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  21. But all the democratic organizations of the British people insist that their Government goes into negotiations with the clear purpose of arriving at an agreed settlement. This great chance of bringing peace to Britain and the world must not be missed.
  22. The British Premier wants to seek ways of getting better relations between Nato and France during these discussions.
  23. It is perfectly true that the present capitalist system of organization is incapable of making the best use of its population, or providing them all with a rapidly rising standard of life.
  24. Seventy-two Labor MPs yesterday issued a declaration giving their reasons for fighting against Britain's entry into the Common Market.
  25. There are countries who would be ready to sign agreements with the developing nations for training some of their people over the next five, ten years.
  26. In this instance the Latin Americans had sufficient common sense for not trying to solve anything for the big powers.
  27. It is nonsense for its supporters to claim that the present policy is a success. It has succeeded in increasing the number out of work, and in reducing production.
  28. The Postmaster-General is looking into ways of preventing walkie-talkie sets from entering Britain.
  29. Mr P. is not only the Minister of Agriculture but also the Minister of Food. In the latter capacity, he argues, he could not possibly have contemplated accepting the dairy farmers demand for an extra 6d on a gallon of milk.
  30. The draughtsman's annual conference today made a peace move aimed at resolving the strikes of several hundred men in five shipyards.
  31. The report also wants to stop newspapers and broadcasts from publishing a public opinion poll on the likely result of a parliamentary election during the 72 hours before the poll closes.
  32. The delegates are accustomed to functioning unobtrusively as members of the same team when important issues are at stake.
  33. Early in 1965 the Americans became intent on retreating from their unwise backing of the Assembly against the Council, without losing too much face in the process.
  34. Mr F. thanked the Morning Star for having invited him as a journalist and a socialist.
  35. Restoring pre-eminence to the Security Council would require the General Assembly to surrender the powers arrogated to itself during that period.
  36. Assembling and mingling the special delegations to the Assembly from every member state is in itself a considerable achievement in terms of the logistics of politics, and one which is welcome to every foreign ministry capable of functioning at a professional level.
  37. Sacrifices for his policy are worse than a waste. Encouraging him to continue on the course he has chosen will Lead to further electoral losses.
  38. It means maintaining a national average growth rate of about 4 per cent per year and achieving an average annual increase in productivity of about 3V2 per cent over the whole period.
  39. Far from doing anything to reduce the number of jobless, the Government is planning to throw more out of work with its rail and pit closures.
  40. Far from helping the low-paid the Prime Minister has hit them hardest of all.
  41. The British Government far from diminishing or freezing its own war budget, is increasing its record heights.
  42. Far from challenging the rights and privileges of big business, he allied himself with big business against people.
  43. The drive toward monopoly in the British Press is no different in essence from the same development in all other major industries. Far from hindering this development, the Government is actually encouraging it.
  44. Labor Party officials were prepared to admit that far from gaining votes, Labor was losing supporters to the Liberals at the rate of one for every five Tories.
  45. Far from being thrown on the defensive by the Right Wing attack, the Left should respond by the most vigorous counter-offensive.
  46. While some progress was made in electing Negroes to office, including one additional Congressman, the number elected is far from corresponding to the role of the Negro people and their magnificent contribution to the common victory.
  47. Any concessions to monopolists far from assuaging their demands, only serve to whet their appetites.
  II. Герундиальный комплекс
  Сочетание герундия с существительным в притяжательном или общем падеже, притяжательным местоимением или группой слов, которые являются субъектом действия, выраженного герундием, составляет единое целое и может выступать в качестве члена предложения в тех же функциях, что и герундий. Герундиальный комплекс переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением, вводимым словами то, что...; тот факт, что...; (с тем) чтобы...; после того как..., что... и др.
 We look forward to much attention being given to this question. Мы рассчитываем на то, что этому вопросу будет уделено значительное внимание.
  Трудность, связанная с переводом герундиального комплекса, заключается главным образом в том, что, если его субъект выражен существительным, то его можно принять за сочетание существительного с причастием. Синтаксический анализ предложения, в частности определение функции формы на -ing, и контекст предложения позволяют точно установить, является ли данное слово герундием или причастием.
 When the conference of Foreign Ministers' deputies was subsequently held, the new formula was used by the Americans to prevent an agreed agenda being drawn up. Когда впоследствии состоялась конференция заместителей министров иностранных дел, эта новая формула использовалась американцами, чтобы помешать тому, чтобы была выработана согласованная повестка дня.
  Если считать, что being drawn up является причастием в функции определения, то следовало бы перевести это следующим образом: "...использовалась американцами, чтобы помешать согласованной повестке, которая в тот. момент вырабатывалась", что явно лишено смысла.
 Переведите следующие предложения.
  1. All the evidence of past words and deeds is against such agreement being possible.
  2. We said it would lead to men being deprived of their livelihood and was not redeployment at all.
  3. "There is no question therefore of the door being firmly closed against any increase of pay for firemen before July 1 next," he declares.
  4. Leaders of the Confederation of Shipbuilding and Engineering Unions today said that at their meeting with the Prime Minister last week they had taken strong exception to the number of people being thrown out of work without other lobs being available.
  5. The unions sought discussions with the company on supervisory grade matters, about which no agreement or understanding existed with the unions, and insisted on shop-floor employees being present during these discussions.
  6. Those trade unionists who believed the propaganda about the freeze benefiting the lower-paid workers got a shock just before Christmas, when agreements affecting farm workers and shop assistants were referred to the Prices and Incomes Board.
  7. Refusal to do this work resulted in two men being suspended and strike action followed.
  8. But if this experiment fails then it is my opinion that, far from there being an improvement in the standards of life of our people, there will be a steady diminution.
  9. Our jobs and living standards depend on the industrial capacity of the nation being used to the full.
  10. The picture, drawn by the Prime Minister and others, of the newspaper industry being wrecked by the high pay and greed of its workers, has been blown sky-high by the hush-hush report of the Economist Intelligence Unit.
