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2. союза, вводящего придаточное предложение. На русский язык переводится соответствующими союзами: что, чтобы.
The peoples of all countries know that the danger of a new world war still exists. Народы всех стран знают, что все еще существует опасность новой мировой войны.
3. союзного слова, вводящего придаточное определительное предложение. На русский язык переводится соответствующими союзными словами: который, которая и т. д.
The peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America that have won their independence have begun to take an active part in world politics. Народы Азии, Африки и Латинской Америки, которые завоевали независимость, начали принимать активное участие в политической жизни всего мира.
4. слова-заместителя, которое употребляется вместо существительного или группы слов, упомянутых раньше (that для единственного числа, those для множественного числа). На русский язык переводится существительным или соответствующим личным или относительным местоимением.
The development of monopoly in the British Empire proceeded differently from that in other countries. Развитие монополий в Британской империи отличалось от развития монополий в других странах
Переведите следующие предложения.
1. Historical experience shows that the survivals of capitalism in the minds of people persist over a long period after the establishment of a socialist system.
2. Leninism teaches, and experience confirms, that the ruling classes never relinquish power voluntarily.
3. The meeting considers that the implementation of the program for general and complete disarmament put forward by the Soviet Union would be of historical importance for the destinies of mankind.
4. The unprecedented destructive power of modern means of warfare demands that the main actions of anti-war and peace-loving forces should be directed towards preventing war.
5. The peoples of the countries that have won state independence are working to abolish the grim aftermaths of colonial rule.
6. The urgent task of national rebirth facing the countries that have shaken off the colonial yoke cannot be effectively accomplished unless a determined struggle is waged against imperialism and the remnants of feudalism by all the patriotic forces of the nations.
7. "We hope that this lobby will be as large as any that has ever taken place," said Mr B. The lobby, he said, would be followed by a meeting at Central Hall, Westminster, with international leaders.
8. The democratic and peace forces today have no task more pressing than that of safeguarding humanity against a global thermonuclear disaster.
9. But for all that, England has always been part of Europe and her history is inseparable from that of the Continent.
10. The time is not far off when socialism's share of world production will be greater than that of capitalism.
11. The masses begin to see that the best way to abolish age-old backwardness and improve their living standard is that of non-capitalist development.
12. A Foreign Ministry spokesman said today that the Turkish Government regarded the problem of Cyprus and that of Turks living in Greece and Greeks living in Istanbul as part of the same problem.
13. Stressing that the salaries were not as high as those paid "in certain sections of industry," Deputy Leader of the House said that the Power Minister had referred to the possibility of a review of salaries in other nationalized industries.
14. The report notes that the Socialist countries' share, of world trade has risen from 27 to 37 per cent since 1955. In the past four years the average growth rate of industry in the socialist countries has been almost three times that in the capitalist countries.
15. For the few that have ruled modern Japan the political struggle that really counted was that carried on among themselves for wealth and power.
16. The superiority of the forces of socialism over those of imperialism, of the forces of peace over those of war, is becoming ever more marked in the world arena.
§ 10. ЭЛЛИПТИЧЕСКИЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ
1. Эллиптические конструкции типа if any, if anything имеют экспрессивно-усилительное значение и передаются на русский язык придаточными условными предложениями, а также словами почти, пожалуй, вовсе, вообще и др.
Objections to this plan, if any, should be reported to the committee at once. Если и имеются возражения против этого плана, то они должны быть немедленно представлены комитету.(Возражения, если они имеются...)
Very little, if anything, could be advanced in the defense of his policy. Почти ничего нельзя было сказать в поддержку его политики.
Примечание. If anything может переводиться также словосочетанием во всяком случае.
If anything it will be in their interests to follow this course. Bo всяком случае в их интересах следовать этому курсу.
2. К эллиптическим конструкциям мы относим также уступительные придаточные предложения, вводимые союзами whatever, however, в которых отсутствует сказуемое (иногда подлежащее). На русский язык такие уступительные придаточные предложения переводятся полными уступительными придаточными предложениями с союзами какой бы ни, каким бы ни (восстанавливается сказуемое и подлежащее полного предложения).
The British people have to submit to new taxation, however high. Английскому народу приходится примириться с новыми налогами, какими бы высокими они ни были.
3. К эллиптическим конструкциям относится и сочетание if + причастие II (или прилагательное). На русский язык это сочетание переводится придаточным уступительным.
It considered from this point of view, the problem takes on a new aspect. Если рассматривать проблему с этой точки зрения, то она приобретает (принимает) другой характер.
But the decision, if logical, requires a measure of courage. Но это решение, хотя оно и логично, требует известного мужества.
Переведите следующие предложения.
1. When a hearing is finished, the committee decides what report, if any, it will make to the House on the measure.
2. The Prime Minister has on several occasions refused to tell the House the purport of his conversation on this matter, if any, with the President.
3. Here was a chance to let the people of Aden and the hinterland decide for themselves what kind of Government they want, and what kind of links if any they want with neighboring Yemen. In other words, self-determination.
4. Few, if any, aspects of the trade union movement have received as much attention as the strike. For of all trade union actions the strike is the most spectacular.
5. For a period of about six months after the formation of the Union of Burma, very little news, if any, came out of the newly formed State.
6. Only a steady adherence to the principle of the Charter, if anything, can prevent the outbreak of war.
7. If anything, it would be to the advantage of this country to pursue an independent policy.
8. Whatever their efforts, the advocates of a new war against the Soviet Union can never be as successful as before in misleading public opinion.
9. Whatever his reasons he has now brought the other members of NATO face to face with some very big and difficult questions about the military and political structure of Europe and its relations with the United States.
