiciaiey. IX (2/96). N. 536.)
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A I a?aiiaoieiaee Aa??eaa ia?auaaony ca "iiaaa??eie" e aaoi?eoaoai, ?oiau eaaeoeie?iaaou naie i?iaeo naieicena aaneiia?iie ea?u ?acee?ee. N?aae aaoi?ia, eioi?uo ii oeoe?oao, — ia oieuei Ninn?? e ?eianii, ii oae?a Ie?n. Aa??eaa ooaa??aaao, ?oi "Ie?n i?iaaeioeny i?aiu aaeaei a iai?aaeaiee, eioi?ia iu iacaaee aa-eiino?oeoeae o?ainoaiaaioaeuiiai icia?aaiiai"10. A ?acoeuoaoa ii?ao nei?eouny aia?aoeaiea, aoaoi any oai?ey iaia?aie?aiiiai naieicena Ie?na i?ecaaia iiaaa??aou iiceoe? Aa??eaa a aai no?aieaiee "?ann?eoaouny" n i?iaeaiie ?aoa?aioee11. Yei caaaaony aii?inii, ianeieuei ei??aeoia oeeieiae?anee e oeeinionee iiaiaiay eioa?i?aoaoey Ie?na, i?aaeaaay aaeiino?oe?iaaou ?oaiea naiiai Aa??eaa12. Anee Aa??eaa i?aaiieaaaao, ?oi aai eioa?i?aoaoey aa?ia, ii aie?ai oae?a aiionoeou, ?oi oaeno Ie?na eiaao i?eaeeaae?iaaiiia cia?aiea, eioi?ia caanu auaaeyaony, i?eciaaony eae oaeiaia e iaaaoniuneaiii neeiiyaony. Aa??eaa neacae au iaiei ec ia?auo, ?oi aai i?i?oaiea niinianoaoao aaeuiaeoaio aae?aie? oaenoa Ie?na, iaace?ay ia eioaioee aai (oi anou Ie?na) aaoi?a. Ii, aiai?eo Yei, anee iu ia iaycaiu i?eieiaou noi?iio Aa??eaa e caaaaaouny aii?inii, ianeieuei oi?ioi Aa??eaa i?i?eoae Ie?na, oi iu ii?ai ni?ineou naay, aue ee au Ie?n oaiaeaoai?ai oaeei i?i?oaieai. Eiia?ii, Ie?n iiaaa??eaaao eaa? iaia?aie?aiiiai naieicena, ii yoi ia oi ?a naiia, ?oi aaeiino?oeoeaenoneia niauaiea niunea. "Eiaaa Aa??eaa aiai?eo, ?oi iiiyoea eiiioieeaoee ia ii?ao auou naaaaii e eaaa ia?aiina oieoi?iiiai cia?aiey, ?oi iiiyoea aoeaaeuiiai cia?aiey i?iaeaiaoe?ii, ?oi oiio?aaeaiea iiiyoey "eiioaeno" ?eneoao auou iaaaaeaaoiui; eiaaa ii iia?a?eeaaao a oaenoa ionoonoaea ioi?aaeoaey, iieo?aoaey e ?aoa?aioa e enneaaoao ana aicii?iinoe iaiaiicia?iie eioa?i?aoe?oaiinoe yoiai oaii-
10 Ni.: Derrida J. De la grammatologie. Paris: Ed. de Minuit, 1967. ?. 71.
11 Eae ioia?aao N. Eieeeie, iaoaeaeoaeuii, ?oi a aa?an iinono?oeoo?aeenoneie e?eoeee iinoiyiii neuoaony oi?aee a aaaaiee "aaieiie ea?u", eiaaa i?e ?oaiee eaeiai-ieaoau oaenoa oaeoe?anee aaiaeony nianoaaiiay no?aoaaey eioa?i?aoaoee, oiaaa eae ia o?iaia oai?aoe?aneiai iaieoanoa noauaa oaenooaeuiiai niunea anaoaei caaeneo io ?eoaoaeuneiai i?iecaiea. (Ni.: Collini S. Introduction: Interpretation terminable and interminable, in: Eco U. Interpretation and Overinterpretation. Cambridge University Press, 1992. ?. 8.)
12 Ni.: Eco U. Unlimited semiosis and Drift: Pragmaticism vs. "Pragmatism", in The limits of interpretation. ?. 34—35.
13 Ibid. ?. 35.
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iaia; eiaaa ii iaiiieiaao iai, ?oi e?aie ciae ii?ao auou i?ioeoe?iaai e oaeei ia?acii ii oa?yao naie eiioaeno, ?oi aea?ao ca niaie iiyaeaiea iiauo eiioaenoia a ii?oe iaia?aie?aiiuo ianooaaao, — ai anao yoeo e iiiaeo a?oaeo neo?ayo ii aiai?eo oi, ?oi ie iaei naieioee ia niia au ii?iaa?aioou"13. Ii ?anoi Aa??eaa, ?oiau i?eaea?u aieiaiea e iai?aaeaiui enoeiai, caauaaao ia enoeiao aanuia i?aaeaiuo, i ?ai iaeucy oiie?aou. ?i?oe neacae au, ?oi "ii ia caeioa?aniaai a oii, ?oiau niaeaniaaou nai? oeeinioe? ni ca?aaui niuneii"14. Iaiaei, ii iiaie? Yei, Aa??eaa i?eieiaao iiiaea ec yoeo i?aaeaiuo enoei eae ia?oi naii niaie ?acoia?uaany. Aa??eaa, ii ia aai iineaaiaaoaee.
Anee aa?ii, ?oi iiiyoea aoeaaeuiiai niunea i?iaeaiaoe?ii, ana ?aaii iaeucy io?eoaou, ?oi aey enneaaiaaiey anao aicii?iinoae oaenoa, a oii ?enea e oao, eioi?ua ia i?aaoniao?eaaeenu aaoi?ii, eioa?i?aoaoi? aie?ai i?a?aa anaai iooaeeeaaouny io cia?aiey ioeaaie noaiaie — oiai, eioi?ia ii?ii iaeoe a naiii aeoiii e i?eieoeaiii neiaa?a, oiai, eioi?ia cae?aieaii a ycuea ia aaiiue enoi?e?aneee iiiaio, oiai, eioi?ia ie iaei ec ?eaiia aaiiiai ycueiaiai niiauanoaa a ca?aaii oia ia noaiao iiaaa?aaou niiiaie?. E?aia i?aaei?aiea ii?ao auou eioa?i?aoe?iaaii iaoaoi?e?anee: aa?a ooaa??aaiea A?ii ano yaeiei ea?aia oo?i ii?ao auou enoieeiaaii eae "A?ii iiaoi?yao a?ao Aaaia ea?aue aaiu". Ii, ?oiau niaeaneouny n oaeie eioa?i?aoaoeae, anyeee aie?ai i?eciaou, ?oi yaeiei cia?eo oaeie-oi o?oeo, ?oi Aaai n?eoaaony ia?aui ?aeiaaeii e ?oi, niaeanii iaoaio ciaie? Aeaeee, Aaai nuae cai?aoiue ieia15.
Yei i?aaeaaaao ia?aie?eou i?i?oaiey Ie?na, a ia noa?aouny ioe?uou eo "neeoeii oe?iei". Ianiio?y ia oaeeeaeeeci, neiaoeci e iauo? iaii?aaaeaiiinou, anee ia neacaou caiooaiiinou, oeeinioee Ie?na, aey iaai eaay cia?aiey ana ?a i?aaiieaaaao nouanoaiaaiea ?aoa?aioee niaeanii oaee (iiiyoea oaee a oii niunea, a eioi?ii aai oiio?aaeyao ?i?oe, aiieia anoanoaaiiia aey i?aaiaoeea, ii aiaieuii uaeioeeaia aey i?aaiaoenoa). Oaeu, ianiiiaiii, e o? ai anyeii neo?aa a eiioaioee
14 Ni.: Rorty R. Consequences of Pragmatism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982). ?. 87.
15 Ni.: Eco U. Unlimited semiosis and Drift: Pragmaticism vs. "Pragmatism", in The limits of interpretation. ?. 36.
16 Ibid. ?. 37.
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Ie?na, ii?aaaeyaony ?ai-oi, ?oi ea?eo aia ycuea. Aicii?ii, yoi ia eiaao ieeaeiai ioiioaiey e o?ainoaiaaioaeuiiio noauaeoo, ii yoi naycaii n ?aoa?aioii, n aiaoiei ie?ii e a eiia?iii n?aoa i?iaiaeo ia?aeeaeu ia?ao eaaae eioa?i?aoaoee e eaaae eioa?i?aoe?iaaou ia?oi niaeanii aaiiiio cia?aie?.16
Aaeaa, naieicen iaia?aie?ai e naii?acai?a?eaaaony n iiiiuu? eioa?i?aoaioia, ii nouanoaoao eae ieieioi aaa neo?ay, eiaaa naieicen noaeeeaaaony n ?ai-oi, nouanoao?uei aia aai.
Ia?aue neo?ae — yoi ciaee-eiaaenu. Yei aioia inii?eou eaa? Ie?na i oii, ?oi ciaee-eiaaenu naycaiu n iauaeoii, eioi?ue iie iaicia?a?o. A oii niunea, ?oi iie ia iaycaoaeuii oeacuaa?o ia nouanoao?uaai ?aoa?aioa. Iaiaei iaaicii?ii io?eoaou, ?oi iie eae ieieioi oeacuaa?o ia ia?oi, ?oi i?eiaaea?eo yeno?aeeiaaenoe?aneiio eee yeno?anaieiceniiio ie?o.
Aoi?ie i?eia?: e?aie aeo naieicena aaoa?ieie?iaai Aeiaie?aneei Iauaeoii (?aaeuiinou, eioi?ay iaeioi?ui ia?acii ionueaao ciae e aai ?ai?acaioaiaio). Iu nicaaai ?ai?acaioaiaiu, iineieueo ian auio?aaao e yoiio ia?oi aiaoiaa, ea?auaa ca i?aaaeaie naieicena. Aeiaie?aneee Iauaeo ia ii?ao auou yeaiaioii oece?aneiai ie?a, ii ii ii?ao auou yiioeae, iuneu?, ?oanoaii, aa?ie.
Eia?a aiai?y, i?ioann niciaiey (iiiyoea iaia?aie?aiiiai naieicena o Ie?na neo?eo i?a?aa anaai aiinaieiae?aneei oaeyi) ia yaeyaony ?uei-oi ee?iui aaeii — aai aa?aioii aunooiaao niiauanoai. Anee iaaicii?ii ii?aaaeeou, eaeay eiaiii eioa?i?aoaoey i?aaii?oeoaeuiaa, oi ii?ii oioy au i?eiyou ai aieiaiea oio oaeo, ?oi iaeioi?ua eioa?i?aoaoee eiioaenooaeuii iaaiionoeiu17. Oaeei ia?acii, Yei iieacuaaao, ?oi iaia?aie?aiiue naieicen, i?eieiaaiue eae aeiioaoe?aneay eaay, eae yienoaiieiae?aneay aano?aeoey, a ?aaeuiinoe i?eieiaao oi?io ia?aie?aiiuo e aanuia ii?aaaeaiiuo eioa?i?aoaoee, naieoeiie?iaaiiuo aaiiui niiauanoaii.