  11. In and outside Parliament, using all means at their disposal, they intend to organize their considerable resources in an effort to prevent the dominant sector of the industry becoming State-owned.
  12. The sale of a 28-acre site by British Rail to a London borough for housing at a price of 13,500,000 is another example proving the need for action on land going far beyond anything the Government has so far decided.
  13. It is not the critics of the Minister of Economy who are cynical. That is a word which could be more accurately applied to a Minister who says he is for prices being kept down, and then supports a Budget which puts them up.
  14. It is the considered opinion of the Government and people of India that to disturb the status quo must lead to the forces of disorder being unleashed in the entire sub-continent.
  15. These conferences have revealed the rising tide of national liberation cracking the imperialist structure.
  16. Mr R. said there might not be any question of neo-Nazi or fascists getting power in Britain, but they could not be under-estimated. They should be attacked and isolated from the rest of the community.
  17. More troops going there will only make things worse.
  18. The Soviet delegate seemed to suggest in a statement recently that Russia was not averse to the General Assembly's discussing problems that were blocked in the Security Council.
  19. They gathered to discuss the injustices of foreign trade as they affect the chances of the poor countries ever becoming less poor.
  20. The western powers were opposed to the idea of disarmament being discussed at the General Assembly, but the heads of their governments were, in fact, compelled to attend the Assembly.
  21. The authoritative Cairo newspaper Al Ahram said that the U. A. R. Foreign Minister would tell the mission that the U.A.R. is against the mission being exploited for the benefit of any country, or becoming the unintentional instrument of any colonialist interest.
  22. Another important American statement shows that the military chiefs object to any idea of each country having its own independent forces.
  23. We are objecting to someone having the honor of such a degree who is a South African and yet, as far as has been proved to us, has in no way opposed the apartheid movement in South Africa.
  24. The United States has insisted on agriculture being an integral part of the Kennedy Round.
  25. Careful probing has resulted in the percentage of British exports caught by the E.E.C7 exceptions list being whittled down by a couple of points.
  26. What police described as "appalling" weather conditions prevented the two helicopters borrowed from the Army taking part in the search.
  27. The whole system was nothing but an alarm system designed to go off in case of raw materials being illegally removed or utilized.
  28. The report also wants to stop newspapers and broadcasts from publishing a public opinion poll or betting odds on the likely result of a Parliamentary election during the 72 hours before the poll closes.
  § 3. ПРИЧАСТИЕ
  1. Причастие в различных функциях
  Английское причастие выступает в предложении как в функции определения (за исключением перфектных форм), так и в функции обстоятельства (времени, причины, образа действия и сопутствующего обстоятельства). Контекст предложения обычно позволяет установить характер обстоятельственных отношений.
  1. 1) В функции определения причастие чаще всего переводится причастием настоящего или прошедшего времени, или придаточным определительным предложением.
  They passed a resolution calling for a world disarmament conference. Они приняли резолюцию, призывающую (призывавшую) к созыву международной конференции по разоружению.
  The data obtained are being carefully analyzed and studied. Полученные данные тщательно анализируются и изучаются (подвергаются тщательному анализу и изучению).
  It is necessary to review some of the arguments put forward by those opposing the idea of such talks. Необходимо пересмотреть некоторые доводы, выдвинутые теми, кто выступает против идеи ведения таких переговоров.
  2) Причастие II страдательного залога не всегда можно перевести на русский язык страдательным причастием, Тогда оно переводится определительным придаточным предложением или передается лексически.
 Tomorrow morning the 'Right to Life' campaign supported by nine religious peace organizations will hold a silent procession. Завтра утром кампания "Право на жизнь", которую поддерживают девять (при поддержке девяти) религиозных организаций в защиту мира, организует молчаливую процессию.
  Примечание. В английском языке сочетаемость существительных с причастием гораздо шире, чем в русском. Например, такие сочетания, как the letter (statement, resolution и т. п.) saying (urging и т. п.), на русский язык обычно переводятся: "письмо (заявление, резолюция и т. п.), в котором говорится (требуется и т. п.)". "Письмо, гласящее" стилистически не всегда приемлемо.
  2. 1) В функции обстоятельства причастие можно перевести деепричастным оборотом, придаточным или самостоятельным предложением (последнее, если причастие выступает в функции сопутствующего обстоятельства), или иным способом, в зависимости от сочетаемости слов в русском языке.
 Commenting last night on the plan he warned the Ministry of the critical situation which might develop. Комментируя вчера вечером этот план (выступая вчера вечером с комментариями), он предупредил министерство о том, что может создаться критическое положение.
 Asked to comment about the U. N. resolution tabled by the Afro-Asian countries, the Prime Minister replied... Когда его попросили высказаться по поводу (На вопрос о том, каковы будут его комментарии по поводу..., На просьбу прокомментировать...) резолюции ООН, внесенной странами Азии и Африки, премьер-министр сказал ...
 A state of emergency was declared throughout Columbia yesterday putting the country's 15 million people under a form of martial law. По всей Колумбии вчера было объявлено чрезвычайное положение, и (в результате чего) 15-ти миллионное население страны оказалось как бы на военном положении. The Soviet Union's wheat harvest last year came close to the 1958 record yield, showing a rise of over 24 million tons over the 50 million tons of 1963. В прошлом году урожай пшеницы в Советском Союзе почти достиг рекордного уровня 1958 года, что составляет увеличение более чем на 24 млн. т. по сравнению с урожаем 1963 года в 50 млн. т.
  2) Причастие II (иногда причастие I), в зависимости от союза, за которым оно следует, может передавать также и другие обстоятельственные значения. Так, например, в сочетании с союзом if или unless причастие передает значение обстоятельства условия; после союза though - значение обстоятельства уступки. Такие причастные обороты переводятся на русский язык придаточными предложениями.
 If given the opportunity, this industry will rapidly develop. Если этой отрасли промышленности предоставить (будут предоставлены) благоприятные возможности, она будет быстро развиваться.