10. But whatever his long term aims, the President's immediate intentions and motives were made relentlessly clear at his last Press conference less than three weeks ago.
11. Though this thesis sounds admirably democratic in principle, most students of Indian affairs believe that as applied to the Indian situation it would make it extremely difficult, if not impossible, for India to attain unity and real democracy.
12. Of course, interpreting, if more spectacular, is not the only aspect of linguistic activity in the international sphere. Whatever the length of the discourse, a good interpreter never asks the orator to stop in order to enable him to render it bit by bit. Some orators have been known to speak for over an hour non-stop. Interpretations, of course, are usually somewhat shorter than original speeches, but even then, this represents tremendous effort.
§ 11. ПРЕПОЗИТИВНЫЕ АТРИБУТИВНЫЕ СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ
Препозитивные атрибутивные словосочетания, образованные при помощи соположения ряда существительных, очень распространены в английском языке. Они представляют трудность для перевода из-за многообразия семантических связей между членами словосочетания, а в ряде случаев из-за многозначности словосочетания.
Для правильного перевода словосочетания необходимо проанализировать внутренние смысловые связи между его членами.
I. Двучленные словосочетания
Первый член двучленного атрибутивного словосочетания может переводиться на русский язык:
1. прилагательным: emergency meeting внеочередное (экстренное) заседание; power station электрическая станция; factory committees фабричные комитеты.
2. существительным в родительном падеже: incomes policy политика доходов; wage rise повышение зарплаты; Budget increase увеличение бюджета.
3. существительным с предлогом: strike warning предупреждение о забастовке, disarmament conference конференция по разоружению (предложное дополнение); Coal-brook disaster несчастный случай в Колбруке (обстоятельство места).
Примечание 1. В отдельных случаях первый член атрибутивного словосочетания может переводиться придаточным предложением или причастным оборотом: wage deadlock тупик, в который зашли переговоры о повышении заработной платы (в вопросе о заработной плате).
Примечание 2. В ряде случаев двучленные словосочетания могут быть многозначными. Например: university books университетские книги; книги об университете.
Для правильного перевода необходим широкий контекст, либо осведомленность о данной ситуации.
II. Многочленные словосочетания
1. При переводе многочленных словосочетаний надо придерживаться следующего правила:
1) перевести определяемое существительное (последнее слово словосочетания); 2) проанализировать смысловые связи между членами словосочетания и разбить их на смысловые группы (анализ проводится слева направо); 3) перевести словосочетание, начиная с определяемого слова, и затем переводить каждую смысловую группу справа налево.
В зависимости от смысловых связей многочленные словосочетания могут переводиться по принципу двучленных словосочетаний. Например, надо перевести словосочетание Bank Credit Regulation Committee. Переводим последнее слово словосочетания: комитет. Далее разбиваем все словосочетание на смысловые группы: 1. Bank Credit, 2. Regulation Committee. Переводим все словосочетание: Комитет по регулированию банковских кредитов.
2. В некоторых словосочетаниях одно из существительных, выступающих в функции определения, может переводиться на русский язык причастием: raw material production countries страны, производящие сырье.
3. Атрибутивные словосочетания могут начинаться прилагательным или причастием. В этом случае надо выяснить, к какому слову относится первый член словосочетания. Например: sudden policy change внезапное изменение политики; combined Operation headquarters штаб совместных действий; National Liberation Front successes успехи национально-освободительного фронта.
4. В том случае, когда в начале атрибутивного словосочетания стоит имя собственное, обозначающее географическое название, оно переводится на русский язык прилагательным, существительным в родительном падеже или существительным с предлогом (обстоятельство места): London district committee районный комитет Лондона, Paris peace talks мирные переговоры в Париже (происходящие в Париже).
5. В том случае, когда в середине атрибутивного словосочетания стоит прилагательное, оно переводится на русский язык прилагательным (определением к тому слову, перед которым оно стоит): SEATO pact military chiefs военные главари пакта СЕАТО.
6. Атрибутивная группа может состоять не только из существительных, в ее состав могут входить и другие части речи: числительные, причастия, глаголы и т. д. Некоторые элементы этих словосочетаний соединяются между собой дефисом или заключаются в кавычки. Такие атрибутивные группы обычно переводятся причастными оборотами или придаточными предложениями: the Labor-controlled city council городской совет, контролируемый (который контролируется) лейбористами; a six-point control plan контрольный план, состоящий (который состоит) из 6 пунктов; take-it-or-leave-it draft resolution проект резолюции, носящий (который носит) ультимативный характер; "Back to work before talks begin" declaration заявление о том, чтобы рабочие вернулись к работе до того, как начнутся переговоры.
Переведите следующие предложения.
1. With their pay rise banned by the Government, the men have refused to cooperate with their employers in productivity measures to which the rise was linked.
2. It was decided, with only five against, that if an inspection committee again looked into the trouble there would be a resumption of work in the morning.
3. The present dispute at Doncaster follows a protest walkout of 260 on the night shift against the action of four men in breaking an overtime ban in operation at the plant.
4. But strongest of all the arguments is the huge profits the car owners have been making over the years. It is one of the ironies of the situation that just as their payrolls fall and their car outputs go down, all the companies are reporting record profits made for the past year.
5. The machine is an electronic computer which does the job in a fraction of the time taken by dozens of the speediest wage clerks.
6. But what is meant by this is not always clear. Does it mean the necessity to fight redundancy dismissals, pit closures, rail closures'?
7. The principle of collective cabinet responsibility has been dealt a heavy blow, and senior ministers have forfeited the respect not only of the public and their professional advisers, but also of foreign statesmen.