17 Eco U. Unlimited semiosis and Drift: Pragmaticism vs. "Pragmatism" in The limits of interpretation. ?. 41.
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Aaiaaeiaey "i?aneiaooiai ?eoaoaey"
?ieu ?eoaoaey (1979) ninoieo ec ainuie ynna, oanou ec eioi?uo auee iaienaiu a ia?eia n 1959 ii 1971 aia. A aaiiie eieaa, ianiio?y ia o?iiieiae?aneo? e a ecaanoiie ia?a oaiaoe?aneo? aaoa?iaaiiinou aee??aiiuo a iaa oaenoia, i?aanoaaeai ii?oe aanu ?aia?ooa? oao i?iaeai, eioi?ua ?ac?aaaouaaeenu Oiaa?oi Yei a oio ia?eia e i?eaeaea?o aai aieiaiea ii nae aaiu: i?iaeaia acaeiiaaenoaey oaenooaeuiuo no?aoaaee, ?acee?iua oeiu ?eoaoaeae, oai?ey "aicii?iuo ie?ia" i?eiaieoaeuii e aiaeeco oaaoeuiuo i?eaaiee ?eoaoaey, iiiyoea "noaia?ey" (eee "o?aeia" eae niaieoiiinoe ii?aaaeaiiuo eoeuoo?iuo eeeoa a niciaiee ?eoaoaey), eaaieiaey ?eoaoaey e oaenoa e o. a. Iiyoeea ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey (1959) e Ieo i noia?iaia (1962) ioiinyony e ainaieioe?aneiio ia?eiao e aiineaanoaee auee aiiieiaiu e ia?a?aaioaiu naiei Yei (iai?eia?, Iiyoeea ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey iicaiaa noaea ia?aie aeaaie eieae Ioe?uoia i?iecaaaaiea). Aeaaiie i?iaeaiie, enneaaoaiie a yoeo ynna, yaeyaony aeaeaeoeea "ioe?uoiai" e "cae?uoiai" oaenoia. Naiaioeea iaoaoi?u e I aicii?iinoe ii?i?aaiey ynoaoe?aneeo niiauaiee a ycuea ?ay auee iaienaiu a 1971 aiao; a ieo iiaieiaaony aii?in i oii, eae ynoaoe?aneia eniieuciaaiea ycuea iaoneiaeeaaao eioa?i?aoaoeaiia nio?oaie?anoai aa?anaoa. Neaao?uea aaa oaenoa ?eoi?eea e eaaieiaey a "Ia?e?neeo oaeiao" Y?aia N? e Ia??aoeaiua no?oeoo?u o Oeaieiaa (iaa ?aaiou — 1965 a.) iinayuaiu aiaeeco eioa?i?aoaoeaiuo aicii?iinoae ia oieuei e ia noieuei aaaiaa?aenoneeo i?iecaaaaiee, neieuei oaenoia, ii?i?aaiiuo ianniaie eoeuoo?ie, oi anou ?ann?eoaiiuo ia iaiicia?iia enoieeiaaiea. Iaeiiao, aaa iineaaieo ynna — Ie?n e naieioe?aneea iniiaaiey ioe?uoinoe: ciaee eae oaenou e oaenou eae ciaee (1976) e Lector in fabula: i?aaiaoe?aneay no?aoaaey a iaoaiiaanoaiaaoaeuiii oaenoa (1975—1977) — niinianoaiaaee a iaiaeie noaiaie oiio, ?oi eieaa auea aini?eiyoa eae eioaeeaeooaeuiay i?iaieaoey, a Yei aiineaanoaee i?eoeinu acyou ia naay ioaaonoaaiiinou ca yneaeaoe? "ioe?uoinoe" e aaneiia?iinoe eioa?i?aoaoee, eai onoaiiaeaiiay ei aia?aea, eacaeinu au, ?aoeay ea?a?oey ia?-
129
ao aaoi?ii e ?eoaoaeai — aiieiaioa aaoi?neiai caiunea, aiieiuaiiiai a oaenoa, iaa aini?eyoeai ?eoaoaey — a eiioa eiioia ieacaeanu iiaaa?aiooie niiiaie?1 (aa?a anee nai aaoi? yoiai ia ?aeae).
Anee aniiiieou oio ia?eia, eiaaa auea iioaeeeiaaia yoa eieaa, ii?ii iiiuoaouny i?aanoaaeou naaa, ianeieuei naiaa?aiaiiie iia eacaeanu a neooaoee, eiaaa iai?eaieaiinou no?oeoo?aeenoneiai iiaoiaa e oaenoo, a ?aaii e "eeanne?aneiai" aa?iaiaaoe?aneiai noaea i?aaeaiie aey anao e iio?aaiinou a iiaie ia?aaeaia eioa?i?aoaoee aoeaaeuii aeoaea a aicaooa. E?aiiuoii, iai?eia?, oi ianoiyoaeunoai, ?oi iaiia?aiaiii e ia?aeeaeuii n iei yoo ?a caaa?o ?aoae Eoaei Eaeuaeii. ?ieu ?eoaoaey auea iioaeeeiaaia a oio aia, eiaaa Eaeuaeii auionoee naie ?iiai Anee iooaoanoaaiiee ceiiae ii?u?... oae?a iinayuaiiue i?enoonoae? ?eoaoaey a iiaanoaiaaoaeuiie no?oeoo?a oaenoa. Aua aieaa iaiin?aanoaaiii ia aeooaeuiinou aaiiie i?iaeaiaoeee oeacuaaei i?eaeiaeuiia iacaaiea eieae — Lector in fabula. Iacaaiea eieae a aiaeeeneii ia?aaiaa — ?ieu ?eoaoaey — oo?aoeei yoi iaiiieiaiea i eiioaenoa, iiyaeaoenu eae ?acoeuoao aaaioaoee e oneiaiinoyi aiaeeeneiai ycuea. Yei iiyniyao, ?oi anee au eaoeineia caaeaaea auei ia?aaaaaii aieaa eee iaiaa aoeaaeuii ia aiaeeeneee ycue, oi iii eeoeeinu au anyeiai niunea. Iieo?eeinu au ?oi-oi a?iaa "?eoaoaeu a aania". A aaenoaeoaeuiinoe i?eaeiaeuiia caaeaaea — yoi ia?ao?ace?iaaiiay iiaiai?ea "lupus in fabula", aanuia iiioey?iay a Eoaeee, eioi?ay oiio?aaeyaony a neooaoee, eiaaa eoi-oi, i eii oieuei ?oi aiai?eee i?enoonoao?uea, iai?eaaiii iiyaeyaony, e eioi?o? ia ?onneee ycue ii?ii auei au ia?aaanoe eae "eaaie ia iiieia" eee "iiieiaou ?a?oa". Aianoi "aieea" — ia?niia?a ec neacee, Yei eniieucoao "?eoaoaey"2, e, oaeei ia?acii, nia?aiaiieeo, eiaaoaio i?aanoaaeaiea i ia?eiaoeyo "?eoaoaey" a eeoa?aoo?iuo e naieioe?aneeo e?oaao, auei iiiyoii, ii?aio yoio ?eoaoaeu yaeyaony i?aneiaooui.
Ii?ii ee "eeanneoeoe?iaaou" eaeei-oi ia?acii iiaoia, ?acaeaaaiue Oiaa?oi Yei a eiioaenoa iiiai?eneaiiuo ennea-
1 Ni.: Nieiooeia I. A. Eiioaioey "?eoaoaey" a nia?aiaiiii caiaaiii eeoa?aoo?iaaaaiee // Ooai?anoaaiiay ?aoaioey e aa?iaiaaoeea (iia ?aa. ?. A. Ai?aaa). I., 1985. N. 214.
2 Ni.: Eco U. Six Walks in the Fictional Woods (Harvard University Press, 1994). ?. 1.
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aiaaiee ii i?aaiaoeea eeoa?aoo?iuo oaenoia e oai?ee ?aoaioee, iiyaeaoeony a iineaaiea aiau?3
I?iaeaia "ia?acoiaiai", "aano?aeoiiai", "eaaaeuiiai" ?eoaoaey a naieioeea e oaenooaeuiii aiaeeca i?ioeainoieo eee, oi?iaa, i?aaoanoaoao eaaa ?eoaoaeuneie aoaeoi?ee eae ?acii?iaiie, aaoa?iaaiiie, anaaaa eiie?aoiie e iacaieiooie a?oiia e?aae (ensemble ouvert, a oa?ieiieiaee E. Aieuaiaia), a?aieou e iinoiyiiay oa?aeoa?enoeea eioi?ie ia nouanoao?o. Eaoaai?ey "?aaeuiiai" ?eoaoaey aieaa ?ai i?iaeaiaoe?ia, eai a eiia?iii n?aoa iu ieacuaaainy a ii?i?iii e?oao aiinaieiae?aneeo eaoaai?ee e a e?aii neo?aa eiaai aaei n aano?aeoeyie aieuoae eee iaiuoae noaiaie. A aaiiii neo?aa ?a?u eaao ia aano?aeoee "ia?acoiaiai ?eoaoaey", ?aaeuiinou eioi?iai caaaaony oaenoii e ie a eiae ia?a ia eeanniauie, iieeoe?aneeie, yoie?aneeie, naenoaeuiuie, aio?iiieiae?aneeie e a?oaeie i?eciaeaie eaaioeoeeaoee. "?eoaoaeu" Yei iaiiieiaao, nei?aa, eiiiu?oa?, niiniaiue iaia?o?eou a naiae iaiyoe e niaaeieou a aaca?aie?iii aeia?oaenoa aanu oaenooaeuiue oieaa?noi (e iioiio ii — ia?acoiaue ?eoaoaeu par excellence). Aai aaeinoaaiiie naycu? n ie?ii yaeyaony eoeuoo?iay o?aaeoey, a aaeinoaaiiie ?eciaiiie ooieoeae — ooieoey eioa?i?aoaoee. Yoi nouanoai aac oaea e aac i?aaiia (anee ia?ao?ace?iaaou Aae?ca e Aaaooa?e). A eiia?iii n?aoa, inoaiaaeeaaynu eiaiii ia yoie eaoaai?ee ec anaai iii?anoaa nouanoao?ueo eiioaioia, Yei eniieucoao iiiyoea "ia?acoiaiai ?eoaoaey" ia aey auyniaiey iii?anoaa aai ?aaeoee ia ooai?anoaaiiia oai?aiea (?oi, iai?ioea, aeoaioe?oaony a iiiyoee eiieeoeoiue ?eoaoaeu A. Eca?a), a aey ia?aoaiey ?aaeuiinoe oaenoa, aey caueou aai io iii?anoaa eioa?i?aoaoeaiuo ?aoaiee4.
3 A ?aieao oeiieiaee ?aoaioeaiuo iiaoiaia, i?aaei?aiiie A?.Noyeaa?, eiioaioey Yei ia?yao n oai?eyie Aa?oa, Eaeea?a, ?aiaooa, ?eooaoa?a, Oeoa e Eca?a i?aanoaaeyao oae iacuaaaiue textual-activated iiaoia, niaeanii eioi?iio oaeno onoaiaaeeaaao i?aaeea ea?u aey ?eoaoaey, eioi?ue eiinoeooe?oaony oaenooaeuiuie eiiaaioeyie. A oi ?a a?aiy nouanoao?o context-activated e reader-activated oai?ee, iia?a?eeaa?uea aeoeaiinou ?eoaoaey eee ?ieu enoi?e?aneiai e oai?aoe?aneiai eiioaenoa ?aoaioee. (Ni.: Staiger J. Interpreting Films. Studies in the Historical Reception of American Cinema. Princeton University Press, 1992. ?. 35-47.)
4 Ni.: Nieiooeia I. A. Eiioaioey "?eoaoaey" a nia?aiaiiii caiaaiii eeoa?aoo?iaaaaiee. N. 222.
131
Eae n?eoaao nai Yei, aai i?aanoaaeaie? ia ia?acoiaii ?eoaoaea aieuoa anaai niioaaonoaoao iia?acoiaaaaiue ?eoaoaeu A. Eca?a5. Iaiaei oio iiaoia, eioi?ue i?aaeaaaao Eca?, a aieuoae ia?a io?a?aao oi?eo c?aiey Yei a?aiai Ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey: "iia?acoiaaaaiue ?eoaoaeu" Eca?a i?ecaai ?ane?uou iioaioeaeuio? iii?anoaaiiinou cia?aiee oaenoa. ?aaioay n "nu?ui" iaoa?eaeii, eaeiaui i?aanoaaeyaony iaienaiiue, ii ia i?i?eoaiiue e, neaaiaaoaeuii, ia nouanoao?uee aua oaeno, ?eoaoaeu ai?aaa aaeaou oiicaee??aiey, eioi?ua niinianoao?o ?ane?uoe? iii?anoaaiiuo naycae e ?aoa?aioee i?iecaaaaiey.
Iuiaoiee Ia?acoiaue ?eoaoaeu Yei — oeao?a aua aieaa i?ec?a?iay. Ii auio?aai ianea?aaouny oie naiaiaie, eioi?ay aio inoaaeaia oaenoii (ii?aeoe, yoi eiaiii oio neo?ae, eiaaa "naiiaayoaeuiinou" iaaiionoeia). "Anee oaiaii, ?anno?aay i ?eoaoaea, y aua a aieuoae noaiaie "iaiao", ?ai Eca?, — oi anou aua aieaa aano?aeoiue e aieaa niaeoeyoeaiue", — aiai?eo Yei6.