 But the Right-wing Labor leaders, though forced to give way on some questions, will stick to the policies which have brought about a falling standard of living for working people. Но хотя лидерам правого крыла лейбористской партии и пришлось пойти на уступки по некоторым вопросам, они по-прежнему будут придерживаться той политики, которая привела к снижению жизненного уровня трудящихся.
  3. Причастие может выступать также в качестве вводного члена предложения; на русский язык часто переводится деепричастием или вводным предложением с союзом если.
  Import from the U. S. declined about 14 per cent in value, as compared with the like period in 1957. Considering the increase in import prices the volume decrease was considerably greater. Импорт из США уменьшился в денежном выражении примерно на 14% по сравнению с тем же периодом 1957 года. Если учесть (учитывая) увеличение импортных цен, то можно сказать, что уменьшение его объема было значительно большим.
  Примечание. Следует помнить, что отдельные причастия могут выступать в грамматической функции союза или предлога, как например, assuming, concerning, provided, following и др.
 No statement was issued at the weekend following a seven-hour meeting of Cabinet Ministers. В конце недели, после семичасового совещания министров кабинета, не было опубликовано никакого заявления.
  II. Причастные конструкции
  1. Объектный причастный оборот?, т. е. сочетание существительного в общем падеже или местоимения в косвенном падеже с причастием (имя+причастие), выступающее в функции сложного дополнения, обычно переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением, вводимым союзами как, что или чтобы.
  They spent last Friday listening to the Minister telling the trade union leaders that it is right for workers to hold back on wage claims. В прошлую пятницу они весь день слушали, как министр говорил профсоюзным лидерам, что рабочие правильно сделают, если воздержатся от требований о повышении заработной платы.
  The British people want hydrogen and atomic weapons outlawed. Народ Англии хочет, чтобы водородное и атомное оружие было запрещено.
  We hope to see this issue raised in all trades councils, in every union conference. Мы надеемся, что этот вопрос будет поднят во всех советах профсоюзов, на всех профсоюзных конференциях.
  (Сравните с объектным инфинитивным оборотом.)
  2. Каузативный или побудительный оборот. После глаголов to have и to get объектный причастный оборот (have/get + имя + причастие) образует так называемую каузативную или побудительную конструкцию, которая означает, что действие совершается не лицом, обозначенным подлежащим предложения, а кем-то другим за или для него. В русском языке нет аналогичной конструкции или специальных средств для выражения каузативности, поэтому перевод ее представляет значительную трудность, тем более, что конкретное значение этой конструкции зависит от контекста и может быть весьма разнообразным.
 We must treat this as a national emergency issue and must get this decision reversed. Мы должны рассматривать это как вопрос чрезвычайного значения (важности) для страны и должны добиваться, чтобы это решение было (в корне) изменено.
  Примечание. Следует помнить, что сочетание глагола to have с объектным причастным оборотом может и не иметь каузативного значения.
 For the time being professional diplomats had their attention riveted on Washington. В тот момент внимание профессиональных дипломатов было приковано к Вашингтону.
 Переведите следующие предложения.
  1. A circular giving details of the conference refers to the recent disastrous election results which were brought about because thousands of people did not think it was worth voting.
  2. Tenants have presented to the mayor a petition signed by 1,600 urging the council to press for lower interest rates.
  3. An MP (Lab., Kelvingrove) quoted a letter from a South African student, saying: "I could go to a tribal college for Indians. These are merely glorified high schools allowing no academic or intellectual freedom."
  4. The Chancellor of the Exchequer in a written answer in the Commons, also announced the formation of a Decimal Currency Board to supervise details of the changeover, in February, 1971, to a decimal system using the ? as its major currency unit.
  5. Those taking part in the march will assemble on Saturday morning at Birkenhead Park Gates.
  6. The meeting was called by the Detroit Council for Human Rights, headed by Rev. C. L. Among those attending the DCHR sessions were executive assistant to Rev. M. K. and another top aide of Rev. M. K.
  7. He said that the strike movement may turn into a national strike bringing about the downfall of the dictatorship.
  8. Unfortunately the point of view of this politician is becoming increasingly widespread in the Western press. This is why it seems expedient to review some of the arguments put forward by those opposing the idea of such talks.
  9. Opening a new session of Parliament, he disclosed that the regime intends to introduce legislation providing for preventive detention even when there is no official State of Emergency.
  10. Referring to the balance of payments, Mrs C. said: "Only one section of this country is balancing payments and that is the organized workers."
  11. Retracing the history of the situation the Prime Minister said there was abundant evidence that at one stage the refusal of the Rhodesian regime to make progress toward a settlement had been stiffened by advice from friends in Britain and visitors to Rhodesia.
  12. Having got the Labor Party conference out of the way, the Prime Minister has resumed his efforts to get a settlement with the Smith regime with which he was pledged not to negotiate.
  13. Being monopoly dominated the most powerful of all industrial countries, the United States pushed inevitably ahead for world mastery with every available means at its command.
  14. Japan's exports in calendar 1966 reached $ 9,780 million on a customs clearance basis, representing an increase of 15.7 per cent over the previous year.
  15. Considering the complexity of the problem, the decision was reached at a rather early date.
  16. Coupled with his reluctance to discuss this question this presents a major obstacle to any kind of agreement.
  17. The main reasons given were the large amount of work commissioned by the Government and the need to be satisfied that future changes in fees were consistent with P.I.B.8 policy.
  18. The president of the Russo-British Chamber of Commerce was speaking at the Chamber's annual general meeting after a luncheon attended by the Soviet Minister of Foreign Trade.
  19. The council met in session last week in the course of far-ranging economic talks attended here by top government and political party leaders from the Comecon9 countries.
  20. Moreover, this would also determine the agenda of the meeting referred to in a general way by him.
  21. Taken in the early stages, these drugs prevent infirmity. Used systematically, they slowly but surely lead to cure.
  22. For the same reason, when at last the West German leaders and the British Government could no longer withstand the strength of public opinion, the amount of compensation agreed was far too little.