8. It was a sudden wind change that sent the first black waves lapping over dozens of holiday beaches and oyster beds, bringing destruction which will cost millions of francs.
9. Home Office spokesman said yesterday that their policy was not to disclose any information about a taxpayer or his affairs without his prior consent.
10. His April Budget increases formed a very large part in the retail price index increase during that month.
11. The Treasurer introduced a Bill to implement the Government's plan to give preferential taxation treatment to life insurance companies.
12. In the past few years coordination agencies have been created by the Government to include a Foreign Exchange Committee and an Internal Finance Committee; and the Central Bank and the Ministries of Finance, Commerce and State Enterprises exert some influence in this sphere.
13. The three U. N. men will have a meeting with the Foreign Secretary at his official- Foreign Office country house in Buckinghamshire. On Monday he flies off to Washington for a SEATO Ministers meeting, but the U. N. mission is expected to remain in London until Tuesday.
14. A week of county council election opened in England and Wales yesterday when Monmouthshire and Norfolk went to the polls.
15. Public support for the railway strike decision is growing. This is shown in an opinion poll published in yesterday's Mail.
16. The protest is against National Coal Board redundancy notices to 140 miners, mainly young men of under 21, which take effect today.
17. The new way is to form an association of monopoly capitalist states which are industrially powerful in order collectively to exploit the underdeveloped and raw material production countries of the world.
18. Reflecting on last week's disastrous local election results most Labour MPs have at last realized that their Prime Minister's home and foreign policies are vote-losers.
19. The World Peace Council has always sought to keep the door open between the opposing sides in our divided world because peace in this nuclear age demands coexistence as the condition of survival.
20. The Hiroshima-Nagasaki World Peace Conference expressed full support for the Australian Conference for International Cooperation and Disarmament.
21. Only one-quarter of the world's synoptic surface weather observation posts are below the Equator.
22. The initiators of the Moscow World Youth Solidarity Forum had the support of democratic youth and student organizations throughout the world.
23. Communist Councillor S. K. yesterday made a stinging criticism of the Tory-controlled Greater London Council's so-called 'plan' for the capital.
24. Even if this proposal were acted upon, and it is now evident that the President has disavowed it, the fundamental guns-instead-of-butter nature of the economy would in no way be altered.
25. Japan yesterday formally requested a review of the provision in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) under which 14 member states can refrain from granting most-favoured-nation treatment to another member.
26. Representatives of 122 Governments arrived in Geneva at the weekend to attend the "little General Assembly". This is the name given here to the three-month United Nations World Trade and Development Conference which opens today.
27. This is precisely the situation the Geneva Agreement sought to avoid, when it included provision for a six-mile demilitarized zone between North and South.
28. Now the Civil Rights Commission, in two days of open hearings, has turned the spotlight on the near-ghetto conditions in which native Negroes live in the only major city in the country where they are in a majority.
29. Three Black Arrow three-stage satellite launchers have been ordered from Westland Aircraft by the Ministry of Technology.
30. The Minister of Labor is considering this weekend whether there is any action he can take in the 16-week-old dispute at the American-owned Roberts-Arundel factory.
31. If you thought that this latest increase in the index - which, by the way does not reflect at all the Government-imposed postal charge increases - would justify a bigger wage increase, you are mistaken.
32. Several magistrates are staying away from the civic luncheon being given by the Labor-controlled city magistrates.
33. Paradoxically, the poll returns mean that he will be able to go ahead with his plan to introduce a pay-as-you-earn income tax scheme, which had been the main issue of the elections.
34. The three-man U. N. mission leaves London today after four days of talks with the British Government. The mission yesterday described the London talks as "useful"
35. To the original time-table for several days for wide-ranging discussions between the President and the British Prime Minister in Washington next week, the news from Laos last Saturday suddenly prefixed a three-hour war-and-peace conference in Florida.
36. "However, the of-necessity-somewhat hypocritical nature of a number of our findings and their dependence on certain political, biological and technical assumptions is a feature they share with many contemporary planning schemes," he said.
§ 12. МНОГОЗНАЧНЫЕ СЛОВА
I. Многозначные существительные
Известную трудность при переводе представляют многозначные слова. Полисемантизм вообще характерен для английского языка и нужно все время иметь в виду, что любое казалось бы хорошо знакомое слово в зависимости от контекста может иметь совсем иное значение. Так например:
1. power имеет следующие значения: 1) держава, государство; 2) сила, мощь; 3) власть, могущество; 4) мн. ч. полномочия; 5) энергия. В сочетании с предлогом in приобретает адвербиальное значение: 1) у власти; 2) в состоянии.
The important task of preserving peace lies mainly with the great powers. На великих державах лежит важная задача сохранения мира.
They have mustered sufficient sea, air and land power to win back that territory. Они собрали достаточные морские, воздушные и сухопутные силы, чтобы отвоевать эту территорию.
Electric power can easily be transferred over long distances. Электроэнергию можно легко передавать на большие расстояния.
2. case имеет следующие значения: 1) случай, обстоятельство, положение, дело; 2) судебное дело; 3) мед. случай, пациент, раненый; 4) факты, доказательства, доводы, (в пользу кого-л. или чего-л.) и ряд других значений. В зависимости от контекста слово case может переводиться также следующими словами: вопрос, момент, прецедент и др. (in case в случае; it is not the case это не так; as was the case как это было).
The executive of the National Union of Steel Metal Workers has passed the case back to the local officials to resolve. Исполком национального союза металлистов передал дело (вопрос) обратно на рассмотрение местной администрации.
The case will be tried in the law court next week. Дело будет рассматриваться в суде на следующей неделе.