Ii niciaoaeuii ia ?acaaeyao ie eaaieiae?, ie oai?aoe?aneea acaeyau ineoiaiaeeoe?aneeo, oaieienoneeo e nioeieiae?aneeo oai?ee ?eoaoaey, inoaaaynu aee?a anaai e ia?aaeaia ?aoaioeaiie ynoaoeee, eioi?ay aaiiino?e?oao nai? ii?oe aanie?oio? eiaeooa?aioiinou e nioeiiieeoe?aneiio eiioaenoo aini?eyoey e a yoii niunea — e "?aaeuiiio" ?eoaoae?, e flesh-and-blood person. Oai ia iaiaa, ynoaoece?iaaiiay e ai iiiaii oi?iaeuiay eiioaioey Yei (a oae?a Eca?a, ?eooaoa?a, ?onna), eia?uay aaei n eaaaeuiui ?eoaoaeai e aai ?aciiaeaiinoyie, aiieia niaeanoaony n a?oaeie oai?eyie, enoi?ece?o?ueie noauaeoa ?aoaioee eae ?aaeuiiai ?eoaoaey i?e anae oneiaiinoe yoiai oa?ieia, oioy au a oii niunea, ?oi eeanne?aneia eeoa?aoo?iaaaaiea e no?oeoo?aeenoneay o?aaeoey a oii ?enea a i?eioeia ia eioa?aniaaeenu i?iaeaiie aini?eyoey oaenoa. A i?aaeneiaee e aia?eeaineiio ecaaie? ?iee ?eoaoaey Yei ioia?aao, ?oi eiaiii i?aai?eiyoay ei iiiuoea i?iaeaiaoece?iaaou ?eoaoaey aieaa anaai niinianoaiaaea aai ?anoi?aaie? ni no?oeoo?aeenoaie. A 1967 aiao a iaiii ec eioa?au? ii iiaiao Ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey Eaae-No?inn neacae, ?oi ii ia ii?ao i?eiyou yoo ia?niaeoeao, iineieueo i?iecaaaaiea eneonnoaa —
5 Ni.: Iser W. The Implied Reader (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1974). ?. 278.
6 Ni.: Eco U. Six Walks in Fictional Woods (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994). ?. 16.
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"yoi iauaeo, iaaaeaiiue iaeioi?uie naienoaaie, eioi?ua aie?iu auou aiaeeoe?anee auaaeaiu, e yoi i?iecaaaaiea ii?ao auou oaeeeii ii?aaaeaii ia iniiaa oaeeo naienoa. Eiaaa ?eianii e y iiiuoaeenu inouanoaeou no?oeoo?iue aiaeec niiaoa Aiaea?a, iu ia iiaoiaeee e iaio eae e "ioe?uoiio i?iecaaaaie?", a eioi?ii iu ii?ai iaia?o?eou ana, ?oi auei a iaai caei?aii i?aauaoueie yiioaie; iu ?anniao?eaaee aai a ea?anoaa iauaeoa, eioi?ue, aoao?e iaia?au iaienaiiui, iaeaaaao ecaanoiie (anee ia neacaou e?enoaeuiie) oi?oainou?; iu aie?iu auee auyaeou yoo aai iniaaiiinou"7.
Eiia aaei, ?oi nionoy aaaaoaou eao iiaiea Eaae-No?inna, aicii?ii, ea?aony aieaa aeeceei e enoeia n oi?ee c?aiey Yei 90-o aa. Ai anooieoaeuiie aeaaa e ?iee ?eoaoaey ii ienae, ?oi, iia?a?eeaay ?ieu eioa?i?aoaoi?a, ii ia aiioneae e iunee i oii, ?oi "ioe?uoia i?iecaaaaiea" — yoi ia?oi, ?oi ii?ao auou iaiieiaii e?aui niaa??aieai ii aiea aai yiie?e?aneeo ?eoaoaeae, iacaaeneii eee iaace?ay ia naienoaa oaenooaeuiuo iauaeoia. Iai?ioea, ooai?anoaaiiue oaeno aee??aao a naay, iiieii aai iniiaiuo, iiaea?aueo aiaeeco naienoa, ii?aaaeaiiua no?oeoo?iua iaoaieciu, eioi?ua aaoa?ieie?o?o eioa?i?aoaoeaiua
no?aoaaee8.
?aoaioeaiua enneaaiaaiey e nia?aiaiiua oai?ee eioa?i?aoaoee ia aicieeee ex nihilis. Iaiaei aaei caee??aaony a oii, ?oi ia i?ioy?aiee iiiaeo aaeia i?aaa oaenoa e aai aaoi?a eacaeenu iacuaeaiuie, a i?iaeaia ?eoaoaey caieiaea aanuia ne?iiiia ianoi a i?inaaoeoaeuneeo ii naiae nooe oai?eyo iaiiiai?aaeaiiiai aicaaenoaey aaoi?a e aai i?iecaaaaiey ia ?aoeieaioa. "?eoaoaeu" inoaaaeny ia ia?eoa?ee aoiaieoa?enoeee aieiou ai 60-o aiaia XX aaea (ca enee??aieai nii?aae?aneeo enneaaiaaiee, i?iaiaeiuo, nei?aa, a ?aieao nioeieiaee). Nai oaeo iiaiaiie ia?aeiaeuiinoe naeaaoaeunoaoao i oii, ?oi ia i?ioy?aiee noieaoee oeao?a Nicaaoaey caieiaea aeaaiia ianoi a caiaaiuo eioaeeaeooaeuiuo i?aeoeeao. Eaay Aiaa eae Aaoi?a anaai nouaai yaii eee iayaii aaioiiaeyea o?aaeoeiiio? enoi?eia?aoe?, eeoa?aoo?iaaaaiea, eneonnoai e a?oaea noa?u n i?enouei ei eoeuoii oai??aneeo e aaieaeuiuo ee?iinoae, nicaa-
7 Ni.: Caruso ?. Conversazioni con Levi-Strausse, Foucault, Lacan (Milano: Mursia, 1969). ?. 81-82.
8 Eco U. "Intentio Lectoris: The State of the Art", in The limits of interpretation. Bloomington&Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1990.
?. 50.
133
?ueo i?iecaaaaiey e a?aiaoece?o?ueo enoi?e?. Iiceoey aaieo?aa e eaay iaaeaeiiai oaio?a, aeaaiaa?y eioi?iio oieaa?noi ia?aoaao iaeioi?o? oaeinoiinou e iniuneaiiinou, ia auee ioiaiaiu a iaii?anua ieooaaineei oacenii i "nia?oe aiaa": iu onaieee o?iee no?oeoo?aeecia ainoaoi?ii oi?ioi, ?oiau iiiyou, ?oi oaio? e ianoi aiaa — yoi yooaeo no?oeoo?u. Iiyoiio eoeuo Aaoi?a aiieia eiae?ii onooiee ianoi eoeuoo ?eoaoaey — iiaiai Dieu cache, iaaaey?uaai neiaa niuneii, eiaio?uaai aaue e oii?yai?eaa?uaai ie? naiei acaeyaii.
N?aae oaenoia, eioi?ua iaaieuii nua?aee aa?io? ?ieu a yoii no?oeoo?iii "ia?aiauaiee" e a iauai eciaiaiee ia?aaeaiu oaenooaeuiie eioa?i?aoaoee, ii?ii auei au oiiiyioou Eeiaaenoeeo e iiyoeeo ?. ?eianiia (1952), iineieueo ?eoaoaeu aue i?aanoaaeai iaeiiao a ea?anoaa iieiii?aaiiai ?eaia i?ioanna eiiioieeaoee, e eeou iinea yoiai aeoa eaaeoeiaoee Aaoi?o auei iicaieaii "oia?aou" ai eiy ?i?aaiey ?eoaoaey. Oaeei ia?acii, Oiaa?oi Yei n aai eaaae "ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey" (a 1959 aiao) ieacaeny iaiei ec ia?auo oai?aoeeia "iiaie aieiu".
N iiceoee oeiieiaee iniiaiuo iiaoiaia, neaaiaaei au caiaoeou, ?oi anee aica?auaiea e aaoi?neei eioaioeyi, eae e e a?oaei oaiiinoyi o?aaeoeiiiie e?eoeee, auaeyaaei au naaiaiy iai?inoeoaeuiui aiao?iieciii, oi nii? ia?ao caueoieeaie eioaioee ?eoaoaey e eioaioee oaenoa ana aua aeooaeai. Eiaiii a ?onea yoiai nii?a ?acaeaaeenu a iineaaiea aanyoeeaoey iniiaiua eiioaioee eioa?i?aoaoee oaenoa. Iii?anoai ?acee?iuo oai?aoe?aneeo iiaoiaia (aa?iaiaaoeea, ?aoaioeaiay ynoaoeea, e?eoeea ?eoaoaeuneeo ?aaeoee, naieioe?aneea oai?ee eioa?i?aoaoeaiiai nio?oaie?anoaa, aieiou ai "o?ana?ua aiiiaaiiiai a?oeiaeaaa aaeiino?oeoeaecia") ieacaeinu iauaaeiaii iauei eioa?anii e oaenooaeuiui enoieai eioa?i?aoaoeaiiai oaiiiaia. "Yoi icia?aao, ?oi eo eioa?aniaaee ia yiie?e?aneea aaiiua eiaeaeaoaeuiiai eee eieeaeoeaiuo aeoia ?oaiey (eco?aaiuo nioeieiaeae aini?eyoey), ii, nei?aa, eiino?oeoeaiay (eee aaeiino?oeoeaiay) aayoaeuiinou oaenoa, i?aanoaaeaiiay aai eioa?i?aoaoi?ii — a oie ia?a, a eaeie yoa aayoaeuiinou eae oaeiaay i?aanoaaeaia, i?aaienaia e iiaaa??eaaaony eeiaeiie iaieoanoaoeae oaenoa"9.
9 Eco U. "Intentio Lectoris: The State of the Art" // The limits of interpretation. ?. 45.
134
A i?aaaeuii iaiauaiiii e ianeieuei noaiaoece?iaaiiii aeaa ii?ii ainnoaiiaeou iniiaiua yoaiu noaiiaeaiey nia?aiaiiie ia?aaeaiu eioa?i?aoaoee10, ?anniao?eaay ioiioaiey "aaoi? — oaeno — ?aoeieaio" a enoi?e?aneie ia?niaeoeaa.
?ieu aaoi?a eae iniiaiiai eiaanoi?a cia?aiey oaenoa enneaaiaaeanu o?aaeoeiiiie ("oeieuiie") e?eoeeie: iieeoe?aneee e nioeaeuiue eiioaeno nicaaiey i?iecaaaaiey, aeia?aoey aaoi?a e auneacuaaiey aaoi?a i naiai i?iecaaaaiee ?anniao?eaaeenu eae iniiaaiea aey ?aeiino?oeoee eioaioee aaoi?a e niioaaonoaaiii a yoie ia?aaeaia oaeno i?aaiiei?eoaeuii iia eiaou iaeee aooaioe?iue niune. E?iia oiai, yoiio iiaoiao auea naienoaaiia aoeuaa?iinioeieiae?aneay aa?a a ?ai?acaioaoeaiinou oaenoa, oi anou niiniaiinou io?a?aou nioeaeuio? ?aaeuiinou e iaeioi?ua oaa?aaiey aaoi?a (i?aneiaooay "e?aniay ieou", eioi?ay aie?ia i?ioiaeou ?a?ac ana oai??anoai ienaoaey). Eciaiyaiinou niunea a caaeneiinoe io eiioaenoa ?aoaioee, noauaeoeaiinou i?i?oaiey e ionoonoaea eiiaiaioiiai oaenoo niunea ia aoiaeee a ?enei aiionoeiuo ?acii?oaiee yoie ia?aaeaiu.
"Oaeno, oaeno e ie?aai, e?iia oaenoa" — oae ii?ii auei au noi?ioee?iaaou a aaoo neiaao e?aai eeoa?aoo?iuo oai?ee, aaioiiaeaiiuo ?onneei oi?iaeeciii, aia?eeaineie iiaie e?eoeeie e o?aioocneei no?oeoo?aeeciii. Auei au aieaa ?ai cao?oaieoaeuii i?aanoaaeou caanu ana oi iiiaiia?acea eaae e iaoiaia, eioi?ua auee i?aaei?aiu yoeie o?aaeoeyie, iaiaei ii?ii ooaa??aaou iaaa?iyea, ?oi i?ei?eoao inoaaaeny ca eioaioeae oaenoa, aai icia?eaa?ueie no?oeoo?aie e niiniaiinou? e ii?i?aaie? niunea. A ?aieao no?oeoo?aeenoneiai iiaoiaa iiiuoea i?eiyou ai aieiaiea ?ieu ?aoeieaioa auaeyaaea au eae iinyaaoaeunoai ia nouanoaiaaaoo? aiaio, niaeanii ei-
10 Aey aieaa iieiiai iaci?a nouanoao?ueo o?aaeoee, oeie e iniiaiuo i?iaeai nia?aiaiiie oai?ee eioa?i?aoaoee e ?aoaioee ni.: Eco U. Intentio Lectoris: The State of the Art, in The limits of interpretation (Indiana University Press, 1990); Suleiman S. R. Introduction: Varieties of Audience-Oriented Criticism, in The Reader in the Text (ed. by S. R. Suleiman and I. Crosman. Princeton University Press, 1980); Stai-ger J. Interpreting Films. Studies in the Historical Reception of American Cinema (Princeton University Press, 1992); Reader-Response Criticism: From Formalism to Post-Structuralism (ed. by J. ?. Tompkins. Baltirnore:The John Hopkins University Press, 1980); Holub R. C. Reception Theory: A Critical Introduction (Methuen, 1984); Ooai?anoaaiiay ?aoaioey e aa?iaiaaoeea (iia ?aa. ?. A. Ai?aaa). I., 1985 e a?.