  23. Decisions have been taken at Brussels, which, if carried out, would lead straight in the direction of a new war.
  24. These criminal steps would be a menace to the British security, they would be preparation for aggression, which, if not halted, could only bring disaster.
  25. Scientists at the Leningrad Textile Institute have developed a fabric which, when thrown into flames, not only does not ignite but actually puts out the fire, TASS reported today.
  26. The tenants are from the council estate at Stainforth which was in poor condition when taken over horn a private landlord recently.
  27. Asked afterwards if the T.U.C.10 was any farther forward in its attempts to put its case across, the T.U.C. General Secretary replied: "Not at all." He gave the same answer when asked whether there were any signs that the Government was moving toward the T.U.C. point of view.
  28. Though dragging their feet to the last, Britain and America could not avoid agreeing to the two articles on the principle of prohibition of A-bomb tests and on setting up a control system, faced by Soviet readiness to accept reasonable proposals.
  29. They wanted a Dominican Government freely chosen by the will of the people.
  30. During the work-to-rule campaign many saw their efforts wasted because some were induced to work extra hours.
  31. The peoples of all countries are vitally interested in seeing further steps taken at the Foreign Ministers' Conference in October.
  32. All his criticisms were reserved for Labor backbenchers who want the British Army withdrawn.
  33. Those who opposed the "showdown" in the State Department - a small and not very influential group at the time - saw their viewpoint being taken increasingly into account by the White House.
  34. Over the famous "non-dissemination" draft treaty, harmony is to be expected - and a powerful attempt to get it signed by many nations.
  35. The need for pressure from the Labor movement to get such decisions taken is urgent.
  36. We will not seek to frustrate that consensus, since it is not in the world interest to have the work of the General Assembly immobilized in those troubled days.
  37. It is understood that the N.U.R.11 decision was taken against strongly expressed opposition to the T.U.C. plan particularly in the light of the Government's intention of have permanent legislation holding up pay increases without retrospective payment.
  38. If this proves impossible the British would rather have this territory swallowed up by Iraq than by Syria.
  3. Абсолютная причастная конструкция (независимый причастный оборот) - сочетание причастия с существительным в общем падеже, которое, не будучи подлежащим главного предложения, является субъектом действия, выраженного причастием. Конструкция может выполнять в предложении функцию обстоятельства времени, причины, условия или сопутствующего обстоятельства.
  Препозитивный независимый причастный оборот, т. е. причастный оборот, стоящий перед главным составом предложения, может иметь как временное, так и причинное значение. Какое из них имеется в виду, определяется контекстом. В функции обстоятельства условия этот оборот выступает обычно в тех случаях, когда предложение относится к будущему времени; на русский язык переводится соответствующим придаточным предложением.
 Whole cities being razed to the ground during the war, the building of houses was priority number one. Так как во время войны целые города были стерты с лица земли (разрушены до основания), строительство домов стало первоочередной задачей.
  Значение сопутствующего обстоятельства эта конструкция имеет в постпозитивной позиции, т. е. когда она стоит после главного состава предложения; переводится на русский язык самостоятельным простым предложением или простым предложением, входящим в состав сложносочиненного предложения и вводимым союзами а, и или причем.
 The cargo was badly damaged by the fire, the owners suffering great losses. Груз был сильно поврежден пожаром, и владельцы понесли большие потери.
  Независимый причастный оборот часто вводится предлогом with, который на русский язык обычно не переводится.
 With the prices going higher and higher and the wages frozen, it is becoming increasingly difficult for the British housewife to make both ends meet. Так как цены продолжают расти, а зарплата заморожена, английским хозяйкам становится все труднее сводить концы с концами.
  . Примечание. Причастие being, обычно в функции связки, может быть опущено. Такая "беспричастная" абсолютная конструкция также переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением.
 With unemployment now a crisis issue in many areas, the Labor movement is stepping up its 'right to work' campaign. Теперь, когда вопрос о безработице стоит очень остро во многих районах страны, рабочие усиливают кампанию за "право на работу".
  Переведите следующие предложения.
  1. With its foreign policy based on the Leninist principles of peaceful coexistence, the Soviet Union is actively pursuing a policy of improving and developing relations with all the
  countries.
  2. With only the railway men's delegation voting against, the 27th annual youth conference of the Scottish T. U. C. condemned the wage freeze here today.
  3. With the Government doing its utmost to keep wages down, and with price increases due to Market membership coming on top of price increases arising from Government policy, the standard of living in this country would be given an extremely serious setback.
  4. With sterling staging its recovery on the foreign exchanges it has been easy for markets to lose sight of what is happening to the economy in the meantime.
  5. However with an ever-widening band of economic and trade issues appearing in the spectrum of 11. N. activities, Western meetings began to follow a pattern of economic rather than political alliances.
  6. The idea was taken up in the Anglo-Soviet communique published after the Soviet Premier's visit to Britain, both sides agreeing on the usefulness of such a conference.
  7. He declared that at the next sitting of the peace conference the proposal should be made to conclude peace, all theoretical questions being excluded.
  8. The conference gave a rousing reception to a delegation from the Hungarian Steel and Metal Workers' Union, delegates standing and applauding as the visitors walked the entire length of the hall to the platform.
  9. The T.U.C. pay vetting committee will have about 80 claims to consider when it meets for the first time tomorrow. Submissions are reaching Congress House daily, the latest being 36 from the Transport and General Workers' Union.
  10. England emerged from the war only a formal 'victor', its economy shaken and entering a period of permanent stagnation and decline.
  11. The Labor Government has now exceeded even this, Us military budget being the biggest in British history.
  12. Almost all councils are putting up their rents, the reason being the heavy burden of interest for housing.
  13. Among the eleven members of the Security Council were five permanent members, that is, the five victorious powers, each one having the veto power
  14. Fertilizer prices will be uniform throughout Egypt, transportation costs having been averaged.-
  15. Exports of bananas were negligible, all shipments going to the Bahamas Islands.
  16. As there is a natural limit to the capacity of consumption of necessities of life (food, etc.), particular attention must be paid to industrialization, consumption prospects in this sphere being particularly unlimited for a long time to come.