An epidemic of the grippe broke out in England. The first cases were immediately sent to hospital. В Англии вспыхнула эпидемия гриппа. Первых заболевших сразу же отправили в больницу.
3. record имеет следующие значения: 1) запись, летопись, история; 2) протокол (заседания), официальный документ, запись, отчет; 3) характеристика, репутация; 4) факты, данные; 5) рекорд, рекордный уровень; 6) пластинка.
The General Assembly should transmit to the States concerned the record of the discussion of the item at the ninth session. Генеральной Ассамблее следует передать заинтересованным государствам протокол этого пункта на 9 сессии.
The Japanese expansionists desired to get on record as true supporters of the peace movement. Японские экспансионисты хотели заработать репутацию подлинных сторонников мира.
According to New Orleans police records, they were detained at the request of the F. B. I. Согласно данным (материалам, досье) Ново-Орлеанской полиции, они были задержаны по требованию Ф.Б.Р.
4. pattern может переводиться на русский язык следующими словами: 1) образец, пример; 2) система; 3) путь; 4) характерное явление, характер; 5) форма, шаблон, модель.
Key to the destruction of the old colonial pattern is industrialization. Индустриализация является ключом к разрушению старой колониальной системы.
Turkey's pattern of development since 1948 cannot be explained only as a drive for self-sufficiency. Путь (характер) развития Турции с 1948 года нельзя объяснить одним лишь стремлением к самостоятельности.
5. office может переводиться на русский язык следующими словами: 1) служба, должность; 2) обязанность, долг, функция; 3) власть; 4) аппарат, контора; 5) ведомство, министерство; 6) пост и др.
No sooner were they in office than they proceeded upon the fundamental misreading of the mood of the people of the U. S. and other countries. He успели они стать у власти, как совершенно неправильно стали истолковывать настроения народа США и других стран.
Since he has been in the White House, the President's Office has been radically reorganized. С тех пор как он вступил на пост президента, вся система аппарата была коренным образом реорганизована. The leader of the victorious party was offered the office of Prime Minister. Главе победившей партии предложили (занять) пост премьер-министра.
6. facilities. Есть целый ряд английских слов, которые не имеют эквивалента в русском языке и поэтому иногда их приходится переводить по-разному, в зависимости от контекста, иногда описательным путем. Одним из таких слов является facilities, которое обозначает предмет или обстоятельство, совокупность предметов или обстоятельств, помогающих совершить действие. Так например, facilities for transport средства передвижения; facilities for studies и необходимые помещения, и оборудование И даже наличие соответствующего времени, необходимого для занятий. Словарь дает следующие значения: 1) благоприятные условия, льготы; 2) оборудование, приспособление, аппаратура; 3) средства обслуживания, удобства. В зависимости от контекста может переводиться и другими словами: возможность, помещение и т. д.
MPs already complain of lack of facilities to do their work while Press and other staff also find they work in overcrowded and unsuitable conditions. Члены парламента уже жаловались на отсутствие благоприятных условий для (выполнения) работы, а работники печати и другие служащие считают, что они работают в переполненных помещениях и в плохих условиях.
A more recent project has been the modernization of port facilities and the improvement of natural ports. Более поздний проект заключает в себе модернизацию оборудования порта и улучшение естественных портов.
7. community имеет следующие значения: 1) община; 2) общество; 3) население, группа населения; 4) круги; 5) сообщество, объединение; 6) сотрудничество; 7) общность. Перевод слова зависит от того, в каком словосочетании оно встречается. Например: the interests of the community интересы общества, Negro (white) community негритянское (белое) население, financial (business) community финансовые (деловые) круги, European Economic Community Европейское экономическое сообщество, European Coal and Steel Community Европейское объединение угля и стали, technological community техническое сотрудничество, community of goods общность владения имуществом, community of interests
общность интересов.
Переведите следующие предложения.
1. Both countries assume, apparently, that nuclear independence gives authority within the alliance and in their relations with the super-powers.
2. Of course this is not the result of psychological changes among the rulers of the three Powers concerned, nor is diplomacy the biggest factor which brought about the treaty.
3. Earlier, the Minister had told Mr J. that there was no question of the Government taking powers to frustrate pay agreements again this summer as it did last.
4. The main reasons for the uncertainty are clear enough. The separation of powers means that President and Congress are elected separately. The federal structure of the huge country means that between presidential elections the local party organizations more or less go their own way.
5. Apart from power in Parliament the other great source of power over people is by those who control the large-scale combines and the national Press.
6. The Democrats in these two years will inevitably assume that the reversion of power is within their grasp, and be concerned to work out a national policy for the future.
7. The Minister of Power told the Press conference about his proposals, unruffled by the storm he knew they would arouse.
8. He is having to exercise his persuasive powers fully to prevent the negotiations on the European Common Market from falling too far behind the time-table.
9. The balance of power in Europe, maintained for 22 years, had been shattered in six weeks.
10. Within Western Europe the monopolies have grown in power. The Common Market is for them also a way of expansion and of solving their market problems while avoiding war among themselves.
11. The men were told that the case had been referred to the Procurator and that a decision on whether the charges would be dropped or not would be made today.
12. The mineworkers' and steel workers' current demands are two cases about which there is speculation.
13. The urgency with which the Americans are pressing the case for seaborne deterrent is explicable in terms of the coming Presidential election campaign.
14. The minister doubtless has in mind demands from the employers that, in the case of wages, strong action should be taken if the board denounces any particular claim.
15. There were hundreds of fainting cases outside the Town Hall. Fans climbed up the outsides of buildings on to balconies and ledges to get a better view, despite appeals from the police not to do so.
16. The American case for the multilateral nuclear force, it is felt, has still not been fully considered in London outside the Foreign Office.