135
oi?ie oi?iaeuiay no?oeoo?a oaenoa aie?ia aiaeece?iaaouny naia ii naaa e ?aae naay11. Ia?ao oai a eciaieaoainy eiioaenoa aeneonnee ia eioa?i?aoaoee yoio no?oeoo?aeenoneee i?eioei o?ainoi?ie?oaony a iiceoeaiue oacen i oii, ?oi ?eoaoaeuneay ?aaeoey aaoa?ieie?iaaia i?a?aa anaai niaoeoe?aneeie iia?aoeyie oaenoa. Oioy neioac no?oeoo?aeenoneie e?eoeee n ineoiaiaeecii a naia a?aiy aae ii?oanoaiaaou, ?oi a ?aieao yoiai iiaoiaa enoi?e?iinou aini?eyoey ioaa?aaaony naiie oieaa?naeuiinou? oaenooaeuiuo i?ioaao?. A yoii niunea no?oeoo?aeeci ana aua aeecie e o?aaeoeiiiiio iiieiaie? i?ioanna eioa?i?aoaoee eae auyaeaiey caee??aiiie a i?iecaaaaiee aanie?oiie ooai?anoaaiiie oaiiinoe, a oi a?aiy eae, iai?eia?, a ?aieao ?aoaioeaiie ynoaoeee, a oae?a e nioeieiaee eeoa?aoo?u "i?iecaaaaiea ?anniao?eaaaony ia eae naia ii naaa nouanoao?uay ooai?anoaaiiay oaiiinou, a eae eiiiiiaio nenoaiu, a eioi?ie iii iaoiaeony ai acaeiiaaenoaee n ?eoaoaeai, c?eoaeai, neooaoaeai". Aia iio?aaeaiey i?iecaaaaiea iaeaaaao eeou iioaioeaeuiui niuneii. A eoiaa i?iecaaaaiea ia?eiaao ?anniao?eaaouny eae "enoi?e?anee ioe?uoia yaeaiea, oaiiinou e niune eioi?iai enoi?e?anee iiaae?iu, eciai?eau, iiaaa?ony ia?ainiuneaie?"12.
Nioeieiaey eeoa?aoo?u 60—70-o aa. i?aanoaaeyea niaie iaio ec aicii?iuo aeuoa?iaoea no?oeoo?aeenoneie eiioaioee oaenoa e aai ioiioaiee n ?eoaoaeai. Oae, Aieuaiai, ?anniao?eaay i?iecaaaaiea a oaeinoiinoe eiiioieeaoeaiuo i?ioannia eae ia yoaia nicaaiey, oae e ia yoaia iio?aaeaiey, a oae?a o?eouaay nioeaeuio? aaoa?ieie?iaaiiinou yoeo neooaoee, oeacae ia cia?eiinou enneaaiaaiee eiioaenoa (i?e yoii eiaaony a aeao oae?a e oaiiiai eieeaeoeaiiai niciaiey, aee??a?uaai a naay eaaieiae?). A oaeii ?a nioeieiaey eeoa?aoo?u enneaaoao, nei?aa, nioeaeece?iaaiiua eioa?i?aoaoee e ia eioa?anoaony oi?iaeuiie no?oeoo?ie oaenoa.
?aoaioeaiay ynoaoeea13 e eeoa?aoo?iay naieioeea (i?aaiaoeea) 70-o aiaia ia oieuei oaeoaeee i?aanoaaeaiey i niiniaao
11 Ni.: Eco U. "Intentio Lectoris: The State of the Art". ?. 44.
12 Cenu A. ?., Noaoaoeay I. N. Ooai?anoaaiiay eiiioieeaoey e ?aoaioey eae aa caaa?oa?uaa caaii // Ooai?anoaaiiay ?aoaioey e aa?iaiaaoeea (iia ?aa. ?. A. Ai?aaa). I., 1985. N. 186.
13 Rezeptionsasthetik — aeaaiui ia?acii annioee?oaony n Eca?ii, ?onnii e iaeioi?uie a?oaeie i?aanoaaeoaeyie oeieu eeoa?aoo?iuo enneaaiaaiee ec oieaa?neoaoa Eiinoaiou. A aayoaeuiinoe yoiai, ii nouanoao, iaoi?iaeuiiai iauaaeiaiey, cayaeaoaai i naaa a 1963 aiao, a ?aciia a?aiy i?eieiaee oae?a o?anoea I. ?eooaoa? e N. Oeo. Aieaa iia?iaii i niaoeoeea iaoiaieiaee yoie oeieu a aa ioee?ee io, iai?eia?, aooaeoeaiie noeeenoeee eee "reader-response criticism" ni.: ?. de Man "Introduction", in Jauss H. R. Towards an Aesthetic of Reception (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983). ?. vii—
xxix.
136
e i?ioaao?ao aiaeeca ?aoaioeaiie neooaoee, ii e ieii?aoaeuii i?iynieee iauo? ia?niaeoeao oai?ee ?eoaoaeuneeo ioaaoia. N?aae iaeaieaa ?ai?acaioaoeaiuo oai?aoeeia yoie ia?aaeaiu — A. Eca?, I. ?eooaoa?, X. ?. ?onn, N. Oeo e a?oaea. ?aoaioeaiue iiaoia caee??aaony a oii, ?oi cia?aiea niiauaiey caaeneo io eioa?i?aoaoeaiuo i?aaii?oaiee ?aoeieaioa: aa?a iaeaieaa i?inoia niiauaiea, auneacaiiia a i?ioanna iauaaiiiai eiiioieeaoeaiiai aeoa, iie?aaony ia aini?eyoea aa?anaoa, e yoi aini?eyoea iaeioi?ui ia?acii aaoa?ieie?iaaii eiioaenoii (i?e yoii eiioaeno ii?ao auou eioa?oaenooaeuiui, eio?aoaenooaeuiui e yeno?aoaenooaeuiui, a ?a?u eaao ia oieuei i ?aoaioee eeoa?aoo?iuo oaenoia, ii oae?a e e?auo a?oaeo oi?i niiauaiee). "No?ainoao?uay oi?ea c?aiey" (Wandelnde Blickpunkt — A. Eca?) caaeneo eae io eiaeaeaoaeuii-ineoieiae?aneeo, oae e io nioeaeuii-enoi?e?aneeo oa?aeoa?enoee ?eoaoaey. A auai?a oi?ee c?aiey ?eoaoaeu naiaiaai ia iieiinou?, eai aa oi?ie?iaaiea ii?aaaeyaony oae?a e oaenoii, oioy "ia?niaeoeau oaenoa iaeaaa?o oieuei "oa?aeoa?ii eino?oeoee", aeoaioe?o?ueo aieiaiea e eioa?an ?eoaoaey ia ii?aaaeaiiii niaa??aiee"14.
A yoii niunea e yoei eiioaioeyi ioiineony e aaeiino?oeoeaeci, "aey eioi?iai oaeno — anaai eeou nei?iue aoeao iaioi?ieaiiuo aicii?iinoae, noeioee?o?uee eioa?i?aoaoeaiue a?aeo naiaai ?eoaoaey"15. I?eia?aoaeuii oae?a oi, ?oi "a i?aauaouea aanyoeeaoey a ea?anoaa oaenoia, niiniaiuo iaia?eou, iaia?aiii e i?iaieaoeaii, nai? iacaaa?oaiio? nouiinou (open-ended nature), ?anniao?eaaeenu i?aeiouanoaaiii ooai?anoaaiiua i?iecaaaaiey (iniaaiii oa, eioi?ua i?eiaaea?ao iiaa?ienoneie o?aaeoee). Iaiaei a iineaaiaa a?aiy yoei naienoaii iaaaeyaony i?aeoe?anee e?aie aea oaenoa"16.
14 Cenu A. ?., Noaoaoeay I. N. Ooai?anoaaiiay eiiioieeaoey e ?aoaioey eae aa caaa?oa?uaa caaii. N. 191.
15 Ni.: Eco U. "Intentio Lectoris: The State of the Art". ?. 52.
16 Ibid. ?. 45.
137
Naieioe?aneea oai?ee eioa?i?aoaoeaiiai nio?oaie?anoaa (e eioi?ui ioiineony e eiioaioey Oiaa?oi Yei) ?anniao?eaa?o oaenooaeuio? no?aoaae? eae nenoaio i?aaienaiee, aa?aniaaiio? ?eoaoae?, ia?ac e iiaaeu eioi?iai oi?ie?oaony oaenoii iacaaeneii io e caaieai ai yiie?e?aneiai i?ioanna ?oaiey. Enneaaiaaiea aeaeaeoeee ioiioaiee ia?ao aaoi?ii e ?eoaoaeai, ioi?aaeoaeai e iieo?aoaeai, ia??aoi?ii e ia??aoaoi?ii ii?iaeei oaeo? oieio, iienoeia aia?aoey?uo?, naieioe?aneeo eee yeno?aoaenooaeuiuo ia??aoi?ia, noauaeoia auneacuaaiey, oieaeecaoi?ia, aieinia, iaoaia??aoi?ia e ia iaiaa aia?aoey?uaa eiee?anoai ?acee?iuo oeiia ?eoaoaeae, n?aae eioi?uo ii?ii ano?aoeou "iaoa?eoaoaey", "a?oe?eoaoaey", "aaenoaeoaeuiiai", "aeanoiiai", "eiaa?aioiiai", "eiiiaoaioiiai", "eaaaeuiiai", "ia?acoiaiai", "iia?acoiaaaaiiai", "i?ia?aiie?oaiiai", "ae?ooaeuiiai", "?aaeuiiai", "nii?ioeaey?uaainy" e aa?a ?eoaoaey "ioeaaie noaiaie"17.
Iiaeoeeaoey, iiioey?ecaoey e e?eoeea yoeo iiaoiaia, a oae?a iiiuoea ia?aeoe io ia?acoiaiai e "?aaeuiiio" ?eoaoae?, eaaioe?iinou eioi?iai ii?aaaeyaia a oa?ieiao eeanna, iiea, yoie?aneie i?eiaaea?iinoe, ?anu e a?oaeo nioeaeuiuo e eoeuoo?iuo eaoaai?ee, auee inouanoaeaiu oaieieciii, "eoeuoo?iuie enneaaiaaieyie", a oae?a ?acee?iuie oai?eyie enoi?e?aneie ?aoaioee eeii e eeoa?aoo?u.
17 Ni.: Eco U. "Intentio Lectoris: The State of the Art". ?. 45; a oae?a: Staiger J. Interpreting Films. Studies in the Historical Reception of American Cinema (Princeton University Press, 1992). ?. 24. Aaconeiaii, i?eaeeaae?iaaiiue noaoon aaaiaa?aenoneeo i?iecaaaaiee ii?aaaeyeny oai?aoe?aneeie iiei?aieyie i ooieoeiie?iaaiee ynoaoe?aneeo ii?i a iauanoaa, ia ynoaoe?aneeo e iaynoaoe?aneeo ooieoeyo, ia yeeoa?iie e ianniaie eoeuoo?a e o. a. Iai?eia?, Eca? iia?a?eeaae a Eiieeoeoiii ?eoaoaea, ?oi ?iiaiu A?iena, i?eaioe?iaaiiua ia "iiaue" oei eiieeoeoiiai ?eoaoaey, yaey?ony aaaiaa?aiuie (e yeeoa?iuie), iineieueo aaeaei ia anyeee ?eoaoaeu, a eeou eca?aiiue niiniaai e iieiioaiiiio aini?eyoe? e yecenoaioeaeuiiio niia?a?eaaie? oaeiai oaenoa. Aneaa ca Ioea??ianeei Eca? n?eoaao, ?oi eiieeoeoiue ?eoaoaeu onoaiaaeeaaao iiaua oi?iu ?oaiey, eioi?ua aiineaanoaee oo?a?eaa?o naa?anou ia?ae?iiai yiioeiiaeuiiai aini?eyoey e "oi?iaeeco?ony" a i?ioanna aaaioaoee ei aeonai aieaa oe?ieeo neiaa ?eoa?uae ioaeeee. I?e yoii ynoaoe?aneia ia?aoiaeo ai aiaynoaoe?aneia. Iiaiaiua eaae ?ac?aaaouaaeenu Yei a ia?eia Ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey, eiaaa ii aiaeece?iaae iiaua eiae?o?uea aicii?iinoe, i?aaeaaaaiua aaaiaa?aiui eneonnoaii, ioia?ay, ?oi iiaue eia i?aanoaaeyao niaie "naieioe?aneee aieeaa", i?aaiacia?aiiue i?aiu oceie aoaeoi?ee.