  17. These Western meetings used to gather delegations along almost exclusively political lines, with the NATO countries feeling more than any others the need to confer often.
  18. Stupendous storms of terrifying proportions can rage in these unreported areas, with no one knowing of them until the effects of the atmospheric disturbances they cause are felt in local weather days later.
  19. If he had not been forced to maneuver the craft to avoid a boulder-filled crater, he would have touched down with almost two minutes of fuel remaining.
  20. Yet never were problems confronting the country so acute, with the electorate in fact divided on policy issues to a greater degree than for years past.
  21. The electoral college this year has 538 members - with the district of Columbia, where Washington is located, for the first time having a Presidential vote for three electoral seats.
  III. Причастия в функции союзов и предлогов
  1. Причастия в функции союзов вводят условные, причинно-следственные и уступительные придаточные предложения. На русский язык они переводятся следующим образом: provided, granted (granting) при условии, принимая во внимание, supposing, assuming если, допустим, предположим, что, seeing поскольку, принимая во внимание, учитывая, ввиду того, что.
 A wider association of this kind would be feasible, provided that the methods adopted are in line with those proposed at the conference. Более широкая организация (ассоциация) такого рода была бы возможна, при условии, что принятые методы будут соответствовать методам, предложенным на конференции.
  2. Причастия в функции предлогов стоят перед существительными и переводятся на русский язык следующим образом: given при наличии, failing при отсутствии, regarding, considering, respecting относительно, pending до, в ожидании, following вслед за.
  Given, failing с относящимися к ним словами могут переводиться условным придаточным предложением. Например: failing (given) good will... при отсутствии (наличии) доброй воли..., если отсутствует (имеется) добрая воля...
 Given good will on the part of other states, this proposal of the Soviet Union could be carried into effect without any further delay. При наличии доброй воли со стороны других государств, это предложение Советского Союза можно было бы осуществить без дальнейшего промедления.
  Анализ предложения дает возможность точно установить, в какой функции выступает причастие.
 Переведите следующие предложения.
  1. The Soviet Union's economic program for disarmament proceeds from what can already today be achieved throughout the world, at the present scientific and technological level of modern industry and agriculture, provided all the nations disarm completely.
  2. He said that he had been advised by the University Grants Committee that "provided there were no further significant increases in university costs during the remainder of the quinquennium, the grants should enable the universities to reach the student target of 158,000 by 1966-67."
  3. Objections to this plan, supposing there is any, should be reported to the committee at once.
  4. Granted that storm clouds were gathering over the economic affairs of the nation, we were given hopes of a fresh breeze from the Exchequer to blow them away.
  5. It cannot be denied that, granting the difficulty of the undertaking, Mrs D. has done her work with great skill.
  6. Assuming the hearty cooperation of all the members, it is reasonable to expect that the celebration will be successful.
  7. The French government is committed, assuming all the existing "preconditions" are met, to suggest to the Assembly next Tuesday that it should fix a date for the debate.
  8. What we want is a wage increase. Let's have an inquiry into the cost of living seeing the Labor party are so keen on inquiries.
  9. Prospects are bright for a big expansion of trade between these two countries, following the signing of a new three-year trade agreement.
  10. These tremendous, complex tasks can be carried out given planned development of the national economy and correct leadership of the national economic development.
  11. Given good will, such negotiation could only narrow down the area of disagreement and lead to decision conforming with the interests of the European peace and security.
  12. Before 1941 the relation of forces between peace and war was such that war could not be avoided, given the firm resolution of the imperialists to start and provoke war.
  13. It was probably prudent to avoid expressing special enthusiasm for this project, given the support in Holland and West Germany for British participation.
  14. The immense increase of embassies and reduction in legations during and since the Second World War has been brought about by special circumstances, but the process, given the trends of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, was inevitable.
  15. Failing agreement by the United States to steps of this kind, serious consideration should be given to the possibilities and scope for concerted action by the industrialized countries of Western Europe to maintain high levels of output and trade in the international economy outside the United States.
  16. The only certainty is that on this last lap of the race every effort will be made by the larger parties to win over liberal voters or, failing that, to encourage by every means the liberal obstacle to their opponents' chances.
  17. This was what the Tories want. They are against the Bill, but failing its complete defeat they are aiming to get it amended into uselessness.
  18. It was agreed that pending the banning of nuclear weapon^ nations should be forbidden to use them except against aggression and on a Security Council decision.
  19. Pending the reopening of negotiations and fearing the 'abrogation of some privileges the State Council adopted certain measures.
  20. The Cabinet decided to consider the agreement pending 'ratification by the Majlis.
  21. America's Secretary of State headed a U.S. Government delegation which has arrived in Tokyo for talks on trade matters. The delegation left in a convoy of 36 cars for a mountain resort, pending the opening of the talks tomorrow.
  22. And it is argued that the risk that Britain runs in exposing her hand, though not to be discounted, is well worth taking, considering the importance to British industry of the negotiations as a whole.
  IV. Форма на -ing
  Форма, оканчивающаяся на -ing, может быть причастием, герундием, прилагательным или отглагольным существительным. И герундий и причастие могут выступать в функции определения и обстоятельства, но причастие выполняет эти функции без предлога (оно может сочетаться только с союзами when и while), а герундий (или герундиальный комплекс) в этих функциях всегда следует за предлогом. Для герундия характерно также сочетание с существительным в притяжательном и общем падеже или с притяжательным местоимением (герундиальный комплекс). Причастие сочетается с существительным в общем падеже и гораздо реже с местоимением в именительном падеже.
  Прилагательное, как правило, стоит перед существительным, которое оно определяет (в отличие от причастия, которое всегда постпозитивно по отношению к определяемому). Существительное, в отличие от герундия, может определяться артиклем и прилагательным.