17. In any case, what the interpreter is after is the reasoning the sequence of arguments, starting with the premises and leading up to the conclusions.
18. The Foreign Secretary and the Government will, as was the case with a previous Government, stir up a hornet's nest if they attempt to interfere with these cost-of-living agreements.
19. The British Government declares that it is going to resist the implementation of these plans. However, this is not the case. The deeds of Britain's ruling circles in any case up to the latest time attest to the contrary.
20. Bumper-to-bumper traffic jams were reported from many parts of the country yesterday, especially on routes out of London, where traffic was up 25 per cent on last year's record figure.
21. A convict with "an awful record" who had been sentenced to spend 28 years in jail was yesterday freed and given a last chance on probation by the Court of Appeal.
22. Sheffield has a proud record of progressive politics. There is no doubt that this is the reason behind the progressive rehousing ideas.
23. The Labor Party is on record as saying that if any industry is failing the nation or its workers then the Labor Government will take steps to bring it under public control.
24. This committee should be composed of people whose record in the Labor movement shows that they will have no regard for vested interests, and will be determined to get at the truth.
25. The number of women Communist candidates is growing. In the new town of East Kilbride a housewife, Mrs M. H., with a record of campaigns against rent and price increases, is one of the town's four Communist candidates.
26. The delegation wished to go on record that they viewed with great concern this act of overt aggression.
27. Burma's record in the U.N. on this issue illustrates the problem of a neutral nation in the arena of power politics.
28. That candidate's record shows what can be expected from him: a redbaiter, character assassin, labour-hater, who in 1956 attacked pleas for negotiations on a nuclear test ban as "treasonous nonsense."
29. Many member states are now on record as favoring this approach, which was first formally presented at the general debate of the 19th session of the General Assembly in November, 1964.
30. The record of any nation's participation in the U. N. is a good test of that nation's application of its foreign policy.
31. Important official records are issued in the five official languages: Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
32. The Minister played his well-worn record about it being impossible to plan the economy and not plan wages. But Mr W. said that there was no plan - "not even a policy".
33. The pattern has been that African territories have been compelled by imperialist rule and by imperialist economic power to serve as raw materials appendages for western industry and western food consumption.
34. The western powers have been able to build up this relationship not only because their political domination enabled them, both by legislation and by means of force and pressure, to enforce such a pattern, but also because their ownership of large tracts of the best land, their seizure of key mineral resources, their possession of all the commanding heights of the economy gave them an absolute monopoly over economic policy.
35. One of the most striking things about last week's elections was the way they broke up old patterns and cut across old boundaries. The coalition of the urban poor, the South and the intellectuals, that supported the Democratic Party for so long has begun to fall apart.
36. If any new pattern emerged to replace the old it was that younger men tended to defeat older men and new faces to defeat familiar ones.
37. Free access to the U. K. market, duty-free entry of Indian products, and preferential treatment have combined to make it possible for India to diversify the pattern of her trade, and to provide herself with expanding means of payment to sustain increasing purchases from the U. K.
38. Political fact Number One to most candidates is that it takes money to run for office - great gobs of it. To get this money, the legislator must go to people who have some extra cash.
39. For the past 10 days, the Tory leaders have forgotten that their chief duty lies not towards their party or their personal ambitions, but to the offices they hold and the public they claim to serve.
40. There is no doubt that the President's personal style has lost much of its attraction. The great appeal of the Senator, though he was not himself running for office, was only one piece of evidence.
41. If all six countries enjoy complete free trade in this decade it will be a triumph for the President of Guatemala, who has been forcing the pace since he took office some years ago.
42. The Conservative Central Office is distributing a specially prepared four-page leaflet on the Common Market.
43. It is, of course, perfectly true that much of the political debate in Parliament is a sham fight. It is also true that the real distinction of point-of-view often seems to be between those in office and those out of office.
44. The major reason why the people of Africa have taken over the running of their countries is the ambition to lift their homeland out of the category of "economically underdeveloped" regions, to raise their material standards of living and provide adequate social and cultural facilities.
45. Education is seen by the council as having a key role to play in increasing the economic effectiveness of the West Midlands and it urges the fullest use of the region's facilities.
46. In the field of industry special emphasis has been placed on the heavy industries, such as coal, steel and cement, but consumer goods facilities such as sugar refineries and textile plants have also received attention.
47. Growth has proceeded on all fronts in an un-coordinated manner, stimulated and directed by the compulsion to build factories, to develop transportation and electric generation facilities, and to improve productivity on the farm.
48. "Welfare conditions should be brought up to 20th century standards with proper heating, ventilation, locker accommodation and facilities for drying clothes after inclement weather, be made compulsory by law," said a unanimous resolution.
49. "Facilities for retraining need to be developed to enable regional industry and the people employed in industry to cope with the technological and economic changes that are certain to be encountered," the report says.
50. Although the British authorities and the British Broadcasting Corporation had accorded all facilities for preparing the tape for the broadcasts, no explanation had been forthcoming from the British High Commissioner later as to why their statement was not broadcast.
51. The Turkish language newspaper Halkin Sesi comments that the "Cyprus problem cannot be solved by the removal of barricades. The rights of Turkish Cypriots who were equal partners in the administration of the island have to be restored, and that is what our community demands."
52. France was forced to give ground at yesterday's meeting of the six Common Market countries after a heated exchange between the French Foreign Minister and the president of the European Commission over the question of British entry into the European Economic Community.
53. The Swiss business community is sophisticated and highly experienced in international trade.
54. The first reaction from the financial community abroad to the measures taken by the British Government was cautiously favorable.