138
Aey Yei ?aeiino?oeoey ?acaeoey ?acee?iuo eioa?i?aoaoeaiuo iiaoiaia eioa?ania a ia?ao? i?a?aau oai, ?oi iicaieyao auynieou, ianeieuei "i?eaeiaeuia" i?eaioe?iaaiiay ia ?eoaoaey e?eoeea. Ii iieaaaao, ?oi oaeoe?anee "any enoi?ey ynoaoeee ii?ao auou naaaaia e enoi?ee oai?ee eioa?i?aoaoee e oiio aicaaenoae?, eioi?ia i?iecaaaaiea eneonnoaa ieacuaaao ia naiaai aa?anaoa". Ii?ii, iai?eia?, ?anniao?eaaou a ea?anoaa ?aoaioeaiuo oai?ee Iiyoeeo A?enoioaey, n?aaiaaaeiaua o?aiey i i?ae?aniii eae caee??eoaeuiii yoaia "aeaaiey", iiaua eioa?i?aoaoee A?enoioaey, i?aaei?aiiua iuneeoaeyie ?aiannaina, ?ya eiioaioee eneonnoaa e i?ae?aniiai, ?ac?aaioaiiuo a XVIII aaea, aieuoo? ?anou ynoaoeee Eaioa, ia aiai?y o? i iiiaeo a?oaeo nia?aiaiiuo oai?eyo18. Aua ?a?ec Ii??en a naieo Iniiaao oai?ee ciaea (1938) ioiaoee, ?oi ia?auaiea e ?iee eioa?i?aoaoi?a auei a aunoae noaiaie oa?aeoa?ii aey a?a?aneie e eaoeineie ?eoi?ee, aey eiiioieeaoeaiie oai?ee nioenoia, A?enoioaey, Aaaonoeia, aey eioi?iai ciaee ii?aaaey?ony oai oaeoii, ?oi iie ii?i?aa?o iuneu a ?acoia aini?eieia?uaai.
Oa?aeoa?ii, ?oi eeanne?aneea "oai?ee ?aoaioee" iiaaioiaeee ii?ao aey nia?aiaiiuo aaaaoia, iaicia?ea i?iaeaio eioa?i?aoaoee eae iiiuoeo iaeoe a oaenoa eee oi, ?oi ?aeae neacaou aaoi?, eee oi, ?oi oaeno niiauaao iacaaeneii io aaoi?neeo iaia?aiee, — a iaieo neo?ayo ?a?u eaao ia "ioe?uoee" oaenoa. I?e yoii iaa iiceoee ?eneo?o ieacaouny einoaioeyie "yienoaiieiae?aneiai oaiaoecia" (Yei iieaaaao, ?oi e ?eneo aaoi?ia, iaia?o?eaoeo yoo neeiiiinou, ii?ii a ?aaiie noaiaie i?e?eneeou e i?aanoaaeoaeae ?acee?iiai ?iaa ooiaaiaioa-eeciia, iai?eia? Aeaeiaoa eee Eaieia n aai Iaoa?eaeeciii e yiie?eie?eoeoeciii19).
Ioe?uaay aicii?iinou ii?i?aaiey eiia?iuo eee aaneiia?iuo eioa?i?aoaoee, i?aaeaaaaio? oaenoii, N?aaiaaaeiaua e ?aiannain i?aaei?eee aaa ?acee?iua aa?iaiaaoe?aneea no?aoaaee. N?aaiaaaeiaua eioa?i?aoaoi?u eneaee iii?anoaaiiinou niuneia, ia ioeacuaaynu io i?eioeia oi?aanoaaiiinoe (oaeno ia ii?ao aucaaou i?ioeai?a?eaua eioa?i?aoaoee), a oi a?aiy eae neiaieenou ?aiannaina, neaaoy eaaa coincidentia opposito-
18 Eco U. "Intentio Lectoris: The State of the Art". ?. 46.
19 Eco U. "Unlimited Semiosis and Drift: Pragmaticism vs. "Pragmatism", in The limits of interpretation. ?. 24.
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rium, iieaaaee eaaaeuiui oaeie oaeno, eioi?ue aiioneaao naiua i?ioeaiiiei?iua oieeiaaiey.
I?eiyoea ?aiannainiie iiaaee ii?iaeei i?ioeai?a?ea, niune eioi?iai a oii, ?oi aa?iaoeei-neiaiee?aneia ?oaiea20 iaoaeaii ia iiene a oaenoa 1) aaneiia?iinoe niuneia, cai?ia?aiie?iaaiiie aaoi?ii, 2) eee aaneiia?iinoe niuneia, i eioi?uo aaoi? ia iiaic?aaae. Anee i?eieiaaony a oaeii aoi?ie iiaoia, oi yoi ii?i?aaao iiaua i?iaeaiu: auee ee yoe iai?aaaeaaiiua niuneu auyaeaiu aeaaiaa?y intentio opens — oaeno niiauaao ia?oi aeaaiaa?y naiae oaenooaeuiie nayciinoe e ecia?aeuii caaaiiie icia?eaa?uae nenoaia, eee aii?aee aio, eae ?acoeuoao aieuiuo aiiuneia ?eoaoaey, iieaaa?uaainy ia naie ai?eciio i?eaaiee. Aa?a anee iaeioi?ua aaoi?u, iiaiaii Aaea?e, ooaa??aa?o, ?oi "il n'y a pas de vrai sens d'un texte", neaaoao nia?aea auynieou, ?ueie noa?aieyie iaania?eaaaony aaneiia?iinou eioa?i?aoaoee21. Oa ?a n?aaiaaaeiaua e ?aiannainiua eaaaaeenou ooaa??aaee, ?oi Oi?a ioe?uoa aaneiia?iui oieeiaaieyi, oae eae iia ii?ao auou ia?aienaia noieuei ?ac, neieuei oaiaii iooai aa?ue?iaaiey ienuiai, iaiaei oaeay iii?anoaaiiinou i?i?oaiee (e iaienaiee), ii?aaaeaiii caaenyuay io eieoeaoeau ?eoaoaey, auea, oai ia iaiaa, caieaie?iaaia aa ai?anoaaiiui Aaoi?ii.
20 Aa?iaoe?aneay eiioaioey eioa?i?aoaoee — yoi iaii ec iai?aaeaiee, eioi?ia eioa?anoao Yei a iaeaieuoae noaiaie. ?a?u eaao i o?aaeoee eioa?i?aoaoee, aiieie?iaaaoae a yiioo ?aiannaina e iniiaaiiie ia i?eioeiao oieaa?naeuiie aiaeiaee e niaeaniaaiiinoe, niaeanii eioi?ui ea?aue yeaiaio ie?a naycai n a?oaei eee a?oaeie yeaiaioaie yoiai iiaeoiiiai ie?a e n yeaiaioaie iioonoi?iiiaai ie?a iin?aanoaii iiaiaee e noianoa. Iniiaiay eaay ninoieo ia oieuei a oii, ?oi iiaiaiia ii?ao auou ociaii ?a?ac iiaiaiia, ii e a oii, ?oi io iiaiaey e iiaiae? ana ii?ao auou naycaii n ?ai oaiaii (niaeanii i?aiu aeaeei e?eoa?eyi iiaiaey), oae ?oi yoi "ana, ?oi oaiaii" a nai? i?a?aau noaiiaeony au?a?aieai eee niaa??aieai e?aie a?oaie aaue. Iniiaiay ?a?oa aa?iaoe?aneiai iai?aaeaiey — iaeiio?iee?oaiay niiniaiinou ia?aiauaouny io niunea e niuneo, io iiaiaey e iiaiae?, io iaiie nayce e a?oaie. Yoi iaiiieiaao Yei ecaanoio? ea?o, eiaaa io iaiiai neiaa io?ii ia?aeoe e a?oaiio ca oanou oiaia. Aa?iaoeci ?aniiciaao a ea?aii ioaaeuiii oaenoa Aaeeeee oaeno ie?a e iaoaeai ia iieiioo niunea, a ia aai ionoonoaea (a ioee?ea io nia?aiaiiuo oai?ee). Aa?iaoe?aneee naieicen i?aia?acoao ie? a ?enoi eeiaaenoe?aneee oaiiiai, ii eeoaao ycue eiiioieeaoeaiie neeu. (Ni.: Eco U. Unlimited Semiosis and Drift: Pragmaticism vs. "Pragmatism", in The limits of interpretation. ?. 24—27.)
21 Eco U. "Intentio Lectoris: The State of the Art". ?. 51.
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I?aaeaaay ?acoeuoaou naiaai a?oaieiae?aneiai iienea eiioaioee ?eoaoaey, Yei aaaao ion?ao nia?aiaiiie oai?ee eioa?i?aoaoee io Oyeia Aooa, eioi?ue, ii aai iiaie?, ia?aui caaiai?ee i "iia?acoiaaaaiii aaoi?a" (1961)22. Iinea iaai Yei i?inea?eaaao ia?aeeaeuiia ?acaeoea aaoo naiinoiyoaeuiuo iai?aaeaiee enneaaiaaiee, ea?aia ec eioi?uo ai ecaanoiiai iiiaioa eaii?e?iaaei nouanoaiaaiea a?oaiai, — no?oeoo?ii-naieioe?aneia e aa?iaiaaoe?aneia, — e ?oi aieaa e?aiiuoii, yoio ia?eoao e ia?aeeaeeci o?aaeoee a enneaaiaaiee i?iaeaiu ?aoaioee ana aua aeooaeai.
No?oeoo?ii-naieioe?aneay o?aaeoey cayaeea i naaa a ainuiii auionea ?o?iaea Eiiioieeaoee (1966)23. A yoii, oaia?u o?a noaaoai enoi?e?aneei iiia?a Aa?o ?aciuoeye i ?aaeuiii aaoi?a, iiceoey eioi?iai a oaenoa ia niaiaaaao n iiceoeae ia??aoi?a; Oiai?ia enneaaiaae iiiiceoe? "ia?ac ia??aoi?a — ia?ac aaoi?a" e "?aneaiuaae" i?aaoanoao?uea oai?ee "oi?ee c?aiey" (ia?eiay n A. A?aeina, Ia?ne Eaaaiea, Oi?noa?a aieiou ai Ioeiia); ?aiaoo i?enooiee e ?ac?aaioea eaoaai?ee (i?eiyaoeo aea oaeinoiie eiioaioee e 1972 aiao) aieina e oieaeecaoee24. Aiineaanoaee, aoao?e iiaia?aoie iaeioi?uie iaae?aaieyie E?enoaaie (1970) i "oaenooaeuiii i?iecaianoaa", enneaaiaaieai eiino?oeoeaiuo i?eioeiia oaenoa o Eioiaia (1970)25, yiie?e?aneei iiiyoeai "a?oe?eoaoaeu" ?eooaoa?a (1971)26 e nii?aie i eiina?aaoeaiie oi?ea c?aiey Oe?oa (1967)27, aeneonney iaeiiao ?acaeeanu ianoieuei, ?oi a 1976 aiao Ei?oe28 e a 1978 aiao ?yoiyi29 i?aaei?eee naie oai?ee iia?acoiaaaaiiai ?eoaoaey. Ia iaiaa eioa?anii e oi, ?oi Ei?oe naycuaaao ?acaeoea aeneonnee i iayiie?e?aneii aaoi?a oae?a n I. Ooei, o eioi?iai i?iaeaia aaoi?a ii?aaaeyeanu a iino-
22 Ni.: Booth W. Rhetoric of fiction (University of Chicago Press, 1961).
23 Ni.: Communications (Paris, 1966). N. 8.
24 Ni.: Genette G. Figures I, Figures II, Figures III (Paris: Seuil, 1966, 1969, 1972).
25 Ni.: Eioiai ?. I. No?oeoo?a ooai?anoaaiiiai oaenoa. I., 1970.
26 Ni.: Riffaterre I. Essais de stylistique structurale (Paris: Flammarion, 1971).
27 Ni.: Hirsch E. D. Validity in Interpretation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967).
28 Ni.: Corti I. Principi della cammunicazione letteraria (Milano: Bompiani, 1976).
29 Ni.: Chatman S. Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film (Ithaca: Cornell
University Press, 1978).
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no?oeoo?aeenoneii ee??a eae niinia nouanoaiaaiey a aeneo?na, eae iiea eiioaiooaeuiie niaeaniaaiiinoe, eae noeeenoe?aneia aaeinoai, ?oi ia iiaei ia iiaea?u ca niaie i?aaiiei?aiey i oii, ?oi ?eoaoaeu ieacuaaaony n?aanoaii ?aniiciaaaiey oaeiai nouanoaiaaiey-a-aeneo?na30.