 Проанализируйте следующие предложения и переведите их.
  1. Man's emergence into outer space ushers in a new era. Practical conditions are being created for the solution of the most complicated tasks, including flights to and landing on the moon and other planets.
  2. There is a growing welcome for every move backing those pressing the Prime Minister to honor his election pledges and to carry out Labor Party annual conference decisions.
  3. The decision added: "The conference calls on the Government to dissociate itself from the policy being pursued by the U. S. Government of invading small countries for the purpose of setting up puppet military governments subservient to the U. S.
  4. The delegation of British building workers was greatly impressed with the tremendous advances in Soviet industrialized building, accounting for many big housing schemes.
  5. The United Nations Political Committee has urged the General disarmament conference to consider calling a conference for the signing of a world-wide convention banning the use of nuclear weapons.
  6. A spokesman said the financial experts left for Poland last night after signing an agreement postponing repayment obligations and interest due on the debt.
  7. A French cabinet minister recently asserted that maintaining the veto would greatly facilitate Britain's entry into Europe implying that London also wants it kept.
  8. The conference also again demanded the setting up of a National Building Corporation to take a large amount of major building work out of the hands of the private employers.
  9. Cost accounting, prices, credit and profit should be used to give a real stimulus to increasing production and speeding technological advance, says the Communist Party newspaper in a page-long leading article.
  10. Although Government salesmen are hard at work pushing the Common Market as our salvation, the miners in particular must beware of seeing this as an easy solution.
  11. In the General Election, Communist candidates warned that the Labor policies being presented would mean restraint of wages (but not profits), keeping Britain in NATO and maintaining a huge arms expenditure.
  12. The Association of Scientific Workers took strike action from last Monday when deadlock was declared over claims for rises ranging from 25 s to .?3 lodged in March of last year.
  13. The union accuses Standards Motors of refusing to make any offer on the claim affecting 85 scientists and of rejecting their proposal to call in the chairman of the Joint Labor Council.
  14. Analyzing the reasons for inflationary pressures within the economy, the minister gave as his opinion that the growing strength of the trade unions was largely to blame. "The better-paid are becoming increasingly organized in trade unions; unionization is proceeding up the social scale with the result that trade unions, so far from performing their original function of reducing inequalities of incomes, now increasingly perpetuate and can indeed aggravate inequalities."
  15. In concentrating upon full employment as undoubtedly the biggest boon to most voters, the Labor Party runs the risk, well known to bridge players, of counting its trumps two or three times over, while failing to recognize the losing tricks in its hand after five years of mixed success and failure in office.
  16. Yet in his Budget statement in May the Chancellor of the Exchequer said that keeping the troops in West Germany was conditional on the Bonn Government meeting the foreign exchange cost, and that this should be decided by the autumn of this year.
  17. There is already an extraordinarily high level of international cooperation in reporting the basic meteorological data. By knowing as much as possible about what is happening everywhere, weathermen are better able to forecast for local areas anywhere.
 § 4. СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
  Предложения с глаголом-сказуемым в страдательном залоге (пассивной форме) представляют иногда по ряду: причин значительные трудности при переводе на русский язык.
  Во-первых, в английском языке форма страдательного залога образуется не только от переходных глаголов, но и от глаголов, требующих косвенное или предложное дополнения. Например, от глаголов to arrive at приходить к, достигать (в переносном значении), to call upon призывать кого-л., to deal with иметь дело с, обращаться с, to enter into вступать (в соглашение и т. п.), to refer to ссылаться на, to report on сообщать о, доносить на, to dictate to диктовать, приказывать, to tell (smth.), to give (smth.). to и др.
  Во-вторых, английскому переходному глаголу в русском языке может соответствовать непереходный глагол, требующий предложное или косвенное дополнения. Например, to affect воздействовать на, to attend присутствовать на, to follow следовать за, to influence влиять на, to join присоединяться к, to need нуждаться в, to treat обращаться с, to refuse отказывать кому-л., отказываться от, to resist сопротивляться и др.
  В-третьих, в английском языке в страдательном залоге могут употребляться фразеологические сочетания, например, to make use of, to pay attention to, to take notice of и др. Эти сочетания невозможно перевести на русский язык соответствующими глаголами, не заменив страдательный залог действительным.
  Очень часто при переводе на русский язык приходится: вместо страдательного залога употреблять действительный; личные предложения переводить неопределенно-личными; заменять один глагол другим, а иногда вместо личной формы глагола употреблять в русском тексте форму неличную или вообще передавать эту пассивную форму лексически.
 Thousands of London print workers have been urged by their branches to support Tuesday's lobby of Parliament against the wage-freeze. Местные лондонские организации типографских рабочих призвали тысячи своих членов принять участие в назначенном на вторник походе к депутатам парламента (в парламент к депутатам) с протестом против замораживания заработной платы.
  Если в английском предложении отсутствует субъект действия глагола (дополнение с предлогом by), оно обычно переводится неопределенно-личным предложением.
 Yesterday Parliament was told that there is going to be no reduction whatever in the size of the British Army on the Rhine. Вчера парламенту сообщили, что численность английской армии на Рейне вообще не будет уменьшена.
 This statement, he said, should be looked at in the light of what was said at the previous meeting. Он сказал, что это заявление следует рассматривать в свете того, что было сказано (в свете сказанного) на предыдущем заседании.
  В русском языке страдательный залог не так употребителен, как в английском, и даже в тех случаях, когда английскому глаголу в пассивной форме соответствует русский переходный глагол, страдательный залог часто заменяется действительным по стилистическим соображениям, или для того, чтобы в русском языке передать смысловое или логическое ударение английского предложения.
 These fears were reiterated by the representative of the Weavers' Association, who said the closure would cause much hardship. Эти же опасения высказал также и представитель Ассоциации ткачей, который сказал, что закрытие (шахт) вызовет большие трудности.