55. It would be wrong to believe, however, that all is harmony within the community of the Common Market Six.
56. Reactions to the idea of a technological community floated by the Prime Minister, which certainly has some appeal to France, have been heavily qualified by insistence on the need for such cooperation to be truly "European".
57. That the Negro community (in the U. S. A.) is in the throes of profound economic crisis is evident from the unemployment figures.
58. Pravda expresses confidence that "traditional relations of fraternal cooperation between the two countries" will successfully develop and grow stronger on the basis of Marxist-Leninist principles and the profound community of interests of our Socialist countries.
II. Многозначные служебные слова
1. Since - грамматический омоним. Выступая в предложении в качестве союза, since переводится на русский язык: 1) поскольку, так как; 2) с тех пор как, после этого (того); выступая в качестве предлога, since переводится: с, со времени и т. д.
Up to the present, international agreements on the prices of certain major products have scarcely modified the situation since prices are always dictated by the big industrial powers. Вплоть до настоящего времени международные соглашения о ценах на некоторые . основные продукты вряд ли изменили положение дел, поскольку цены всегда определяются (диктуются) великими промышленными державами.
Since 1945 immense changes have occurred in the Far East. Большие изменения произошли на Дальнем Востоке с 1945 года.
Примечание. Словосочетание since then переводится: с тех пор, с того времени, после этого; ever since 1) с тех (самых) пор (как); 2) со времени; long since давно уже.
2. While - многозначный союз. Переводится на русский язык: 1) в то время как, пока; 2) хотя, тогда как, несмотря на то, что.
Over 60,000 drivers were on strike yesterday. Men at York and Portsmouth joined the strike, while at Edinburgh there was a return to work. Вчера забастовало более 60 тыс. водителей машин. Рабочие в Йорке и Портсмуте присоединились к забастовщикам, в то время как в Эдинбурге рабочие вновь приступили к работе (вернулись на работу).
While the negotiation has been protracted, there is no evidence that a deadlock has been reached. Хотя переговоры затянулись, нет оснований считать, что они зашли в тупик.
Примечание. While в сочетании с причастием обычно не переводится.
While rejecting in principle any interference in the internal affairs of young national states, the socialist countries consider it their duty to help the peoples in strengthening their independence. Отвергая в принципе любое вмешательство во внутренние дела молодых национальных государств, социалистические страны считают своим долгом помочь народам в укреплении их суверенитета.
3. For - грамматический омоним. Выступая в предложении в качестве союза, for переводится на русский язык: ибо, так как.
How to guarantee durable peace on our planet? The best way is general and complete disarmament, for it rules out force in settlement of international issues. Как обеспечить длительный мир на нашей планете? Лучшим путем для этого является всеобщее и полное разоружение, ибо оно исключает применение силы в разрешении международных споров.
Выступая в качестве предлога, for переводится: 1) за, ради; 2) за, по; 3) для; 4) в течение; 5) из-за, по причине, вследствие.
For the United States, the Common Market has been part of its strategy for uniting the anti-socialist forces in the economic as well as the military sense. Для США Общий рынок был частью их стратегических планов, направленных на объединение антисоциалистических сил как с экономической, так и с военной точки зрения.
4. As - грамматический омоним. Выступая в предложении в качестве союза, переводится: 1) когда, в то время как, по мере того как; 2) так как; 3) как. После прилагательного (в функции предикативного члена) в инвертированном предложении имеет уступительное значение и переводится: хотя, как ни.
As the world socialist system grows stronger, the international situation changes more and more in favor of the peoples fighting for independence, democracy and social progress. По мере того как мировая социалистическая система становится сильнее, международное положение меняется все больше и больше в пользу народов, борющихся за независимость, демократию и социальный прогресс.
Difficult as the task was, they set a time-limit for its fulfillment. Как ни трудна была эта задача (хотя эта задача была очень трудной), они установили срок для ее выполнения.
Выступая в качестве наречия, as переводится: как, как например. В сочетании с прилагательным и наречием: так же как, такой же как; as to (for) что касается; as if как если бы, как будто.
The struggle for peace is as important as the struggle for independence. Борьба за мир так же важна, как и борьба за независимость.
5. But - грамматический омоним. В качестве предлога but переводится на русский язык: кроме, за исключением, anything but - далеко не, все что угодно, только не. В качестве союза переводится: 1) но, а, однако, тем не менее; 2) если не, как не, чтобы не; but for если бы не. В качестве наречия переводится: только, лишь.
The president warned that they had no choice but to go to the only area where they would be helped, namely the East. Президент предупредил, что у них нет другого выбора, кроме как обратиться к единственному району, где им помогут, а именно к Востоку.
Примечание. Слово well в сочетании с различными частями речи, сохраняя в основном свое значение, переводится по-разному:
1. well + глагол (well стоит после глагола) и well + причастие II (well стоит перед причастием): хорошо, вполне.
The plan, if welt designed, will make it possible to save our resources. План, если он хорошо составлен, даст возможность сохранить наши ресурсы.
2. Well + модальный глагол (well стоит между модальным и основным глаголом): вполне, с успехом.
This question may well be discussed at the next sitting. Этот воп' рос с успехом может быть обсужден на следующем заседании.
3. Well + наречие (союз): значительно, очень, довольно; well after значительно позже, well before задолго, as well также, as well as так же как, как... так и ... .
Private consumption was well down in the first part of the year. Личное потребление было очень низким в первой половине года.
Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.
1. However since under-development is the term that has been used so far, I shall continue to use it provisionally.
2. Never since the critical days of Munich and the late thirties has the future of Britain, and indeed of the whole world prospect of war and peace, been so closely bound up with the internal battle of policy within the Labor movement.