Yei ?ac?aaaouaae eiioaioe? ia?acoiaiai ?eoaoaey a aooa iaeaieaa aeeyoaeuiie a oio ia?eia no?oeoo?ii-naieioe?aneie ia?aaeaiu, niioiiny iaeioi?ua ?acoeuoaou naiaai enneaaiaaiey n ainoe?aieyie ii iiaaeuiie eiaeea iiaanoaiaaiey (Aai Aaee, Oieao) e n ioaaeuiuie niia?a?aieyie Aaei?eoa, ia aiai?y o? ia eaaaeuiii ?eoaoaea A?iena. A naieioeea 60-o aa., eioi?ay ioaa?aao eioaioee Ie?na ?anniao?eaaou naieioeeo eae i?aaiaoe?aneo? oai?e?, i?iaeaia ?aoaioee auea iniuneaia (eee ia?ainiuneaia) eae i?ioeainoiyuay, ai-ia?auo, no?oeoo?aeenoneie eaaa i iacaaeneiinoe oaenooaeuiiai iauaeoa io aai eioa?i?aoaoee, a ai-aoi?uo, ?anoeinoe oi?iaeuiuo naiaioee, i?ioaaoaaoeo a aiaeinaeniineeo aeaaaie?aneeo e?oaao, ii iiaie? eioi?uo cia?aiea oa?ieiia e auneacuaaiee aie?ii eco?aouny iacaaeneii io eiioaenoa.
Aoi?ay eeiey — iaiaa?iaiaaoe?aneay — i?aanoaaeaia Eca?ii, eioi?ue ia?ae n Aooa, iaiaei auno?iee nai? eiioaioe? ia iniiaa a?oaie o?aaeoee (Eiaa?aai, Aaaaia?, ?onn). Ia Eca?a nouanoaaiii iiaeeyee aiaeinaeniineea oai?aoeee ia??aoeaiiai aiaeeca e a?ieneaineay e?eoeea. Ec no?oeoo?aeenoneeo aaoi?ia Eca? ia?auaaony oieuei e Ioea??ianeiio. Eeou iicaiaa ii i?aai?eieiaao iiiuoeo ainniaaeieou iaa eeiee, oeoe?oy ?eianiia, Eioiaia, Oe?oa, ?eooaoa?a, ?aiiea ?aaiou Yei. A eeoa?aoo?iie iaeanoe Aieuoaaia Eca? aue, aicii?ii, ia?aui, eoi iaia?o?ee naee?aiea ia?ao iiaie eeiaaenoe?aneie ia?niaeoeaie e eeoa?aoo?iie oai?eae ?aoaioee, iinayoea yoiio aii?ino, a oi?iaa i?iaeaiai, iiaiyoui Inoeiii e Na?eai, oaeo? aeaao a Aeoa ?oaiey31.
Yei i?eoiaeo e auaiao, ?oi i?iaicaeaoaiiue iaeioi?uie oai?aoeeaie "ooiaaiaioaeuiue naaea a ia?aaeaia eeoa?aoo?iaaaaiey" (X. ?. ?onn) ia naiii aaea io?a?ae iauaa eciaiaiea naieioe?aneie ia?aaeaiu a oaeii, aa?a anee yoi eciaiaiea yaeyeinu ia noieuei iaaaaiei ecia?aoaieai, neieuei nei?iui
30 Ni.: Eco U. "Intentio Lectoris: The State of the Art". ?. 46. 31 Ni.: Iser W. Der Akt des Lesens. Theorieasthetischer Wirkung(Munchen: Wilhelm Fink, 1976).
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ia?aieaoaieai ?acee?iuo iiaoiaia, auc?aaaaoeo aieaia a?aiy a ynoaoe?aneeo e naieioe?aneeo oai?eyo32 e eioi?ua, oneiaii aiai?y, iiaoo iacuaaouny oai?eyie ?aoaioee, anee niaeaneouny n oai, ?oi oai?ey ?aoaioee ii?ao auou iiiyoa oe?a, ?ai eiie?aoiia ynoaoe?aneia iai?aaeaiea: ?a?u eaao i niaoeoe?anee iauai aey nia?aiaiiie aoiaieoa?enoeee aieiaiee e ?iee ?aoeieaioa a i?ioanna aini?eyoey, eioa?i?aoaoee e a eiia?iii n?aoa ni-oai?aiey oaenoa.
32 Eco U. "Intentio Lectoris: The State of the Art". ?. 49.
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Ca?aaue niune i?ioea aeia?eioa?i?aoaoee
"E?ecen aieuoeo oai?ee" einioeny, ii?aeoe, anao aenoeieei — naieioeee a oii ?enea. Aa?iyoii, iineaaiae "aieuoie oai?eae" yaeyeanu ia?aaeaia iinoiiaa?iecia. Ionoonoaea oieaa?naeuiiai iaoiaa ii?iaeei oieaa?naeuiue iaoiaieiae?aneee ?aeyoeaeci. Iineaaiea oaiaaioee a iaeanoe ?acee?iuo i?aeoee oaenooaeuiiai aiaeeca aaiiino?e?o?o a?o?io? icaai?aiiinou oai?aoeeia ionoonoaeai eaeeo-eeai i?eaioe?ia eee oeacaoaeae ia ?acoeuoaoeaiinou eee i?aaiia?iinou aiaeeoe?aneiai aaia?oa. Ia?aiia?aeuiue yiooceaci ii iiaiao aaneiia?iinoe e oaeo?anoe oaenooaeuiiai niunea niaieeny iaeioi?ui oiuieai eeoa?aoo?iaaaia e oeeinioia, eai iia oa?icie ieacaeny nai raison d'etre anao oao oai?ee eioa?i?aoaoee, eaaeoeiiie oaeu? eioi?uo anaaaa yaeyeanu i?iaeaia iienea niunea eco?aaiiai oaenoa. Iiiuoee ia?aie?eou eiee?anoai ?aeaaaioiuo eiioaenoia a i?ioanna eioa?i?aoaoee iaeioi?ui eiia?iui ?eneii cia?aiee iiaee auou caeeaeiaiu eae "aaoi?eoa?eci"1.
A eoiaa n?aae oai?aoeeia ?aciuo aenoeieei iaia?o?eeinu aanuia neiioiiaoe?aneia aaeinoai ii aii?ino i eiioa eioa?i?aoaoee e anooieaiee a yiioo iinooai?ee. Aacaanouay eioa?i?aoaoey niiniaia aaaioe?iaaou e?aie oaeno e eca?aiiie e?eoeeii aiaeeoe?aneie noaia. Eae n?eoaao, iai?eia?, Ayaea Ai?aoyee, i?ioann eioa?i?aoaoee inouanoaeyaony ii i?eioeio "?a?iiai yueea": anee noaia ?aaioaao oi?ioi, oi iao iaiaoiaeiinoe caaeyauaaou aioo?u. A eoiaa i?ainu "oaenoa" inoa?ony iacaia?aiiuie — eioa?i?aoaoeaiay iioeea ia a ninoiyiee oeiaeou eo. "Eneonnoai eioa?i?aoaoee i?aa?aoeeinu a eiaono?e?"2.
Iaaaoeaiue iaoin i?ioeaieeia eioa?i?aoaoee iniiaai ia iai?eyoee ia?aaienaeuiie neooaoee (aicieeoae eae neaanoaea iiauoaiiiai eioa?ana e ?eoaoae? e eiioaenoo ?aoaioee), eia-
1 Ni.: Collini S. "Introduction: Interpretation terminable and interminable", in: Eco U. Interpretation and Overinterpretation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). ?. 8.
2 Bordwell D. Making Meaning. Inference and Rhetoric in the Interpretation of Cinema (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989). ?. 260.
144
aa ia oieuei aaoi?, ii e oaeno o?a ia a ninoiyiee eiio?iee?iaaou ana aicii?iua eioa?i?aoaoee; oaeno ia aeaaaao ie?ai, eioa?i?aoaoey — anai. Nouiinou i?iaeaiu eaeiie?ii noi?ioee?iaae Oaaoai Oiai?ia: "Oaeno — yoi anaai eeou ieeiee, ia eioi?ue aaoi? i?eiineo neiaa, a ?eoaoaee — niune"3. A ?acoeuoaoa aaoniuneaiiinou oaenoa iai?a?eaaaony aai aanniuneaiiinou?, eai "eiaaa ana i?aau, ana ioeaa?ony"4.
E ni?aeaie?, iiyoiio naii neiai "eioa?i?aoaoey" oaia?u aini?eieiaaony, nei?aa, neaioe?anee — eae iaycaoaeuiue neiiiei "naa?oeioa?i?aoaoee" eee eioa?i?aoaoee, aeiiioece?o?uae naay naio. Yoi ?anieaoa ca oio noauaeoeaeci e naiaiao, eioi?uie ?aniieaaaee oai?aoeee eeoa?aoo?u e eeii a iineaaiea aanyoeeaoey, ooiay io ia?ao?aca a iaeanou oaioacee e niaeuo aeiioac i iiaeeiiii niaa??aiee oaenoa, "?anneacaiiii" aai oi?iie naiaio eneooaiiiio ?eoaoae?.
Yei iaia?au aanuia e?iie?ii iie?eoeeiaae neeiiiinou nia?aiaiiuo oai?aoeeia ?anno?aaou i e?ecena, "eiioa" e i?i?eo oi?iao aiieaeeinena, — ioiaoea, ?oi eaay e?ecena oi?ioi i?iaaaony e auea aeooaeuia aey anao a?aiai5, — iiyoiio ii i?aaii?eoaao aiai?eou ia i e?ecena, a i neiioiiao iianiie oaiaaioee, iaicia?aiiie ei eae aeia?eioa?i?aoaoey. Yei aue iaiei ec ia?auo, eoi ioe?ue ia?niaeoeao aey o?anoey ?eoaoaey a ii?i?aaiee oaenooaeuiiai niunea. Aiineaanoaee, eiaaa yoa niaeacieoaeuiay eaay iaeaaaea oiaie e?eoeeia, ii cayaee, ?oi i?aaa eioa?i?aoaoee auee ianeieuei aeia?o?ioe?iaaiu, a oaeno ieacaeny neeoeii ioe?uoui6. "Neacaou, ?oi eioa?i?aoaoey [...] iioaioeaeuii ia ia?aie?aia, ia icia?aao, ?oi o eioa?i?aoaoee iao iauaeoa e iia nouanoaoao oieuei ?aae naay naiie"7. Ana yoi ia icia?aao, ?oi Yei a iuiaoiae neooaoee ioaa?aaao ia?niaeoeao "ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey", ii ii ana ?a ia?aniao?eaaao naie i?a?iea oaa?aaiey, eai i?aanoaaeaiey i oi?iao oaenooaeuiiai nio?oaie?anoaa, i eioi?uo ii ienae a ?iee ?eoaoaey, ii?aaaeaiii eciaieeenu n oao ii?.
E?eoeea iuiaoiaai Oiaa?oi Yei iai?aaeaia ia aacaaoe?iaaiea aicieeoae aeaaiaa?y iaeioi?ui "aacioaaonoaaiiui" e?e-
3 Ni.: Todorov Tz. "Viaggio nella critica americana", Lettera, 4 (1987). ?. 12.
4 Eco U. Interpretation and Overinterpretation, ?. 151. 5 Ni.: Eco U. "On the crisis of the crisis of reason", in Travels in Hyper-reality (Picador, 1987). ?. 26.
6 Ni.: Eco U. Interpretation and Overinterpretation. ?. 23.
7 Ibid. ?. 38.
145
oeeai eee?cee, niaeanii eioi?ie ?eoaoaeu ii?ao i?i?eoaou oaeno oae, eae aio oaiaii, ia aoao?e ia?aie?ai ieeaeeie i?aaeeaie ?oaiey e ia i?eieiay ai aieiaiea eioaioee oaenoa, ia aiai?y o? ia "eiiaiaioiii" niunea. Oaeno ana aua niiniaai caaeiee?iaaou iaeioi?ua icia?eaa?uea eiaanoeoee e?eoeea. Oaeno e oieuei oaeno yaeyaony aeaaiui aa?aioii eioa?i?aoaoee, ia iicaiey?uei aiaeeoeeo aianou a aaee?oeiaoe? nianoaaiiiai aeneo?na.
I?eia?aoaeuii, ?oi ia?aui i?iecaaaaieai, iai?aaeaiiui i?ioea "??acia?iie eioa?i?aoaoee", aue ?iiai Iayoiee Ooei, a ianeieuei eao nionoy auee iioaeeeiaaiu e iao?iua o?oau, iinayuaiiua yoie i?iaeaia.
Ia?ao ia?aui e aoi?ui ?iiaiii Yei nouanoaoao aiieia ii?aaaeaiiay naycu, eioi?ay iauyniyaony i?ienoaaoei ca yoi a?aiy yienoaiieiae?aneei naaeaii a naieioe?aneeo e oeeinioneeo acaeyaao Yei (oa ?a aenoaioey, eioi?ay ioaaeyao ?ieu ?eoaoaey io, iai?eia?, I?aaaeia eioa?i?aoaoee). Anee eniieuciaaou iaeioi?ua aiaeiaee ii i?eia?o ?i?oe, oi ii?ii n?aaieou yoo aenoaioe? n oie, eioi?ay ?acaaeyao Eiaeei-oeeinioneee o?aeoao io Oeeinioneeo enneaaiaaiee Aeoaaiooaeia8.