 Переведите следующие предложения.
  1. As a result of a strike by 500 workers, no steel has been produced at the Abbey Works of the Steel Company of Wales in Port Talbot since Friday night.
  2. The wage squeeze has held down purchases, and caused unemployment to soar to 640,000. The squeeze has been brought in to pay the costs of the military burdens and the policies of which they are a part.
  3. A call to the Labor and Peace movement will be discussed at a national conference called by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in Manchester on June 11. Trades councils, trade union branches and organizations of the Labor and Peace movement are being asked to elect delegates and applications for credentials are already flowing in.
  4. Those who ask about the conditions of membership, to see whether anything has substantially changed, are given evasive replies, of the sort the Foreign Secretary gave in the Commons yesterday. Those who point to the damage that Market membership would do to living standards are asked to leave matters to the Prime Minister.
  5. The National Steel Corporation will be empowered to direct the disclaimer of any agreement or lease entered into by a company coming into public ownership.
  6. Proposals from some 20 authorities for the reorganization of secondary education along the comprehensive lines had been wholly or very substantially approved in 1966. A few authorities were invited to reconsider part of their proposals and others were asked to consider modifications of varying importance.
  7. The 24 men were originally suspended for leaving work early after they had been refused permission to have extra time to clean up after doing what they claimed was a particularly dirty job.
  8. Before the Minister left Rhodesia yesterday he told the Press that his request to meet the "restricted" leaders of the African people, had been refused.
  9. Just now the body's natural defense mechanism against bacteria and viruses works is being more closely examined at the National Institute for Medical Research at Mill Hill, London.
  10. At least five people were killed and scores injured as hurricane Inez swept across the French Caribbean Islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe on Tuesday night. Heavy damage was caused as the storm hit with winds up to 125 miles an hour. Communications were disrupted and many centers cut off.
  11. The Government was "very mild" as regards prices and rents, compared with the "uncompromising tone" when wages and salaries were dealt with.
  12. This is happening when the home market is being restricted by the new Budget.
  13. This figure of 30 has been treated as a military secret until a newspaper published it a few days ago.
  14. A few years ago when it was decided to expand accommodations in the General Assembly Hall, at considerable expense, enough seats were allotted for delegates from 120 countries. The magic number was arrived at after consulting ufologist, within and without the organization.
  15. Police, who believe the four prisoners have separated, investigated reports that a farm and a factory - between Tavistock and Plymouth - were broken into overnight.
  16. The new powers of the Government on wages are as totally unacceptable to the trade union movement of this country as the old ones. They must be resisted, and defeated.
  17. The Government must ensure that the unions were not called upon to accept impossible tasks and then be blamed because they failed.
  18. Another speaker thought that some of the older mental hospitals can only be adequately dealt with by pulling them down and rebuilding them.
  § 5. СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ
  В ряде случаев перевод сослагательного наклонения на русский язык представляет известную трудность. А именно:
  1. Форма should (для всех лиц)+инфинитив в придаточном подлежащем с глаголом-сказуемым типа (it) is recommended (suggested и. т. п.) that..., в придаточном дополнительном после глаголов типа to recommend, to suggest, to demand и т. п. и в придаточном предикативном, если подлежащим главного предложения является существительное того же корня: recommendation, suggestion, demand и т. п., переводится на русский язык сослагательным наклонением (частица бы + глагол в прошедшем времени).
 The best thing the commission can do is to recommend that the Geneva conference should begin again with renewed energy. Самое лучшее, что может сделать Комитет, - это вынести рекомендацию, чтобы Женевская конференция с новой энергией возобновила свою деятельность.
  Примечание. Как стилистический или американский вариант формы should + инфинитив употребляется форма, омонимичная инфинитиву без частицы to
 Canada was considering a proposal that the Secretary General sound out Paris on its attitude to this question Канада рассматривала предложение о том, чтобы Генеральный секретарь выяснил (позондировал) отношение Парижа к этому вопросу.
  2. Придаточные предложения условия с формой should (для всех лиц)-+-инфинитив при переводе на русский язык обычно начинаются словами: в случае, если бы... . На английском языке такие предложения часто бывают инвертированными, с опущенным союзом.
 Should the V. N. fail(=if the U. N. should fail) to produce an early settlement, are we then to wash our hands of the whole matter. В случае, если бы ООН не удалось добиться скорейшего урегулирования, что же, мы умоем руки и успокоимся на этом (должны умыть руки и успокоиться).
  3. Форма were+инфинитив употребляется в придаточных условия для обозначения маловероятного условия, относящегося к будущему времени (еще менее вероятного, чем форма, омонимичная. Past Indefinite); переводится глаголом в сослагательном наклонении. В русском языке нет грамматических форм для передачи различных градаций маловероятности и поэтому они передаются, где это нужно, лексически (словами если... вдруг, почему-нибудь, паче чаяния, обстоятельственными сочетаниями с предлогом при и др.).
 Such a system is bound to be unpopular among most Europeans, and if the Federal party were to support it they would undoubtedly weaken their chances in the forthcoming federal elections. Такая система наверняка не будет пользоваться популярностью среди большинства европейцев, и если федеральная партия вдруг стала бы ее (почему-нибудь) поддерживать, она несомненно уменьшила бы свои шансы на победу на предстоящих выборах.
  Форма would (для 2 и 3 лица)+инфинитив, если она употреблена в простом предложении с подразумевающимся условием, переводится на русский язык глаголом в сослагательном наклонении.
 It would be dangerous political folly to write off as insignificant the revival of nazi-type extremism in West Germany. В политическом отношении было бы опасным безумием списывать как совершенно незначительное возрождение экстремизма фашистского толка в Западной Германии.
  Однако нужно отметить, что в тех случаях, когда описывается содержание какого-нибудь внесенного, но еще не принятого проекта, плана или предложения, в русском языке принято употребление будущего времени изъявительного наклонения.