3. This relative improvement may, however, prove illusory, since there had already in 1957 been a pressure on dollar reserve in both areas.
4. Since the war, the strength of the monopolies has grown in the United States, Britain and France. In West Germany and Japan they have regained their power.
5. This is the first union conference since publication of the White Paper on Wednesday.
6. The lowest unemployment rate since 1961 and the biggest number of vacancies since 1955 are shown in the provisional statistics for May, produced by the Ministry of Labor in London yesterday.
7. But the people who suffer most from the ? 600 million extra in taxes and charges imposed by the Government since October are the pensioners and working people.
8. And if you look back over the past six months since the Government came to power during which time the index has gone up 4.1 points, you will find that Government measures had a lot to do with that rise.
9. With the population growth will come a tremendous increase in transport on the roads and the council estimates that while in 14 years time there will be one additional person for every six now - the number of vehicles will have almost doubled.
10. And while feverish preparations went on ashore, with troops, detergent and pumps being rushed to the beaches and a special cleansing centre for oil-covered birds being set up at the Cornish beauty spot of Mousehole, attempts at sea to combat the oil menace continued.
11. He is reported to have emphasized to the Cabinet that Canada was concerned at the possibility of military action, while Asian members of the Commonwealth were all opposed to the use of force.
12. While pressing for every kind of financial help to the local authorities, it is evident that only nationalization of all urban land is an essential need.
13. The agreement is as yet only a partial ban of nuclear explosions. While eliminating testing in air, space and under water, it permits testing underground.
14. To the average tourist, peering down the House galleries, Representatives are "important men." The more careful observer would notice that, while one Congressman is speaking, virtually everyone seems to be oblivious to what is going on, except perhaps one or two interested Congressmen who may be seated close to the man declaiming.
15. The Soviet Union has always had the support of the working people of all countries, for in the Soviet Union they see a reliable defender of universal peace and security.
16. For it will be the first time since Sir Thomas Beecham founded the orchestra nearly 21 years ago that women players will take their place side by side with the men.
17. The mill workers in Scottsville had been out for a year and a half already and they were becoming desperate for food and clothing.
18. For these reasons the dreams of a solution along these lines are empty castles in the clouds.
19. The right of the states to decide voting qualifications is preserved, so long as it is not used for systematic discrimination.
20. Disarmament will release for civilian employment millions of people now serving in the armed forces and war industries.
21. For the first time in their history teachers are threatening a real showdown on their objection to the supervision of school meals, the daily duty that means many of them have to work during their lunch hour.
22. With the fall in revenue from oil and from the teak forests Burma's finances are in a bad way, large as is the aid she has been given.
23. However, any concession as valuable as this was to the British could not be allowed to evaporate.
24. Fortunately, the democratic movements for peace and for civil rights are now joining forces. Rifts within Administration circles are opening as popular pressure grows and the dead-end nature of the President's course becomes more apparent.
25. He said the DuBois clubs accept Communists as members but the organization is not a Communist front. He said he seeks a socialist America along the lines and traditions of this country through the democratic processes.
26. As the Prime Minister was leaving a political rally his car was besieged by angry demonstrators.
27. The Bank of England issued orders to banks late Thursday night to limit their advances to all but exporters.
28. The Government has declared war on the unions.. They have no alternative but to fight back with every weapon at their disposal.
29. We cannot but recall in this connection the statement made by Mr Eden in the League of Nations Assembly in 1936.
30. Those Tory politicians and statesmen pretend to be defenders of the "rights of the individual", but have made quite clear that they want to hamstring trade unionists.
31. These are the bare facts. It would be wrong, at the beginning of a new series of talks, to exaggerate their significance. But for those who lived through the thick of the last negotiations for British entry into the European Economic Community there is an overwhelming feeling of history repeating itself.
32. Despite a "difficult year" last year, the bank increased its net profits by 24 per cent and shareholders would have been given a bigger increase than that recently announced but for the Government's restraint rules.
33. But for their refusal to return all prisoners, the armistice would have been already signed.
34. What response the Japanese people will make to that defeat can now be but dimly foreseen.
35. In our epoch the peoples and states have but one' choice: peaceful coexistence or nuclear war of extermination.
36. His reasons are anything but simple.
37. The report estimates that by 1981 the population will rise by 875,000 to an estimated 5,800,000 and by the year 2000 a further one or two million may well be added.
38. The British Premier and the French President might: well talk also about the Middle East - a region which, least" of all, has claims to being called static.
39. Continued procrastination would be taken here as an attempt to torpedo the plan and could very well lead to a Washington - Bonn initiative in another direction.
40. The report adds that vigorous attempts are being made to divert public attention from the real issue, which is that it may well be possible to achieve a nuclear test ban treaty that could be a first step leading in time to the end of the arms race.
41. No doubt new men will be needed as well as a new attitude and new ideas.
42. As almost any neophyte Representative can tell you, the House of Representatives has its "select circle" as well as its groups of cornies outside that select circle.
43. The morning's debate had produced more passion than reason, more noise than skill. The Secretary of State moved the successful motion on defense costs with a speech well below his best form.
44. With this conclusion, the report running too well over 600 pages shows up the Prime Minister's speech for a fraud.
45. Everyone, and in particular the U.S. leaders, knows perfectly well that the invasion of the neutral zone is a grave escalation of the war.
46. In the federal elections they will probably not do quite so well, but nevertheless they are likely to gain seats.
§ 13. НЕОЛОГИЗМЫ
1. Неологизмы -это новые слова, еще не зарегистрированные в англо-русских словарях, или не зафиксированные словарями новые значения слов, уже существующих в языке.