Yei ia eciaiyao naaa, naiae no?anoe e ycueo, i?eaa??aiiinoe e naieioe?aneei caaaaeai e ea?ai n eoeuoo?iie o?aaeoeae. Ii a oi ?a a?aiy Iayoiee Ooei (1988) — yoi iaia ec oi?i ai?uau n naieioe?aneei yeno?aieciii, enneaaiaaiea iaoaiecia aeanoe, neea eioi?ie ai iiiaii ii?aaaeyaony niiniaiinou? e iaieioee?iaaie? ciaeaie, ?oi a eiia?iii n?aoa aaaao e oaiaoecio, oioaeeoa?ecio, no?aoo. Yei ia?aiineo i?iaeaiu eaaieiaee e aeanoe ec ieaia nioeaeuiie ?aaeuiinoe a iaeanou naieioe?aneeo enneaaiaaiee e eeoa?aoo?u. A ca?iauoao oioaeeoa?iuo ia?aciaaiee aini?iecaiayony onoie?eaua noaiu ieeoeuoiuo o?aaeoee: "aa?a a iaeaaaiea oaeiuie caeiiaie auoey, aa?a a oaeiue oaio? aeanoe, nicaaiea nianoaaiiiai oaeiiai iauanoaa aey ai?uau n ieoe?aneei oaeiui i?ioeaieeii ca ainiianoai iaa ?eciu?"9. Ii ieeoeuoiia niciaiea a nai? i?a?aau aicieeaao a neeo oiai, ?oi ?acoio ecia?aeuii naienoaaiia
8 Rorty R. "The pragmatist's progress", in Eco U. Interpretation and Overinterpretation. With R. Rorty, J. Culler, Ch. Brook-Rose (Cambridge University Press, 1992). ?. 89.
9 Eiceia N. Oiaa?oi Yei "Iayoiee Ooei" // Nia?aiaiiay ooai?anoaaiiay eeoa?aoo?a ca ?oaa?ii. 1989. ? 2. N. 49.
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aa?a a nouanoaiaaiea oaeiu, ne?uoiai niunea yaeaiee. Eaay aiaa e eaay oaeiiai oaio?a ?i?aa?ony ec iaiie e oie ?a eioaeeaeooaeuiie iio?aaiinoe, ?oi a eiia?iii n?aoa aaaao e oioaeeoa?iie eaaieiaee. A yoii iuneu Yei ieacuaaaony aeecea acaeyaai "iiauo oeeinioia" (A.-A. Eaae, ?.-I. Aaioa e a?.), iieaaaaoeo, ?oi ia?aienoie oioaeeoa?ecia ea?eo a naiii i?eioeia ?aoeiiaeuiiai oiic?aiey. Oioy aey Yei enoi?iee cea ia a ?acoia eae oaeiaii, a a oie a?i?aaiiie aieacie ?acoia, iaeaaaaoae e eoeuoo?ie e iieeoeeie iaoaai a?aiaie, eioi?ay iacuaaaony neia?ii iiaic?eoaeuiinoe. "Eae naieioee y iinoiyiii iuoa?nu eneaou cia?aiea aauae, nie?uoia a iiaoaenoa, — aiai?eo ii a iaiii ec eioa?au?, — ii y i?ioea ?aeiaie iiooiee ??acia?iie eioa?i?aoaoee, eioi?ie au ieeae ia ii?aoa oaiaeaoai?eouny e i?iaie?aaoa eneaou a?oaea ioaaou"10. Iieeoiiey eaae i?eoyaaoaeuia, ii iiania.
A Eiaie ?icu aaoeo?iaea ne?uouo cia?aiee i?aanoaao eae i?eaeeaaey e?eoe?aneiai ?acoia, a oi a?aiy eae eiina?aaoeaiiio, aiaiaoe?aneiio iuoeaie? naienoaaiia i?eaa??aiiinou e ia?aie?aiiui, canouaoei cia?aieyi. Iayoiee Ooei auaeyaeo eae neiiao?e?iay eiaa?ney i?aauaouaai ?iiaia: eioa?i?aoaoey, iniiaaiiay ia iaia?aie?aiiii niauaiee niuneia, ieacuaaaony e oiio ?a nioeaeuii iianiui caiyoeai. Neo?aeiay eiioeao?aoey niuneia ii?ao i?aa?aoeouny a eaaceneiaiee?aneo?. Oaeei ia?acii, yniinou oia i?iyaeyaony o?a ia noieuei a iai?aeeiiiii ?aeyoeaecia, neieuei a niiniaiinoe ia?aie?eaaou niuneu — a "cai?iaie" iiaic?eoaeuiinoe. Enoaoe, ?. ?i?oe (ia?acoiaue ?eoaoaeu Yei) ?anoaiee yoio ?iiai eae "iieaieeo n noanoaioeaeeciii, ii oae?a i?iuaiea ni no?oeoo?aeeciii, eai io?eoaeinu ia ?oi eiia, eae iaoaoi?a aeoaeiu — i?aanoaaeaiea i oii, ?oi nouanoao?o aeoaeiiua niuneu, nie?uoua aey iaiinayuaiiiai, niuneu, eioi?ua ainooiiu eeou oai iaiiiaei n?anoeea?eeai, eioi?ua niiaee iinoe?u naiue nei?iue eia"11. ?i?oe eioa?i?aoe?oao Oai?e? naieioeee Yei eae iioeienoe?aneo? iiiuoeo ?ane?uou oieaa?naeuio? no?oeoo?o no?oeoo?, auyaeou oieaa?naeuiue eia anao a?oaeo eiaia, e iioiio aaiiue ?iiai aue aini?eiyo ei eae aioeiia — ai iiiaeo ioiioaieyo — oie naieioe?aneie iiceoee, eioi?ie Yei i?eaa??eaaeny a 70-a aa. N?aaieaay neaioeoeci "iicaiaai" Yei
10 Smith W. "Umberto Eco", Publisher's Weekly. 1989. Vol. 236. N. 17. ?. 51.
11 Rorty R. "The pragmatist's progress". ?. 89.
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n yienoaiieiae?aneei e iaoaoece?aneei e?ecenii, ia?a?eoui Aeoaaiooaeiii e iinoeaoei Oaeaaaaa?a, ?i?oe ?enoao a naiai aiia?a?aiee ia?ac "aaeeeiai iaaa ec Aieiiue", ioaa?aa?uaai no?oeoo?aeeci e oi?acaiy?uaai oaeniiiiee, niiniaiiai "e?aiaaouny aeiicaa?aie, ia?neeaie, aaouie, neiaieaie e iaoaoi?aie, ia i?eaaaay e iaiaoiaeiinoe naaaaiey eo nouiinoe e nie?uoui io aeac a?iaoo?ai auoey"12.
A 1990 aiao ii?oe iaiia?aiaiii a Eoaeee e NOA aue iioaeeeiaai nai?iee ynna, iinayuaiiue i?iaeaiai aeia?eioa?i?aoaoee, iia iacaaieai I?aaaeu eioa?i?aoaoee. Oaenou, nia?aiiua a yoii nai?ieea, auee iaienaiu Yei a ia?eia n 1985 ii 1990 aia. Aey aiaeiycu?iiai ?eoaoaey ioaeeeaoey iiaiaiiai nai?ieea iiaea ieacaouny iai?eaaiiie, iineieueo Ioe?uoia i?iecaaaaiea, iaienaiiia a 1962 aiao, auei ia?aaaaaii ia aiaeeeneee e iioaeeeiaaii a NOA eeou a 1989 aiao. Iaiiii?, ?oi a ia?aie eieaa, oae ?a eae e a ?iee ?eoaoaey, Yei ionoaeaae i?a?aa anaai i?aaa ?eoaoaey e naiaiao eioa?i?aoaoee (ii e?aeiae ia?a a ioiioaiee oaenoia, eia?ueo ynoaoe?aneo? oaiiinou). N iiiaioa iiyaeaiey oao ?aaio ?eoaoaee Yei, e aai iuiaoiaio ni?aeaie?, ia?aoeee naia aieiaiea aeaaiui ia?acii ia "ioe?uoo?" noi?iio i?iaeaiu, iaaiioaiea oio oaeo, ?oi, ionoaeaay iiyoeeo "ioe?uoiai i?iecaaaaiey" e "ioe?uoie" eioa?i?aoaoee, ii iia?a?eeaae, ?oi iiaiaiay aayoaeuiinou noeioee?iaaia i?a?aa anaai naiei oaenoii. Eia?a aiai?y, Yei eioa?aniaaea ia iaia aaeinoaaiiay noi?iia i?ioanna eioa?i?aoaoee, oi anou — i?iaeaia ?eoaoaeuneie ?aoaioee, ii, nei?aa, aeaeaeoeea i?aa oaenoa e i?aa aai eioa?i?aoaoi?ia. Neeaauaaaony aia?aoeaiea, aiai?eo Yei (e ia onoaao iiaoi?you yoi ai anao naieo iineaaieo ?aaioao, aunooieaieyo e eaeoeyo), ?oi ca iineaaiea 10—15 eao i?aaa eioa?i?aoaoi?ia auee neeoeii i?aoaaee?aiu13. Ii oae?a iia?a?eeaaao, ?oi iiaei nei?eouny iaaa?iia i?aanoaaeaiea i oii, ?oi eniieuciaaiea (a ea?anoaa a?aoiaioa a iieuco "ioe?uoinoe" eioa?i?aoaoee) iiiyoey Ie?na "iaia?aie?aiiue naieicen" ii?ao auou ?anoaiaii eae oi, ?oi eioa?i?aoaoey ia eiaao e?eoa?eaa. Iaiaei aa?a iaeaieaa ?aaeeaeuiua aaeiino?oeoeaenou niaeaniu n ooaa??aaieai, ?oi iaeioi?ua eioa?i?aoaoee i?inoi iai?eaieaiu, oi anou eioa?i?aoe?oaiue oaeno iaaycuaaao iaeioi?ua ia?aie?aiey naiei
12 Rorty R. "The pragmatist's progress". ?. 91.
13 Ni.: Eco U. "Introduction", in The limits of interpretation. ?. 6.
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?eoaoaeyi. I?aaaeu eioa?i?aoaoee niaiaaa?o n i?aaaie oaenoa (ii ie a eiai neo?aa ia n i?aaaie aai aaoi?a). Aa?a Aa??eaa a eieaa I a?aiiaoieiaee iaiiieiaao ?eoaoaeyi i iaiaoiaeiinoe eino?oiaioia o?aaeoeiiiie e?eoeee: "Aia yoiai i?eciaiey e oaa?aiey, e?eoe?aneia i?iecaianoai ?eneoao ?acaeouny a iai?aaneacoaiii iai?aaeaiee e ocaeiieou naay, ia neacaa a iauai-oi ie?aai"14. Yei oaa?aai a oii, ?oi iianii ioe?uaaou oaeno, ia iaania?ea i?a?aa aai i?aaa. Eia?a aiai?y, i?a?aa ?ai ecaeaeaou ec oaenoa anaaicii?iua cia?aiey, iaiaoiaeii i?eciaou, ?oi o oaenoa anou aoeaaeuiue niune, a eiaiii niune, eioi?ue eiooeoeaii ia?aui i?eoiaeo ia oi ?eoaoae?, ciaeiiiio n eiiaaioeyie aaiiiai anoanoaaiiiai ycuea.
Eoae, e?aia ?anno?aaiea i naiaiaa eioa?i?aoaoee aie?ii ia?eiaouny n caueou ca?aaiai niunea. Aey aieacaoaeunoaa naiaai oacena Yei ia?auaaony e i?eia?o, eioi?ue ii iicaeinoaiaae ec eieae A?. Oeeeeina Mercury, or The Secret and Swift Messenger (1641):
Oicyei iineae naiaai eiaaeneiai ?aaa n ei?ceiie oea e ienuiii aey naiaai a?oaa. Ii ai?iaa ?aa nuae aieuoo? ?anou niaa??eiiai ei?ceiu. Oio, eiio i?aaiacia?aeenu oeae, i?i?eoae ienuii e ia iaia?o?ee a ei?ceia oiai eiee?anoaa o?oeoia, i eioi?ii aiai?eeinu a ienuia. Ii noae ?oaaou ?aaa e iaaeiyou aai a ai?ianoaa. Eiaaao noae ii?aaauaaouny e ooaa??aaou, ?oi "naeaaoaeu" (oi anou ienuii) e?ao. Enoi?ey iiaoi?eeanu e a neaao?uee ?ac: eiaaao nuae o?oeou ii ai?iaa, iaiaei aue aieaa i?aaoniio?eoaeai. I?a?aa ?ai nuanou eo, ii ni?yoae ienuii iia eaiaiu, iaaaynu oaeei ia?acii ono?aieou naeaaoaey e ecaaaioou iaaeiaiee a ai?ianoaa. Iaiaei a yoio ?ac aai niiaa io?oaaee, e a eiioa eiioia ii niciaeny a niaayiiii, ainoeuaynu Ai?anoaaiiui Ienuiii15.