 It was recommended that a special report should be submitted. This report would give a detailed account of the activities of the committee and their views on the situation. Рекомендуется представить специальный доклад. В этом докладе будет сделан подробный отчет о деятельности этой комиссии и представлена ее точка зрения по данному вопросу.
  5. Трудность при переводе представляет также бессоюзное подчинение условных предложений с частичной или полной инверсией.
 Had this policy been adopted the subsequent history of the treaty might well have been quite different. Если бы была принята такая политика, последующая история этого договора вполне могла бы быть совершенно другой.
  Примечание 1. Часто не учитывается стилистическая окраска, литературный стиль инвертированного предложения, и предложение переводится также с бессоюзным подчинением, что в русском языке характерно как раз для разговорного стиля.
 Had it been as easy as that no special negotiations would have been necessary, (литературный стиль) Если бы это было так просто, не понадобилось бы никаких специальных переговоров. (Будь это так просто... - разговорный стиль.)
  Примечание 2. Условие может быть выражено не только полным придаточным предложением, но и другими способами, например: if + причастие (см. "Причастие", ) или сочетанием предлогов given, provided и др. с существительным (см. "Союзы и предлоги, образованные от причастия") или составным предлогом but for-h существительное.
 But for their willingness to assist, this decision would never have been arrived at. Если бы не их желание помочь, это решение так и не было бы принято.
 Переведите следующие предложения.
  1. When the committee was considering the new system, it asked the Ministry of Labor what the effect would be if prices were rounded up to the nearest half-cent. If prices from 1d to 11d were rounded up to the nearest half-cent, this would result in an average price rise of 13 per cent in this range.
  2. They had a special reason for preferring short-time - the low normal wastage at its works - but, again, fear of a strike if redundancies were declared also influenced the company.
  3. It would be foolish to think that all this will be easy.
  4. It would give the General Council the right to sit in judgment on wage claims before they are submitted, and demand that the unions should delay their claims until this has been done.
  5. In preparation for their meeting tomorrow it would be a very good idea if Trades Union Congress leaders would make a point of meeting the rank-and-file workers who are lobbying Parliament today.
  6. Even if NATO Governments were not yet prepared to abolish both the NATO and Warsaw Pacts it would still be possible to reach an understanding on liquidating the military organizations of these groupings.
  7. A visit to the detained African leaders would therefore most likely have resulted in the rejection of the Prime Minister's proposals - which would have been awkward for him on the eve of the Labor Party conference.
  8. Even if this proposal were acted upon, and it is now evident that the President has disavowed it, the fundamental guns-instead-of-butter nature of the economy would in no way be altered.
  9. This veto provision reflects the conviction of those who drafted the Charter that the United Nations would be unable to take an important initiative for the maintenance of peace and security unless there was unanimity among the big powers and that to attempt so, would be a futile gesture, endangering the organization.
  10. If it had been reached on a national scale the whole political scene in India would have been transformed, and the Right Wing gains in other areas would have been impossible.
  11. No one is under any illusion that had the men not shown their strike solidarity there would be no extra ? 2 a week in the 64 В.А.С.12 men's wage packets this week.
  12. Unemployment of those proportions, were it general, would be a national catastrophe.
  13. Had the election campaign been still in progress the wage squeeze might have become an issue.
  14. February's trade figures showed a ?62 million deficit. There would have been an even worse result for 1968 had it not been for the ? 559 million that foreign businessmen invested in Britain.
  15. The British Foreign Secretary will now be entering what are officially termed "the pre-negotiations" with an ardent will to succeed. But the Prime Minister would hardly have taken the unprecedented step of deciding to go along, too, had he been sure they would fail.
  16. But for import restrictions, quotas and American-imposed embargoes, Anglo-Soviet trade would be larger than it is today.
  17. The Prime Minister refused to be drawn yesterday into saying what he would do if his attempt to "renegotiate" the Nassau agreement were to fail.
  18. The new draft constitution of Rhodesia is to be voted on in a referendum in May. The constitution would establish complete racial segregation of the electorate. There would be one roll for the whites... The other roll would be for those Africans who can pass the high income and educational voting qualifications, raised again last week.
  19. Should the Tories succeed in finding a candidate we may yet see the spectacle of the three brands of Tories fighting each other for the votes.
  20. Today's talks, therefore, will certainly lay down guide-lines for a Tory Manifesto should an early election materialize.
  21. Even should it be decided to extend the session, only ten days can be gained; so - the argument runs - it is better to wait for the new session, especially as the Lords may impose its veto and delay the Bill 12 months.
  22. Should any appeal be needed, the Prime Minister will have opportunities for personal chats with backsliders at a party for MPs of previous Parliaments which he will give at 10 Downing Street tonight.
  23. Objections to this plan, supposing there should be any, should be reported to the committee at once.
  24. The Communist proposal that better social services should be financed by a graduated income tax has raised threats from rich residents.
  25. The Government, therefore, propose that these matters should, in the first instance, be left to negotiation between the Corporation and the Federation.
  26. India proposed today that the nuclear Powers should guarantee through the United Nations the security of countries threatened by others which have nuclear weapons capability.
  27. It is important that the real situation should be examined because anything which promotes irrational differences between earnings in an industry is bound to cause trouble.
  28. Any suggestions that C.N.D.13 should closedown were swept aside on Saturday, when delegates resolved, almost unanimously, to continue the work of the campaign.
  29. In addition the U. N. Charter provided that the United Nations should not intervene in the internal affairs of a State.
  30. Delegates also threw out a council suggestion that the general president, general secretary, assistant general secretary and four council members should constitute a sub-committee to determine standards required.
  31. It appears doubtful whether the formula will meet the Government's insistence that the U.N. sanctions should not lead to economic confrontation with South Africa and Portugal.
  32. They insisted that the exact demands of the three main groups should be outlined so that the Common Market Six could be in no doubt about them.
  33. Health depends to a great extent on housing and education, it said. Dr A. W. of Aberdare who put forward the resolution asked that an extra ? 2,000 million a year should be provided initially.

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