Для уяснения значения неологизма рекомендуется:
1) постараться выяснить значение слова из контекста,
2) обратиться к последнему изданию одного из англоанглийских словарей и попытаться отыскать данное слово в разделе "Новые слова", 3) постараться выяснить значение нового слова, исходя из его структуры.
При переводе неологизмов используются следующие переводческие приемы: 1) транскрипция, 2) калькирование,
3) описательный перевод.
1) Примеры транскрибирования неологизмов: beatniks битники; beatles битлзы, escalation эскалация, Benelux Бенелюкс.
2) Примеры калькирования неологизмов (т. е. воспроизведения средствами русского языка значения и морфологической структуры нового английского слова или словосочетания): air bridge воздушный мост, shadow cabinet теневой кабинет, nuclear umbrella ядерный зонтик.
3) Примеры описательного перевода: to lobby посылать делегатов для оказания давления на членов парламента - депутатов их округа; deterrent средство устрашения; сдерживающее средство, оружие; redundancy увольнение по сокращению штатов; landslide полная (блестящая) победа на выборах; gimmick трюк, штучка, хитроумное приспособление; какое-либо новшество, направленное на то, чтобы привлечь всеобщее внимание; brain drain утечка квалифицированных кадров ("утечка умов"); brain washing идеологическая обработка ("промывание мозгов"); hawks and doves сторонники расширения войны и сторонники мира ("ястребы и голуби").
2. Образование неологизмов.
1) Расширение значения. Слово, употребляясь в различных контекстах, приобретает новые оттенки значения, а в ряде случаев и новые значения. Так, слово confrontation первоначально означало очная ставка, сличение, сопоставление. С течением времени это слово стало употребляться в словосочетании confrontation of armed forces и приобрело значение соприкосновение вооруженных сил. В настоящее время confrontation приобрело значение открытое столкновение, например: the confrontation of the two social systems столкновение интересов двух социальных систем. Такие слова, как deterrent, redundancy, landslide и другие также изменяли свое значение в ходе исторического развития языка.
2) Префиксальное и суффиксальное образование новых слов. Префикс re- означает повторность действия: rethinking переосмысление, renazification ренацификация, retraining переподготовка, переквалификация, reimposition введение чего-л. снова.
Префикс de- придает значение обратного действия, demilitarize демилитаризовать, denazify денацифицировать, denazification денацификация, denuclearize лишать ядерного оружия, deescalation деэскалация.
Суффикс -ее образует существительные, которые очень часто передают значение объекта действия: detainee задержанный (арестованный).
3) Образование неологизмов путем конверсии: the needy нуждающиеся; to front-page помещать на первой странице; to snowball быстро распространяться, увеличиваться (расти, как снежный ком).
4) В настоящее время появилось много слов типа teach-in. Эти слова употребляются для обозначения различных форм протеста или разъяснительной кампании. Глагольный корень указывает на место или форму протеста или кампании: teach-in диспут протеста (протест в форме проведения диспута), pray-in протест в церкви или путем молитв.
Иногда такие слова указывают на что направлено требование протестующих: buy-in требование равных возможностей при покупке дома; apply-in требование равных возможностей при найме на работу.
Переведите следующие предложения.
1. An important step, which will certainly influence the discussions, was the Soviet offer on the so-called "minimum deterrent" made by the Soviet Foreign Minister at the U.N. General Assembly.
2. In relation to the first task important new ground was broken by the Soviet "minimum deterrent" proposal. This meets all Western objections on the grounds of security to previous Soviet proposals and has been welcomed by some Western disarmament experts.
3. These shortcomings have been much in display over the plans for the so-called NATO multilateral force - the mixed-manned seaborne nuclear deterrent.
4. The M.L.F.20 will be launched with or without Great 'Britain and any prevarication would only increase the political price of clinging to an independent deterrent.
5. Another deterrent to independent action is money, and the average Congressman chooses the line of least resistance.
6. Local officials who obstruct or refuse registration can also be severely punished (though jury trials are a somewhat flimsy deterrent in the south of the U.S.A.).
7. The British position is clear. After months of non-diplomacy, there is a marked eagerness to reach agreement on non-proliferation. The belief is that a treaty could be as effective as the partial nuclear test ban, that it would be another step back from the east-west confrontation in Europe.
8. From the very beginning the issue of jobs was central in the nation-wide confrontation of the Negro Freedom Movement as was seen in the Great Washington March in 1963.
9. Referring to British objections that a total ban on oil would involve confrontation with South Africa, Mr R. said 'that South Africa was a member of the U. K. and had to abide by its rales.
10. There was a dramatic confrontation between one of the dismissed lecturers and the Director.
11. Under the imminent threat of what came to be known, according to the jargon of the day, as a "confrontation" between the two super-powers, the other delegations thrashed about frantically searching for a compromise formula.
12. To all intents and purposes there was no confrontation. There was, he said, "full agreement among the contestants."
13. It is in this light that this week's intense argument about the right and wrong way to cut tariffs begins to make sense and that it becomes apparent that what has been taking place in Geneva has been yet another confrontation between America and Europe.
14. The Advisory Committee on Juvenile Delinquency - set up by the former Home Secretary and widely regarded as a gimmick - has been disbanded, the Commons was told yesterday. Its work will be taken over by specialist bodies.
15. Stamp trading - the latest "something for nothing" gimmick aimed at shoppers - is coming under heavy fire this weekend from Cooperative and retail trade chiefs.
16. He said the Government should table Labor's proposals for disengagement, disarmament, a non-aggression treaty between the Warsaw alliance and the NATO countries.
17. This should be related to a European security system designed to base the political future of Europe on an all-European Security Pact to replace NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and on disengagement in Central Europe and controlled disarmament.
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