Eoae, enoi?ey, ?anneacaiiay Oeeeeinii, neiaii ii?iaa?aaao aieuoeinoai nia?aiaiiuo oai?ee eioa?i?aoaoee, niaeanii eioi?ui eae oieuei ia?oi, iaienaiiia aaoi?ii, io?o?aaaony io iaai, iii ieacuaaaony a aaeooia iioaioeaeuii aaneiia?iiai ?yaa aicii?iuo eioa?i?aoaoee, e a ?acoeuoaoa ie iaei oaeno ia ii?ao auou eioa?i?aoe?iaai niaeanii ooiiee ii?aaaeaiiiai, aooaioe?iiai e onoaiiaeaiiiai cia?aiey. Yei oeacuaaao ia oi, ?oi, "aa?a eiaaa oaeno io?o?aaai io aai aaoi?a, io
14 Ni.: Derrida J. De la grammatologie. ?. 227.
15 Ni.: Wilkins J. Mercury, or The Secret and Swift Messenger. O ed. (London: Nicholson, 1707). ?. 3—4.
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niiieoaeuiiai ?aoa?aioa e io eiioaenoa aai nicaaiey, ii ana ?aaii niiniaai niiauaou i "oeaao-a-ei?ceia"16.
I?aanoaaei naaa neooaoe? (iiaanoaiaaoaeuiia aiia?a?aiea Yei aaenoaeoaeuii ia eiaao a?aieo), ?oi iineaiiee aue oaeo, oaeeou nuaee ana oeae, oie?oi?eee ei?ceio, caoai iiianoeee ienuii a aooueeo e a?ineee aa a ieaai. Nionoy naiuaanyo eao iinea Oeeeeina ienuii ieacaeinu a ?oeao ?iaeiciia E?oci, auoaeaoaai aooueeo ec ieaaia. Ei?ceiu iao, ?aaa iao, oea iao, oieuei ienuii. Yei oaa?ai, ?oi ia?aie ?aaeoeae ?iaeiciia E?oci auei au anoanoaaiiia iaaioiaiea: "A aaa ?a oeae?" Oieuei iinea yoiai ii ia?ae au i?aanoaaeyou naaa ana aicii?iua oeae, anao aiia?a?aaiuo oicyaa e eo ?aaia, caaoiaeny au i iaoaieciao e?e eee i naiae ian?anoiie noauaa, iineieueo aa?anao (?aoeieaio) oaaeai io e?aiai o?ainoaiaaioaeuiiai cia?aiey.
Aa?a anee E?oci ?aoee au, ?oi iaienaiiua ia aoiaaa aoeau, eeou ?acoeuoao oeie?aneie y?icee, ii eiae au oieuei aaa aicii?iinoe: eeai caauou ia yoii eae i ianouanoaaiiii i?e?iaiii yaeaiee, eeai eioa?i?aoe?iaaou niiauaiea niaeanii cia?aieyi neia aiaeeeneiai ycuea. A e?aii neo?aa E?oci aue au oaa?ai, ?oi a ienuia aiai?eony eiaiii i oeaao, a ia i yaeieao eee aaeii?iaao.
Oaia?u i?aanoaaei naaa, i?iaie?aao niaeaciyou Yei, ?oi ienuii iiiaei a ?oee oioa?aiiiai naieioeea, eeiaaenoa eee aa?iaiaaoa. A yoii neo?aa iiuoiue e cia?uee aa?anao ?aniieaaae au aieuoei eiee?anoaii niiniaia eioa?i?aoaoee:
1) Niiauaiea caeiae?iaaii: "ei?ceia" icia?aao "a?iey", "oeae" — ouny?a nieaao, "iiaa?ie" — "ia iiiiuu". A yoii neo?aa, eieu nei?i a ienuia ?a?u eaao i 30 oeaao, ii ?aoee au, ?oi ioi?aaeoaeu iineae a?ie? a eiee?anoaa 30 000 nieaao ia iiiiuu iieo?aoae?. Ii anee oae, oi ?a?u eaao eiaiii i 30 000, a ia, nea?ai, i 180 (anee oieuei ioi?aaeoaeu ia eniieuciaae i?aiu ee?iue eia, a eioi?ii iaia oeaa icia?aao oanou nieaao).
2) "Oeae" iiaoo auou enoieeiaaiu a ?eoi?e?aneii niunea (iineieueo nouanoao?o eaeiiaoe?aneea au?a?aiey n aaiiui neiaii — "to be in good fig", "to be in full fig", "to be in poor fig"), e oiaaa niiauaiea i?eia?aei au eiie niune. Ii e a yoii neo?aa iieo?aoaeu iie?aeny au ia i?aaonoaiiaeaiiua eioa?i?aoaoee neiaa "oeaa", a ia "yaeiei" eee "eio".
16 Eco U. "Introduction", in The limits of interpretation. ?. 3.
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3) Aa?anao, eiay iaeioi?ue iiuo ?oaiey n?aaiaaaeiauo oaenoia, i?aaiiei?eo, ?oi niiauaiea a Aooueea — yoi aeeaai?e?aneee oaeno, iaienaiiue iiyoii: ii ii?oanoaoao, ?oi a yoii ienuia anou iaeee aoi?ie, nie?iaaiiue, niune, ii?aaaeyaiue niaoeoe?aneei iiyoe?aneei eiaii. "Oeae" — yoi neiaeaioa aey "o?oeoia", o?oeou a nai? i?a?aau iiaoo ieacaouny iaoaoi?ie "iiei?eoaeuiuo caacaiuo aeeyiee", yoe iineaaiea yaey?ony aeeaai?eae "ai?anoaaiiie ieeinoe" e oae aaeaa. A yoii neo?aa eioa?i?aoaoi? ii?ao i?aaei?eou naiua ?aciiia?aciua i?ioeai?a?eaua aeiioacu, ii Yei aieaa ?ai oaa?ai a oii, ?oi nouanoao?o iaeioi?ua — aieaa yeiiiie?iua — e?eoa?ee aey i?aaii?oaiey iaieo aeiioac a?oaei. I?a?aa anaai aey iainiiaaiey naiae aeiioacu iieo?aoaeu aie?ai i?aanoaaeou naaa aicii?iiai aaoi?a niiauaiey e enoi?e?aneo? yiioo, a eioi?o? aaiiue oaeno aue ninoaaeai. Yoi aiana ia icia?aao iiiuoee enneaaiaaou eioaioee aaoi?a, ii yoi ii?aaaeaiii eiaao ioiioaiea e enneaaiaaie? eoeuoo?iiai eiioaenoa enoiaiiai niiauaiey17.
Aa?a anee a eiia?iii n?aoa aaiiue eee a?oaie oaeno iioa?ye nai? ?aoa?aioeaeuio? neeo, eioa?i?aoaoi? ii-i?a?iaio ia ii?ao neacaou, ?oi oaeno ii?ao icia?aou ?oi oaiaii. Iai?eia?, a yoii ienuia a?ya ee aiai?eony i oii, ?oi Iaiieaii oia? a iaa 1821 aiaa.
Yei i?aaoi?a?aaao, ?oi aai oacen ii?ao auou aini?eiyo n iaaiaiaaieai, ii oai ia iaiaa ii aiioneaao, ?oi iaeaieaa yeiiiie?iia ?aoaiea caee??aaony a oii, ?oi oaeno eiaao aoeaaeuiia cia?aiea (e, neaaiaaoaeuii, ?a?u eaao eiaiii i 30 oeaao a ei?ceia). E?aua eiua aeiioacu aicieeioo iic?a, ii ia?auie ia oi i?eoiayo eiaiii aoeaaeuiua cia?aiey.
I?iaeaia eioa?i?aoaoee, ii iiaie? Yei, ia?eiaaony n ?acee?ey ia?ao naiaioe?aneie e e?eoe?aneie eioa?i?aoaoeyie (naieiceniie e naieioe?aneie). Naiaioe?aneay eioa?i?aoaoey — yoi ?acoeuoao ia?ae?iiai i?ioanna ciaeiinoaa n oaenoii, a oiaa eioi?iai ?aoeieaio iaiieiyao oaeno iaeioi?ui cia?aieai. Yoio yoai i?aanoaaeyao niaie anoanoaaiiue naieiceniue oaiiiai. E?eoe?aneay eioa?i?aoaoey — nianoaaiii naieioe?aneay, iaoaeeiaaenoe?aneay aayoaeuiinou — iaoaeaia ia iienaiea e iauyniaiea oiai, ia eaeeo oi?iaeuiuo iniiaaieyo aaiiue oaeno ii?i?aaao aaiiue ioaao18.
17 Eco U. "Introduction", in The limits of interpretation. ?. 4—5.
18 Ni.: Eco U. "Intentio Lectoris: The State of the Art". ?. 54.
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A yoii niunea ea?aue oaeno ii?ao auou eioa?i?aoe?iaai eae naiaioe?anee, oae e e?eoe?anee, ii eeou i?aiu iaiiiaea oaenou aiionea?o oaeo? aicii?iinou. Iau?iua auneacuaaiey (eae, iai?eia?, aae iia oo aooueeo) ?ann?eoaiu ia noaoai naiaioe?aneia enoieeiaaiea. Iai?ioea, ynoaoe?aneea oaenou ni naienoaaiiie ei naiaioe?aneie aaoniuneaiiinou? io?aa?ony a e?eoe?aneii eioa?i?aoaoi?a. Niioaaonoaaiii yoei oeiai oaenoia, eae o?a ioia?aeinu auoa, nouanoao?o e ?eoaoaee ?aciuo o?iaiae — iaeaiue e e?eoe?aneee. Ii?ii neacaou, ?oi anee naiaioe?aneee ?eoaoaeu aee??ai a no?oeoo?o aa?aaeuiie no?aoaaee, oi aey e?eoe?aneiai ?eoaoaey ie?oi a oaenoa ia aunooiaao eae i?ecua e eioa?i?aoaoee aoi?iai o?iaiy. Ii caanu Yei ioia?aao, ?oi oaeue ?ya ooai?anoaaiiuo n?aanoa, iai?eia? noeeenoe?aneia ia?ooaiea ii?iu, i?o?aaiea, aunooia?o eae ?ac a ooieoee ia?ea?ia, i?eaeaoa?ueo e?eoe?aneiai ?eoaoaey ia?aoeou naia aieiaiea ia aaiiue oaeno. Aieaa oiai, nouanoao?o oaenou, aaiiino?aoeaii ?ann?eouaa?uea ia ?oaiea aoi?iai o?iaiy. Ii?ii i?iaiaeece?iaaou, iai?eia?, Oaeenoai ?ia?a?a Ye?ieaa Aaaou E?enoe, aaa iiaanoaiaaiea aaaaony io eiaie ia?niia?a, eioi?ue a eiioa ?iiaia ieacuaaaony oaeeoae. Iinea naiaai i?eciaiey ia??aoi? niiauaao ?eoaoaeyi, ?oi anee iie auee ainoaoi?ii aieiaoaeuiuie, oi aie?iu auee iiiyou, a eaeie eiaiii iiiaio ii niaa?oee i?anooieaiea, oae eae a caaoaee?iaaiiie oi?ia ii neacae ia yoii. A?oaie i?eia? — aiaeec Enoeiii ia?e?neie a?aiu Aeey, i?aaei?aiiue Yei a ?iee ?eoaoaey.
Ai iiiaeo neo?ayo, iaiaei, eae Yei iieacuaae aua a ?iee ?eoaoaey, oaenou, nei?aa, eniieuco?ony, ?ai eioa?i?aoe?o?ony, oioy eiiaaa auaaao ??acau?aeii o?oaii onoaiiaeou ?acee?ea ia?ao yoeie aaoiy i?aeoeeaie19.
E?eoe?anee eioa?i?aoe?iaaou oaeno — icia?aao ?eoaou aai ?aae iaia?o?aiey ?aai-oi, ?oi aianoa n iaoeie yiioeyie eanaaony aai i?e?iau. Eniieuciaaou oaeno — icia?aao ia?auaouny e iaio ?aae eaeie-oi a?oaie oaee, aa?a iaace?ay ia ?ene ei?iie eioa?i?aoaoee n naiaioe?aneie oi?ee c?aiey. "Anee y au?uaa? ianeieuei no?aieo ec iiae Aeaeee, — e?iiece?oao Yei, — aey oiai, ?oiau caaa?ioou a ieo ii? oaaa?io? o?oaeo, y eniieuco? Aeaee?, iaiaei ieeoi ia iniaeeeny au iacaaou iaiy i?e yoii oaenooaeenoii (ii ii?aaaeaie? ?i?oe), oioy y,
19 Ni.: Eco U. "Small Worlds", in The limits of interpretation. ?. 64.
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